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class="wrapper" id="page-wrapper"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <section class="section-callout section-callout-text_left" style="background-image: url(); background-color: #dd7826;"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row no-gutters"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-text col-text-aside col-text-aside-left"> <header class="section-header row w-100 ms-100"> <div class="col-md-8 offset-md-2 col-lg-10 offset-lg-1 col-xl-8 offset-xl-2"> <p class="supertitle" style="color:#fff"><a href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/web-modules/plain-talk-6-residential-schools/residential-schools/">Plain Talk 6: Residential Schools</a> </p> <h1 class="title " style="color:#fff">6.1. What are Residential Schools?</h1> </div> </header> </div> <div class="d-lg-flex col-lg-6 col-img col-img-aside col-img-aside-right"> <img src="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/book_6_cover-800x640.jpg" class="img-fluid"> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="pt-1 pb-5 section-web-module-extras bg-white"> <div class="container-fluid d-flex "> <div class="web-module-extras-container d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row "> <div><p class="label mb-4 mb-lg-0">Get the Book:</p></div> <div class="web-module-link mb-4 mb-lg-0 "> <p><a href="https://books.apple.com/ca/book/residential-schools/id1246797079" target="_blank">Multitouch</a></p> <p class="d-flex align-items-center file-info small file-info-apple text-lowercase">itunes.apple.com</p> </div> <div class="web-module-link mb-4 mb-lg-0 web-module-link-last"> <p><a href="" target="_blank">Download</a></p> <p class="d-flex align-items-center file-info small file-info-pdf text-uppercase">PDF • 5 MB</p> </div> </div> <div class="web-module-extras-container d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row"> <div><p class="label mb-4 mc-lg-0">In the Classroom:</p></div> <div class="web-module-link mb-4 mb-lg-0 "> <p><a href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/User-Guide-Residential-Schools-PDF.pdf" target="_blank">User Guide</a></p> <p class="d-flex align-items-center file-info small file-info-pdf text-uppercase">pdf • 54 KB</p> </div> <div class="web-module-link mb-4 mb-lg-0 "> <p><a href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/unit-plans/" target="_blank">Unit Plan</a></p> <p class="d-flex align-items-center file-info small file-info- ">Explore the Unit Plan</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <article class="post-630 web-modules type-web-modules status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-section-6-1-1" id="post-630"> <section class="pt-0 section-learning-module section-learning-module-overview"> <div class="content"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-4 sidebar"> <h2>In this Module</h2> <nav id="sidebar-nav" role="navigation"> <ul id="menu-book-6-sidebar" class="menu nav"><li id="menu-item-1765" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-web-modules current-menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-1765 nav-item active "><a href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/web-modules/plain-talk-6-residential-schools/residential-schools/" aria-current="page" class="nav-link">6.1. What are Residential Schools?</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1770" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1770 nav-item"><a href="#section_what_are_residential_schools" class="nav-link">6.1.0 What are Residential Schools?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1766" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-web-modules menu-item-has-children menu-item-1766 nav-item"><a href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/web-modules/plain-talk-6-residential-schools/residential-school-experiences/" class="nav-link">6.2. Residential School Experiences</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1771" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1771 nav-item"><a href="#section_residential_school_experiences" class="nav-link">6.2.0 Residential School Experiences</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1772" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1772 nav-item"><a href="#section_how_did_residential_school_students_fare_as_adults" class="nav-link">6.2.1 How did residential school students fare as adults?</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1773" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1773 nav-item"><a href="#section_how_did_residential_schools_affect_others" class="nav-link">6.2.2 How did residential schools affect others?</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1774" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1774 nav-item"><a href="#section_when_did_the_general_public_learn_about_residential_schools_and_their_problems" class="nav-link">6.2.3 When did the general public learn about residential schools and their problems?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1767" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-web-modules menu-item-has-children menu-item-1767 nav-item"><a href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/web-modules/plain-talk-6-residential-schools/public-response-to-the-residential-school-legacy/" class="nav-link">6.3. Public Response to the Residential School Legacy</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1776" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1776 nav-item"><a href="#section_public_response_to_the_residential_school_legacy" class="nav-link">6.3.0 Public Response to the Residential School Legacy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1775" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1775 nav-item"><a href="#section_how_did_the_government_react" class="nav-link">6.3.1 How did the government react?</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1777" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1777 nav-item"><a href="#section_assembly_of_first_nations_response" class="nav-link">6.3.2 Assembly of First Nations response</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1778" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1778 nav-item"><a href="#section_what_other_actions_have_been_taken" class="nav-link">6.3.3 What other actions have been taken?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1768" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-web-modules menu-item-has-children menu-item-1768 nav-item"><a href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/web-modules/plain-talk-6-residential-schools/the-truth-and-reconciliation-commission-of-canada/" class="nav-link">6.4. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1779" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1779 nav-item"><a href="#section_the_truth_and_reconciliation_commission_of_canada" class="nav-link">6.4.0 The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1780" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1780 nav-item"><a href="#section_mission_and_vision_of_the_truth_and_reconciliation_commission" class="nav-link">6.4.1 Mission and Vision of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1781" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1781 nav-item"><a href="#section_calls_to_action" class="nav-link">6.4.2 Calls to Action</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1769" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-web-modules menu-item-has-children menu-item-1769 nav-item"><a href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/web-modules/plain-talk-6-residential-schools/glossary/" class="nav-link">Glossary</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1933" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1933 nav-item"><a href="#section_glossary" class="nav-link">Glossary</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1927" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-web-modules menu-item-has-children menu-item-1927 nav-item"><a href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/web-modules/plain-talk-6-residential-schools/references/" class="nav-link">References</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1934" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1934 nav-item"><a href="#section_references" class="nav-link">References</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="col-lg-8 web-module-content"> <h2 id="section_what_are_residential_schools">What are Residential Schools</h2><p>Residential schools were boarding schools for Indigenous (<a class="poptip" href="javascript:;" data-toggle="popover" title="First Nations" data-content="First Nations is not a legal term but came into common use in the 1970s to replace Indian, which some people found offensive. Many communities have also replaced "band" with "First Nation" in their names. 
 
In 1980s, hundred of chiefs met in Ottawa and used "First Nations" for the first time in their Declaration of the First Nations. Symbolically, the term elevates First Nations to the status of "first among equals" alongside the English and French founding nations of Canada. It also reflects the sovereign nature of many communities, and the ongoing quest for self-determination and self-government 
 
First Nations people may live on or off reserve, they may or may not have legal status under the Indian Act, and they may or may not be registered members of a community or nation. 
“First Nations” should be used exclusively as a general term as community members are more likely to define themselves as members of specific nations or communities within those nations. For example, a Mohawk (Kanienkehaka) person from Akwesasne who is a member of the Bear clan may choose any of those identifiers. Others may identify themselves as members of one of the many other Nations in Canada - Innu, Cree, Salteaux, Ojibwe, Haida, Dene, Maliseet, Mi’kmaq, Blood, Secwepmec, etc., each with its own tribal history, culture, and traditions.">First Nations</a>, <a class="poptip" href="javascript:;" data-toggle="popover" title="Inuit" data-content="Inuit are the Indigenous People of Arctic Canada. The word Inuit means "the people" in Inuktitut and is the term by which Inuit refer to themselves.The Inuit in Canada are known collectively as Inuit Nunangat which includes land, water and ice.
 
The Inuit consider the land, water and ice of their homeland to be integral to their culture and way of life.There are four Inuit comprehensive land claims regions covering one-third of Canada: Nunavut, Inuvialuit(Northwest Territories), Nunavik (Northern Quebec), and Nunatsiavut(Labrador).
 
The Indian Act does not cover Inuit. However, in 1939, the Supreme Court of Canada interpreted the federal government's power to make laws affecting "Indians, and lands reserved for Indians" as extending to Inuit. Inuit live in communities and settlements, not reserves, therefore the terms on-reserve or off-reserve do not apply to them.Many Inuit also live in southern Canadian cities.">Inuit</a> and <a class="poptip" href="javascript:;" data-toggle="popover" title="Métis" data-content="This is the French word for "mixed blood". The Constitution Act of 1982 recognizes Metis as one of the three Aboriginal Peoples. Historically, the term Metis applied to the children of First Nations women and European fur traders.

Metis society and culture were established before European settlement was entrenched, thus they have their own culture and history. As is the case with many First Nations languages, the Metis language, Michif, is endangered.
 
Metis never lived on reserves and the terms on/off reserve do not apply to them.In 1938, the Alberta government set aside 1.25 million acres of land for eight Metis settlements. Today, the term is used broadly to describe people with mixed First Nations and European ancestry who identify themselves as Metis. Metis organizations in Canada have differing criteria about who qualifies as a Metis person.">Métis</a>) children and youth, financed by the federal government but staffed and run by several Christian religious institutions— the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Presbyterian, United and Methodist Churches. Children were separated from their families and communities, sometimes by force, and lived in and attended classes at the schools for most of the year. Often the residential schools were located far from the students’ home communities.</p> <figure id='figure_658' aria-describedby='figure_image_658_caption' class='wp-caption figure-image'> <img width="1024" height="768" src="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/book_6_1_1_residential_schools-1024x768.jpg" class="img-fluid" alt="Residential schooling began in the early 1600’s as “industrial” schools run by the French Christian missionaries. They provided training in trades as well as the basics of farming and carpentry. All of these schools emphasized religious instruction." decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> <figcaption id='figure_image_658_caption' class='wp-caption-text d-flex flex-column flex-sm-row justify-content-between'><div class='pr-4 pb-3 pb-sm-0'>Residential schooling began in the early 1600’s as “industrial” schools run by the French Christian missionaries. They provided training in trades as well as the basics of farming and carpentry. All of these schools emphasized religious instruction.</div> <div><button class='btn btn-primary outline' type='button' data-toggle='modal' data-target='#image_658_modal'>Expand</button></div> </figcaption> </figure> <div class='modal fade' tabindex='-1' role='dialog' id='image_658_modal' aria-labelledby='image_658_modal_label'> <div class='modal-dialog modal-lg modal-lightbox' role='document'> <div class='modal-content'> <div class='modal-header'> <h5 class='modal-title' id='image_658_modal_label'>Residential schooling began in the early 1600’s as “industrial” schools run by the French Christian missionaries. They provided training in trades as well as the basics of farming and carpentry. All of these schools emphasized religious instruction.</h5> <button type='button' class='close' data-dismiss='modal' aria-label='Close'><span aria-hidden='true'>×</span></button> </div> <div class='modal-body d-flex align-items-center'> <img class='img-fluid mx-auto' src='https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/book_6_1_1_residential_schools-scaled.jpg' alt='Residential schooling began in the early 1600’s as “industrial” schools run by the French Christian missionaries. They provided training in trades as well as the basics of farming and carpentry. All of these schools emphasized religious instruction.'> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h3 id="section_how_long_did_residential_schools_exist">How long did residential schools exist</h3><p>From their start in the 1800s until the last one closed in 1996, about 130 residential schools operated in every province and territory in Canada, except for the provinces of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. During this period, over 150,000 Indigenous youth were enrolled in residential schools. Enrollment reached a peak about 1930, with over 17,000 students in 80 schools. As of 2012, about 93,000 Indigenous adults who attended residential schools were still alive to tell their stories and describe their experiences.</p> <div class='download-section'> <div class='row'> <div class='col-12 d-flex flex-column flex-sm-row justify-content-lg-between'> <header> <p class='heading mb-4'>Explore the residential schools history timeline from 1620 onwards.</p> </header> <p class='mb-0'><a href='#' data-toggle='modal' data-target='#modal_' class='btn btn-primary outline' rel='noopener'>View the Timeline</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class='modal fade' id='modal_' tabindex='-1' role='dialog' aria-labelledby='modal__label' aria-hidden='true'> <div class='modal-dialog modal-lg' role='document'> <div class='modal-content'> <div class='modal-header'> <h5 class='modal-title' id='modal__label'>Residential Schools Timeline</h5> <button type='button' class='close' data-dismiss='modal' aria-label='Close'> <span aria-hidden='true'>×</span> </button> </div> <div class='modal-body'> <p><iframe src='https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1I4xWJmhbaDwZw-ulyaybN6m3YkvXzMYUVO7PTfc2Grs&font=Fjalla-Average&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=650' width='100%' height='650' webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen frameborder='0'></iframe></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h3>A number of factors laid the foundation for the creation of residential schools:</h3><div class='expansion-group'> <div class='expansion-item'> <div class='list-item row'> <div class='col-12 col-md-11'> <div class='list-item-top'> <header class='list-item-header row'> <div class='col-12 col-md-10'> <h3 class='my-0'><a role='button' href='#collapse-mackenzie' data-toggle='collapse' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='collapse_residential_factors_0'>Racism and Superiority</a></h3> </div> </header> </div> </div> <div class='col-12 col-md-1 text-right'><a class='link-expansion btn btn-light btn-circle' role='button' href='#collapse_residential_factors_0' data-toggle='collapse' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='collapse_residential_factors_0'><img src='https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/themes/understrap-child-master/images/icons/baseline-expand_more-24px.svg' alt='Show content for Racism and Superiority'></a></div> <div id='collapse_residential_factors_0' class='collapse col-md-12'> <div class='list-item-link'> <div class='row'> <div class='col list-item-link-text'> <p>The dominant European mentality and view of Canada’s original inhabitants was racist and backwards. The federal government considered it necessary to “assimilate” Indigenous people, and to have Indigenous nations conform to the European/Canadian customs, attitudes and ways of dressing, believing, behaving and working. Some politicians (and others) of the time sought to “kill the Indian in the child” and “civilize” Indigenous youth by separating them from their heritage and customs and indoctrinating them to European and Christian ways. This false, misguided and racist perspective denied and rejected the validity of First Nations languages, customs, spirituality and traditions. The main reason for these assimilationist policies was for land and resource exploitation. Dispossession and extinguishment of rights would also help to ensure the establishment of Canada as a legitimate nation state.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='expansion-item'> <div class='list-item row'> <div class='col-12 col-md-11'> <div class='list-item-top'> <header class='list-item-header row'> <div class='col-12 col-md-10'> <h3 class='my-0'><a role='button' href='#collapse-mackenzie' data-toggle='collapse' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='collapse_residential_factors_1'>Indian Act, 1867</a></h3> </div> </header> </div> </div> <div class='col-12 col-md-1 text-right'><a class='link-expansion btn btn-light btn-circle' role='button' href='#collapse_residential_factors_1' data-toggle='collapse' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='collapse_residential_factors_1'><img src='https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/themes/understrap-child-master/images/icons/baseline-expand_more-24px.svg' alt='Show content for Indian Act, 1867'></a></div> <div id='collapse_residential_factors_1' class='collapse col-md-12'> <div class='list-item-link'> <div class='row'> <div class='col list-item-link-text'> <p>In 1876, the federal government introduced the Indian Act. Under the Act, the federal government took control of all aspects of the lives of First Nations people, including their means of governing themselves, their economies, religions, customs, traditions, land use and education. The Indian Act includes criteria and a definition of who is an “Indian.”</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='expansion-item'> <div class='list-item row'> <div class='col-12 col-md-11'> <div class='list-item-top'> <header class='list-item-header row'> <div class='col-12 col-md-10'> <h3 class='my-0'><a role='button' href='#collapse-mackenzie' data-toggle='collapse' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='collapse_residential_factors_2'>Dismissal of First Nations Education Priorities</a></h3> </div> </header> </div> </div> <div class='col-12 col-md-1 text-right'><a class='link-expansion btn btn-light btn-circle' role='button' href='#collapse_residential_factors_2' data-toggle='collapse' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='collapse_residential_factors_2'><img src='https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/themes/understrap-child-master/images/icons/baseline-expand_more-24px.svg' alt='Show content for Dismissal of First Nations Education Priorities'></a></div> <div id='collapse_residential_factors_2' class='collapse col-md-12'> <div class='list-item-link'> <div class='row'> <div class='col list-item-link-text'> <p>First Nations leaders supported education of their young. They recognized that providing their youth with the skills and knowledge relevant to the times would be important in the adaptation of their Nations and communities to the new situations arising from the presence of European settlers. However, the idea of separating children from their communities to attend school was not supported by parents and Elders.</p> <p>First Nation leaders always insisted that schooling should be within, not distant from, their communities.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='expansion-item'> <div class='list-item row'> <div class='col-12 col-md-11'> <div class='list-item-top'> <header class='list-item-header row'> <div class='col-12 col-md-10'> <h3 class='my-0'><a role='button' href='#collapse-mackenzie' data-toggle='collapse' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='collapse_residential_factors_3'>Failure to Meet the Spirit and Intention of Treaty Obligations</a></h3> </div> </header> </div> </div> <div class='col-12 col-md-1 text-right'><a class='link-expansion btn btn-light btn-circle' role='button' href='#collapse_residential_factors_3' data-toggle='collapse' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='collapse_residential_factors_3'><img src='https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/themes/understrap-child-master/images/icons/baseline-expand_more-24px.svg' alt='Show content for Failure to Meet the Spirit and Intention of Treaty Obligations'></a></div> <div id='collapse_residential_factors_3' class='collapse col-md-12'> <div class='list-item-link'> <div class='row'> <div class='col list-item-link-text'> <p>Treaties with First Nations obligated governments to fund the education of First Nations youth.</p> <p>Residential schools were the federal government’s way of meeting their treaty commitments to education.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='expansion-item'> <div class='list-item row'> <div class='col-12 col-md-11'> <div class='list-item-top'> <header class='list-item-header row'> <div class='col-12 col-md-10'> <h3 class='my-0'><a role='button' href='#collapse-mackenzie' data-toggle='collapse' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='collapse_residential_factors_4'>Politics and Economic Expansion Plans for Canada</a></h3> </div> </header> </div> </div> <div class='col-12 col-md-1 text-right'><a class='link-expansion btn btn-light btn-circle' role='button' href='#collapse_residential_factors_4' data-toggle='collapse' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='collapse_residential_factors_4'><img src='https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/themes/understrap-child-master/images/icons/baseline-expand_more-24px.svg' alt='Show content for Politics and Economic Expansion Plans for Canada'></a></div> <div id='collapse_residential_factors_4' class='collapse col-md-12'> <div class='list-item-link'> <div class='row'> <div class='col list-item-link-text'> <p>Indigenous people were considered to be a “problem” because their presence was getting in the way of the continuous expansion of settlement and exploitation by the European powers. Assimilation and absorption of Indigenous people into the “mainstream” were considered to help eliminate the “problem.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='expansion-item'> <div class='list-item row'> <div class='col-12 col-md-11'> <div class='list-item-top'> <header class='list-item-header row'> <div class='col-12 col-md-10'> <h3 class='my-0'><a role='button' href='#collapse-mackenzie' data-toggle='collapse' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='collapse_residential_factors_5'>Christianity</a></h3> </div> </header> </div> </div> <div class='col-12 col-md-1 text-right'><a class='link-expansion btn btn-light btn-circle' role='button' href='#collapse_residential_factors_5' data-toggle='collapse' aria-expanded='false' aria-controls='collapse_residential_factors_5'><img src='https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/themes/understrap-child-master/images/icons/baseline-expand_more-24px.svg' alt='Show content for Christianity'></a></div> <div id='collapse_residential_factors_5' class='collapse col-md-12'> <div class='list-item-link'> <div class='row'> <div class='col list-item-link-text'> <p>Christian missionaries considered it their duty to convert the First Nations to what they considered to be the only true religion, Christianity.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><figure id='figure_633' aria-describedby='figure_image_633_caption' class='wp-caption figure-image'> <img width="1024" height="768" src="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/book_6_1_1_children-1024x768.jpg" class="img-fluid" alt="Imagine, as a child, being taken from your parents and community and not seeing them again for many years." decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> <figcaption id='figure_image_633_caption' class='wp-caption-text d-flex flex-column flex-sm-row justify-content-between'><div class='pr-4 pb-3 pb-sm-0'>Imagine, as a child, being taken from your parents and community and not seeing them again for many years.</div> <div><button class='btn btn-primary outline' type='button' data-toggle='modal' data-target='#image_633_modal'>Expand</button></div> </figcaption> </figure> <div class='modal fade' tabindex='-1' role='dialog' id='image_633_modal' aria-labelledby='image_633_modal_label'> <div class='modal-dialog modal-lg modal-lightbox' role='document'> <div class='modal-content'> <div class='modal-header'> <h5 class='modal-title' id='image_633_modal_label'>Imagine, as a child, being taken from your parents and community and not seeing them again for many years.</h5> <button type='button' class='close' data-dismiss='modal' aria-label='Close'><span aria-hidden='true'>×</span></button> </div> <div class='modal-body d-flex align-items-center'> <img class='img-fluid mx-auto' src='https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/book_6_1_1_children-scaled.jpg' alt='Imagine, as a child, being taken from your parents and community and not seeing them again for many years.'> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h3 id="section_map_of_residential_schools_recognized_under_the_IRSSA">Map of residential schools recognized under the IRSSA</h3><figure id='figure_632' aria-describedby='figure_image_632_caption' class='wp-caption figure-image'> <img width="1024" height="768" src="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/book_6_1_1_map_schools-1024x768.png" class="img-fluid" alt="139 Residential Schools were recognized under the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement (IRSSA). Over 1500 institutions were not recognized under the terms of this agreement." decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> <figcaption id='figure_image_632_caption' class='wp-caption-text d-flex flex-column flex-sm-row justify-content-between'><div class='pr-4 pb-3 pb-sm-0'>139 Residential Schools were recognized under the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement (IRSSA). Over 1500 institutions were not recognized under the terms of this agreement.</div> <div><button class='btn btn-primary outline' type='button' data-toggle='modal' data-target='#image_632_modal'>Expand</button></div> </figcaption> </figure> <div class='modal fade' tabindex='-1' role='dialog' id='image_632_modal' aria-labelledby='image_632_modal_label'> <div class='modal-dialog modal-lg modal-lightbox' role='document'> <div class='modal-content'> <div class='modal-header'> <h5 class='modal-title' id='image_632_modal_label'>139 Residential Schools were recognized under the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement (IRSSA). Over 1500 institutions were not recognized under the terms of this agreement.</h5> <button type='button' class='close' data-dismiss='modal' aria-label='Close'><span aria-hidden='true'>×</span></button> </div> <div class='modal-body d-flex align-items-center'> <img class='img-fluid mx-auto' src='https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/book_6_1_1_map_schools.png' alt='139 Residential Schools were recognized under the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement (IRSSA). Over 1500 institutions were not recognized under the terms of this agreement.'> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="text-center"> <a href="/learning-modules/">View all Learning Modules <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" style="vertical-align: middle;" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="path4" d="M 3,11 17.17,11 13.59,7.41 15,6 21,12 15,18 13.59,16.59 17.17,13 3,13 Z" fill="#b3202f"/></svg></a> </section> </article> </main> </div> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper-footer"> <footer class="site-footer" id="colophon"> <div class="navbar"><ul id="footer-menu" class="navbar-nav"><li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-493" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-493 nav-item"><a title="About" href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/about/" class="nav-link">About</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-494" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-494 nav-item"><a title="Learning Modules" href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/learning-modules/" class="nav-link">Learning Modules</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-490" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-490 nav-item"><a title="Get the Toolkit" href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/get-the-toolkit/" class="nav-link">Get the Toolkit</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-491" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-491 nav-item"><a title="Updates" href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/updates/" class="nav-link">Updates</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-514" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-514 nav-item"><a title="Contact Us" href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/contact-us/" class="nav-link">Contact Us</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-495" class="link-facebook link-social menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-495 nav-item"><a title="AFN on Facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/AssemblyofFirstNations/" class="nav-link">AFN on Facebook</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-496" class="link-twitter link-social menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-496 nav-item"><a title="AFN on Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/AFN_Updates?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor" class="nav-link">AFN on Twitter</a></li> <li itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" id="menu-item-497" class="link-instagram link-social menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-497 nav-item"><a title="AFN on Instagram" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.instagram.com/explore/locations/442536421/assembly-of-first-nationsassemblee-des-premieres-nations/" class="nav-link">AFN on Instagram</a></li> </ul></div> <div class="site-info text-center"> Copyright 2021 Assembly of First Nations<br/>This website is being redesigned to be accessible to the widest possible audience, regardless of technology or ability. </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div id="wpfront-scroll-top-container"> <img src="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/plugins/wpfront-scroll-top/images/icons/1.png" alt="" /> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> function wpfront_scroll_top_init() { if (typeof wpfront_scroll_top === "function" && typeof jQuery !== "undefined") { wpfront_scroll_top({"scroll_offset":100,"button_width":0,"button_height":0,"button_opacity":0.8,"button_fade_duration":200,"scroll_duration":400,"location":1,"marginX":20,"marginY":20,"hide_iframe":false,"auto_hide":false,"auto_hide_after":2,"button_action":"top","button_action_element_selector":"","button_action_container_selector":"html, body","button_action_element_offset":0}); 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