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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_reform_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Post-Soviet reform plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_reform_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime_and_corruption_in_the_ground_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime_and_corruption_in_the_ground_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Crime and corruption in the ground forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime_and_corruption_in_the_ground_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_Russian_constitutional_crisis_of_1993" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_Russian_constitutional_crisis_of_1993"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Involvement in Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_Russian_constitutional_crisis_of_1993-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chechen_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chechen_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Chechen Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chechen_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Chechen_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Chechen_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 First Chechen War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Chechen_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Chechen_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Chechen_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Second Chechen War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Chechen_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_under_Sergeyev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_under_Sergeyev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Reforms under Sergeyev </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_under_Sergeyev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_under_Putin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_under_Putin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Reforms under Putin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_under_Putin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serdyukov_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serdyukov_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Serdyukov reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serdyukov_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_under_Sergey_Shoygu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_under_Sergey_Shoygu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Reforms under Sergey Shoygu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_under_Sergey_Shoygu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russo-Ukrainian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russo-Ukrainian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Russo-Ukrainian War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russo-Ukrainian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Branches_of_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches_of_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Branches of service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branches_of_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispositions_since_2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispositions_since_2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Dispositions since 2024 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispositions_since_2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Personnel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Equipment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Equipment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equipment_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Equipment summary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranks_and_insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks_and_insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Ranks and insignia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ranks_and_insignia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ranks and insignia subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ranks_and_insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Officers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Other ranks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commanders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commanders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Commanders </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commanders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Commanders subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Commanders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deputies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deputies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Deputies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deputies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground_Forces_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_Forces_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Ground Forces Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_Forces_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Russian Ground Forces</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" > 40 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grondmagte_van_die_Russiese_Federasie" title="Grondmagte van die Russiese Federasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grondmagte van die Russiese Federasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القوات البرية الروسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القوات البرية الروسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuercia_terrestre_de_Rusia" title="Fuercia terrestre de Rusia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fuercia terrestre de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya_Quru_Qo%C5%9Funlar%C4%B1" title="Rusiya Quru Qoşunları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusiya Quru Qoşunları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%96" title="Сухапутныя войскі Расіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сухапутныя войскі Расіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerzhio%C3%B9_douar_Rusia" title="Nerzhioù douar Rusia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nerzhioù douar Rusia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisches_Heer" title="Russisches Heer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russisches Heer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venemaa_maav%C3%A4ed" title="Venemaa maaväed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Venemaa maaväed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9E%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Ρωσικός Στρατός Ξηράς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσικός Στρατός Ξηράς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerzas_Terrestres_de_Rusia" title="Fuerzas Terrestres de Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuerzas Terrestres de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusiako_Lurreko_Armada" title="Errusiako Lurreko Armada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusiako Lurreko Armada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="نیروی زمینی روسیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروی زمینی روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_terre_russe" title="Armée de terre russe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armée de terre russe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%9C%A1%EA%B5%B0" title="러시아 육군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아 육군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_kopnena_vojska" title="Ruska kopnena vojska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruska kopnena vojska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Darat_Rusia" title="Angkatan Darat Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Angkatan Darat Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forze_terrestri_russe" title="Forze terrestri russe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Forze terrestri russe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="כוחות היבשה הרוסיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוחות היבשה הרוסיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Darat_Rusia" title="Angkatan Darat Rusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Angkatan Darat Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Оросын Хуурай замын цэрэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оросын Хуурай замын цэрэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russische_landmacht" title="Russische landmacht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russische landmacht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="ロシア陸軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア陸軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_russiske_h%C3%A6ren" title="Den russiske hæren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den russiske hæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_russiske_h%C3%A6ren" title="Den russiske hæren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den russiske hæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="روسی زمینی فوج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روسی زمینی فوج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojska_L%C4%85dowe_Federacji_Rosyjskiej" title="Wojska Lądowe Federacji Rosyjskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojska Lądowe Federacji Rosyjskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7as_Armadas_da_R%C3%BAssia" title="Forças Armadas da Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Forças Armadas da Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Сухопутные войска Российской Федерации – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сухопутные войска Российской Федерации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushtria_Ruse" title="Ushtria Ruse – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ushtria Ruse" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Russian Ground Forces" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Russian Army" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Russian_Army_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Russian Army (disambiguation)">Russian Army (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Ground Forces of the Russian Federation</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Сухопутные войска Российской Федерации</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Middle_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg/200px-Middle_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Middle_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg/300px-Middle_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Middle_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg/400px-Middle_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="420" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem of the Russian Ground Forces</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1550<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> 1992 (current form)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Russia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">500,000 inc 100,000 conscripts<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2024192-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">Armed Forces of the Russian Federation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Frunzenskaya Embankment 20-22, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  Red <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Green <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Gold <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Silver </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">March</th><td class="infobox-data">Forward, infantry! Вперёд, пехота!</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Anniversaries</th><td class="infobox-data">1 October</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prigorodny_Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="East Prigorodny Conflict">East Prigorodny Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis" title="1999 East Timorese crisis">1999 East Timorese crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)">Invasion of Crimea and Donbas</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_military_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War">Intervention in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.mil.ru/en/structure/forces/ground.htm">mil.ru</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces">Commander-in-Chief</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Army_General_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army General (Russia)">Army General</a> <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Salyukov" title="Oleg Salyukov">Oleg Salyukov</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">First Deputy Commander-in-Chief</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colonel_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General">Colonel General</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Lapin_(general)" title="Aleksandr Lapin (general)">Aleksandr Lapin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Deputy Commander-in-Chief</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Matovnikov" title="Aleksandr Matovnikov">Aleksandr Matovnikov</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Flag</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Patch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Sleeve_insignia_of_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sleeve_insignia_of_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg/125px-Sleeve_insignia_of_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sleeve_insignia_of_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg/188px-Sleeve_insignia_of_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Sleeve_insignia_of_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg/250px-Sleeve_insignia_of_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="355" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Middle emblem</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Middle_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg/125px-Middle_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Middle_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg/188px-Middle_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Middle_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg/250px-Middle_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="420" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Insignia</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Collar_insignia_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Collar_insignia_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg/125px-Collar_insignia_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Collar_insignia_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg/188px-Collar_insignia_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Collar_insignia_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg/250px-Collar_insignia_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="165" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> The Russian Ground Forces,<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> also known as the Russian Army in English, are the <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">land forces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a>. The primary responsibilities of the Russian Ground Forces are the protection of the state borders, combat on land, and the defeat of enemy troops. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces">Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation</a>. The Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces is the chief commanding authority of the Russian Ground Forces. He is appointed by the President of Russia. The Main Command of the Ground Forces is based in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2></div> The primary responsibilities of the Russian Ground Forces are the protection of the state borders, <a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat</a> on land, the security of occupied territories, and the defeat of enemy troops. The Ground Forces must be able to achieve these goals both in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear war">nuclear war</a> and non-nuclear war, especially without the use of <a href="/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapon of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>. Furthermore, they must be capable of protecting the national interests of Russia within the framework of its international obligations. The Main Command of the Ground Forces is officially tasked with the following objectives:<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> <ul><li>the training of troops for combat, on the basis of tasks determined by the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li>the improvement of troops' structure and composition, and the optimization of their numbers, including for Specialised Troops (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Специальные войска">ru:Специальные войска</a>, a term covering several <a href="/wiki/Combat_service_support" title="Combat service support">combat service support</a> branches such as Engineers; <a href="/wiki/Russian_Signal_Troops" title="Russian Signal Troops">Russian Signal Troops</a>; Chemical; Motor Transport; <a href="/wiki/Russian_Railway_Troops" title="Russian Railway Troops">Russian Railway Troops</a>, and Road Troops [construction])</li> <li>the development of <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> theory and practice</li> <li>the development and introduction of training field manuals, tactics, and methodology</li> <li>the improvement of operational and combat training of the Ground Forces</li></ul> It should be clearly noted that <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a>, most special forces, are under the control of the Main Reconnaissance Directorate (GRU), now the <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">Main Directorate of the General Staff</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_emblem_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation_(27.01.1997-present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Middle_emblem_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation_%2827.01.1997-present%29.svg/200px-Middle_emblem_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation_%2827.01.1997-present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Middle_emblem_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation_%2827.01.1997-present%29.svg/300px-Middle_emblem_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation_%2827.01.1997-present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Middle_emblem_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation_%2827.01.1997-present%29.svg/400px-Middle_emblem_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation_%2827.01.1997-present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation_(21.07.2003-present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Middle_emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation_%2821.07.2003-present%29.svg/25px-Middle_emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation_%2821.07.2003-present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Middle_emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation_%2821.07.2003-present%29.svg/38px-Middle_emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation_%2821.07.2003-present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Middle_emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation_%2821.07.2003-present%29.svg/50px-Middle_emblem_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation_%2821.07.2003-present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="87" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#679267; color:#f9f9f9;"> Staff</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Great_emblem_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Great_emblem_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces.svg/25px-Great_emblem_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Great_emblem_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces.svg/38px-Great_emblem_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Great_emblem_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces.svg/50px-Great_emblem_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="501" /></a> <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff of the Armed Forces</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#679267; color:#f9f9f9;"> Services (vid)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg/25px-Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg/38px-Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg/50px-Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="2200" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Aerospace_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Aerospace_Forces.svg/25px-Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Aerospace_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Aerospace_Forces.svg/38px-Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Aerospace_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Aerospace_Forces.svg/50px-Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Aerospace_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="582" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">Russian Aerospace Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Navy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Navy.svg/25px-Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Navy.svg/38px-Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Navy.svg/50px-Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="573" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#679267; color:#f9f9f9;"> Independent troops (rod)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Great_emblem_of_Strategic_Rocket_Forces_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Great_emblem_of_Strategic_Rocket_Forces_of_Russia.svg/25px-Great_emblem_of_Strategic_Rocket_Forces_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Great_emblem_of_Strategic_Rocket_Forces_of_Russia.svg/38px-Great_emblem_of_Strategic_Rocket_Forces_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Great_emblem_of_Strategic_Rocket_Forces_of_Russia.svg/50px-Great_emblem_of_Strategic_Rocket_Forces_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1571" data-file-height="1867" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Rocket_Forces" title="Strategic Rocket Forces">Strategic Rocket Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Airborne_Troops.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Airborne_Troops.svg/25px-Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Airborne_Troops.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Airborne_Troops.svg/38px-Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Airborne_Troops.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Airborne_Troops.svg/50px-Great_emblem_of_the_Russian_Airborne_Troops.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1571" data-file-height="1867" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Airborne_Forces" title="Russian Airborne Forces">Russian Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#679267; color:#f9f9f9;"> Special operations force (sof)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Great_emblem_of_the_Special_Operations_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Great_emblem_of_the_Special_Operations_Forces.svg/25px-Great_emblem_of_the_Special_Operations_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Great_emblem_of_the_Special_Operations_Forces.svg/38px-Great_emblem_of_the_Special_Operations_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Great_emblem_of_the_Special_Operations_Forces.svg/50px-Great_emblem_of_the_Special_Operations_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1182" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Forces_(Russia)" title="Special Operations Forces (Russia)">Special Operations Forces</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#679267; color:#f9f9f9;"> Other troops</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Great_emblem_of_the_Rear_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_emblem_of_the_Rear_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces.svg/25px-Great_emblem_of_the_Rear_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_emblem_of_the_Rear_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces.svg/38px-Great_emblem_of_the_Rear_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_emblem_of_the_Rear_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces.svg/50px-Great_emblem_of_the_Rear_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="715" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Logistical_Support_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Logistical Support of the Russian Armed Forces">Logistical Support</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#679267; color:#f9f9f9;"> Military districts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Great_emblem_of_the_Western_Military_District.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Great_emblem_of_the_Western_Military_District.svg/25px-Great_emblem_of_the_Western_Military_District.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Great_emblem_of_the_Western_Military_District.svg/38px-Great_emblem_of_the_Western_Military_District.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Great_emblem_of_the_Western_Military_District.svg/50px-Great_emblem_of_the_Western_Military_District.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="509" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Military_District" title="Leningrad Military District">Leningrad Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Great_emblem_of_the_Moscow_Military_District.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Great_emblem_of_the_Moscow_Military_District.svg/25px-Great_emblem_of_the_Moscow_Military_District.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Great_emblem_of_the_Moscow_Military_District.svg/38px-Great_emblem_of_the_Moscow_Military_District.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Great_emblem_of_the_Moscow_Military_District.svg/50px-Great_emblem_of_the_Moscow_Military_District.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="487" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_District" title="Moscow Military District">Moscow Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Great_emblem_of_the_Southern_Military_District.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Great_emblem_of_the_Southern_Military_District.svg/25px-Great_emblem_of_the_Southern_Military_District.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Great_emblem_of_the_Southern_Military_District.svg/38px-Great_emblem_of_the_Southern_Military_District.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Great_emblem_of_the_Southern_Military_District.svg/50px-Great_emblem_of_the_Southern_Military_District.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="509" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Military_District" title="Southern Military District">Southern Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Great_emblem_of_the_Central_Military_District.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Great_emblem_of_the_Central_Military_District.svg/25px-Great_emblem_of_the_Central_Military_District.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Great_emblem_of_the_Central_Military_District.svg/38px-Great_emblem_of_the_Central_Military_District.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Great_emblem_of_the_Central_Military_District.svg/50px-Great_emblem_of_the_Central_Military_District.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="508" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_District" title="Central Military District">Central Military District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Great_emblem_of_the_Eastern_Military_District.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_emblem_of_the_Eastern_Military_District.svg/25px-Great_emblem_of_the_Eastern_Military_District.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_emblem_of_the_Eastern_Military_District.svg/38px-Great_emblem_of_the_Eastern_Military_District.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_emblem_of_the_Eastern_Military_District.svg/50px-Great_emblem_of_the_Eastern_Military_District.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="608" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Military_District" title="Eastern Military District">Eastern Military District</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#679267; color:#f9f9f9;"> History of the Russian military</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_military_ranks" title="History of Russian military ranks">History of Russian military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military ranks of the Soviet Union">Military ranks of the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_military" title="Template:Russian military"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_military" title="Template talk:Russian military"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_military" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian military"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></div> As the Soviet Union dissolved, efforts were made to keep the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> as a single military structure for the new <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>. The last <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Soviet_Union)" title="Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)">Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union</a>, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Shaposhnikov" title="Yevgeny Shaposhnikov">Yevgeny Shaposhnikov</a>, was appointed supreme commander of the CIS Armed Forces in December 1991.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom1998356–387-7">[6]</a> Among the numerous treaties signed by the former republics, in order to direct the transition period, was a temporary agreement on general purpose forces, signed in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> on 14 February 1992. However, once it became clear that <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (and potentially the other republics) was determined to undermine the concept of joint general purpose forces and form their own armed forces, the new Russian government moved to form its own armed forces. Russian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> signed a <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">decree</a> forming the Russian Ministry of Defence on 7 May 1992, establishing the Russian Ground Forces along with the other branches of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a>. At the same time, the General Staff was in the process of withdrawing tens of thousands of personnel from the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany" title="Group of Soviet Forces in Germany">Group of Soviet Forces in Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Group_of_Forces" title="Northern Group of Forces">Northern Group of Forces</a> in Poland, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Group_of_Forces" title="Central Group of Forces">Central Group of Forces</a> in Czechoslovakia, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Group_of_Forces" title="Southern Group of Forces">Southern Group of Forces</a> in Hungary, and from Mongolia. Thirty-seven <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Ground_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Ground Forces">Soviet Ground Forces</a> divisions had to be withdrawn from the four groups of forces and the Baltic States, and four military districts—totaling 57 divisions—were handed over to Belarus and Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Some idea of the scale of the withdrawal can be gained from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Army_divisions_1989-91" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Soviet Army divisions 1989-91">division list</a>. For the dissolving Soviet Ground Forces, the withdrawal from the former <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> states and the Baltic states was an extremely demanding, expensive, and debilitating process.<a href="#cite_note-Russia_Asia_p257-9">[8]</a> As the military districts that remained in Russia after the collapse of the Union consisted mostly of the mobile <a href="/wiki/En_cadre" class="mw-redirect" title="En cadre">cadre</a> formations, the Ground Forces were, to a large extent, created by relocating the formerly full-strength formations from Eastern Europe to under-resourced districts. However, the facilities in those districts were inadequate to house the flood of personnel and equipment returning from abroad, and many units "were unloaded from the rail wagons into empty fields."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr19982-10">[9]</a> The need for destruction and transfer of large amounts of weaponry under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe</a> also necessitated great adjustments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Soviet_reform_plans">Post-Soviet reform plans</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a> newspaper <a href="/wiki/Krasnaya_Zvezda" title="Krasnaya Zvezda">Krasnaya Zvezda</a> published a reform plan on 21 July 1992. Later one commentator said it was "hastily" put together by the General Staff "to satisfy the public demand for radical changes."<a href="#cite_note-Baev_1996-11">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff</a>, from that point, became a bastion of conservatism, causing a build-up of troubles that later became critical. The reform plan advocated a change from an Army-Division-Regiment structure to a Corps-Brigade arrangement. The new structures were to be more capable in a situation with no front line, and more capable of independent action at all levels.<a href="#cite_note-dick1993-12">[11]</a> Cutting out a level of command, omitting two out of three higher echelons between the theatre headquarters and the fighting battalions, would produce economies, increase flexibility, and simplify command-and-control arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-dick1993-12">[11]</a> The expected changeover to the new structure proved to be rare, irregular, and sometimes reversed. The new brigades that appeared were mostly divisions that had broken down until they happened to be at the proposed brigade strengths. New divisions—such as the new <a href="/wiki/3rd_Motor_Rifle_Division" title="3rd Motor Rifle Division">3rd Motor Rifle Division</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_District" title="Moscow Military District">Moscow Military District</a>, formed on the basis of disbanding tank formations—were formed, rather than new brigades. Few of the reforms planned in the early 1990s eventuated, for three reasons: Firstly, there was an absence of firm civilian political guidance, with President Yeltsin primarily interested in ensuring that the Armed Forces were controllable and loyal, rather than reformed.<a href="#cite_note-Baev_1996-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArbatov1998112-13">[12]</a> Secondly, declining funding worsened the progress. Finally, there was no firm consensus within the military about what reforms should be implemented. General <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a>, the first Russian Minister of Defence (1992–96), broadly advertised reforms, yet wished to preserve the old Soviet-style Army, with large numbers of low-strength formations and continued mass conscription. The General Staff and the armed services tried to preserve Soviet-era doctrines, deployments, weapons, and missions in the absence of solid new guidance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArbatov1998113-14">[13]</a> British military expert Michael Orr claims that the hierarchy had great difficulty in fully understanding the changed situation, due to their education. As graduates of <a href="/wiki/Military_academies_in_Russia" title="Military academies in Russia">Soviet military academies</a>, they received great operational and staff training, but in political terms they had learned an ideology, rather than a wide understanding of international affairs. Thus, the generals—focused on <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">NATO expansion</a> in Eastern Europe—could not adapt themselves and the Armed Forces to the new opportunities and challenges they faced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr20032–3-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime_and_corruption_in_the_ground_forces">Crime and corruption in the ground forces</h3></div> The new Russian Ground Forces inherited an increasing crime problem from their Soviet predecessors. As draft resistance grew in the last years of the Soviet Union, the authorities tried to compensate by enlisting men with criminal records and who spoke little or no Russian. Crime rates soared, with the military procurator in Moscow in September 1990 reporting a 40-percent increase in crime over the previous six months, including a 41-percent rise in serious bodily injuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom1998302-16">[15]</a> Disappearances of weapons rose to rampant levels, especially in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom1998302-16">[15]</a> Generals directing the withdrawals from Eastern Europe diverted arms, equipment, and foreign monies intended to build housing in Russia for the withdrawn troops. Several years later, the former commander in Germany, General <a href="/wiki/Matvey_Burlakov" title="Matvey Burlakov">Matvey Burlakov</a>, and the Defence Minister, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a>, had their involvement exposed. They were also accused of ordering the murder of reporter <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Kholodov" title="Dmitry Kholodov">Dmitry Kholodov</a>, who had been investigating the scandals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom1998302-16">[15]</a> In December 1996, Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Igor_Rodionov" title="Igor Rodionov">Igor Rodionov</a> ordered the dismissal of the Commander of the Ground Forces, General <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Magomedovich_Semyonov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Magomedovich Semyonov">Vladimir Semyonov</a>, for activities incompatible with his position — reportedly his wife's business activities.<a href="#cite_note-nupi-17">[16]</a> A 1995 study by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Military_Studies_Office" title="Foreign Military Studies Office">Foreign Military Studies Office</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> went as far as to say that the Armed Forces were "an institution increasingly defined by the high levels of military criminality and corruption embedded within it at every level." The FMSO noted that crime levels had always grown with social turbulence, such as the trauma Russia was passing through. The author identified four major types among the raft of criminality prevalent within the forces—weapons trafficking and the arms trade; business and commercial ventures; military crime beyond Russia's borders; and contract murder. Weapons disappearances began during the dissolution of the Union and has continued. Within units "rations are sold while soldiers grow hungry ... [while] fuel, spare parts, and equipment can be bought."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr200310-19">[18]</a> Meanwhile, voyemkomats take bribes to arrange avoidance of service, or a more comfortable posting. Beyond the Russian frontier, drugs were smuggled across the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajik</a> border—supposedly being patrolled by Russian guards—by military aircraft, and a Russian senior officer, General Major Alexander Perelyakin, had been dismissed from his post with the United Nations peacekeeping force in Bosnia-Hercegovina (<a href="/wiki/UNPROFOR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNPROFOR">UNPROFOR</a>), following continued complaints of smuggling, profiteering, and corruption. In terms of contract killings, beyond the Kholodov case, there have been widespread rumours that GRU <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Spetsnaz</a> personnel have been moonlighting as mafiya hitmen.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Reports such as these continued. Some of the more egregious examples have included a constant-readiness motor rifle regiment's tanks running out of fuel on the firing ranges, due to the diversion of their fuel supplies to local businesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr200310-19">[18]</a> Visiting the 20th Army in April 2002, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Ivanov" title="Sergei Ivanov">Sergey Ivanov</a> said the volume of theft was "simply impermissible".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr200310-19">[18]</a> Ivanov said that 20,000 servicemen were wounded or injured in 2002 as a result of accidents or criminal activity across the entire armed forces - so the ground forces figure would be less.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Abuse of personnel, sending soldiers to work outside units—a long-standing tradition which could see conscripts doing things ranging from being large scale manpower supply for commercial businesses to being officers' families' servants—is now banned by Sergei Ivanov's Order 428 of October 2005. What is more, the order is being enforced, with several prosecutions recorded.<a href="#cite_note-keir-07-22">[21]</a> President Putin also demanded a halt to dishonest use of military property in November 2005: "We must completely eliminate the use of the Armed Forces' material base for any commercial objectives." The spectrum of dishonest activity has included, in the past, exporting aircraft as scrap metal; but the point at which officers are prosecuted has shifted, and investigations over trading in travel warrants and junior officers' routine thieving of soldiers' meals are beginning to be reported.<a href="#cite_note-keir-07-22">[21]</a> However, British military analysts comment that "there should be little doubt that the overall impact of theft and fraud is much greater than that which is actually detected".<a href="#cite_note-keir-07-22">[21]</a> Chief Military Prosecutor Sergey Fridinskiy said in March 2007 that there was "no systematic work in the Armed Forces to prevent embezzlement".<a href="#cite_note-keir-07-22">[21]</a> In March 2011, Military Prosecutor General Sergei Fridinsky reported that crimes had been increasing steadily in the Russian ground forces for the past 18 months, with 500 crimes reported in the period of January to March 2011 alone. Twenty servicemen were crippled and two killed in the same period as a result. Crime in the ground forces was up 16% in 2010 as compared to 2009, with crimes against other servicemen constituting one in every four cases reported.<a href="#cite_note-pravda-23">[22]</a> Compounding this problem was also a rise in "extremist" crimes in the ground forces, with "servicemen from different ethnic groups or regions trying to enforce their own rules and order in their units", according to the Prosecutor General. Fridinsky also lambasted the military investigations department for their alleged lack of efficiency in investigative matters, with only one in six criminal cases being revealed. Military commanders were also accused of concealing crimes committed against servicemen from military officials.<a href="#cite_note-rferl-24">[23]</a> A major corruption scandal also occurred at the elite <a href="/wiki/Lipetsk_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipetsk Air Base">Lipetsk pilot training center</a>, where the deputy commander, the chief of staff and other officers allegedly extorted 3 million roubles of premium pay from other officers since the beginning of 2010. The Tambov military garrison prosecutor confirmed that charges have been lodged against those involved. The affair came to light after a junior officer wrote about the extortion in his personal blog. Sergey Fridinskiy, the Main Military Prosecutor acknowledged that extortion in the distribution of supplementary pay in army units is common, and that "criminal cases on the facts of extortion are being investigated in practically every district and fleet."<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> In August 2012, Prosecutor General Fridinsky again reported a rise in crime, with murders rising more than half, bribery cases doubling, and drug trafficking rising by 25% in the first six months of 2012 as compared to the same period in the previous year. Following the release of these statistics, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Committees_of_Soldiers%27_Mothers_of_Russia" title="Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia">Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia</a> denounced the conditions in the Armed Forces as a "crime against humanity".<a href="#cite_note-dw-26">[25]</a> In July 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecutor General of Russia">Prosecutor General of Russia</a>'s office revealed that corruption in the same year had grown 5.5 times as compared to the previous year, costing the Russian government 4.4 billion rubles (US$130 million). It was also revealed that total number of registered crimes in the Russian armed forces had declined in the same period, although one in five crimes registered were corruption-related.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> "In 2019, Chief Military Prosecutor Valery Petrov reported that some $110 million had been lost due to corruption in the military departments and the number was on the uptick."<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involvement_in_Russian_constitutional_crisis_of_1993">Involvement in Russian constitutional crisis of 1993</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></div> The Russian Ground Forces reluctantly became involved in the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 after President Yeltsin issued an <a href="/wiki/Unconstitutional" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconstitutional">unconstitutional</a> decree dissolving the Russian Parliament, following its resistance to Yeltsin's consolidation of power and his neo-liberal reforms. A group of deputies, including Vice President <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutskoy" title="Alexander Rutskoy">Alexander Rutskoi</a>, barricaded themselves inside the parliament building. While giving public support to the President, the Armed Forces, led by General Grachev, tried to remain neutral, following the wishes of the officer corps.<a href="#cite_note-mcnair_34-29">[28]</a> The military leadership were unsure of both the rightness of Yeltsin's cause and the reliability of their forces, and had to be convinced at length by Yeltsin to attack the parliament. When the attack was finally mounted, forces from five different divisions around Moscow were used, and the personnel involved were mostly officers and senior <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Russia_Asia_p257-9">[8]</a> There were also indications that some formations deployed into Moscow only under protest.<a href="#cite_note-mcnair_34-29">[28]</a> However, once the parliament building had been stormed, the parliamentary leaders arrested, and temporary censorship imposed, Yeltsin succeeded in retaining power. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chechen_Wars">Chechen Wars</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Chechen_War">First Chechen War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></div> With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Chechens declared independence in November 1991, under the leadership of a former Air Forces officer, General <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokar Dudayev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The continuation of Chechen independence was seen as reducing Moscow's authority; Chechnya became perceived as a haven for criminals, and a hard-line group within the Kremlin began advocating war. A Security Council meeting was held 29 November 1994, where Yeltsin ordered the Chechens to disarm, or else Moscow would restore order. Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a> assured Yeltsin that he would "take Grozny with one airborne assault regiment in two hours."<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> The operation began on 11 December 1994 and, by 31 December, Russian forces were entering <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>, the Chechen capital. The 131st Motor Rifle Brigade was ordered to make a swift push for the centre of the city, but was then virtually destroyed in Chechen ambushes. After finally seizing Grozny amid fierce resistance, Russian troops moved on to other Chechen strongholds. When Chechen militants took hostages in the <a href="/wiki/Budyonnovsk_hospital_hostage_crisis" title="Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis">Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis</a> in Stavropol Kray in June 1995, peace looked possible for a time, but the fighting continued. Following this incident, the separatists were referred to as insurgents or terrorists within Russia. Dzhokar Dudayev was assassinated in a Russian <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">airstrike</a> on 21 April 1996, and that summer, a Chechen attack <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(August_1996)" title="Battle of Grozny (August 1996)">retook Grozny</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lebed" title="Alexander Lebed">Alexander Lebed</a>, then Secretary of the Security Council, began talks with the Chechen rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov" title="Aslan Maskhadov">Aslan Maskhadov</a> in August 1996 and signed an agreement on 22/23 August; by the end of that month, the fighting ended.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The formal ceasefire was signed in the <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestani</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Khasavyurt" title="Khasavyurt">Khasavyurt</a> on 31 August 1996, stipulating that a formal agreement on relations between the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and the Russian federal government need not be signed until late 2001. Writing some years later, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Trenin" title="Dmitri Trenin">Dmitri Trenin</a> and Aleksei Malashenko described the Russian military's performance in Chechniya as "grossly deficient at all levels, from commander-in-chief to the drafted private."<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The Ground Forces' performance in the First Chechen War has been assessed by a British academic as "appallingly bad".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr200082-34">[33]</a> Writing six years later, Michael Orr said "one of the root causes of the Russian failure in 1994–96 was their inability to raise and deploy a properly trained military force."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr200087-35">[34]</a> Then Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hertling" title="Mark Hertling">Mark Hertling</a> of the U.S. Army had the chance to visit the Ground Forces in 1994: <blockquote>The Russian barracks were spartan, with twenty beds lined up in a large room similar to what the U.S. Army had during World War II. The food in their mess halls was terrible. The Russian "training and exercises" we observed were not opportunities to improve capabilities or skills, but rote demonstrations, with little opportunity for maneuver or imagination. The military college classroom where a group of middle- and senior-ranking officers conducted a regimental map exercise was rudimentary, with young soldiers manning radio-telephones relaying orders to imaginary units in some imaginary field location. On the motor pool visit, I was able to crawl into a T-80 tank—it was cramped, dirty, and in poor repair—and even fire a few rounds in a very primitive simulator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertling2022-36">[35]</a></blockquote> In June 1999 Russian forces, though not the Ground Forces, were involved in a confrontation with NATO. Parts of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Separate_Airborne_Brigade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Separate Airborne Brigade (page does not exist)">1st Separate Airborne Brigade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Airborne_Forces" title="Russian Airborne Forces">Russian Airborne Forces</a> raced to seize control of <a href="/wiki/Pristina_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pristina Airport">Pristina Airport</a> in what became <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Pristina_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Incident at Pristina airport">Incident at Pristina airport</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Chechen_War">Second Chechen War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></div> The Second Chechen War began in August 1999 after Chechen militias <a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">invaded</a> neighboring <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, followed quickly in early September by a <a href="/wiki/Russian_apartment_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian apartment bombings">series of four terrorist bombings</a> across Russia. This prompted Russian military action against the alleged Chechen culprits. In the first Chechen war, the Russians primarily laid waste to an area with artillery and airstrikes before advancing the land forces. Improvements were made in the Ground Forces between 1996 and 1999; when the Second Chechen War started, instead of hastily assembled "composite regiments" dispatched with little or no training, whose members had never seen service together, formations were brought up to strength with replacements, put through preparatory training, and then dispatched. Combat performance improved accordingly,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr200088–90-37">[36]</a> and large-scale opposition was crippled. Most of the prominent past Chechen separatist leaders had died or been killed, including former President <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov" title="Aslan Maskhadov">Aslan Maskhadov</a> and leading <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlord</a> and terrorist attack mastermind <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a>. However, small-scale conflict continued to drag on; as of November 2007, it had spread across other parts of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">Russian Caucasus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alert-38">[37]</a> It was a divisive struggle, with at least one senior military officer dismissed for being unresponsive to government commands: General Colonel <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Troshev" title="Gennady Troshev">Gennady Troshev</a> was dismissed in 2002 for refusing to move from command of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Military_District" title="North Caucasus Military District">North Caucasus Military District</a> to command of the less important Siberian Military District.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The Second Chechen War was officially declared ended on 16 April 2009.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_under_Sergeyev">Reforms under Sergeyev</h3></div> When <a href="/wiki/Igor_Sergeyev" title="Igor Sergeyev">Igor Sergeyev</a> arrived as Minister of Defence in 1997, he initiated what were seen as real reforms under very difficult conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParchomenko1999-41">[40]</a> The number of military educational establishments, virtually unchanged since 1991, was reduced, and the amalgamation of the Siberian and Trans-Baikal Military Districts was ordered. A larger number of army divisions were given "constant readiness" status, which was supposed to bring them up to 80 percent manning and 100 percent equipment holdings. Sergeyev announced in August 1998 that there would be six divisions and four brigades on 24-hour alert by the end of that year. Three levels of forces were announced; constant readiness, low-level, and strategic reserves.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> However, personnel quality—even in these favored units—continued to be a problem. Lack of fuel for training and a shortage of well-trained junior officers hampered combat effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> However, concentrating on the interests of his old service, the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Missile_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Missile Forces">Strategic Rocket Forces</a>, Sergeyev directed the disbanding of the Ground Forces headquarters itself in December 1997.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The disbandment was a "military nonsense", in Orr's words, "justifiable only in terms of internal politics within the Ministry of Defence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr20036-45">[44]</a> The Ground Forces' prestige declined as a result, as the headquarters disbandment implied—at least in theory—that the Ground Forces no longer ranked equally with the Air Force and Navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr200312-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_under_Putin">Reforms under Putin</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AirborneExercise2017_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AirborneExercise2017_01.jpg/220px-AirborneExercise2017_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AirborneExercise2017_01.jpg/330px-AirborneExercise2017_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AirborneExercise2017_01.jpg/440px-AirborneExercise2017_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A Russian airborne exercise in 2017</figcaption></figure> Under President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, more funds were committed, the Ground Forces Headquarters was reestablished, and some progress on professionalisation occurred. Plans called for reducing mandatory service to 18 months in 2007, and to one year by 2008, but a mixed Ground Force, of both contract soldiers and conscripts, would remain. (As of 2009, the length of conscript service was 12 months.)<a href="#cite_note-2006_factbook-47">[46]</a> Funding increases began in 1999. After some recovery of the economy and the associated rise in income, especially from oil, "..officially reported defence spending [rose] in nominal terms at least, for the first time since the formation of the Russian Federation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2000115-48">[47]</a> The budget rose from 141 billion rubles in 2000 to 219 billion rubles in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Much of this funding has been spent on personnel—there have been several pay rises, starting with a 20-percent rise authorised in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The current professionalisation programme, including 26,000 extra <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">sergeants</a>, was expected to cost at least 31 billion roubles (US$1.1 billion).<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Increased funding has been spread across the whole budget, with personnel spending being matched by greater procurement and <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> funding. However, in 2004, Alexander Goltz said that, given the insistence of the hierarchy on trying to force contract soldiers into the old conscript pattern, there is little hope of a fundamental strengthening of the Ground Forces. He further elaborated that they are expected to remain, to some extent, a military liability and "Russia's most urgent social problem" for some time to come.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoltz2004-52">[51]</a> Goltz summed up by saying: "All of this means that the Russian armed forces are not ready to defend the country and that, at the same time, they are also dangerous for Russia. Top military personnel demonstrate neither the will nor the ability to effect fundamental changes."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoltz2004-52">[51]</a> More money is arriving both for personnel and equipment; Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin stated in June 2008 that monetary allowances for servicemen in permanent-readiness units will be raised significantly.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In May 2007, it was announced that enlisted pay would rise to 65,000 roubles (US$2,750) per month, and the pay of officers on combat duty in rapid response units would rise to 100,000–150,000 roubles (US$4,230–$6,355) per month. However, while the move to one year conscript service would disrupt <a href="/wiki/Dedovshchina" title="Dedovshchina">dedovshchina</a>, it is unlikely that bullying will disappear altogether without significant societal change.<a href="#cite_note-keir-07-22">[21]</a> Other assessments from the same source point out that the Russian Armed Forces faced major disruption in 2008, as demographic change hindered plans to reduce the term of conscription from two years to one.<a href="#cite_note-giles_2006-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mighty_have_Fallen-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serdyukov_reforms">Serdyukov reforms</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_Russian_military_reform" title="2008 Russian military reform">2008 Russian military reform</a></div> A major reorganisation of the force began in 2007 by the Minister for Defence <a href="/wiki/Anatoliy_Serdyukov" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoliy Serdyukov">Anatoliy Serdyukov</a>, with the aim of converting all divisions into brigades, and cutting surplus officers and establishments.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> In the course of the reorganization, the 4-chain command structure (<a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">military district</a> – <a href="/wiki/Field_army" title="Field army">field army</a> – <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">division</a> – <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiment</a>) that was used until then was replaced with a 3-chain structure: strategic command – operational command – brigade. Brigades are supposed to be used as mobile permanent-readiness units capable of fighting independently with the support of highly mobile task forces or together with other brigades under joint command.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In a statement on 4 September 2009, RGF <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> Vladimir Boldyrev said that half of the Russian land forces were reformed by 1 June and that 85 brigades of constant combat preparedness had already been created. Among them are the combined-arms brigade, missile brigades, assault brigades and electronic warfare brigades.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> During General <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hertling" title="Mark Hertling">Mark Hertling</a>'s term as Commander, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Europe">United States Army Europe</a> in 2011–2012, he visited Russia at the invitation of the Commander of the Ground Forces, "Colonel-General (corresponding to an American lieutenant general) <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Postnikov" title="Aleksandr Postnikov">Aleksandr Streitsov</a>. ..[A]t preliminary meetings" with the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Moscow" title="Embassy of the United States, Moscow">Embassy of the United States, Moscow</a>, the U.S. Defence Attache told Hertling that the Ground Forces "while still substantive in quantity, continued to decline in capability and quality. My subsequent visits to the schools and units [Colonel General] Streitsov chose reinforced these conclusions. The classroom discussions were sophomoric, and the units in training were going through the motions of their scripts with no true training value or combined arms interaction—infantry, armor, artillery, air, and resupply all trained separately."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertling2022-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_under_Sergey_Shoygu">Reforms under Sergey Shoygu</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Union_Minister_for_Defence,_Smt._Nirmala_Sitharaman_and_the_Russian_Defence_Minister,_General_Sergey_Shoygu_at_the_delegation_level_talks,_in_Moscow_on_April_03,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/The_Union_Minister_for_Defence%2C_Smt._Nirmala_Sitharaman_and_the_Russian_Defence_Minister%2C_General_Sergey_Shoygu_at_the_delegation_level_talks%2C_in_Moscow_on_April_03%2C_2018.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/The_Union_Minister_for_Defence%2C_Smt._Nirmala_Sitharaman_and_the_Russian_Defence_Minister%2C_General_Sergey_Shoygu_at_the_delegation_level_talks%2C_in_Moscow_on_April_03%2C_2018.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/The_Union_Minister_for_Defence%2C_Smt._Nirmala_Sitharaman_and_the_Russian_Defence_Minister%2C_General_Sergey_Shoygu_at_the_delegation_level_talks%2C_in_Moscow_on_April_03%2C_2018.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>Sergey Shoygu meeting with Indian officials in 2018</figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Shoygu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Shoygu">Sergey Shoygu</a> took over the role of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a>, the reforms <a href="/wiki/Anatoliy_Serdyukov" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoliy Serdyukov">Serdyukov</a> had implemented were reversed. He also aimed to restore trust with senior officers as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a> in the wake of the intense resentment Serduykov's reforms had generated. He did this a number of ways but one of the ways was integrating himself by wearing a <a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces">military uniform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Shoygu ordered 750 military exercises, such as <a href="/wiki/Vostok_2018" title="Vostok 2018">Vostok 2018</a>. The exercises also seemed to have helped validate the general direction of reform. The effect of this readiness was seen during <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014</a>. Since <a href="/wiki/Anatoliy_Serdyukov" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoliy Serdyukov">Anatoliy Serdyukov</a> had already completed the unpopular reforms (military downsizing and reorganization), it was relatively easy for Shoygu to be conciliatory with the officer corps and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Rearmament has been an important goal of reform, with the goal of 70% modernization by 2020. From 1998 to 2001, the Ground Forces received almost no new equipment. Sergey Shoygu took a less confrontational approach with the <a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">defence industry</a>. By showing better flexibility on terms and pricing, the awarding of new contracts for the upcoming period was much better. Shoygu promised that future contracts would be awarded primarily to domestic firms. While easing tensions, these concessions also weakened incentives for companies to improve performance.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Shoygu also focused on forming <a href="/wiki/Battalion_tactical_group" title="Battalion tactical group">battalion tactical groups</a> (BTGs) as the permanent readiness component of the Russian army, rather than brigade-sized formations. According to sources quoted by the Russian <a href="/wiki/Interfax" title="Interfax">Interfax</a> agency, this was due to a lack of the manpower needed for permanent-readiness brigades. BTGs made up the preponderance of units deployed by Russia in the Donbass war. By August 2021 Shoygu claimed that the Russian army had around 170 BTGs.<a href="#cite_note-Fiore_9-10-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tass-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDermott-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russo-Ukrainian_War">Russo-Ukrainian War</h3></div> Russia conducted a military buildup on the Ukrainian border starting in late 2021. By mid February 2022, elements of the <a href="/wiki/29th_Combined_Arms_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="29th Combined Arms Army">29th</a>, <a href="/wiki/35th_Combined_Arms_Army" title="35th Combined Arms Army">35th</a> and <a href="/wiki/36th_Combined_Arms_Army" title="36th Combined Arms Army">36th</a> Combined Arms Armies (CAAs) were deployed to <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> supported by additional S-400 systems, a squadron of Su-25 and a squadron of Su-35; additional S-400 systems and four Su-30 fighters were deployed to the country for joint use with Belarus. Russia also had the 20th and 8th CAAs and the 22nd AC regularly deployed near the Ukrainian border, while elements of 41st CAA were deployed to <a href="/wiki/Yelnya,_Yelninsky_District,_Smolensk_Oblast" title="Yelnya, Yelninsky District, Smolensk Oblast">Yelnya</a>, elements of 1st TA and 6th CAA were deployed to <a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Oblast" title="Voronezh Oblast">Voronezh</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> and elements of the 49th<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> and the 58th CAA were deployed to <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. In all, Russia deployed some 150,000 soldiers around Ukraine during this time, in preparation for the eventual Russian invasion. On 11 February, the US and western nations communicated that Putin had decided to invade Ukraine, and on 12 February, the US and Russian embassies in Kyiv started to evacuate personnel.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> On 24 February, Russian troops began <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">invading Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera.com-67">[66]</a> During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian tank losses were reported as a consequence of the Ukrainian use of sophisticated anti-tank weapons and a lack of air support. The Russian army has been described by Phillips O'Brien, a professor of strategic studies at <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_University" class="mw-redirect" title="St Andrews University">St Andrews University</a> as "a boxer who has a great right hook and a glass jaw."<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Quoting <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> "In war, moral power is to physical as three parts out of four." Retired US four-star general <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Scaparrotti" title="Curtis Scaparrotti">Curtis Scaparrotti</a> has blamed confusion and poor morale amongst Russian soldiers over their mission as to their poor performance.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Due to the fighting in Ukraine the <a href="/wiki/2022_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade</a> was to be reduced by some 35%, purely in ground combat vehicles or systems. The parade on 9 May 2022, according to the official guide, would feature only 25 combat systems and 131 ground combat vehicles, compared to 2021 where it featured 198 vehicles and 35 combat systems. In particular there was a shortage of display ready T-80 tanks and Russia used older equipment to make up numbers. An example is usage of tank transporters in lieu of actual tanks.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In 2023 the trend accelerated; only a single World War II-vintage tank was at the parade. As of 6 May, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_generals_killed_during_the_2022_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian generals killed during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine">at least 12 generals have been killed in Ukraine</a>, according to the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence. This "suggests that the generals need to be at the front lines to ensure that their troops are conducting the battle plan in the way that they want. But that also suggests a lack of confidence in their troops if they need to be that far forward with that many senior folks."<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Ukraine further claims that some 317 officers have been killed, a third of whom are senior command staff.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In a tweet the <a href="/wiki/UK_MoD" class="mw-redirect" title="UK MoD">UK MoD</a> said that the Russian officer corps was suffering "devastating losses" particularly in the junior to mid officer ranks.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> United States officials estimated that Russian forces had lost 150,000+ killed and wounded from 24 February 2022 – 21 January 2023.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> In stark contrast, the Russian Defence Minister said that only 5,937 personnel from the entire Russian Armed Forces had been killed from 24 February – 21 September 2022, the first seven months of fighting.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Reported figures from Donetsk and Luhansk would add some 22,000 to this figure. After 14 months of fighting, Russian forces are estimated to have lost over 2,000 tanks, struggling to replace its tank losses due to sanctions by Europe and the United States. This has caused Russia to compensate by instead of using imported goods, using locally made equipment deemed less efficient, and reactivating tanks from the 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergmannSnegovayaDolbaiaFenton202313–14-77">[76]</a> On 14 February 2023, British defence secretary <a href="/wiki/Ben_Wallace_(politician)" title="Ben Wallace (politician)">Ben Wallace</a> told the BBC that 97% of the Russian ground forces were now committed to the war in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Three months afterwards, Russia did not display a single modern tank for the <a href="/wiki/2023_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade</a>. In February 2023, launching the 2023 Military Balance, the IISS estimated Ground Forces numbers had climbed to an estimated 550,000, including an estimated 100,000 conscripts and up to 300,000 mobilized personnel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2023184-79">[78]</a> This number should be set against the Central Intelligence Agency's estimate of 300,000 active duty before February 2022.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> In October 2023, it was reported that there was a growth of mutinies among Russian troops due to large amount of losses in offensives around <a href="/wiki/Avdiivka" title="Avdiivka">Avdiivka</a> with a lack of artillery, food, water and poor command also being reported.<a href="#cite_note-Cole_2023_r879-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces">Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation</a>. The Main Command (Glavkomat) of the Ground Forces, based in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, directs activities. This body was disbanded in 1997, but reformed by President Putin in 2001 by appointing <a href="/wiki/Colonel_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General">Colonel General</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kormiltsev" title="Nikolai Kormiltsev">Nikolai Kormiltsev</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces</a> and also as a deputy minister of defence.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Kormiltsev handed over command to <a href="/wiki/Colonel_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General">Colonel General</a> (later <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="General of the Army (Russia)">General of the Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Maslov" title="Alexey Maslov">Alexey Maslov</a> in 2004, and in a realignment of responsibilities, the Commander-in-Chief lost his position as a deputy minister of defence. Like Kormiltsev, while serving as Commander-in-Chief Maslov was promoted to General of the Army. In January 2014, the acting commander of the Russian Ground Forces was Lieutenant General Sergei Istrakov, who was appointed by Russian president Vladimir Putin upon the dismissal of former commander Colonel General <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chirkin" title="Vladimir Chirkin">Vladimir Chirkin</a> over corruption charges in December 2013.<a href="#cite_note-MT-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-DNI-84">[83]</a> Istrakov handed over his position to a new commander on 2 May 2014, Colonel General <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Salyukov" title="Oleg Salyukov">Oleg Salyukov</a>. The Main Command of the Ground Forces consists of the Main Staff of the Ground Troops, and departments for Peacekeeping Forces, Armaments of the Ground Troops, Rear Services of the Ground Troops, Cadres of the Ground Troops (personnel), Indoctrination Work, and Military Education.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> There were also a number of directorates which used to be commanded by the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces</a>, in his capacity as a deputy defence minister. They included <a href="/wiki/Russian_NBC_Protection_Troops" title="Russian NBC Protection Troops">NBC Protection Troops</a> of the Armed Forces, Engineer Troops of the Armed Forces, and Troop Air Defence, as well as several others. Their exact command status is now unknown. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branches_of_service">Branches of service</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_brigada_specnaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/3_brigada_specnaza.jpg/220px-3_brigada_specnaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/3_brigada_specnaza.jpg/330px-3_brigada_specnaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/3_brigada_specnaza.jpg/440px-3_brigada_specnaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/3rd_Guards_Spetsnaz_Brigade" title="3rd Guards Spetsnaz Brigade">3rd Spetsnaz Brigade</a> on parade</figcaption></figure> The branches of service include motorized rifles, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Tank_Troops" title="Russian Tank Troops">tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Missile_Troops_and_Artillery" title="Russian Missile Troops and Artillery">artillery and rocket forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Defence_Troops_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Air Defence Troops of the Russian Ground Forces">troop air defence</a>, special corps (reconnaissance, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Signal_Troops" title="Russian Signal Troops">signals</a>, radio electronic warfare, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Engineer_Troops" title="Russian Engineer Troops">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_NBC_Protection_Troops" title="Russian NBC Protection Troops">nuclear, biological and chemical protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logistical_Support_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Logistical Support of the Russian Armed Forces">logistical support</a>, automobile, and the protection of the rear), <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">special forces</a>, military units, and logistical establishments.<a href="#cite_note-babakin-86">[85]</a> The Motorised Rifle Troops, the most numerous branch of service, constitutes the nucleus of Ground Forces' battle formations. They are equipped with powerful armament for destruction of ground-based and aerial targets, missile complexes, tanks, artillery and mortars, anti-tank guided missiles, anti-aircraft missile systems and installations, and means of reconnaissance and control. It is estimated that there were 16 motor rifle divisions and 12 motor rifle brigades before the <a href="/wiki/2008_Russian_military_reform" title="2008 Russian military reform">"new look" reforms</a><a href="#cite_note-iiss-87">[86]</a> With the reform, these motor rifle units were converted into 35 motor rifle brigades. With the replacement of <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Serdyukov" title="Anatoly Serdyukov">Anatoly Serdyukov</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a> as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Minister of Defence (Russia)">Minister of Defence</a>, some of the disbanded divisions were reformed from already existing brigades, while others, like the <a href="/wiki/144th_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Division" title="144th Guards Motor Rifle Division">144th Guards Motor Rifle Division</a> were reformed from scratch.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Some units, like the <a href="/wiki/80th_Arctic_Motor_Rifle_Brigade" title="80th Arctic Motor Rifle Brigade">80th Arctic Motor Rifle Brigade</a>, are trained especially for a specific environment.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> As of 2022, there were 9 motor rifle divisions, 22 motor rifle brigades and one independent motor rifle regiment, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Division" title="1st Guards Motor Rifle Division">7th Independent Guards "Proletarian Moscow-Minsk" Motor Rifle Regiment</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Navy</a> also has several motor rifle formations under its command in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Ground and Coastal Defence Forces of the Baltic Fleet</a>, the Northeastern Group of Troops and Forces on the <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a> and other areas of the extreme northeast, apart from traditional naval infantry units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2023190-90">[89]</a> The best-known of these formations is the <a href="/wiki/126th_Coastal_Defence_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="126th Coastal Defence Brigade">126th Coastal Defence Brigade</a>. Also present are a large number of mobilisation divisions and brigades, known as "Bases for Storage of Weapons and Equipment", that in peacetime only have enough personnel assigned to guard the site and maintain the weapons. The Tank Troops are the main impact force of the Ground Forces and a powerful mean of armed struggle, intended for the accomplishment of the most important combat tasks. In 2007, there were three tank divisions in the force: the <a href="/wiki/4th_Guards_Tank_Division" title="4th Guards Tank Division">4th Guards "Kantemirovskaya"</a> and <a href="/wiki/10th_Guards_Uralsko-Lvovskaya_Tank_Division" title="10th Guards Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Division">10th Guards "Uralsko-Lvovskaya"</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_District" title="Moscow Military District">Moscow Military District</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/5th_Guards_Tank_Division" title="5th Guards Tank Division">5th Guards "Don"</a> in the Siberian MD. The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Tank_Corps" title="2nd Guards Tank Corps">2nd Guards "Tatsinkaya" Tank Division</a> in the Siberian Military District and the 21st Tank Division in the Far Eastern MD were disbanded in the early 2000s, although the first one is still represented in the ground forces though the 5th Separate Guards "Tatsinkaya" Tank Brigade. Like motor rifle divisions, all tank divisions were transformed into brigades following the 2008 reforms, although the 4th Guards Tank Division was reformed in 2013, with two new tank divisions, the <a href="/wiki/90th_Guards_Tank_Division_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="90th Guards Tank Division (2016–present)">90th Guards</a> and the <a href="/wiki/47th_Guards_Tank_Division" title="47th Guards Tank Division">47th Guards</a> being created from pre-existing brigades in 2016 and 2022, respectively. The 10th Guards Tank Division is still represented in the ground forces though the 1st Separate Uralsko-Lvovskaya Tank Brigade.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> As of 2022, there were 3 tank divisions and 2 tank brigades. The Artillery and Rocket Forces provide the Ground Forces' main firepower. The Ground Forces previously included six static defence machine-gun/artillery and field artillery divisions. The only remaining unit of this type is the <a href="/wiki/18th_Machine_Gun_Artillery_Division" title="18th Machine Gun Artillery Division">18th Machine Gun Artillery Division</a> The previous <a href="/wiki/34th_Guards_Artillery_Division" title="34th Guards Artillery Division">34th Guards</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_District" title="Moscow Military District">Moscow MD</a>, 12th in the Siberian MD, and the 15th in the Far Eastern MD, seem to have disbanded. The <a href="/wiki/127th_Motor_Rifle_Division_(Russia)" title="127th Motor Rifle Division (Russia)">127th Machine Gun Artillery Division</a> was transformed into a motor rifle unit following the Serdyukov reforms.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> As of 2022, there were 1 machine gun artillery divisions and 17 artillery brigades. <a href="/wiki/Air_Defence_Troops_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Air Defence Troops of the Russian Ground Forces">The Air Defence Troops</a> (PVO) are one of the basic weapons for the destruction of enemy air forces. They consist of <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a>, anti-aircraft artillery and radio-technical units and subdivisions.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Army Aviation, while intended for the direct support of the Ground Forces, has been under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Air Forces (VVS)</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> since 2003. However, it was planned that by 2015, Army Aviation will have been transferred back to the Ground Forces and 18 new aviation brigades will have been added.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Of the around 1,000 new helicopters that have been ordered under the State Armament Programmes, 900 will be for the Army Aviation.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> This transfer did not take place. The <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_of_the_Main_Directorate_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces#List_of_GRU_special_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces">Spetsnaz GRU</a> serve under the Ground Forces in peacetime and at the same time are directly subordinated to the <a href="/wiki/GRU_(G.U.)" class="mw-redirect" title="GRU (G.U.)">Main Directorate of Intelligence</a> (GRU) and will fall under GRU operational control during wartime operations or under special circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The Ground Forces currently fields 7 spetsnaz brigades of varying sizes and one spetsnaz regiment.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispositions_since_2024">Dispositions since 2024</h3></div> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Russian_military_reform" title="2008 Russian military reform">2008 Russian military reforms</a>, the ground forces now consist of armies subordinate to the four new military districts: <a href="/wiki/Western_Military_District" title="Western Military District">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Military_District" title="Southern Military District">Southern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_District" title="Central Military District">Central</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Military_District" title="Eastern Military District">Eastern</a> Military Districts. The new districts have the role of 'operational strategic commands,' which command the Ground Forces as well as the Naval Forces and part of the Air and Air Defence Forces within their areas of responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-ryadovoy.ru-99">[98]</a> Each major <a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">formation</a> is bolded, and directs the non-bolded major subordinate formations. It is not entirely clear to which superior(s) the four operational-strategic commands will report from 1 December 2010, as they command formations from multiple services (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Air Force</a>, Ground Forces & <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Navy</a>). A current detailed list of the subordinate units of the four military districts can be found in the respective articles.<a href="#cite_note-ryadovoy.ru-99">[98]</a> During 2009, all 23 remaining divisions were reorganised into four tank brigades, 35 motor-rifle brigades, one prikritiya brigade formed from a machinegun-light artillery division, and three airborne-assault brigades (pre-existing). Almost all are now designated otdelnaya (separate), with only several brigades retaining the guards honorific title. In 2013, two of these brigades were reactivated as full divisions: the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Tamanskaya_Motor_Rifle_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Guards Tamanskaya Motor Rifle Division">2nd Guards Tamanskaya Motor Rifle Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/4th_Guards_Kantemirovskaya_Tank_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Guards Kantemirovskaya Tank Division">4th Guards Kantemirovskaya Tank Division</a>. These two divisions marked the beginning of the expansion of the Ground Forces as more brigades are being reformed into full divisions within each military district. Since 1 January 2021, the Northern Fleet has been elevated into the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Fleet_Joint_Strategic_Command" title="Northern Fleet Joint Strategic Command">Northern Fleet Joint Strategic Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> However, in December 2022 it was announced that the Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Military_District" title="Leningrad Military District">Leningrad Military Districts</a> were to be reformed.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> It is thus likely that the Northern Fleet will be relieved of land forces command responsibilities. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Military_districts_of_Russia_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Map_of_Military_districts_of_Russia_2024.svg/350px-Map_of_Military_districts_of_Russia_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Map_of_Military_districts_of_Russia_2024.svg/525px-Map_of_Military_districts_of_Russia_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Map_of_Military_districts_of_Russia_2024.svg/700px-Map_of_Military_districts_of_Russia_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Military_District" title="Leningrad Military District">Leningrad Military District</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_District" title="Moscow Military District">Moscow Military District</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Southern_Military_District" title="Southern Military District">Southern Military District</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_District" title="Central Military District">Central Military District</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Military_District" title="Eastern Military District">Eastern Military District</a></div></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Formation</th> <th>Field army</th> <th>Headquarters location </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_District" title="Moscow Military District">Moscow Military District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colonel_General_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General (Russia)">Colonel General</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuzovlev" title="Sergey Kuzovlev">Sergey Kuzovlev</a>)<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> (HQ <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_Guards_Tank_Army_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Guards Tank Army (Russia)">1st Guards Tank Army</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Odintsovo" title="Odintsovo">Odintsovo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/20th_Guards_Combined_Arms_Army" title="20th Guards Combined Arms Army">20th Guards Combined Arms Army</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Military_District" title="Leningrad Military District">Leningrad Military District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colonel_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General">Colonel General</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Lapin_(general)" title="Aleksandr Lapin (general)">Aleksandr Lapin</a>) (HQ <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_Combined_Arms_Army" title="6th Combined Arms Army">6th Combined Arms Army</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agalatovo" title="Agalatovo">Agalatovo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_Army_Corps_(Russian_Federation)" title="11th Army Corps (Russian Federation)">11th Army Corps</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_Army_Corps_(Russian_Federation)" title="14th Army Corps (Russian Federation)">14th Army Corps</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=44th_Army_Corps_(Russian_Federation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="44th Army Corps (Russian Federation) (page does not exist)">44th Army Corps</a><a href="#cite_note-Pravda-1-103">[102]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Military_District" title="Southern Military District">Southern Military District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colonel_General_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General (Russia)">Colonel General</a> <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Anashkin" title="Gennady Anashkin">Gennady Anashkin</a>)<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> (HQ <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_Guards_Combined_Arms_Army" title="3rd Guards Combined Arms Army">3rd Guards Combined Arms Army</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luhansk" title="Luhansk">Luhansk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_Guards_Combined_Arms_Army_(Russia)" title="8th Guards Combined Arms Army (Russia)">8th Guards Combined Arms Army</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk" title="Novocherkassk">Novocherkassk</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/18th_Combined_Arms_Army" title="18th Combined Arms Army">18th Combined Arms Army</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/49th_Combined_Arms_Army" title="49th Combined Arms Army">49th Combined Arms Army</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/51st_Combined_Arms_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="51st Combined Arms Army">51st Combined Arms Army</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/58th_Guards_Combined_Arms_Army" title="58th Guards Combined Arms Army">58th Guards Combined Arms Army</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_District" title="Central Military District">Central Military District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Mordvichev" title="Andrey Mordvichev">Andrey Mordvichev</a>)<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> (HQ <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Combined_Arms_Army" title="2nd Guards Combined Arms Army">2nd Guards Combined Arms Army</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/41st_Guards_Combined_Arms_Army" title="41st Guards Combined Arms Army">41st Guards Combined Arms Army</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Military_District" title="Eastern Military District">Eastern Military District</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Sanchik" title="Aleksandr Sanchik">Aleksandr Sanchik</a>)<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> (HQ <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_Guards_Combined_Arms_Army" title="5th Guards Combined Arms Army">5th Guards Combined Arms Army</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ussuriysk" title="Ussuriysk">Ussuriysk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/29th_Guards_Combined_Arms_Army" title="29th Guards Combined Arms Army">29th Guards Combined Arms Army</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chita,_Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai">Chita</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/35th_Combined_Arms_Army" title="35th Combined Arms Army">35th Combined Arms Army</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belogorsk,_Amur_Oblast" title="Belogorsk, Amur Oblast">Belogorsk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/36th_Combined_Arms_Army" title="36th Combined Arms Army">36th Combined Arms Army</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ude" title="Ulan-Ude">Ulan Ude</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/68th_Army_Corps_(Russia)" title="68th Army Corps (Russia)">68th Army Corps</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk" title="Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk">Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_soldier_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Russian_soldier_2001.jpg/170px-Russian_soldier_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Russian_soldier_2001.jpg/255px-Russian_soldier_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Russian_soldier_2001.jpg/340px-Russian_soldier_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A Russian soldier at a <a href="/wiki/Civilian_checkpoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian checkpoint">checkpoint</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> in 2001</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4thTankDivisionOpenDay17p2-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/4thTankDivisionOpenDay17p2-06.jpg/220px-4thTankDivisionOpenDay17p2-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/4thTankDivisionOpenDay17p2-06.jpg/330px-4thTankDivisionOpenDay17p2-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/4thTankDivisionOpenDay17p2-06.jpg/440px-4thTankDivisionOpenDay17p2-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ratnik_(program)" title="Ratnik (program)">Ratnik</a> equipment being worn by troops of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Guards_Tank_Division" title="4th Guards Tank Division">4th Guards Tank Division</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Special_forces_Military_of_Russia_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Special_forces_Military_of_Russia_01.jpg/220px-Special_forces_Military_of_Russia_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Special_forces_Military_of_Russia_01.jpg/330px-Special_forces_Military_of_Russia_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Special_forces_Military_of_Russia_01.jpg/440px-Special_forces_Military_of_Russia_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Russian <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Spetsnaz</a> (Special Forces) snipers</figcaption></figure> In 2006, the Ground Forces included an estimated total of 360,000 persons, including approximately 190,000 conscripts.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> The IISS counted both the Ground Forces and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Airborne_Forces" title="Russian Airborne Forces">Russian Airborne Forces</a> together, which produced a figure of 395,000. This can be compared to an estimated 670,000, with 210,000 conscripts, in 1995–96.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> These numbers should be treated with caution, however, due to the difficulty for those outside Russia to make accurate assessments, and confusion even within the General Staff on the numbers of conscripts within the force.<a href="#cite_note-giles_2006-53">[52]</a> The Ground Forces began their existence in 1992, inheriting the Soviet military manpower system practically unchanged, though it was in a state of rapid decay. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet Ground Forces</a> were traditionally manned through terms of conscription, which had been reduced in 1967 from three to two years and in 2008 to a full year, following which those who have served their mandatory service may sign contracts to become professional servicemen. This system was administered through the thousands of <a href="/wiki/Military_commissariat" title="Military commissariat">military commissariats</a> (voyenkomats) located throughout the Soviet Union. Between January and May of each year, every young Soviet male citizen was required to report to the local voyenkomat for assessment for military service, following a summons based on lists from every school and employer in the area. The voyenkomat worked to quotas sent out by a department of the General Staff, listing how many young men were required by each service and branch of the Armed Forces.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Since the fall of the Soviet Union, draft evasion has skyrocketed - officials regularly bemoan the ten or so percent that actually appear when summoned. The new conscripts were then picked up by an officer from their future unit and usually sent by train across the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199843-112">[111]</a> On arrival, they would begin the Young Soldiers' course, and become part of the system of senior rule, known as <a href="/wiki/Dedovshchina" title="Dedovshchina">dedovshchina</a>, literally "rule by the grandfathers." There were only a very small number of professional <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commissioned officers">non-commissioned officers</a> (NCOs), as most NCOs were conscripts sent on short courses<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> to prepare them for section commanders' and platoon sergeants' positions. These conscript NCOs were supplemented by <a href="/wiki/Praporshchik" title="Praporshchik">praporshchik</a> warrant officers, positions created in the 1960s to support the increased variety of skills required for modern weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199843-112">[111]</a> The Soviet Army's officer-to-soldier ratio was extremely top-heavy, partially in order to compensate for the relatively low education level of the military manpower base and the absence of professional NCOs. Following World War II and the great expansion of officer education, officers became the product of four-to-five-year higher military colleges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199840–41-114">[113]</a> As in most armies, newly commissioned officers usually become platoon leaders, having to accept responsibility for the soldiers' welfare and training (with the exceptions noted above).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199842-115">[114]</a> Young officers in Soviet Army units were worked round the clock, normally receiving only three days off per month. Annual vacations were under threat if deficiencies emerged within the unit, and the pressure created enormous stress. Towards the end of the Soviet Union, this led to a decline in morale amongst young officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199842-115">[114]</a> In the early 2000s, many junior officers did not wish to serve—in 2002, more than half the officers who left the forces did so early.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoltz2004-52">[51]</a> Their morale was low, among other reasons because their postings were entirely in the hands of their immediate superiors and the personnel department."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoltz2004-52">[51]</a> There is little available information on the current status of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">women</a>, who are not conscripted, in the Russian Ground Forces. According to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, there were 90,000 women in the Russian Army in 2002, though estimates on numbers of women across the entire Russian Armed Forces in 2000 ranged from 115,000 to 160,000.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Women serve in support roles, most commonly in the fields of nursing, communications, and engineering. Some officers' wives have become contract service personnel. By 2013, there were 29,000 women serving in the Armed Forces, none above the rank of colonel. 3.5% served in command posts.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> A 2016 <a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a> article stated: 'At the end of the 2000s, over 90,000 women were serving in the Russian Armed Forces', but that number fell to 'about 45,000' in 2011. TASS explained this drop as follows: 'After the military authorities increased their requirements for female applicants and in connection with the <a href="/wiki/2008_Russian_military_reform" title="2008 Russian military reform">overall reduction in the number of service personnel in the RF Armed Forces</a>, this number has decreased significantly.'<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> It appears that Defence Minister Shoigu said that 1,100 women were deployed in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> in March 2023.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> From small beginnings in the early 1990s, employment of contract soldiers (kontraktniki) has grown greatly within the Ground Forces, though many have been of poor quality (wives of officers with no other prospective employment, for example).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr19982-10">[9]</a> In December 2005, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Ivanov" title="Sergei Ivanov">Sergei Ivanov</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Defence_Ministry_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation">Minister of Defence</a>, proposed that—in addition to the numerous enlisted contract soldiers—all <a href="/wiki/Sergeants" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergeants">sergeants</a> should become professional, which would raise the number of professional soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commissioned officers">non-commissioned officers</a> in the Armed Forces overall to approximately 140,000 in 2008. The current programme allows for an extra 26,000 posts for fully professional sergeants.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> reported in the World Factbook that 30 percent of Russian army personnel were contract servicemen at the end of 2005, and that, as of May 2006, 178,000 contract servicemen were serving in the Ground Forces and the Navy. Planning calls for volunteer servicemen to compose 70 percent of armed forces by 2010, with the remaining servicemen consisting of conscripts. At the end of 2005, the Ground Forces had 40 all-volunteer constant readiness units, with another 20 constant readiness units to be formed in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-2006_factbook-47">[46]</a> These CIA figures can be set against <a href="/wiki/IISS" class="mw-redirect" title="IISS">IISS</a> data, which reports that at the end of 2004, the number of contracts being signed in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_District" title="Moscow Military District">Moscow Military District</a> was only 17 percent of the target figure; in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Military_District" title="North Caucasus Military District">North Caucasus</a>, 45 percent; and in the <a href="/wiki/Volga-Ural_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga-Ural Military District">Volga-Ural</a>, 25 percent.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Whatever the number of contract soldiers, commentators such as Alexander Goltz are pessimistic that many more combat ready units will result, as senior officers "see no difference between professional NCOs, ... versus conscripts who have been drilled in training schools for less than six months. Such sergeants will have neither the knowledge nor the experience that can help them win authority [in] the barracks."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoltz2004-52">[51]</a> Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Ivanov" title="Sergei Ivanov">Sergei Ivanov</a> underlined the in-barracks discipline situation, even after years of attempted professionalisation, when releasing the official injury figures for 2002. 531 men had died on duty as a result of accidents and crimes, and 20,000 had been wounded (the numbers apparently not including suicides). According to Ivanov, "the accident rate is not falling".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr200312-46">[45]</a> Two of every seven conscripts will become addicted to drugs and alcohol while serving their terms, and a further one in twenty will suffer homosexual rape, according to 2005 reports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyman2005564-123">[122]</a> Part of the reason is the feeling between contract servicemen, conscripts, and officers. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There is no relationship of mutual respect between leaders and led and it is difficult to see how a professional army can be created without one...at the moment [2002] officers often despise contract servicemen even more than conscripts. Contract soldiers serving in Chechnya and other "hot spots" are often called mercenaries and marauders by senior officers.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Michael Orr<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrr200310-19">[18]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In mid-March 2023, plans to replenish the Ground Forces' numbers of kontrakniki (contract service personnel) by 400,000 were made public.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="List of equipment of the Russian Ground Forces">List of equipment of the Russian Ground Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9may2015Moscow-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/9may2015Moscow-01.jpg/220px-9may2015Moscow-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/9may2015Moscow-01.jpg/330px-9may2015Moscow-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/9may2015Moscow-01.jpg/440px-9may2015Moscow-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/T-14_Armata" title="T-14 Armata">T-14 Armata</a> tank</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: cites are from 2020 or earlier. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Russian Ground Forces retain a very large quantity of vehicles and equipment.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> There is also likely to be a great deal of older equipment in state military storage, a practice continued from the Soviet Union. However, following the collapse of the USSR, the newly independent republics became host to most of the formations with modern equipment, whereas Russia was left with lower-category units, usually with older equipment.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> As financial stringency began to bite harder, the amount of new equipment fell as well, and by 1998, only ten tanks and about 30 BMP infantry fighting vehicles were being purchased each year.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> New equipment, like the <a href="/wiki/Armata_Universal_Combat_Platform" title="Armata Universal Combat Platform">Armata Universal Combat Platform</a>, <a href="/wiki/VPK-7829_Bumerang" title="VPK-7829 Bumerang">Bumerang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurganets-25" title="Kurganets-25">Kurganets-25</a>, has been introduced since 2015, and has begun replacing old tanks and armored vehicles such as the <a href="/wiki/BMP_development" title="BMP development">BMPs</a>, <a href="/wiki/BTR_(vehicle)" title="BTR (vehicle)">BTRs</a> like the <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-90" title="T-90">T-90</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMP-1" title="BMP-1">BMP-1/2/3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BTR-80" title="BTR-80">BTR-80s</a> that have been in active service. Funding for new equipment has greatly risen in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Iskander-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskander-M">Iskander-M</a> missile system brigade sets, over 60 <a href="/wiki/Tornado-G" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornado-G">Tornado-G</a> MLRS and more than 20 <a href="/wiki/Msta-S" class="mw-redirect" title="Msta-S">Msta-SM</a> self-propelled howitzers have been received in 2016. The Russian Ground Forces received two brigade sets of Buk-M3 and Buk-M2 air defence missile complexes in 2016. Troops also received two division sets of <a href="/wiki/Tor_missile_system" title="Tor missile system">Tor-M2</a> and two of Tor-M2U air defence missile complexes. Moreover, the Forces received <a href="/wiki/9K333_Verba" title="9K333 Verba">Verba</a> MANPADS, more than 130 <a href="/wiki/BMP-3" title="BMP-3">BMP-3</a> IFVs and BTR-82A APCs as well as more than 20 <a href="/wiki/Tigr_(Russian_military_vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigr (Russian military vehicle)">Tigr-M</a> armored vehicles equipped with the Arbalet-DM combat module.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Russian troops have reportedly received 2,930 new or modernized systems allowing for two missile brigades, two SAM brigades and two SAM regiments, one Spetsnaz brigade, 12 motorized rifle and tank battalions, and three artillery divisions to be reequipped.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Over eight years, more than 2,500 units of armored weapons have been delivered to tank formations and military units of the Ground Forces, including more than 1,000 upgraded tanks T-72B3, T-72B3M, T-80BVM and T-90M. The motorized rifle troops received more than 1,500 units of infantry fighting vehicles BMP-3, upgraded BMP-2 and armored personnel carriers BTR-82A (AM). The missile forces and artillery of the Ground Forces from 2012 to 2020 received over 1,500 units of military equipment - operational-tactical missile systems "Iskander-M", multiple launch rocket systems of the "Tornado" family, self-propelled howitzers "Msta-SM". In 2022, there was a shortage of munitions.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported in an article on 13 September 2023, citing US and European officials, that Russia was managing to overcome the <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">international sanctions</a> and its missile production exceeded pre-war levels. It was also reported that Russia now produces more ammunition than the United States and Europe and it can manufacture 200 tanks and two million units of ammunition in a year.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> also reported in September 2023 that the Estonian Defense Ministry claimed that Russia produced ammunition seven times cheaper and eight times faster than Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Joseph_Ataman_2023_m853-135">[134]</a> According to the Russian Ministry of Defense,<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> the Russian Ground Forces received in 2023 several hundreds of thousands of small arms, new and repaired weapon systems, military vehicles and equipment, artillery systems, air defense systems, and also over a million individual armor protection and equipment means.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> reported on 11 March 2024 that Russia currently produces about 250,000 artillery shells a month or about 3 million a year which is nearly three times the quantity the <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> produce for <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. A NATO official said that Russia imports ammunition from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equipment_summary">Equipment summary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: obviously has changed since August 2022. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The IISS writes that its "in store" numbers indicate equipment "..held away from front-line units; readiness and training varies."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2022511-139">[138]</a> Russia has 10 Central Tank Reserve Bases, at least 37 mixed equipment- and armaments-storage bases, and at least 12 artillery-storage bases.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> In July–August 2022, a relatively credible assessment of Russian <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tanks</a> in store indicated that there might only be some 6,000 vehicles in store, of which 3,000 might be able to be reactivated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2022-141">[140]</a> Another more exact analysis the same month estimated that "2,048 tanks are relatively combat-ready (886 of them are being preserved under dry air), 1,304 tanks are in storage, and 2,299 tanks are for disposal. A total of 5,651 tanks (of which 2,299 were to be disposed of) and 1,330 tank spaces in hangars."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEМихайленко2022-142">[141]</a> In February 2023, launching the 2023 edition of the Military Balance, the IISS amended their long-term storage estimate of old tanks to 5,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2023185-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> While more modern vehicles such as T-72s, T-80s, T-90s have been stored, these vehicles cannot be properly activated from store, due to a lack of preventive and corrective maintenance. Thus, instead, <a href="/wiki/T-62" title="T-62">T-62s</a> have been activated for use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2022-141">[140]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Active </th> <th>Date </th> <th>In Store </th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">Main battle tanks</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2022194-145">[144]</a></td> <td>2,927</td> <td>2022</td> <td>≈10,200</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">Infantry fighting vehicles</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2022194-145">[144]</a></td> <td>5,180</td> <td>2022</td> <td>8,500</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">Armoured personnel carriers</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2022194-145">[144]</a></td> <td>6,050+</td> <td>2022</td> <td>≈6,000</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Towed_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Towed artillery">Towed artillery</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2022194-145">[144]</a></td> <td>150</td> <td>2022</td> <td>≈12,415</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">Self-propelled artillery</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2022194-145">[144]</a></td> <td>1,968</td> <td>2022</td> <td>≈4,260</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">Multiple rocket launchers</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2022195-146">[145]</a></td> <td>1,056</td> <td>2022</td> <td>3,220</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">Surface-to-air missile</a> systems<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2022195-146">[145]</a></td> <td>1,520</td> <td>2022</td> <td>--</td> <td>-- </td></tr></tbody></table> On 24 July 2024, the Ukrainian Commander-in-chief Colonel General <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Syrskyi" title="Oleksandr Syrskyi">Oleksandr Syrskyi</a> reported that after two and a half years of invasion the Russian Army has "doubled" the number of its tanks - from 1,700 to 3,500 - and tripled the quantity of its artillery systems while the number of its armored personnel carriers has grown from 4,500 to 8,900.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranks_and_insignia">Ranks and insignia</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Army_ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation">Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation</a></div> The newly re-emergent Russia retained most of the ranks of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>, with some minor changes. The principal difference from the usual Western style is some variation in generals' rank titles—in at least one case, <a href="/wiki/Colonel_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel General">Colonel General</a>, derived from German usage. Most of the modern rank names used in the Russian military were borrowed from existing <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a>/<a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> ranks upon the formation of the modern Russian Army in the late 17th century,<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> and have lasted with few changes of title through the Soviet period. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Officers">Officers</h3></div> The rank insignia of <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">commissioned officers</a>. <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC; width: 100%"> <th>Rank group </th> <th colspan="10">General / flag officers </th> <th colspan="6">Senior officers </th> <th colspan="8">Junior officers </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian Ground Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-Russia_Army&AirForce-149">[148]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul class="navbar-brackets"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Armies/OF/Russia" title="Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Armies/OF/Russia" title="Template talk:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks_and_Insignia_of_Non_NATO_Armies/OF/Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OF-10-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marshal of the Russian Federation"><img alt="Marshal of the Russian Federation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Russia-Army-OF-10-2010.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OF-10-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Russia-Army-OF-10-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OF-10-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Russia-Army-OF-10-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OF-10-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OF-9-2013.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Army General"><img alt="Army General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Russia-Army-OF-9-2013.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OF-9-2013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Russia-Army-OF-9-2013.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OF-9-2013.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Russia-Army-OF-9-2013.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OF-9-2013.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OF-8-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonel General"><img alt="Colonel General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Russia-Army-OF-8-2010.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OF-8-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Russia-Army-OF-8-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OF-8-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Russia-Army-OF-8-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OF-8-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OF-7-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieutenant General"><img alt="Lieutenant General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Russia-Army-OF-7-2010.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OF-7-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Russia-Army-OF-7-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OF-7-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Russia-Army-OF-7-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OF-7-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OF-6-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Major General"><img alt="Major General" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Russia-Army-OF-6-2010.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OF-6-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Russia-Army-OF-6-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OF-6-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Russia-Army-OF-6-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OF-6-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OF-5-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonel"><img alt="Colonel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Russia-Army-OF-5-2010.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OF-5-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Russia-Army-OF-5-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OF-5-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Russia-Army-OF-5-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OF-5-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OF-4-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieutenant Colonel"><img alt="Lieutenant Colonel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Russia-Army-OF-4-2010.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OF-4-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Russia-Army-OF-4-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OF-4-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Russia-Army-OF-4-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OF-4-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OF-3-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Major"><img alt="Major" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Russia-Army-OF-3-2010.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OF-3-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Russia-Army-OF-3-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OF-3-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Russia-Army-OF-3-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OF-3-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OF-2-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Captain"><img alt="Captain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Russia-Army-OF-2-2010.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OF-2-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Russia-Army-OF-2-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OF-2-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Russia-Army-OF-2-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OF-2-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OF-1c-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Senior Lieutenant"><img alt="Senior Lieutenant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Russia-Army-OF-1c-2010.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OF-1c-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Russia-Army-OF-1c-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OF-1c-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Russia-Army-OF-1c-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OF-1c-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OF-1b-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lieutenant"><img alt="Lieutenant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia-Army-OF-1b-2010.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OF-1b-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia-Army-OF-1b-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OF-1b-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia-Army-OF-1b-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OF-1b-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OF-1a-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Junior Lieutenant"><img alt="Junior Lieutenant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Russia-Army-OF-1a-2010.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OF-1a-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Russia-Army-OF-1a-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OF-1a-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Russia-Army-OF-1a-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OF-1a-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2">Маршал Российской Федерации <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Marshal of the Russian Federation">Marshal Rossiyskoy Federatsii</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Генерал армии <a href="/wiki/Army_general_(Russia)" title="Army general (Russia)">General armii</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Генерал-полковник <a href="/wiki/Colonel_general#Russia" title="Colonel general">General-polkovnik</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Генерал-лейтенант <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">General-leytenant</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Генерал-майор <a href="/wiki/Major_general#Russia" title="Major general">General-mayor</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Полковник <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(Eastern_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel (Eastern Europe)">Polkovnik</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Подполковник <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(Eastern_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant colonel (Eastern Europe)">Podpolkovnik</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Майор <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Mayor</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Kапитан <a href="/wiki/Kapitan_(rank)#Russia" title="Kapitan (rank)">Kapitan</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Старший лейтенант <a href="/wiki/Senior_lieutenant#Russia" title="Senior lieutenant">Starshiy leytenant</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Лейтенант <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant#Russia" title="Lieutenant">Leytenant</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Mладший лейтенант <a href="/wiki/Junior_lieutenant#Russia" title="Junior lieutenant">Mladshiy leytenant</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ranks">Other ranks</h3></div> The rank insignia of <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">enlisted personnel</a>. <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC; color:inherit; text-align:center; width: 100%"> <th>Rank group </th> <th colspan="22">Senior NCOs </th> <th colspan="6">Junior NCOs </th> <th colspan="8">Enlisted </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Federation_Ground_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian Ground Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-Russia_Army&AirForce-149">[148]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div 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width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Russia-Army-OR-9b-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OR-9b-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Russia-Army-OR-9b-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OR-9b-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OR-9a-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Russia-Army-OR-9a-2010.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OR-9a-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Russia-Army-OR-9a-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OR-9a-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Russia-Army-OR-9a-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OR-9a-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OR-8-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Russia-Army-OR-8-2010.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OR-8-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Russia-Army-OR-8-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OR-8-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Russia-Army-OR-8-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OR-8-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OR-6-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Russia-Army-OR-6-2010.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OR-6-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Russia-Army-OR-6-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OR-6-2010.svg.png 1.5x, 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width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Russia-Army-OR-4-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OR-4-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Russia-Army-OR-4-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OR-4-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OR-2-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Russia-Army-OR-2-2010.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OR-2-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Russia-Army-OR-2-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OR-2-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Russia-Army-OR-2-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OR-2-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td> <td colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia-Army-OR-1-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Russia-Army-OR-1-2010.svg/50px-Russia-Army-OR-1-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Russia-Army-OR-1-2010.svg/75px-Russia-Army-OR-1-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Russia-Army-OR-1-2010.svg/100px-Russia-Army-OR-1-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3">Ста́рший пра́порщик <a href="/wiki/Starshy_praporshchik" title="Starshy praporshchik">Stárshiy práporshchik</a> </td> <td colspan="3">Пра́порщик <a href="/wiki/Praporshchik" title="Praporshchik">Práporshchyk</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Старшина́ <a href="/wiki/Starshina" title="Starshina">Starshyná</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Ста́рший сержа́нт <a href="/wiki/Senior_sergeant#Russia" title="Senior sergeant">Stárshiy serzhánt</a> </td> <td colspan="6">Сержа́нт <a href="/wiki/Sergeant#Russian_Federation" title="Sergeant">Serzhánt</a> </td> <td colspan="6">Мла́дший сержа́нт <a href="/wiki/Junior_sergeant#Russia" title="Junior sergeant">Mládshiy serzhánt</a> </td> <td colspan="4">Ефре́йтор <a href="/wiki/Yefreytor" class="mw-redirect" title="Yefreytor">Efréĭtor</a> </td> <td colspan="10">Рядово́й <a href="/wiki/Ryadovoy" title="Ryadovoy">Ryadovóy</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commanders">Commanders</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia%27s_Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Land_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Russia%27s_Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Land_Forces.svg/220px-Flag_of_Russia%27s_Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Land_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Russia%27s_Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Land_Forces.svg/330px-Flag_of_Russia%27s_Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Land_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Russia%27s_Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Land_Forces.svg/440px-Flag_of_Russia%27s_Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Land_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="1676" /></a><figcaption>Standard of Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Commander-in-Chief (1992–1997)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Semyonov_(general)" title="Vladimir Semyonov (general)">Vladimir Semyonov</a> (1992–1997)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Chief of the Main Directorate (1998–2001)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bukreyev" title="Yuri Bukreyev">Yuri Bukreyev</a> (1998–2001)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Commander-in-Chief (2001–present)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kormiltsev" title="Nikolai Kormiltsev">Nikolai Kormiltsev</a> (2001–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Maslov" title="Alexey Maslov">Aleksei Maslov</a> (2004–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Boldyrev" title="Vladimir Boldyrev">Vladimir Boldyrev</a> (2008–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Postnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Postnikov">Aleksandr Postnikov-Streltsov</a> (2010–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Chirkin" title="Vladimir Chirkin">Vladimir Chirkin</a> (2012–2013)</li> <li>Sergei Istrakov (2013–2014, acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Salyukov" title="Oleg Salyukov">Oleg Salyukov</a> (2014–present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deputies">Deputies</h3></div> <dl><dt>Chief of the Main Staff and First Deputy of the Commander-in-Chief</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Gromov" title="Boris Gromov">Boris Gromov</a> (1991–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bukreyev" title="Yuri Bukreyev">Yuri Bukreyev</a> (1992–1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Vorobyov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Vorobyov (page does not exist)">Eduard Vorobyov</a> (1994–1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatoly_Golovnev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatoly Golovnev (page does not exist)">Anatoly Golovnev</a> (1995–1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasily_Tonkoshkurov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasily Tonkoshkurov (page does not exist)">Vasily Tonkoshkurov</a> (2018–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Lapin_(general)" title="Aleksandr Lapin (general)">Aleksandr Lapin</a> (2022–2024)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ground_Forces_Day">Ground Forces Day</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igor_Matvienko_and_Oleg_Sal%C3%BBkov_(2016-10-01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Igor_Matvienko_and_Oleg_Sal%C3%BBkov_%282016-10-01%29.jpg/220px-Igor_Matvienko_and_Oleg_Sal%C3%BBkov_%282016-10-01%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Igor_Matvienko_and_Oleg_Sal%C3%BBkov_%282016-10-01%29.jpg/330px-Igor_Matvienko_and_Oleg_Sal%C3%BBkov_%282016-10-01%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Igor_Matvienko_and_Oleg_Sal%C3%BBkov_%282016-10-01%29.jpg/440px-Igor_Matvienko_and_Oleg_Sal%C3%BBkov_%282016-10-01%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Igor_Matvienko" title="Igor Matvienko">Igor Matvienko</a> (composer of "Forward, infantry!") with <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Salyukov" title="Oleg Salyukov">Oleg Salyukov</a> during the presentation of the anthem of the Ground Forces in 2016.</figcaption></figure> On 31 May 2006, President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> signed decree No. 549 "On the establishment of professional holidays and memorable days in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation", according to which it was ordered to celebrate Ground Forces Day (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: День Сухопутных войск).<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The date chosen for the holiday commemorates the edict made by Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> on 1 October 1550 on the placement in Moscow and surrounding districts of a thousand servicemen forming a local brigade of <a href="/wiki/Streltsy" title="Streltsy">Streltsy</a>, which essentially became a key document in the further formation and development of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Ground Forces Day was first celebrated on the Preobrazhenskaya Square in Moscow in the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord, where a bishop's service was held. Before the start of the service, an order of the Minister of Defence <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a> and the decree of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Patriarch Kirill of Moscow</a> were read, according to which the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Lord officially became the main temple of the RF Ground Forces.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> A year later, the holiday was celebrated with the adoption of the Ground Forces Anthem.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> The following holidays are also celebrated by the Ground Forces: <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Tankmen" title="Day of Tankmen">Day of Tankmen</a>, Day of Rocket Forces and Artillery, Day of Air Defence.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Infantry_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Infantry (Russia)">Naval Infantry (Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">Women in the Russian and Soviet military</a> - after Russian invasion of Ukraine - "..During her months as a medic in Ukraine [after the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>], Margarita said, she experienced severe sexual harassment herself and witnessed harassment, assault, and other crimes against women serving with her. She was also told of incidents in which officers threatened and abused soldiers who were reluctant to go into combat and encountered soldiers who had mutilated themselves in an effort to be sent back home." - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/women-russian-military-field-wife/32342221.html">"'Field Wife': Officers Make Life Hell For Women In Russia's Military, A Female Medic Says," RFE/RL March 30, 2023</a> The field wife phenomenon was widespread after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the German Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_emblems_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Awards and emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation">Awards and emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Russian: Сухопутные войска (СВ), <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Sukhoputniye voyska (SV) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025103521/http://470sv.mil.ru/">"Главная СВ"</a>. 470sv.mil.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://470sv.mil.ru/">the original</a> on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=470sv.mil.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%92&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F470sv.mil.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2024192-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2024192_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIISS2024">IISS 2024</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/ukraine-with-minsk-stalled-russia-sanctions-must-continue/">"Ukraine: With Minsk stalled, Russian sanctions must continue"</a>. 3 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326051416/http://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/ukraine-with-minsk-stalled-russia-sanctions-must-continue/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+With+Minsk+stalled%2C+Russian+sanctions+must+continue&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Feurope-s-east%2Fnews%2Fukraine-with-minsk-stalled-russia-sanctions-must-continue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itar-tass.com/info/1168577"><bdi lang="ru">Главнокомандующий Сухопутными войсками Олег Салюков. Биография</bdi></a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/ITAR_TASS" class="mw-redirect" title="ITAR TASS">ITAR TASS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140506150757/http://itar-tass.com/info/1168577">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.+%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=ITAR+TASS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitar-tass.com%2Finfo%2F1168577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070109163631/http://www.mil.ru/848/1045/1272/1357/index.shtml">"Official website [Translated by Babelfish and amended for readability]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ministry_of_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ministry of Defence">Russian Ministry of Defence</a>. 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Retrieved 28 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+website+%5BTranslated+by+Babelfish+and+amended+for+readability%5D.&rft.pub=Russian+Ministry+of+Defence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mil.ru%2F848%2F1045%2F1272%2F1357%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom1998356–387-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom1998356–387_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOdom1998">Odom 1998</a>, pp. 356–387. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (1995). The Military Balance 1995–96. 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Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Russia-Ukraine+crisis%3A+Where+are+Putin%27s+troops+and+what+are+his+options%3F&rft.date=2022-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fdec%2F17%2Frussia-ukraine-crisis-putin-troops-visual-guide-explainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliRogin2022" class="citation web cs1">@AliRogin (11 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/AliRogin/status/1492201860794662923">"BIG Ukraine news: @nickschifrin reports: The US believes Russian President Vladimir Putin has decided to invade Ukr…"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BIG+Ukraine+news%3A+%40nickschifrin+reports%3A+The+US+believes+Russian+President+Vladimir+Putin+has+decided+to+invade+Ukr%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2022-02-11&rft.au=AliRogin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FAliRogin%2Fstatus%2F1492201860794662923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-united-states-europe-russia-kyiv-ff41abf90650aa5f456cbb6aafa4c5b3">"US evacuating most Ukraine embassy staff over invasion fears"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 12 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228215321/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-united-states-europe-russia-kyiv-ff41abf90650aa5f456cbb6aafa4c5b3">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2022. 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ABCNews. 8 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531000204/https://abcnews.go.com/International/russia-suffered-loss-extraordinary-number-generals/story?id=84545931">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022. 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World Fact Book. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/russia/">the original</a> on 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Fact+Book&rft.atitle=Russia&rft.date=2022-10-12&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Frussia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole_2023_r879-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Cole_2023_r879_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2023" class="citation web cs1">Cole, Brendan (26 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/russia-ukraine-avdiivka-astra-army-1838107">"Mutiny is brewing in the Russian army"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved 26 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Mutiny+is+brewing+in+the+Russian+army&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Frussia-ukraine-avdiivka-astra-army-1838107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Kormiltsev was a Colonel General when he became Commander-in-Chief, but after about two years in the position was promoted to General of the Army in 2003. Profile via FBIS, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/world/russia/fbis/KormiltsevBiography.html">Kormiltsev Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114520/http://fas.org/irp/world/russia/fbis/KormiltsevBiography.html">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed September 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-MT-83"><a href="#cite_ref-MT_83-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/putin-fires-military-commander-over-bribe-charges/491883.html">"Putin Fires Military Commander Over Bribe Charges"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413154858/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/putin-fires-military-commander-over-bribe-charges/491883.html">Archived</a> 13 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a> (20 Dec 2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-DNI-84"><a href="#cite_ref-DNI_84-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dni.ru/society/2013/12/19/266159.html">"Главкома Сухопутных войск винят в коррупции"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413155519/http://www.dni.ru/society/2013/12/19/266159.html">Archived</a> 13 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, dni.ru (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>) (19 Dec 2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Scott and Scott, Russian Military Directory 2004, p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-babakin-86"><a href="#cite_ref-babakin_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabakin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Babakin, Alexander (20–26 August 2004). 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Retrieved 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Motor+rifle&rft.date=2016-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frussianmilitaryanalysis.wordpress.com%2Ftag%2Fmotor-rifle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russianmilitaryanalysis.wordpress.com/tag/northern-fleet/">"Northern Fleet"</a>. 19 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615224650/https://russianmilitaryanalysis.wordpress.com/tag/northern-fleet/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Fleet&rft.date=2021-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frussianmilitaryanalysis.wordpress.com%2Ftag%2Fnorthern-fleet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIISS2023190-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIISS2023190_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIISS2023">IISS 2023</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russianmilitaryanalysis.wordpress.com/tag/divisions/">"Divisions"</a>. 22 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220723011535/https://russianmilitaryanalysis.wordpress.com/tag/divisions/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Divisions&rft.date=2016-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frussianmilitaryanalysis.wordpress.com%2Ftag%2Fdivisions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> V.I. Feskov et al. 2004 is the source for the designations, while vad777's website is the source for their disbandment. 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Retrieved 22 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TACC&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8.+%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%B8+%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.ru%2Farmiya-i-opk%2F16655079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msk1.ru/text/politics/2024/05/15/73580858/">"Генерал-полковник Сергей Кузовлёв возглавил Московский военный округ"</a>. МСК1.ру - новости Москвы (in Russian). 15 May 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240515141237/https://msk1.ru/text/politics/2024/05/15/73580858/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9C%D0%A1%D0%9A1.%D1%80%D1%83+-+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3&rft.date=2024-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsk1.ru%2Ftext%2Fpolitics%2F2024%2F05%2F15%2F73580858%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pravda-1-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Pravda-1_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlena" class="citation web cs1">Olena, Ivashkiv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/05/11/7455279/">"One unit of Russian 44th Army Corps refuses to storm Kharkiv Oblast – underground resistance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrainska_Pravda" title="Ukrainska Pravda">Ukrainska Pravda</a>. Retrieved 17 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=One+unit+of+Russian+44th+Army+Corps+refuses+to+storm+Kharkiv+Oblast+%E2%80%93+underground+resistance&rft.aulast=Olena&rft.aufirst=Ivashkiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Feng%2Fnews%2F2024%2F05%2F11%2F7455279%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vpravda.ru/obshchestvo/komanduyushchim-voyskami-yuvo-naznachen-general-sergey-kuzovlev-150825/">"Командующим войсками ЮВО назначен генерал Сергей Кузовлев | Волгоградская Правда"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220152511/https://vpravda.ru/obshchestvo/komanduyushchim-voyskami-yuvo-naznachen-general-sergey-kuzovlev-150825/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%AE%D0%92%D0%9E+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2+%26%23124%3B+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvpravda.ru%2Fobshchestvo%2Fkomanduyushchim-voyskami-yuvo-naznachen-general-sergey-kuzovlev-150825%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАлексей_Рамм,_Евгений_Андреев2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Алексей Рамм, Евгений Андреев (17 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izvestia.ru/news/670561">"В Южном военном округе появится новая армия"</a>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Известия">Известия</a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319203001/https://izvestia.ru/news/670561">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2017-03-17&rft.au=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%2C+%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fizvestia.ru%2Fnews%2F670561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlyin2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ilyin, Igor (9 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stapravda.ru/20140109/sergey_sevryukov_prinyal_shtandart_komanduyuschego_49y_obschevoy_73720.html">"Сергей Севрюков принял штандарт командующего 49-й общевойсковой армией"</a> [Sergey Sevryukov accepted command of the 49th Combined Arms Army]. www.stapravda.ru (in Russian). Stavropol Pravda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225225909/http://www.stapravda.ru/20140109/sergey_sevryukov_prinyal_shtandart_komanduyuschego_49y_obschevoy_73720.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stapravda.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB+%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+49-%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.aulast=Ilyin&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stapravda.ru%2F20140109%2Fsergey_sevryukov_prinyal_shtandart_komanduyuschego_49y_obschevoy_73720.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5838502">"Чем известен Андрей Мордвичев"</a>. 17 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319222435/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5838502">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.date=2023-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kommersant.ru%2Fdoc%2F5838502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.m24.ru/news/obshchestvo/07102022/509105">"Генерал Мурадов возглавил Восточный военный округ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220152505/https://www.m24.ru/news/obshchestvo/07102022/509105">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.m24.ru%2Fnews%2Fobshchestvo%2F07102022%2F509105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2006" class="citation book cs1">International Institute for Strategic Studies (2006). Christopher Langton (ed.). The Military Balance 2006 (106 ed.). Routledge. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-399-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-399-9"><bdi>978-1-85743-399-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0459-7222">0459-7222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2006&rft.pages=154&rft.edition=106&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0459-7222&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-399-9&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Also an IISS estimate, also replicated at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://factsanddetails.com/russia/Government_Military_Crime/sub9_5b/entry-5209.html">https://factsanddetails.com/russia/Government_Military_Crime/sub9_5b/entry-5209.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225091157/https://factsanddetails.com/russia/Government_Military_Crime/sub9_5b/entry-5209.html">Archived</a> 25 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield1991" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, Carey (1991). Inside the Soviet Army. London: Headline. pp. 67–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-0418-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-0418-3"><bdi>978-0-7472-0418-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Soviet+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pages=67-70&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7472-0418-3&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Carey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199843-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199843_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199843_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOdom1998">Odom 1998</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuvorov1982" class="citation book cs1">Suvorov, Viktor (1982). Inside the Soviet Army. London: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-10889-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-10889-5"><bdi>978-0-241-10889-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Soviet+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-241-10889-5&rft.aulast=Suvorov&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> (gives the figure of six months with a training division) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199840–41-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199840–41_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOdom1998">Odom 1998</a>, p. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdom199842-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199842_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdom199842_115-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOdom1998">Odom 1998</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuartly2003" class="citation news cs1">Quartly, Alaan (8 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2832265.stm">"Miss Shooting Range crowned"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123215259/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2832265.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Miss+Shooting+Range+crowned&rft.date=2003-03-08&rft.aulast=Quartly&rft.aufirst=Alaan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F2832265.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> (It is quite possible that the BBC reporter became confused between the Army (Ground Forces) and the entire Armed Forces, given their usual title in Russian of Armiya.) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2000" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Jennifer G. (Fall–Winter 2000). "Women in the Russian Armed Forces – A Marriage of Convenience?". Minerva: Quarterly Report on Women and the Military. 18 (3/4). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-1871">1573-1871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerva%3A+Quarterly+Report+on+Women+and+the+Military&rft.atitle=Women+in+the+Russian+Armed+Forces+%E2%80%93+A+Marriage+of+Convenience%3F&rft.chron=fall%E2%80%93winter&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=1573-1871&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/the-role-of-women-in-russias-armed-forces/">"The Role of Women in Russia's Armed Forces"</a>. Jamestown. Retrieved 23 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Women+in+Russia%27s+Armed+Forces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fthe-role-of-women-in-russias-armed-forces%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/3657996">"Солдаты Джейн: девушки, решившие служить в российской армии"</a> [Soldiers Jane: girls who decided to serve in the Russian army]. TASS (in Russian). 5 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TASS&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%3A+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftass.ru%2Farmiya-i-opk%2F3657996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://twitter.com/DefenceHQ/status/1718912487213637907">https://twitter.com/DefenceHQ/status/1718912487213637907</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> IISS, The Military Balance 2006, p. 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2005" class="citation book cs1">International Institute for Strategic Studies (2005). The Military Balance, 2004–2005. The Military Balance. Routledge. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-856622-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-856622-9"><bdi>978-0-19-856622-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0459-7222">0459-7222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance%2C+2004%E2%80%932005&rft.series=The+Military+Balance&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0459-7222&rft.isbn=978-0-19-856622-9&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeyman2005564-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeyman2005564_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeyman2005">Heyman 2005</a>, p. 564. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315163622/https://news.yahoo.com/russian-army-replenished-400-000-032206330.html">"Russian army to be replenished with 400,000 new contract service personnel"</a>. Ukrayinska Pravda. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/russian-army-replenished-400-000-032206330.html">the original</a> on 15 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrayinska+Pravda&rft.atitle=Russian+army+to+be+replenished+with+400%2C000+new+contract+service+personnel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Frussian-army-replenished-400-000-032206330.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> IISS 2006, p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Austin and Muraviev, 2001, pp. 277–278 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Baranov, Nikolai, "Weapons must serve for a long while", Armeiskii sbornik, March 1998, no. 3, pp. 66–71, cited in Austin and Muraviev, 2001, p. 278. See also Mil Bal 95/96, p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2016/1222/161038788/detail.shtml">Выступление министра обороны РФ генерала армии Сергея Шойгу на расширенном заседании Коллегии Минобороны</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224031511/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2016/1222/161038788/detail.shtml">Archived</a> 24 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> armstrade.org. 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/1230/073556074/detail.shtml?dates=30.12.2019&cfbydate=1&cfshow=1&cf=1&type=news">"ЦАМТО / Новости / Уровень обеспеченности частей постоянной готовности СВ современным вооружением и техникой доведен до 60 проц"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423022024/https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2019/1230/073556074/detail.shtml?dates=30.12.2019&cfbydate=1&cfshow=1&cf=1&type=news">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A6%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%A2%D0%9E+%2F+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%2F+%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%92+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B4%D0%BE+60+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armstrade.org%2Fincludes%2Fperiodics%2Fnews%2F2019%2F1230%2F073556074%2Fdetail.shtml%3Fdates%3D30.12.2019%26cfbydate%3D1%26cfshow%3D1%26cf%3D1%26type%3Dnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12107943@egNews">"Два бригадных комплекта ЗРК "Бук-М3" и "Бук-М2" получили Сухопутные войска в прошлом году: Министерство обороны Российской Федерации"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113144630/http://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12107943@egNews">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%97%D0%A0%D0%9A+%22%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA-%D0%9C3%22+%D0%B8+%22%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA-%D0%9C2%22+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffunction.mil.ru%2Fnews_page%2Fcountry%2Fmore.htm%3Fid%3D12107943%40egNews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/53571">"Расширенное заседание коллегии Министерства обороны"</a>. 22 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116173214/http://kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/53571">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2017. 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Calend.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529074457/https://www.calend.ru/events/4052/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2022. 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Министерства обороны РФ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003105600/http://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12059314@egNews">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2015. 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(8 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033200/http://newsvostok.ru/obshestvo/hram-preobrazheniya-gospodnya-stal-glavnym-hramom-suhoputnyh-voysk/"><bdi lang="ru">Храм Преображения Господня стал главным храмом сухопутных войск</bdi></a>. <bdi lang="ru">Восточный округ</bdi>. 37 (126): 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsvostok.ru/obshestvo/hram-preobrazheniya-gospodnya-stal-glavnym-hramom-suhoputnyh-voysk/">the original</a> on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=126&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft.au=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsvostok.ru%2Fobshestvo%2Fhram-preobrazheniya-gospodnya-stal-glavnym-hramom-suhoputnyh-voysk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12098213@egNews#txt">"На праздновании Дня Сухопутных войск был презентован их гимн "Вперед, пехота!": Министерство обороны Российской Федерации"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527153010/https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12098213@egNews#txt">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2020. 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October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009093358/https://ren.tv/news/v-rossii/130684-vpered-pekhota-gruppa-liube-ispolnila-novyi-gimn-sukhoputnykh-voisk">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2020. 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Calend.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518021554/https://www.calend.ru/holidays/0/0/138/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Calend.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calend.ru%2Fholidays%2F0%2F0%2F138%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArbatov1998" class="citation journal cs1">Arbatov, Alexei (1998). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndu.edu/inss/McNair/mcnair34/34fal.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McNair+Paper+34%2C+The+Russian+Military%27s+Role+in+Politics&rft.date=1995-01&rft.au=James+H.+Brusstar&rft.au=Ellen+Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndu.edu%2Finss%2FMcNair%2Fmcnair34%2F34fal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFМихайленко2022" class="citation web cs1">Михайленко, Ігор (22 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mil.in.ua/uk/blogs/analiz-zapasiv-tankiv-rf-na-bazah-zberigannya-za-uralom/">"Аналіз запасів танків РФ на базах зберігання за Уралом"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507235950/http://mil.in.ua/uk/blogs/analiz-zapasiv-tankiv-rf-na-bazah-zberigannya-za-uralom/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%A4+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft.date=2022-08-22&rft.aulast=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft.aufirst=%D0%86%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmil.in.ua%2Fuk%2Fblogs%2Fanaliz-zapasiv-tankiv-rf-na-bazah-zberigannya-za-uralom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdom1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Eldridge_Odom" title="William Eldridge Odom">Odom, William E.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collapseofsoviet00odom">The Collapse of the Soviet Military</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07469-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07469-7"><bdi>0-300-07469-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Soviet+Military&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-300-07469-7&rft.aulast=Odom&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollapseofsoviet00odom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr1998" class="citation report cs1">Orr, Michael (June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110316105147/http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/arag/document-listings/russian/C99-MJO.pdf">The Russian Armed Forces as a factor in Regional Stability</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Studies_Research_Centre" title="Conflict Studies Research Centre">Conflict Studies Research Centre</a>. 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The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters. 29 (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.55540%2F0031-1723.1949">10.55540/0031-1723.1949</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234001418">234001418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+US+Army+War+College+Quarterly%3A+Parameters&rft.atitle=The+State+of+Russia%27s+Armed+Forces+and+Military+Reform&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.55540%2F0031-1723.1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234001418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Parchomenko&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.55540%252F0031-1723.1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuartly,_Alan2003" class="citation news cs1">Quartly, Alan (8 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2832265.stm">"Miss Shooting Range crowned"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123215259/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2832265.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Miss+Shooting+Range+crowned&rft.date=2003-03-08&rft.au=Quartly%2C+Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F2832265.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2022" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Colin (3 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wavellroom.com/2022/08/03/t-62-tanks/">"T-62s for Russian reserve units in Ukraine"</a>. WavellRoom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230509095802/https://wavellroom.com/2022/08/03/t-62-tanks/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T-62s+for+Russian+reserve+units+in+Ukraine&rft.pub=WavellRoom&rft.date=2022-08-03&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwavellroom.com%2F2022%2F08%2F03%2Ft-62-tanks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Colin (2005). "The Russian Ground Forces Today: A Structural Status Examination". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Slavic_Military_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Slavic Military Studies">Journal of Slavic Military Studies</a>. 18 (2): 189–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518040590944421">10.1080/13518040590944421</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145691472">145691472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Slavic+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Ground+Forces+Today%3A+A+Structural+Status+Examination&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-206&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13518040590944421&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145691472%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield1991" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, Carey (1991). Inside the Soviet Army. London: <a href="/wiki/Headline" title="Headline">Headline</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7472-0418-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7472-0418-7"><bdi>0-7472-0418-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Soviet+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7472-0418-7&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Carey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Scott, Harriet Fast & Scott, William F. Russian Military Directories 2002 & 2004</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuvorov1982" class="citation book cs1">Suvorov, Viktor (1982). <a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Soviet_Army" title="Inside the Soviet Army">Inside the Soviet Army</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-05978-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-586-05978-4"><bdi>0-586-05978-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Soviet+Army&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-586-05978-4&rft.aulast=Suvorov&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurbiville,_Graham_H.1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Turbiville, Graham H. (1995). Mafia in Uniform: The Criminalisation of the Russian Armed Forces. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>: U.S. Army Foreign Military Studies Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mafia+in+Uniform%3A+The+Criminalisation+of+the+Russian+Armed+Forces&rft.place=Fort+Leavenworth&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Foreign+Military+Studies+Office&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Turbiville%2C+Graham+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Army_of_Russia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Army of Russia">Army of Russia</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxe2023" class="citation web cs1">Axe, David (19 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/04/19/whats-perfectly-round-made-of-metal-and-keeping-russia-from-replacing-the-2000-tanks-its-lost-in-ukraine/">"What's Perfectly Round, Made Of Metal, And Keeping Russia From Replacing the 2,000 Tanks It's Lost In Ukraine?"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230523000410/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/04/19/whats-perfectly-round-made-of-metal-and-keeping-russia-from-replacing-the-2000-tanks-its-lost-in-ukraine/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=What%27s+Perfectly+Round%2C+Made+Of+Metal%2C+And+Keeping+Russia+From+Replacing+the+2%2C000+Tanks+It%27s+Lost+In+Ukraine%3F&rft.date=2023-04-19&rft.aulast=Axe&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdavidaxe%2F2023%2F04%2F19%2Fwhats-perfectly-round-made-of-metal-and-keeping-russia-from-replacing-the-2000-tanks-its-lost-in-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Ground+Forces" class="Z3988"></li> <li>treating contractors like serfs, 2017 - <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://russiandefpolicy.com/2017/08/06/an-ordinary-conflict/">https://russiandefpolicy.com/2017/08/06/an-ordinary-conflict/</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://twitter.com/DefenceHQ/status/1639155669554327552">https://twitter.com/DefenceHQ/status/1639155669554327552</a> - use of training personnel</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://twitter.com/TrentTelenko/status/1659602501518213136">https://twitter.com/TrentTelenko/status/1659602501518213136</a> - "eating the seed corn" of reconstitution base of future army by sending training personnel into battle.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://twitter.com/ChrisO_wiki/status/1662158333564813326">https://twitter.com/ChrisO_wiki/status/1662158333564813326</a> - Russian space and rocket engineers are being recruited to join a new Russian battalion called Uranus to fight in Ukraine (27 May 2023)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armies_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armies_of_Russia" title="Template:Armies of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armies_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Armies of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armies_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armies of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armies_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armies of Russia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Principality of Moscow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rynda" title="Rynda">Rynda</a> 1380–1698</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landed_Army" title="Landed Army">Landed Army</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army of the Tsardom of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streltsy" title="Streltsy">Streltsy</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1550–1721</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Regiments" title="New Order Regiments">New Order Regiments</a> 1648–98</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Army of Peter the Great">Army of Peter the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_army_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Toy army of Peter the Great">Toy army of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> 1721–1917</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Army_(1917)" title="Russian Army (1917)">Russian Army (1917)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a> 1918–23</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> 1918–22</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> 1922–46</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> 1946–92</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Armed_Forces_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS Armed Forces</a> 1991–93</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ground Forces</a> 1992–present<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Ground_Forces&action=edit">[update]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Template:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Template talk:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> as <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces">Supreme Commander-in-Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Minister of Defence (Russia)">Minister of Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Russia)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Russia)">Chief of the General Staff and First Deputy Minister of Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Ground Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Navy" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy">Commander-in-Chief of the Navy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Aerospace_Forces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Aerospace_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Russian_Air_Force" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force">Commander of the Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commander_of_the_Russian_Aerospace_and_Missile_Defence_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commander of the Russian Aerospace and Missile Defence Forces (page does not exist)">Commander of the Missile Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commander_of_the_Russian_Space_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commander of the Russian Space Forces (page does not exist)">Commander of the Space Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Military" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia" title="Military doctrine of Russia">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_military_bases_abroad" title="List of Russian military bases abroad">Bases abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_budget_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military budget of the Russian Federation">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_military_bands" title="Russian military bands">Bands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Russia and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_emblems_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Awards and emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation">Awards and emblems</a></li> <li>General Staff buildings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Building_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="General Staff Building (Saint Petersburg)">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Building_(Moscow)" title="General Staff Building (Moscow)">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Building_of_the_Ministry_of_Defense_(Russia)" title="Main Building of the Ministry of Defense (Russia)">Main Building of the Ministry of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry_of_Russia" title="Arms industry of Russia">Defense industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military-Industrial_Commission_of_Russia" title="Military-Industrial Commission of Russia">Military-Industrial Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_war_crimes" title="Russian war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces">Uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_districts_of_Russia" title="Military districts of Russia">Military districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Previous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Ural_Military_District" title="Volga–Ural Military District">Volga–Ural</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volga_Military_District" title="Volga Military District">Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Military_District" title="Ural Military District">Ural</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Military_District" title="North Caucasus Military District">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Military_District" title="Siberian Military District">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Military_District" title="Far Eastern Military District">Far Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Special_Region" title="Kaliningrad Special Region">Kaliningrad Special Region</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_District" title="Moscow Military District">Moscow</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Military_District" title="Western Military District">Western</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Military_District" title="Southern Military District">Southern</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_District" title="Central Military District">Central</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Military_District" title="Eastern Military District">Eastern</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk" title="Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Military_District_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Military District (Russia)">Northern</a> <ul><li>HQ: <a href="/wiki/Severomorsk" title="Severomorsk">Severomorsk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fleets of the Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Flotilla" title="Caspian Flotilla">Caspian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Fleet" title="Northern Fleet">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean_Flotilla" title="Arctic Ocean Flotilla">Arctic Ocean Flotilla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Fleet_(Russia)" title="Pacific Fleet (Russia)">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Flotilla" title="Kamchatka Flotilla">Kamchatka Flotilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military ranks and insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation">Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Russian_Federation%27s_armed_forces_1994%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation's armed forces 1994–2010">Armed Forces 1994–2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ground_Forces_troops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ground Forces</a> troops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Defence_Troops_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Air Defence Troops of the Russian Ground Forces">Air Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Missile_Troops_and_Artillery" title="Russian Missile Troops and Artillery">Missile Troops and Artillery‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Engineer_Troops" title="Russian Engineer Troops">Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Signal_Troops" title="Russian Signal Troops">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Tank_Troops" title="Russian Tank Troops">Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_NBC_Protection_Troops" title="Russian NBC Protection Troops">NBC Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topographic_Service_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Topographic Service of the Russian Armed Forces">Topographic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_of_the_Russian_Navy" title="Ensign of the Russian Navy">Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Troops_of_the_Russian_Navy" title="Coastal Troops of the Russian Navy">Coastal Troops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Naval_Infantry" title="Russian Naval Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_commando_frogmen" title="Russian commando frogmen">Commando Frogmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Naval_Aviation" title="Russian Naval Aviation">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Hydrographic_Service" title="Russian Hydrographic Service">Hydrography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">Aerospace Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Air Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-Range_Aviation" title="Long-Range Aviation">Long-Range Aviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_and_Missile_Defense_Forces" title="Air and Missile Defense Forces">Air and Missile Defense Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">Space Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">Aerospace Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Radio-Technical_Troops" title="Russian Radio-Technical Troops">Radio-Technical Troops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Special Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Forces_(Russia)" title="Special Operations Forces (Russia)">Special Operations Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_of_the_Main_Directorate_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces of the Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces">Special Forces of the Main Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_of_the_Supreme_High_Command" title="Reserve of the Supreme High Command">Reserve of the Supreme High Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BARS_(Russia)" title="BARS (Russia)">BARS</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Airborne_Forces" title="Russian Airborne Forces">Airborne Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Rocket_Forces" title="Strategic Rocket Forces">Strategic Rocket Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Electronic_Warfare_Troops&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Electronic Warfare Troops (page does not exist)">Electronic Warfare Troops</a></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Logistical_Support_troops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logistical_Support_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Logistical Support of the Russian Armed Forces">Logistical Support</a> troops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Road_Troops&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Road Troops (page does not exist)">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Railway_Troops" title="Russian Railway Troops">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Departments in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Defence (Russia)">Ministry of Defence</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (GRU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Operational_Directorate_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces">Main Operational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Organizational-Mobilizational_Directorate_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Main Organizational-Mobilizational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces">Main Organizational-Mobilizational Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Management_Center" title="National Defense Management Center">National Defense Management Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Military-Political_Directorate_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Main Military-Political Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces">Main Military-Political Directorate of the Russian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Band_Service_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Russia" title="Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia">Military Band Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Police_(Russia)" title="Military Police (Russia)">Main Directorate of Military Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAU" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAU">Main Missile and Artillery Directorate (GRAU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Chief_Directorate" title="12th Chief Directorate">12th Chief Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Agency_of_Automobiles_and_Tanks_of_the_Ministry_of_Defense_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Main Agency of Automobiles and Tanks of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation">Main Agency of Automobiles and Tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Military_Medical_Directorate_(Russia)" title="Main Military Medical Directorate (Russia)">Main Military Medical Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnaya_Zvezda" title="Krasnaya Zvezda">Krasnaya Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Television_and_Radio_Studio_of_the_Russian_Ministry_of_Defence" title="Central Television and Radio Studio of the Russian Ministry of Defence">Central Television and Radio Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Rear of the Russian Armed Forces">Rear of the Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Russian_Ground_Forces" title="List of equipment of the Russian Ground Forces">Ground Forces' equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Russian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Russian military aircraft">Air Forces' equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Russian_Navy_ships" title="List of active Russian Navy ships">Navy ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Russian_Navy" title="Future of the Russian Navy">Future of the Russian Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military academy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Previous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_Corps_(Russia)" title="Cadet Corps (Russia)">Cadet Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Cadet_Corps_(Russia)" title="Naval Cadet Corps (Russia)">Naval Cadet Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Corps" title="Page Corps">Page Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_departments_of_civilian_universities_(Soviet_Union_and_post-Soviet_area)" title="Military departments of civilian universities (Soviet Union and post-Soviet area)">Military departments of civilian universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military education in the Soviet Union">Military academies in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Academy_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Russia" title="Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia">Military Academy of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_academies_in_Russia" title="Military academies in Russia">Military academies in Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suvorov_Military_School" title="Suvorov Military School">Suvorov Military School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_training_centers_of_civilian_universities_(Russia)" title="Military training centers of civilian universities (Russia)">Military training centers of civilian universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armies_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armies_in_Europe" title="Template:Armies in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armies_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Armies in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this 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Forces">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Ground_Forces" title="Belarusian Ground Forces">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Land_Component" title="Belgian Land Component">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Land_Forces" title="Bulgarian Land Forces">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Army" title="Croatian Army">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_National_Guard" title="Cypriot National Guard">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Land_Forces" title="Czech Land Forces">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Army" title="Royal Danish Army">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Land_Forces" title="Estonian Land Forces">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Army" title="Finnish Army">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Land_Forces" title="Georgian Land Forces">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Ground_Forces" title="Hungarian Ground Forces">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Army" title="Irish Army">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Ground_Forces" title="Kazakh Ground Forces">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Land_Forces" title="Latvian Land Forces">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Land_Forces" title="Lithuanian Land Forces">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Armed_Forces" title="Luxembourg Armed Forces">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Malta" title="Armed Forces of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Ground_Forces" title="Moldovan Ground Forces">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Ground_Army" title="Montenegrin Ground Army">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Army" title="Royal Netherlands Army">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_North_Macedonia" title="Army of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Army" title="Norwegian Army">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Land_Forces" title="Polish Land Forces">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Army" title="Portuguese Army">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Land_Forces" title="Romanian Land Forces">Romania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Armed_Forces" title="Sammarinese Armed Forces">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Army" title="Serbian Army">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_Forces_of_the_Slovak_Republic" title="Ground Forces of the Slovak Republic">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Ground_Force" title="Slovenian Ground Force">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army" title="Swedish Army">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ground_Forces" title="Ukrainian Ground Forces">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Armed_Forces#Army" title="Abkhazian Armed Forces">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a 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