CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Streaming media - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4e921ccd-e94a-475a-8880-3162b69c57de","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Streaming_media","wgTitle":"Streaming media","wgCurRevisionId":1258817325,"wgRevisionId":1258817325,"wgArticleId":28682, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Streaming_media","wgRelevantArticleId":28682,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym": "Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm", "autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym": "ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor", "autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym": "कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym": "Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym": "Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij", "lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"], "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q220499","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images": "ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/1200px--NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="675"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/800px--NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="450"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/640px--NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="360"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Streaming media - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-By" content="Google"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-To" content="en"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.1hbgkFx4Qn8.O/am=DgY/d=1/rs=AN8SPfqlmAPxwfG457BPbRXwNq39oSMGHg/m=corsproxy" data-sourceurl="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media"></script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20..48,100..700,0..1,-50..200" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.1hbgkFx4Qn8.O/am=DgY/d=1/exm=corsproxy/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfqlmAPxwfG457BPbRXwNq39oSMGHg/m=phishing_protection" data-phishing-protection-enabled="false" data-forms-warning-enabled="true" data-source-url="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media"></script> <meta name="robots" content="none"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Streaming_media rootpage-Streaming_media stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.1hbgkFx4Qn8.O/am=DgY/d=1/exm=corsproxy,phishing_protection/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfqlmAPxwfG457BPbRXwNq39oSMGHg/m=navigationui" data-environment="prod" data-proxy-url="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog" data-proxy-full-url="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-source-url="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media" data-source-language="auto" data-target-language="en" data-display-language="en-GB" data-detected-source-language="en" data-is-source-untranslated="false" data-source-untranslated-url="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media&anno=2" data-client="tr"></script> <div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"><a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"><input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Home </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Random?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Random </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Nearby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Streaming+media&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a></li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Streaming+media&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source%3Ddonate%26utm_medium%3Dsidebar%26utm_campaign%3DC13_en.wikipedia.org%26uselang%3Den%26utm_key%3Dminerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a></li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:About?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a></li> </ul> </div><label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Streaming media</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab "><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Streaming+media&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Streaming" and "Streamed" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stream_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Stream (disambiguation)">Stream (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Media streaming" redirects here. For the feature in Microsoft Windows, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DLNA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DLNA">DLNA</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> This article is about streaming media in general. For the music listening format specifically, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Music_streaming_service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Music streaming service">Music streaming service</a>. </div> Streaming media refers to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multimedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> delivered through a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Computer_network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Computer network">network</a> for playback using a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Media_player_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Media player (disambiguation)">media player</a>. Media is transferred in a stream of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Network_packet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Network packet">packets</a> from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Server_(computing)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Server (computing)">server</a> to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client-server_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-server model">client</a> and is rendered in real-time;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> this contrasts with file <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Downloading?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Downloading">downloading</a>, a process in which the end-user obtains an entire media file before consuming the content. Streaming is presently most prevalent in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video-on-demand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Video-on-demand">video-on-demand</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Streaming television">streaming television</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Music_streaming_service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Music streaming service">music streaming services</a> over the Internet. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/300px-seek%3D78-NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="437" data-mwtitle="NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"> </video> <figcaption> On websites such as YouTube, videos such as this short NASA film about spacesuit design are played <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real-time_computer_graphics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Real-time computer graphics">instantly</a> depending on the user's internet connection, and the video is partially <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Downloaded?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Downloaded">downloaded</a> in the background. </figcaption> </figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> While streaming is most commonly associated with multimedia from a remote server over the Internet, it also includes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Offline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Offline">offline</a> multimedia between devices on a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_area_network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Local area network">local area network</a>, for example using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DLNA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DLNA">DLNA</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Home_server?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Home server">home server</a>, or in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personal_area_network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personal area network">personal area network</a> between two devices using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bluetooth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> (which uses <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_waves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a> rather than <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Online streaming was initially popularised by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RealNetworks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RealNetworks">RealNetworks</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microsoft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> in the 1990s<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and has since grown to become the globally most popular method for consuming music and video,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> with numerous competing subscription services being offered since the 2010s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a> Audio streaming to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wireless_speaker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wireless speaker">wireless speakers</a>, often using Bluetooth, is another use that has become prevalent during that decade.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Live_streaming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Live streaming">Live streaming</a> is the real-time delivery of content during production, much as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Live_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Live television">live television</a> broadcasts content via television channels.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Distinguishing delivery methods from the media applies specifically to, as most of the traditional media delivery systems are either inherently streaming (e.g., radio, television) or inherently non-streaming (e.g., books, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Videotape?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Videotape">videotapes</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Audio_CD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio CD">audio CDs</a>). The term "streaming media" can apply to media other than video and audio, such as live <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Closed_captioning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Closed captioning">closed captioning</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ticker_tape?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ticker tape">ticker tape</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real-time_text?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Real-time text">real-time text</a>, which are all considered "streaming text". <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Precursors">2 Precursors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">3 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_development">3.1 Early development</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Late_1990s_to_early_2000s">3.2 Late 1990s to early 2000s</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Business_developments">3.3 Business developments</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Streaming_wars">3.4 Streaming wars</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Use_by_the_general_public">4 Use by the general public</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transition_from_DVD">4.1 Transition from DVD</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Napster">4.2 Napster</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_fight_for_intellectual_property_rights:_A&M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc.">4.2.1 The fight for intellectual property rights: A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Music_streaming_platforms">4.3 Music streaming platforms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#COVID-19_pandemic">4.4 COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Local/home_streaming">4.5 Local/home streaming</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Technologies">5 Technologies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bandwidth">5.1 Bandwidth</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Protocols">5.2 Protocols</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Recording">5.3 Recording</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#View_recommendation">5.4 View recommendation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Applications_and_marketing">6 Applications and marketing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Challenges">7 Challenges</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Copyright_issues">7.1 Copyright issues</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The term "streaming" was first used for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tape_drive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tape drive">tape drives</a> manufactured by Data Electronics Inc. that were meant to slowly ramp up and run for the entire track; slower ramp times lowered drive costs. "Streaming" was applied in the early 1990s as a better description for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_on_demand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> and later live video on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IP_network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="IP network">IP networks</a>. It was first done by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Starlight_Networks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Starlight Networks">Starlight Networks</a> for video streaming and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real_Networks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Networks">Real Networks</a> for audio streaming. Such video had previously been referred to by the misnomer "store and forward video."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Precursors">Precursors</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Precursors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Beginning in 1881, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2trophone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théâtrophone">Théâtrophone</a> enabled subscribers to listen to opera and theatre performances over telephone lines. This operated until 1932. The concept of media streaming eventually came to America.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In the early 1920s, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Owen_Squier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Owen Squier">George Owen Squier</a> was granted patents for a system for the transmission and distribution of signals over electrical lines,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> which was the technical basis for what later became <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muzak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muzak">Muzak</a>, a technology for streaming continuous music to commercial customers without the use of radio. The Telephone Music Service, a live jukebox service, began in 1929 and continued until 1997.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pittsburghmagazine.com-13">[13]</a> The clientele eventually included 120 bars and restaurants in the Pittsburgh area. A tavern customer would deposit money in the jukebox, use a telephone on top of the jukebox, and ask the operator to play a song. The operator would find the record in the studio library of more than 100,000 records, put it on a turntable, and the music would be piped over the telephone line to play in the tavern. The music media began as 78s, 33s and 45s, played on the six turntables they monitored. CDs and tapes were incorporated in later years. The business had a succession of owners, notably Bill Purse, his daughter Helen Reutzel, and finally Dotti White. The revenue stream for each quarter was split between 60% for the music service and 40% for the tavern owner.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> This business model eventually became unsustainable due to city permits and the cost of setting up these telephone lines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pittsburghmagazine.com-13">[13]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timeline_of_online_video?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timeline of online video">Timeline of online video</a> </div> Attempts to display media on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personal_computer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personal computer">computers</a> date back to the earliest days of computing in the mid-20th century. However, little progress was made for several decades, primarily due to the high cost and limited capabilities of computer hardware. From the late 1980s through the 1990s, consumer-grade personal computers became powerful enough to display various media. The primary technical issues related to streaming were having enough <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CPU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bus_(computing)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bus (computing)">bus</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> to support the required data rates and achieving the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real-time_computing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Real-time computing">real-time computing</a> performance required to prevent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buffer_underrun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buffer underrun">buffer underruns</a> and enable smooth streaming of the content. However, computer networks were still limited in the mid-1990s, and audio and video media were usually delivered over non-streaming channels, such as playback from a local <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hard_disk_drive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CD-ROM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROMs</a> on the end user's computer. Terminology in the 1970's was at best confusing for applications such as telemetered aircraft or missile test data. By then PCM [Pulse Code Modulation] was the dominant transmission type. This PCM transmission was bit-serial and not packetized so the 'streaming' terminology was often a confusion factor. In 1969 Grumman acquired one of the first telemetry ground stations [Automated Telemetry Station, 'ATS'] which had the capability for reconstructing serial telemetered data which had been recorded on digital computer peripheral tapes. Computer peripheral tapes were inherently recorded in blocks. Reconstruction was required for continuous display purposes without time-base distortion. The Navy implemented similar capability in DoD for the first time in 1973. These implementations are the only known examples of true 'streaming' in the sense of reconstructing distortion-free serial data from packetized or blocked recordings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> 'Real-time' terminology has also been confusing in streaming context. The most accepted definition of 'real-time' requires that all associated processing or formatting of the data must take place prior to availability of the next sample of each measurement. In the 1970s the most powerful mainframe computers were not fast enough for this task at significant overall data rates in the range of 50,000 samples per second. For that reason both the Grumman ATS and the Navy Real-time Telemetry Processing System [RTPS] employed unique special purpose digital computers dedicated to real-time processing of raw data samples. In 1990, the first commercial <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethernet_switch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethernet switch">Ethernet switch</a> was introduced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalpana,_Inc.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalpana, Inc.">Kalpana</a>, which enabled the more powerful computer networks that led to the first streaming video solutions used by schools and corporations. Practical streaming media was only made possible with advances in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Data_compression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Data compression">data compression</a> due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of uncompressed media. Raw <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_audio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> encoded with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pulse-code modulation">pulse-code modulation</a> (PCM) requires a bandwidth of 1.4 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mbit/s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a> for uncompressed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CD_audio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CD audio">CD audio</a>, while raw <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_video?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital video">digital video</a> requires a bandwidth of 168 Mbit/s for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SD_video?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SD video">SD video</a> and over 1000 Mbit/s for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FHD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="FHD">FHD</a> video.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Late_1990s_to_early_2000s">Late 1990s to early 2000s</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Late 1990s to early 2000s" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Original_net_animation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Original net animation">Original net animation</a> </div> During the late 1990s and early 2000s, users had increased access to computer networks, especially the Internet. During the early 2000s, users had access to increased network <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a>, especially in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Last_mile_(telecommunications)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Last mile (telecommunications)">last mile</a>. These technological improvements facilitated the streaming of audio and video content to computer users in their homes and workplaces. There was also an increasing use of standard protocols and formats, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TCP/IP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HTTP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HTML?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HTML">HTML</a>, as the Internet became increasingly commercialized, which led to an infusion of investment into the sector. The band <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Severe_Tire_Damage_(band)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Severe Tire Damage (band)">Severe Tire Damage</a> was the first group to perform live on the Internet. On 24 June 1993, the band was playing a gig at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xerox_PARC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a>, while elsewhere in the building, scientists were discussing new technology (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mbone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mbone">Mbone</a>) for broadcasting on the Internet using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multicast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multicast">multicasting</a>. As proof of PARC's technology, the band's performance was broadcast and could be seen live in Australia and elsewhere. In a March 2017 interview, band member Russ Haines stated that the band had used approximately "half of the total bandwidth of the internet" to stream the performance, which was a 152 × 76 pixel video, updated eight to twelve times per second, with audio quality that was, "at best, a bad telephone connection."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In October 1994, a school music festival was webcast from the Michael Fowler Centre in Wellington, New Zealand. The technician who arranged the webcast, local council employee Richard Naylor, later commented: "We had 16 viewers in 12 countries."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RealNetworks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RealNetworks">RealNetworks</a> pioneered the broadcast of a baseball game between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_Yankees?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seattle_Mariners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seattle Mariners">Seattle Mariners</a> over the Internet in 1995.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The first symphonic concert on the Internet—a collaboration between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seattle_Symphony?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seattle Symphony">Seattle Symphony</a> and guest musicians <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slash_(musician)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slash (musician)">Slash</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matt_Cameron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matt Cameron">Matt Cameron</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrett_Martin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrett Martin">Barrett Martin</a>—took place at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paramount_Theatre_(Seattle,_Washington)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Theatre (Seattle, Washington)">Paramount Theater</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seattle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington, on 10 November 1995.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 1996, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marc_Scarpa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marc Scarpa">Marc Scarpa</a> produced the first large-scale, online, live broadcast, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adam_Yauch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adam Yauch">Adam Yauch</a>–led <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibetan_Freedom_Concert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tibetan Freedom Concert">Tibetan Freedom Concert</a>, an event that would define the format of social change broadcasts. Scarpa continued to pioneer in the streaming media world with projects such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woodstock_%2799?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woodstock '99">Woodstock '99</a>, Townhall with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">President Clinton</a>, and more recently Covered CA's campaign "Tell a Friend Get Covered", which was livestreamed on YouTube. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Business_developments">Business developments</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Business developments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xing_Technology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Xing Technology">Xing Technology</a> was founded in 1989 and developed a JPEG streaming product called "StreamWorks". Another streaming product appeared in late 1992 and was named StarWorks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-StarWorks-21">[21]</a> StarWorks enabled on-demand MPEG-1 full-motion videos to be randomly accessed on corporate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethernet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> networks. Starworks was from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Starlight_Networks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Starlight Networks">Starlight Networks</a>, which also pioneered live video streaming on Ethernet and via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> over satellites with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hughes_Network_Systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hughes Network Systems">Hughes Network Systems</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Starlight_Networks_and_Hughes_Network_Systems-22">[22]</a> Other early companies that created streaming media technology include Progressive Networks and Protocomm prior to widespread World Wide Web usage. After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Netscape_IPO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape IPO">Netscape IPO</a> in 1995 (and the release of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Windows_95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> with built-in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TCP/IP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> support), usage of the Internet expanded, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dot-com_bubble?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dot-com bubble">many companies "went public"</a>, including Progressive Networks (which was renamed "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RealNetworks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RealNetworks">RealNetworks</a>", and listed on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasdaq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasdaq">Nasdaq</a> as "RNWK"). As the web became even more popular in the late 90s, streaming video on the internet blossomed from startups such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vivo_Software?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vivo Software">Vivo Software</a> (later acquired by RealNetworks), VDOnet (acquired by RealNetworks), Precept (acquired by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cisco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cisco">Cisco</a>), and Xing (acquired by RealNetworks).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microsoft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> developed a media player known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ActiveMovie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ActiveMovie">ActiveMovie</a> in 1995 that supported streaming media and included a proprietary streaming format, which was the precursor to the streaming feature later in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Windows_Media_Player?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Windows Media Player">Windows Media Player</a> 6.4 in 1999. In June 1999, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apple_Inc.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> also introduced a streaming media format in its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/QuickTime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a> 4 application. It was later also widely adopted on websites, along with RealPlayer and Windows Media streaming formats. The competing formats on websites required each user to download the respective applications for streaming, which resulted in many users having to have all three applications on their computer for general compatibility. In 2000, Industryview.com launched its "world's largest streaming video archive" website to help businesses promote themselves.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Webcasting became an emerging tool for business marketing and advertising that combined the immersive nature of television with the interactivity of the Web. The ability to collect data and feedback from potential customers caused this technology to gain momentum quickly.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Around 2002, the interest in a single, unified, streaming format and the widespread adoption of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adobe_Flash?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a> prompted the development of a video streaming format through Flash, which was the format used in Flash-based players on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_hosting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Video hosting">video hosting</a> sites. The first popular video streaming site, YouTube, was founded by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steve_Chen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steve Chen">Steve Chen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chad_Hurley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chad Hurley">Chad Hurley</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jawed_Karim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jawed Karim">Jawed Karim</a> in 2005. It initially used a Flash-based player, which played <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MPEG-4_AVC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 AVC">MPEG-4 AVC</a> video and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> audio, but now defaults to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HTML_video?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HTML video">HTML video</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Increasing consumer demand for live streaming prompted YouTube to implement a new live streaming service for users.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The company currently also offers a (secure) link that returns the available connection speed of the user.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a> (RIAA) revealed through its 2015, earnings report that streaming services were responsible for 34.3 percent of the year's total <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Music_industry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Music industry">music industry</a>'s revenue, growing 29 percent from the previous year and becoming the largest source of income, pulling in around $2.4 billion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> US streaming revenue grew 57 percent to $1.6 billion in the first half of 2016 and accounted for almost half of industry sales.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Streaming_wars">Streaming wars</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Streaming wars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_streaming_media_services?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of streaming media services">List of streaming media services</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Streaming wars" redirects here. For the South Park film, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Park_The_Streaming_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Park The Streaming Wars">South Park The Streaming Wars</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For competition between music streaming platforms, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Music_streaming_platforms">§ Music streaming platforms</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> The term streaming wars was coined to describe the new era (starting in the late 2010s) of competition between video streaming services such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Netflix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hulu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hulu">Hulu</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max (streaming service)">Max</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disney%2B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Disney+">Disney+</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paramount%2B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apple_TV%2B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apple TV+">Apple TV+</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock</a>, and many more.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The competition among online platforms has driven them to find ways to differentiate themselves from the rest. A key differentiator is offering exclusive content, often self-produced and created for a specific <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Market_segment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Market segment">market segment</a>. Research suggests that this approach to streaming competition can be disadvantageous for consumers by increasing spending across platforms, and for the industry as a whole by dilution of subscriber base. Once specific content is made available on a streaming service, piracy searches for the same content decrease; competition or legal availability across multiple platforms appears to deter online piracy. Exclusive content produced for subscription services such as Netflix tends to have a higher production budget than content produced exclusively for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pay-per-view?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a> services, such as Amazon Prime Video.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> This competition increased during the first two years of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> as more people stayed home and watched TV. "The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a seismic shift in the film & TV industry in terms of how films are made, distributed, and screened. Many industries have been hit by the economic effects of the pandemic" (Totaro Donato).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> In August 2022, a CNN headline declared that "The streaming wars are over" as pandemic-era restrictions had largely ended and audience growth had stalled. This led services to focus on profit over market share by cutting production budgets, cracking down on password sharing, and introducing ad-supported tiers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> A December 2022 article in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Verge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Verge">The Verge</a> echoed this, declaring an end to the "golden age of the streaming wars".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In September 2023, several streaming services formed a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trade_association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trade association">trade association</a> named the Streaming Innovation Alliance (SIA), spearheaded by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Rivkin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Rivkin">Charles Rivkin</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Motion Picture Association">Motion Picture Association</a> (MPA). Former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/U.S._representative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. representative">U.S. representative</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fred_Upton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fred Upton">Fred Upton</a> and former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) acting chair <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mignon_Clyburn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mignon Clyburn">Mignon Clyburn</a> serve as senior advisors. Founding members include AfroLandTV, America Nu Network, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BET%2B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BET+">BET+</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Discovery%2B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Discovery+">Discovery+</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disney%2B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Disney+">Disney+</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disney%2B_Hotstar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Disney+ Hotstar">Disney+ Hotstar</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ESPN%2B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ESPN+">ESPN+</a>, For Us By Us Network, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hulu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hulu">Hulu</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max (streaming service)">Max</a>, the MPA, MotorTrend+, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Netflix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paramount%2B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peacock (streaming service)">Peacock</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pluto_TV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Star%2B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Star+">Star+</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telemundo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TelevisaUnivision?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TelevisaUnivision">TelevisaUnivision</a>, Vault TV, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vix_(streaming_service)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vix (streaming service)">Vix</a>. Notably absent were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apple_Inc.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amazon_(company)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roku?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roku">Roku</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tubi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tubi">Tubi</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Use_by_the_general_public">Use by the general public</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Use by the general public" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E7%94%9F_2017_(32782507624).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E7%94%9F_2017_%2832782507624%29.jpg/220px-%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E7%94%9F_2017_%2832782507624%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E7%94%9F_2017_%2832782507624%29.jpg/220px-%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E7%94%9F_2017_%2832782507624%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E7%94%9F_2017_%2832782507624%29.jpg/330px-%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E7%94%9F_2017_%2832782507624%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E7%94%9F_2017_%2832782507624%29.jpg/440px-%E7%BE%BD%E6%9D%91%E5%B8%82%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92_%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E7%94%9F_2017_%2832782507624%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A camera <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Live_streaming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Live streaming">live streaming</a> at a zoo by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niconico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Niconico">Niconico</a> </figcaption> </figure> Advances in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Computer_network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Computer network">computer networking</a>, combined with powerful home computers and operating systems, have made streaming media affordable and easy for the public. Stand-alone <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_radio_device?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet radio device">Internet radio devices</a> emerged to offer listeners a non-technical option for listening to audio streams. These audio-streaming services became increasingly popular; music streaming reached 4 trillion streams globally in 2023 -- a significant increase from 2022 -- jumping 34% over the year.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Bluetooth_Music_Streaming_-_2014_Scion_tC_(15664918268).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bluetooth_Music_Streaming_-_2014_Scion_tC_%2815664918268%29.jpg/220px-Bluetooth_Music_Streaming_-_2014_Scion_tC_%2815664918268%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="701"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bluetooth_Music_Streaming_-_2014_Scion_tC_%2815664918268%29.jpg/220px-Bluetooth_Music_Streaming_-_2014_Scion_tC_%2815664918268%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bluetooth_Music_Streaming_-_2014_Scion_tC_%2815664918268%29.jpg/330px-Bluetooth_Music_Streaming_-_2014_Scion_tC_%2815664918268%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bluetooth_Music_Streaming_-_2014_Scion_tC_%2815664918268%29.jpg/440px-Bluetooth_Music_Streaming_-_2014_Scion_tC_%2815664918268%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Car_audio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Car audio">car audio</a> receiver playing music being streamed via Bluetooth from a smartphone </figcaption> </figure> In general, multimedia content is data-intensive, so media storage and transmission costs are still significant. Media is generally <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Data_compression?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Data compression">compressed</a> for transport and storage. Increasing consumer demand for streaming <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High-definition television">high-definition</a> (HD) content has led the industry to develop technologies such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WirelessHD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="WirelessHD">WirelessHD</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G.hn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="G.hn">G.hn</a>, which are optimized for streaming HD content. Many developers have introduced HD streaming apps that work on smaller devices, such as tablets and smartphones, for everyday purposes. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style> <div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Streaming creates the illusion—greatly magnified by headphone use, which is another matter—that music is a utility you can turn on and off; the water metaphor is intrinsic to how it works. It dematerializes music, denies it a crucial measure of autonomy, reality, and power. It makes music seem disposable, impermanent. Hence it intensifies the ebb and flow of pop fashion, the way <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_viral_music_videos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of viral music videos">musical 'memes'</a> rise up for a week or a month and are then forgotten. And it renders our experience of individual artists/groups shallower." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Christgau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a>, 2018<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a></cite> </div> A media stream can be streamed either live or on demand. Live streams are generally provided by a method called true streaming. True streaming sends the information straight to the computer or device without saving it to a local file. On-demand streaming is provided by a method called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Progressive_download?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Progressive download">progressive download</a>. Progressive download saves the received information to a local file and then plays it from that location. On-demand streams are often saved to files for extended period of time, while live streams are only available at one time only (e.g., during a football game).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Streaming media is increasingly being coupled with the use of social media. For example, sites such as YouTube encourage social interaction in webcasts through features such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Live_chat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Live chat">live chat</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Online_survey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Online survey">online surveys</a>, user posting of comments online, and more. Furthermore, streaming media is increasingly being used for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_business?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social business">social business</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E-learning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="E-learning">e-learning</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Horowitz_Research&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Horowitz Research (page does not exist)">Horowitz Research</a> State of Pay TV, OTT, and SVOD 2017 report said that 70 percent of those viewing content did so through a streaming service and that 40 percent of TV viewing was done this way, twice the number from five years earlier. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Millennials?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Millennials">Millennials</a>, the report said, streamed 60 percent of the content.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Transition_from_DVD">Transition from DVD</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Transition from DVD" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> One of the movie streaming industry's largest impacts was on the DVD industry, which drastically dropped in popularity and profitability with the mass popularization of online content.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The rise of media streaming caused the downfall of many DVD rental companies, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blockbuster_(retailer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blockbuster (retailer)">Blockbuster</a>. In July 2015, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> published an article about <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Netflix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>'s DVD services. It stated that Netflix was continuing their DVD services with 5.3 million subscribers, which was a significant drop from the previous year. On the other hand, their streaming service had 65 million members.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Napster">Napster</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Napster" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Music_streaming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Music streaming">Music streaming</a> is one of the most popular ways in which consumers interact with streaming media. In the age of digitization, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Private_good?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Private good">private consumption</a> of music has transformed into a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_good_(economics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public good (economics)">public good</a>, largely due to one player in the market: Napster. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napster">Napster</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peer-to-peer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> (P2P) file-sharing network where users could upload and download <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MP3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MP3">MP3</a> files freely, broke all music industry conventions when it launched in early 1999 in Hull, Massachusetts. The platform was developed by Shawn and John Fanning as well as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sean_Parker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sean Parker">Sean Parker</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In an interview from 2009, Shawn Fanning explained that Napster "was something that came to me as a result of seeing a sort of unmet need and the passion people had for being able to find all this music, particularly a lot of the obscure stuff, which wouldn't be something you go to a record store and purchase, so it felt like a problem worth solving."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Not only did this development disrupt the music industry by making songs that previously required payment to be freely accessible to any Napster user, but it also demonstrated the power of P2P networks in turning any digital file into a public, shareable good. For the brief period of time that Napster existed, mp3 files fundamentally changed as a type of good. Songs were no longer financially excludable, barring access to a computer with internet access, and they were not rivals, meaning if one person downloaded a song, it did not diminish another user from doing the same. Napster, like most other providers of public goods, faced the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free-rider_problem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free-rider problem">free-rider problem</a>. Every user benefits when an individual uploads an mp3 file, but there is no requirement or mechanism that forces all users to share their music. Generally, the platform encouraged sharing; users who downloaded files from others often had their own files available for upload as well. However, not everyone chose to share their files. There was no a built-in incentive specifically discouraging users from sharing their own files.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> This structure revolutionized the consumer's perception of ownership over <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_goods?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital goods">digital goods</a>; it made music freely replicable. Napster quickly garnered millions of users, growing faster than any other business in history. At the peak of its existence, Napster boasted about 80 million users globally. The site gained so much traffic that many college campuses had to block access to Napster because it created network congestion from so many students sharing music files.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-expertise1-48">[48]</a> The advent of Napster sparked the creation of numerous other P2P sites, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LimeWire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LimeWire">LimeWire</a> (2000), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BitTorrent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> (2001), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Pirate Bay">the Pirate Bay</a> (2003). The reign of P2P networks was short-lived. The first to fall was Napster in 2001. Numerous lawsuits were filed against Napster by various record labels, all of which were subsidiaries of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universal_Music_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sony_Music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sony Music">Sony Music</a> Entertainment, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warner_Music_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a>, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/EMI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="EMI">EMI</a>. In addition to this, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a> (RIAA) also filed a lawsuit against Napster on the grounds of unauthorized distribution of copyrighted material, which ultimately led Napster to shut down in 2001.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-expertise1-48">[48]</a> In an interview with the New York Times, Gary Stiffelman, who represents <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eminem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eminem">Eminem</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aerosmith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aerosmith">Aerosmith</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TLC_discography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TLC discography">TLC</a>, explained, "I'm not an opponent of artists' music being included in these services, I'm just an opponent of their revenue not being shared."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="The_fight_for_intellectual_property_rights:_A&M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc.">The fight for intellectual property rights: A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: The fight for intellectual property rights: A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc." class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The lawsuit <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%26M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.">A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.</a> fundamentally changed the way consumers interact with music streaming. It was argued on 2 October 2000, and was decided on 12 February 2001. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Court_of_Appeals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a> for the Ninth Circuit ruled that a P2P file-sharing service could be held liable for contributory and vicarious infringement of copyright, serving as a landmark decision for Intellectual property law.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wustl1-50">[50]</a> The first issue that the Court addressed was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_use?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fair use">fair use</a>, which says that otherwise infringing activities are permissible so long as they are for purposes "such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching [...] scholarship, or research."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cornell2001-51">[51]</a> Judge Beezer, the judge for this case, noted that Napster claimed that its services fit "three specific alleged fair uses: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sampling_(music)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a>, where users make temporary copies of a work before purchasing; space-shifting, where users access a sound recording through the Napster system that they already own in audio CD format; and permissive distribution of recordings by both new and established artists."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cornell2001-51">[51]</a> Judge Beezer found that Napster did not fit these criteria, instead enabling their users to repeatedly copy music, which would affect the market value of the copyrighted good. The second claim by the plaintiffs was that Napster was actively contributing to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright_infringement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> since it had knowledge of widespread file sharing on its platform. Since Napster took no action to reduce infringement and financially benefited from repeated use, the court ruled against the P2P site. The court found that "as much as eighty-seven percent of the files available on Napster may be copyrighted and more than seventy percent may be owned or administered by plaintiffs."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cornell2001-51">[51]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Injunction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Injunction">injunction</a> ordered against Napster ended the brief period in which music streaming was a public good – non-rival and non-excludable in nature. Other P2P networks had some success at sharing MP3s, though they all met a similar fate in court. The ruling set the precedent that copyrighted digital content cannot be freely replicated and shared unless given consent by the owner, thereby strengthening the property rights of artists and record labels alike.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wustl1-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Music_streaming_platforms">Music streaming platforms</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Music streaming platforms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Music_streaming_service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Music streaming service">Music streaming service</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Music_streaming_platform_use_vs_music_piracy_rates_in_U.S.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Music_streaming_platform_use_vs_music_piracy_rates_in_U.S.png/220px-Music_streaming_platform_use_vs_music_piracy_rates_in_U.S.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="781"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Music_streaming_platform_use_vs_music_piracy_rates_in_U.S.png/220px-Music_streaming_platform_use_vs_music_piracy_rates_in_U.S.png" data-width="220" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Music_streaming_platform_use_vs_music_piracy_rates_in_U.S.png/330px-Music_streaming_platform_use_vs_music_piracy_rates_in_U.S.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Music_streaming_platform_use_vs_music_piracy_rates_in_U.S.png/440px-Music_streaming_platform_use_vs_music_piracy_rates_in_U.S.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> As music streaming platforms have become more prevalent in the US, music piracy rates have fallen. Piracy rates are calculated as a function of US total population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Although music streaming is no longer a freely replicable public good, streaming platforms such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spotify?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deezer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deezer">Deezer</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apple_Music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apple Music">Apple Music</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SoundCloud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="SoundCloud">SoundCloud</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/YouTube_Music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="YouTube Music">YouTube Music</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amazon_Music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amazon Music">Amazon Music</a> have shifted music streaming to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Club_good?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Club good">club-type good</a>. While some platforms, most notably Spotify, give customers access to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freemium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freemium">freemium</a> service that enables the use of limited features for exposure to advertisements, most companies operate under a premium subscription model.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Under such circumstances, music streaming is financially excludable, requiring that customers pay a monthly fee for access to a music library, but non-rival, since one customer's use does not impair another's. There is competition between services similar but lesser to the streaming wars for video media. As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DStreaming_media%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, Spotify has over 207 million users in 78 countries,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DStreaming_media%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, Apple Music has about 60 million, and SoundCloud has 175 million.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[55]</a> All platforms provide varying degrees of accessibility. Apple Music and Prime Music only offer their services for paid subscribers, whereas Spotify and SoundCloud offer freemium and premium services. Napster, owned by Rhapsody since 2011, has resurfaced as a music streaming platform offering subscription-based services to over 4.5 million users as of January 2017<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DStreaming_media%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The music industry's response to music streaming was initially negative. Along with music piracy, streaming services disrupted the market and contributed to the fall in US revenue from $14.6 billion in 1999 to $6.3 billion in 2009. CDs and single-track downloads were not selling because content was freely available on the Internet. By 2018, however, music streaming revenue exceeded that of traditional revenue streams (e.g. record sales, album sales, downloads).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-57">[57]</a> Streaming revenue is now one of the largest driving forces behind the growth in the music industry. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: COVID-19 pandemic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By August 2020, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> had streaming services busier than ever. In the UK alone, 12 million people joined a new streaming service that they had not previously had.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a> An impact analysis of 2020 data by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Societies_of_Authors_and_Composers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers">International Confederation of Societies of Authors and Composers</a> (CISAC) indicated that remuneration from digital streaming of music increased with a strong rise in digital royalty collection (up 16.6% to EUR 2.4 billion), but it would not compensate the overall loss of income of authors from concerts, public performance and broadcast.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a>  The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">International Federation of the Phonographic Industry</a> (IFPI) recompiled the music industry initiatives around the world related to the COVID-19. In its State of the Industry report, it recorded that the global recorded music market grew by 7.4% in 2022, the 6th consecutive year of growth. This growth was driven by streaming, mostly from paid subscription streaming revenues which increased by 18.5%, fueled by 443 million users of subscription accounts by the end of 2020.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The COVID-19 pandemic has also driven an increase in misinformation and disinformation, particularly on streaming platforms like YouTube and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Podcast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Podcast">podcasts</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Local/home_streaming">Local/home streaming</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Local/home streaming" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Synology-audio-station-chromecast-apple-tv-dlna2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Synology-audio-station-chromecast-apple-tv-dlna2.jpg/220px-Synology-audio-station-chromecast-apple-tv-dlna2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="465"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Synology-audio-station-chromecast-apple-tv-dlna2.jpg/220px-Synology-audio-station-chromecast-apple-tv-dlna2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Synology-audio-station-chromecast-apple-tv-dlna2.jpg/330px-Synology-audio-station-chromecast-apple-tv-dlna2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Synology-audio-station-chromecast-apple-tv-dlna2.jpg/440px-Synology-audio-station-chromecast-apple-tv-dlna2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A TV set streaming an audio file from a local <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Home_server?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Home server">home server</a> </figcaption> </figure> Streaming also refers to the offline streaming of multimedia at home. This is made possible by technologies such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DLNA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DLNA">DLNA</a>, which allow devices on the same local network to connect to each other and share media.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Such capabilities are heightened using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Network-attached_storage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Network-attached storage">network-attached storage</a> (NAS) devices at home, or using specialized software like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plex_Inc.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plex Inc.">Plex Media Server</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jellyfin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jellyfin">Jellyfin</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TwonkyMedia_server?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TwonkyMedia server">TwonkyMedia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Technologies">Technologies</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Technologies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bandwidth">Bandwidth</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bandwidth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A broadband speed of 2 Mbit/s or more is recommended for streaming <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standard-definition_video?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard-definition video">standard-definition video</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a> for example to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roku?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roku">Roku</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apple_TV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apple TV">Apple TV</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_TV_(operating_system)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google TV (operating system)">Google TV</a> or a Sony TV Blu-ray Disc Player. 5 Mbit/s is recommended for high-definition content and 9 Mbit/s for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ultra-high-definition television">ultra-high-definition content</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Streaming media storage size is calculated from the streaming bandwidth and length of the media using the following formula (for a single user and file): storage size in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Megabyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Megabyte">megabytes</a> is equal to length (in seconds) × <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bit_rate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bit rate">bit rate</a> (in bit/s) / (8 × 1024 × 1024). For example, one hour of digital video encoded at 300 kbit/s (this was a typical broadband video in 2005 and it was usually encoded in 320 × 240 resolution) will be: (3,600 s × 300,000 bit/s) / (8 × 1024 × 1024) requires around 128 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Megabyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Megabyte">MB</a> of storage. If the file is stored on a server for on-demand streaming and this stream is viewed by 1,000 people at the same time using a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unicast">Unicast</a> protocol, the requirement is 300 kbit/s × 1,000 = 300,000 kbit/s = 300 Mbit/s of bandwidth. This is equivalent to around 135 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gigabyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> per hour. Using a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multicast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multicast">multicast</a> protocol the server sends out only a single stream that is common to all users. Therefore, such a stream would only use 300 kbit/s of server bandwidth. In 2018 video was more than 60% of data traffic worldwide and accounted for 80% of growth in data usage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Protocols">Protocols</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Protocols" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Unicast_streaming.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unicast_streaming.svg/220px-Unicast_streaming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="765"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unicast_streaming.svg/220px-Unicast_streaming.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unicast_streaming.svg/330px-Unicast_streaming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Unicast_streaming.svg/440px-Unicast_streaming.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Unicast connections require multiple connections from the same streaming server even when it streams the same content. </figcaption> </figure> Video and audio streams are compressed to make the file size smaller. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Audio_coding_format?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Audio coding format">Audio coding formats</a> include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MP3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MP3">MP3</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vorbis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_coding_format?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Video coding format">Video coding formats</a> include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H.264?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HEVC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="HEVC">HEVC</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VP8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VP8">VP8</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VP9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VP9">VP9</a>. Encoded audio and video streams are assembled in a container <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bitstream?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bitstream">bitstream</a> such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MPEG-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MPEG-4">MP4</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FLV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="FLV">FLV</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WebM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="WebM">WebM</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Advanced_Systems_Format?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Advanced Systems Format">ASF</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Streaming_Media_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Streaming Media Alliance">ISMA</a>. The bitstream is delivered from a streaming server to a streaming client (e.g., the computer user with their Internet-connected laptop) using a transport protocol, such as Adobe's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real-Time_Messaging_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Real-Time Messaging Protocol">RTMP</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a>. In the 2010s, technologies such as Apple's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HTTP_Live_Streaming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HTTP Live Streaming">HLS</a>, Microsoft's Smooth Streaming, Adobe's HDS and non-proprietary formats such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MPEG-DASH?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-DASH">MPEG-DASH</a> emerged to enable <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adaptive_bitrate_streaming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adaptive bitrate streaming">adaptive bitrate streaming</a> over <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HTTP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> as an alternative to using proprietary transport protocols. Often, a streaming transport protocol is used to send video from an event venue to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cloud_computing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cloud computing">cloud</a> transcoding service and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Content_delivery_network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Content delivery network">content delivery network</a>, which then uses HTTP-based transport protocols to distribute the video to individual homes and users.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The streaming client (the end user) may interact with the streaming server using a control protocol, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microsoft_Media_Server?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microsoft Media Server">MMS</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RTSP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RTSP">RTSP</a>. The quality of the interaction between servers and users is based on the workload of the streaming service; as more users attempt to access a service the quality may be affected by resource constraints in the service.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Deploying clusters of streaming servers is one such method where there are regional servers spread across the network, managed by a singular, central server containing copies of all the media files as well as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IP_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IP address">IP addresses</a> of the regional servers. This central server then uses <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scheduling (computing)">scheduling</a> algorithms to redirect users to nearby regional servers capable of accommodating them. This approach also allows the central server to provide streaming data to both users as well as regional servers using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FFmpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FFmpeg">FFmpeg</a> libraries if required, thus demanding the central server to have powerful data processing and immense storage capabilities. In return, workloads on the streaming backbone network are balanced and alleviated, allowing for optimal streaming quality.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[71]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Designing a network protocol to support streaming media raises many problems. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datagram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Datagram">Datagram</a> protocols, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a> (UDP), send the media stream as a series of small packets. This is simple and efficient; however, there is no mechanism within the protocol to guarantee delivery. It is up to the receiving application to detect loss or corruption and recover data using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Error_correction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Error correction">error correction</a> techniques. If data is lost, the stream may suffer a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dropout_(communications)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dropout (communications)">dropout</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real-Time_Streaming_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Real-Time Streaming Protocol">Real-Time Streaming Protocol</a> (RTSP), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">Real-time Transport Protocol</a> (RTP) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Control_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-time Transport Control Protocol">Real-time Transport Control Protocol</a> (RTCP) were specifically designed to stream media over networks. RTSP runs over a variety of transport protocols, while the latter two are built on top of UDP. HTTP adaptive bitrate streaming is based on HTTP progressive download, but contrary to the previous approach, here the files are very small, so that they can be compared to the streaming of packets, much like the case of using RTSP and RTP.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Reliable protocols, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP), guarantee correct delivery of each bit in the media stream. It means, however, that when there is data loss on the network, the media stream stalls while the protocol handlers detect the loss and retransmit the missing data. Clients can minimize this effect by buffering data for display. While delay due to buffering is acceptable in video-on-demand scenarios, users of interactive applications such as video conferencing will experience a loss of fidelity if the delay caused by buffering exceeds 200 ms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Multicast_stream.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Multicast_stream.svg/220px-Multicast_stream.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="765"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Multicast_stream.svg/220px-Multicast_stream.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Multicast_stream.svg/330px-Multicast_stream.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Multicast_stream.svg/440px-Multicast_stream.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Multicasting broadcasts the same copy of the multimedia over the entire network to a group of clients </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unicast">Unicast</a> protocols send a separate copy of the media stream from the server to each recipient. Unicast is the norm for most Internet connections but does not scale well when many users want to view the same television program concurrently. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multicast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multicast">Multicast</a> protocols were developed to reduce server and network loads resulting from duplicate data streams that occur when many recipients receive unicast content streams independently. These protocols send a single stream from the source to a group of recipients. Depending on the network infrastructure and type, multicast transmission may or may not be feasible. One potential disadvantage of multicasting is the loss of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_on_demand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> functionality. Continuous streaming of radio or television material usually precludes the recipient's ability to control playback. However, this problem can be mitigated by elements such as caching servers, digital <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Set-top_box?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Set-top box">set-top boxes</a>, and buffered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Media_player_(application_software)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Media player (application software)">media players</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IP_multicast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IP multicast">IP multicast</a> provides a means to send a single media stream to a group of recipients on a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Computer_network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Computer network">computer network</a>. A connection management protocol, usually <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">Internet Group Management Protocol</a>, is used to manage the delivery of multicast streams to the groups of recipients on a LAN. One of the challenges in deploying IP multicast is that routers and firewalls between LANs must allow the passage of packets destined to multicast groups. If the organization that is serving the content has control over the network between server and recipients (i.e., educational, government, and corporate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intranet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intranet">intranets</a>), then routing protocols such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protocol_Independent_Multicast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol Independent Multicast">Protocol Independent Multicast</a> can be used to deliver stream content to multiple <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_area_network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Local area network">local area network</a> segments. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peer-to-peer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peer-to-peer">Peer-to-peer</a> (P2P) protocols arrange for prerecorded streams to be sent between computers. This prevents the server and its network connections from becoming a bottleneck. However, it raises technical, performance, security, quality, and business issues. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Content_delivery_network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Content delivery network">Content delivery networks</a> (CDNs) use intermediate servers to distribute the load. Internet-compatible unicast delivery is used between CDN nodes and streaming destinations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Recording">Recording</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Recording" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Media that is livestreamed can be recorded through certain media players, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VLC_player?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="VLC player">VLC player</a>, or through the use of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Screen_recorder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen recorder">screen recorder</a>. Live-streaming platforms such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twitch_(service)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a> may also incorporate a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_on_demand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> system that allows automatic recording of live broadcasts so that they can be watched later.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[74]</a> YouTube also has recordings of live broadcasts, including television shows aired on major networks. These streams have the potential to be recorded by anyone who has access to them, whether legally or otherwise.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="View_recommendation">View recommendation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: View recommendation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most streaming services feature a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recommender_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Recommender system">recommender system</a> for viewing based on each user's view history in conjunction with all viewers' aggregated view histories. Rather than focusing on subjective categorization of content by content curators), there is an assumption that, with the immensity of data collected on viewing habits, the choices of those who are first to view content can be algorithmically extrapolated to the totality of the user base, with increasing probabilistic accuracy as to the likelihood of their choosing and enjoying the recommended content as more data is collected.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Applications_and_marketing">Applications and marketing</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Applications and marketing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Useful and typical applications of streaming are, for example, long <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_lesson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Video lesson">video lectures</a> performed online.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[77]</a> An advantage of this presentation is that these lectures can be very long, although they can always be interrupted or repeated at arbitrary places. Streaming enables new content marketing concepts. For example, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic_Orchestra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra">Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra</a> sells Internet live streams of whole concerts instead of several CDs or similar fixed media in their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_Concert_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital Concert Hall">Digital Concert Hall</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[78]</a> using YouTube for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trailer_(promotion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trailer (promotion)">trailers</a>. These online concerts are also spread over a lot of different places, including cinemas at various places on the globe. A similar concept is used by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> in New York. There is also <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_Definition_Earth_Viewing_cameras?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High Definition Earth Viewing cameras">a livestream</a> from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Space_Station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In video entertainment, video streaming platforms like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Netflix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hulu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hulu">Hulu</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disney%2B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Disney+">Disney+</a> are mainstream elements of the media industry.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Marketers have found many opportunities offered by streaming media and the platforms that offer them, especially in light of the significant increase in the use of streaming media during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/COVID_lockdowns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID lockdowns">COVID lockdowns</a> from 2020 onwards. While revenue and placement of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Advertising?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Advertising">traditional advertising</a> continued to decrease, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_marketing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital marketing">digital marketing</a> increased by 15% in 2021,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[82]</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital media">digital media</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Search_engine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Search engine">search</a> representing 65% of the expenditures. A case study commissioned by the WIPO<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[83]</a> indicates that streaming services attract advertising budgets with the opportunities provided by interactivity and the use of data from users, resulting in personalization on a mass scale with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Content_marketing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Content marketing">content marketing</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Targeted marketing is expanding with the use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artificial_intelligence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, in particular programmatic advertisement, a tool that helps advertisers decide their campaign parameters and whether they are interested in buying advertising space online or not. One example of advertising space acquisition is Real-Time Bidding (RTB).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[85]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Challenges" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Copyright_issues">Copyright issues</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Copyright issues" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright_aspects_of_downloading_and_streaming?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright aspects of downloading and streaming">Copyright aspects of downloading and streaming</a> </div> For <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Over-the-top media service">over-the-top media service</a> (OTT) platforms, the original content captures additional subscribers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[86]</a> This presents copyright issues and the potential for international exploitation through streaming,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[87]</a> widespread use of standards, and metadata in digital files.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The WIPO has indicated several basic copyright issues arising for those pursuing work in the film<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and music industries<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[91]</a> in the era of streaming. Streaming copyrighted content can involve making infringing copies of the works in question. The recording and distribution of streamed content is also an issue for many companies that rely on revenue based on views or attendance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[92]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/28px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/28px-45_record.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/42px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/55px-45_record.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Record_production?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comparison_of_music_streaming_services?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comparison of music streaming services">Comparison of music streaming services</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comparison_of_streaming_media_software?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comparison of streaming media software">Comparison of streaming media software</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comparison_of_video_hosting_services?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comparison of video hosting services">Comparison of video hosting services</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Content_delivery_platform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Content delivery platform">Content delivery platform</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital television">Digital television</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Directive_on_Copyright_in_the_Digital_Single_Market?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market">Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Protocol television">Internet Protocol television</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_streaming_media_services?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of streaming media services">List of streaming media services</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_streaming_media_systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of streaming media systems">List of streaming media systems</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M3U?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M3U">M3U</a> playlists</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Streaming_Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Streaming Day">National Streaming Day</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Over-the-top media service">Over-the-top media service</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P2PTV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="P2PTV">P2PTV</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protection_of_Broadcasts_and_Broadcasting_Organizations_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty">Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smart_TV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stream_ripping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stream ripping">Stream ripping</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_over_cellular?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Video over cellular">Video over cellular</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPatrikakisPapaoulakisStefanoudakiNunes2010" class="citation cs2">Patrikakis, Charalampos; Papaoulakis, Nikos; Stefanoudaki, Chryssanthi; Nunes, Mário (2010), Daras, Petros; Ibarra, Oscar Mayora (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-12630-7_26">"Streaming Content Wars: Download and Play Strikes Back"</a>, User Centric Media, vol. 40, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 218–226, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1007%252F978-3-642-12630-7_26">10.1007/978-3-642-12630-7_26</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-12629-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-12629-1"><bdi>978-3-642-12629-1</bdi></a>, retrieved 5 May 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=User+Centric+Media&rft.atitle=Streaming+Content+Wars%3A+Download+and+Play+Strikes+Back&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=218-226&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-12630-7_26&rft.isbn=978-3-642-12629-1&rft.aulast=Patrikakis&rft.aufirst=Charalampos&rft.au=Papaoulakis%2C+Nikos&rft.au=Stefanoudaki%2C+Chryssanthi&rft.au=Nunes%2C+M%C3%A1rio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-12630-7_26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://campaign.odw.sony-europe.com/tvme/mySony/my008/BRAVIA_DLNA_EN.pdf">"DLNA Network Guide"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 21 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DLNA+Network+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcampaign.odw.sony-europe.com%2Ftvme%2FmySony%2Fmy008%2FBRAVIA_DLNA_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFayyoumiIdwanMuharedMatar2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fayyoumi, Ebaa; Idwan, Sahar; Muhared, Hiba; Matar, Izzeddin; Rawashdeh, Obaidah (November 2014). "L2CAP-based prototype media streaming via Bluetooth technology". International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations. 14 (3): 221. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1504%252FIJNVO.2014.065785">10.1504/IJNVO.2014.065785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Networking+and+Virtual+Organisations&rft.atitle=L2CAP-based+prototype+media+streaming+via+Bluetooth+technology&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=221&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1504%2FIJNVO.2014.065785&rft.aulast=Fayyoumi&rft.aufirst=Ebaa&rft.au=Idwan%2C+Sahar&rft.au=Muhared%2C+Hiba&rft.au=Matar%2C+Izzeddin&rft.au=Rawashdeh%2C+Obaidah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://boyetblog.s3.amazonaws.com/PCPlus/324.Streaming.pdf">The history of streaming media - PC Plus</a> (PDF). 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+streaming+media+-+PC+Plus&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboyetblog.s3.amazonaws.com%2FPCPlus%2F324.Streaming.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.completemusicupdate.com/article/music-consumption-at-all-time-high-powered-by-streaming-and-video-apps/">"Music consumption at all time high powered by streaming and video apps | Complete Music Update"</a>. Retrieved 5 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Music+consumption+at+all+time+high+powered+by+streaming+and+video+apps+%7C+Complete+Music+Update&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.completemusicupdate.com%2Farticle%2Fmusic-consumption-at-all-time-high-powered-by-streaming-and-video-apps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_6-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theverge.com/streaming-wars">"Streaming Wars"</a>. The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206031626/https://www.theverge.com/streaming-wars">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Streaming+Wars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2Fstreaming-wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnington2018" class="citation news cs1">Bonnington, Christina (12 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://slate.com/technology/2018/04/ikea-launching-connected-speaker-to-compete-with-amazon-echo-google-home.html">"Even Ikea Has a Connected Speaker Now"</a>. Slate. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339">1091-2339</a>. Retrieved 5 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Even+Ikea+Has+a+Connected+Speaker+Now&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft.issn=1091-2339&rft.aulast=Bonnington&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Ftechnology%2F2018%2F04%2Fikea-launching-connected-speaker-to-compete-with-amazon-echo-google-home.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/video/what-is-live-streaming/">"What is live streaming?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cloudflare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cloudflare">Cloudflare</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cloudflare&rft.atitle=What+is+live+streaming%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cloudflare.com%2Flearning%2Fvideo%2Fwhat-is-live-streaming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_9-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelmanHalfinWillinger1991" class="citation book cs1">Gelman, A.D.; Halfin, S.; Willinger, W. (1991). "On buffer requirements for store-and-forward video on demand service circuits". IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference GLOBECOM '91: Countdown to the New Millennium. Conference Record. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IEEE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>. pp. 976–980. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1109%252FGLOCOM.1991.188525">10.1109/GLOCOM.1991.188525</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87942-697-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-87942-697-7"><bdi>0-87942-697-7</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:61767197">61767197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+buffer+requirements+for+store-and-forward+video+on+demand+service+circuits&rft.btitle=IEEE+Global+Telecommunications+Conference+GLOBECOM+%2791%3A+Countdown+to+the+New+Millennium.+Conference+Record&rft.pages=976-980&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A61767197%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FGLOCOM.1991.188525&rft.isbn=0-87942-697-7&rft.aulast=Gelman&rft.aufirst=A.D.&rft.au=Halfin%2C+S.&rft.au=Willinger%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReason2020" class="citation web cs1">Reason, Samuel (6 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blitzlift.com/music-streaming-actually-existed-back-in-1890/">"Music Streaming Actually Existed Back In 1890"</a>. blitzlift.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201112651/https://blitzlift.com/music-streaming-actually-existed-back-in-1890/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blitzlift.com&rft.atitle=Music+Streaming+Actually+Existed+Back+In+1890&rft.date=2020-11-06&rft.aulast=Reason&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblitzlift.com%2Fmusic-streaming-actually-existed-back-in-1890%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.google.com/patents?id%3D5pV5AAAAEBAJ%26dq%3D1641608">US 1,641,608</a>, "Electrical signaling" </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1987" class="citation web cs1">Greene, Bob (8 February 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-02-08-8701100626-story.html">"GETTING PERSONAL WITH THE JUKEBOX"</a>. Chicago Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108000218/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1987-02-08-8701100626-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=GETTING+PERSONAL+WITH+THE+JUKEBOX&rft.date=1987-02-08&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1987-02-08-8701100626-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-pittsburghmagazine.com-13">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pittsburghmagazine.com_13-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pittsburghmagazine.com_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurness2019" class="citation web cs1">Furness, Zack (17 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pittsburghmagazine.com/did-you-know-music-streaming-has-roots-in-pittsburgh/">"Did You Know Music Streaming Has Roots in Pittsburgh?"</a>. pittsburghmagazine.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204132439/https://www.pittsburghmagazine.com/did-you-know-music-streaming-has-roots-in-pittsburgh/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pittsburghmagazine.com&rft.atitle=Did+You+Know+Music+Streaming+Has+Roots+in+Pittsburgh%3F&rft.date=2019-10-17&rft.aulast=Furness&rft.aufirst=Zack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pittsburghmagazine.com%2Fdid-you-know-music-streaming-has-roots-in-pittsburgh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley-Steck1988" class="citation web cs1">Bradley-Steck, Tara (4 September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-09-04-mn-1987-story.html">"Complex Link-Up of Phone Lines, Old Phonograph Records : 'Human Jukebox' Spins Sounds for the Heart"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125214037/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-09-04-mn-1987-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Complex+Link-Up+of+Phone+Lines%2C+Old+Phonograph+Records+%3A+%27Human+Jukebox%27+Spins+Sounds+for+the+Heart&rft.date=1988-09-04&rft.aulast=Bradley-Steck&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-09-04-mn-1987-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> IEEE Aero & AES Magazine, May 2022 ISSN 0885-8985, Vol 37, No.5 pp. 40</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2005" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Jack (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D7fuvu52cyNEC%26pg%3DPA25">Scalable Continuous Media Streaming Systems: Architecture, Design, Analysis and Implementation</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 25. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470857649?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780470857649"><bdi>9780470857649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scalable+Continuous+Media+Streaming+Systems%3A+Architecture%2C+Design%2C+Analysis+and+Implementation&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780470857649&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fuvu52cyNEC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3DHRa2pE5-Ny0">"History of the Internet Pt. 1 – The First Live Stream"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129023330/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3DHRa2pE5-Ny0%26gl%3DUS%26hl%3Den">Archived</a> 29 January 2019 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Via YouTube. Internet Archive – Stream Division. 5 April 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2018.</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2008" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Keith (2008). Connecting the Clouds: The Internet in New Zealand. Auckland: Activity Press. p. 90. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9582634-4-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9582634-4-3"><bdi>978-0-9582634-4-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Connecting+the+Clouds%3A+The+Internet+in+New+Zealand&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Activity+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9582634-4-3&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/RealNetworks-Inc-Company-History.html">"RealNetworks Inc"</a>. Funding Universe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711054958/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/RealNetworks-Inc-Company-History.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RealNetworks+Inc.&rft.pub=Funding+Universe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundinguniverse.com%2Fcompany-histories%2FRealNetworks-Inc-Company-History.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Cyberian Rhapsody". Billboard. United States: Lynne Segall. 17 February 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Cyberian+Rhapsody&rft.date=1996-02-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-StarWorks-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-StarWorks_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobagiPang1993" class="citation book cs1">Tobagi, F.A.; Pang, J. (1993). "StarWorks-a video applications server". Digest of Papers. Compcon Spring. pp. 4–11. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1109%252FCMPCON.1993.289623">10.1109/CMPCON.1993.289623</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8186-3400-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8186-3400-6"><bdi>0-8186-3400-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:61039780">61039780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=StarWorks-a+video+applications+server&rft.btitle=Digest+of+Papers.+Compcon+Spring&rft.pages=4-11&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A61039780%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FCMPCON.1993.289623&rft.isbn=0-8186-3400-6&rft.aulast=Tobagi&rft.aufirst=F.A.&rft.au=Pang%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Starlight_Networks_and_Hughes_Network_Systems-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Starlight_Networks_and_Hughes_Network_Systems_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402180803/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Starlight%2BNetworks%2Band%2BHughes%2BNetwork%2BSystems%2BPlan%2BCorporate...-a017588314">"Starlight Networks and Hughes Network Systems"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Starlight%2BNetworks%2Band%2BHughes%2BNetwork%2BSystems%2BPlan%2BCorporate...-a017588314">the original</a> on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Starlight+Networks+and+Hughes+Network+Systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FStarlight%2BNetworks%2Band%2BHughes%2BNetwork%2BSystems%2BPlan%2BCorporate...-a017588314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan" class="citation magazine cs1">Sullivan, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wired.com/1999/04/revived-realnetworks-buys-xing/">"Revived RealNetworks Buys Xing"</a>. Wired. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>. Retrieved 5 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Revived+RealNetworks+Buys+Xing&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F1999%2F04%2Frevived-realnetworks-buys-xing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebert2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Hebert, Steve (November 2000). "Streaming Video Opens New Doors". Videography. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Videography&rft.atitle=Streaming+Video+Opens+New+Doors&rft.pages=164&rft.date=2000-11&rft.aulast=Hebert&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinstein2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Reinstein, Bill (25 June 2001). "Webcasts Mature as Marketing Tool". DM News. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DM+News&rft.atitle=Webcasts+Mature+as+Marketing+Tool&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2001-06-25&rft.aulast=Reinstein&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910204225/https://youtube-eng.googleblog.com/2015/01/youtube-now-defaults-to-html5_27.html">"YouTube now defaults to HTML5 <video>"</a>. YouTube Engineering and Developers Blog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://youtube-eng.googleblog.com/2015/01/youtube-now-defaults-to-html5_27.html">the original</a> on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=YouTube+Engineering+and+Developers+Blog&rft.atitle=YouTube+now+defaults+to+HTML5+%26lt%3Bvideo%26gt%3B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyoutube-eng.googleblog.com%2F2015%2F01%2Fyoutube-now-defaults-to-html5_27.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosh_Lowensohn2008" class="citation web cs1">Josh Lowensohn (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810020943/http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9883062-2.html">"YouTube to Offer Live Streaming This Year"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9883062-2.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YouTube+to+Offer+Live+Streaming+This+Year&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Josh+Lowensohn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-17939_109-9883062-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426225550/http://www.youtube.com/my_speed">"YouTube Video Speed History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/my_speed%23">the original</a> on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YouTube+Video+Speed+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fmy_speed%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RIAA-2015-Year-End-shipments-memo.pdf">"News and Notes on 2015 RIAA Shipment and Revenue Statistics"</a> (PDF). Recording Industry Association of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606161536/https://www.riaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/RIAA-2015-Year-End-shipments-memo.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+and+Notes+on+2015+RIAA+Shipment+and+Revenue+Statistics&rft.pub=Recording+Industry+Association+of+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaa.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2FRIAA-2015-Year-End-shipments-memo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/mar/23/streaming-made-more-revenue-for-music-industry-in-/">"Streaming made more revenue for music industry in 2015 than digital downloads, physical sales"</a>. The Washington Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105180057/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/mar/23/streaming-made-more-revenue-for-music-industry-in-/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Streaming+made+more+revenue+for+music+industry+in+2015+than+digital+downloads%2C+physical+sales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2Fmar%2F23%2Fstreaming-made-more-revenue-for-music-industry-in-%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2016" class="citation news cs1">Shaw, Lucas (20 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-20/spotify-apple-drive-u-s-music-industry-s-8-first-half-growth">"The Music Industry Is Finally Making Money on Streaming"</a>. Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg L.P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522143903/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-20/spotify-apple-drive-u-s-music-industry-s-8-first-half-growth">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=The+Music+Industry+Is+Finally+Making+Money+on+Streaming&rft.date=2016-09-20&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-09-20%2Fspotify-apple-drive-u-s-music-industry-s-8-first-half-growth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalaby2024" class="citation journal cs1">Chalaby, Jean K (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1177%252F01634437231210439">"The streaming industry and the platform economy: An analysis"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Media,_Culture_%26_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Media, Culture & Society">Media, Culture & Society</a>. 46 (3): 552–571. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1177%252F01634437231210439">10.1177/01634437231210439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=The+streaming+industry+and+the+platform+economy%3A+An+analysis&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=552-571&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F01634437231210439&rft.aulast=Chalaby&rft.aufirst=Jean+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F01634437231210439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/infogdocs/creative_industries/en/streaming-wars">"Streaming wars (Creative Economy Notes Series)"</a>. wipo.int. Retrieved 29 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wipo.int&rft.atitle=Streaming+wars+%28Creative+Economy+Notes+Series%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Finfogdocs%2Fcreative_industries%2Fen%2Fstreaming-wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Pallotta2022" class="citation news cs1">Frank Pallotta (11 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/11/media/streaming-disney-netflix/index.html">"The streaming wars are over"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CNN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819180708/https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/11/media/streaming-disney-netflix/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+streaming+wars+are+over&rft.date=2022-08-11&rft.au=Frank+Pallotta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F08%2F11%2Fmedia%2Fstreaming-disney-netflix%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCranz2022" class="citation web cs1">Cranz, Alex (14 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/14/23507793/streaming-wars-hbo-max-netflix-ads-residuals-warrior-nun">"The golden age of the streaming wars has ended"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Verge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Verge">The Verge</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229202957/https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/14/23507793/streaming-wars-hbo-max-netflix-ads-residuals-warrior-nun">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=The+golden+age+of+the+streaming+wars+has+ended&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft.aulast=Cranz&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2022%2F12%2F14%2F23507793%2Fstreaming-wars-hbo-max-netflix-ads-residuals-warrior-nun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuston2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Huston, Caitlin (26 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-max-disney-and-more-form-streaming-industry-trade-alliance-1235600700/">"Netflix, Max, Disney and More Form Streaming Industry Trade Alliance"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926171324/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/netflix-max-disney-and-more-form-streaming-industry-trade-alliance-1235600700/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Netflix%2C+Max%2C+Disney+and+More+Form+Streaming+Industry+Trade+Alliance&rft.date=2023-09-26&rft.aulast=Huston&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-news%2Fnetflix-max-disney-and-more-form-streaming-industry-trade-alliance-1235600700%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2023" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Wes (26 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/26/23890778/streaming-companies-trade-group-sia-regulation-net-neutrality">"Streaming giants have banded together for lobbying power"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Verge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Verge">The Verge</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926171450/https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/26/23890778/streaming-companies-trade-group-sia-regulation-net-neutrality">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Streaming+giants+have+banded+together+for+lobbying+power&rft.date=2023-09-26&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Wes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2023%2F9%2F26%2F23890778%2Fstreaming-companies-trade-group-sia-regulation-net-neutrality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2024" class="citation web cs1">Sherman, Maria (10 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://apnews.com/article/music-streams-2023-luminate-54aa3735ed707c1d5e9649724cc78c1f">"Music streams hit 4 trillion in 2023. Country and global acts — and Taylor Swift — fueled the growth"</a>. AP News. Retrieved 21 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Music+streams+hit+4+trillion+in+2023.+Country+and+global+acts+%E2%80%94+and+Taylor+Swift+%E2%80%94+fueled+the+growth&rft.date=2024-01-10&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fmusic-streams-2023-luminate-54aa3735ed707c1d5e9649724cc78c1f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristgau2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Christgau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Christgau">Christgau, Robert</a> (20 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://robertchristgau.com/xgausez.php">"Xgau Sez"</a>. robertchristgau.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726005540/https://robertchristgau.com/xgausez.php">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=robertchristgau.com&rft.atitle=Xgau+Sez&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft.aulast=Christgau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frobertchristgau.com%2Fxgausez.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> Grant and Meadows. (2009). Communication Technology Update and Fundamentals 11th Edition. pp.114</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellner2013" class="citation web cs1">Kellner, Scott (28 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703142337/http://web.inxpo.com/casting-calls/bid/113793/The-Future-of-Webcasting">"The Future of Webcasting"</a>. INXPO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://web.inxpo.com/casting-calls/bid/113793/The-Future-of-Webcasting">the original</a> on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Webcasting&rft.pub=INXPO&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft.aulast=Kellner&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.inxpo.com%2Fcasting-calls%2Fbid%2F113793%2FThe-Future-of-Webcasting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmstead2017" class="citation journal cs1">Umstead, R. Thomas (5 June 2017). "Horowitz: Streaming Is the New Normal". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Broadcasting & Cable">Broadcasting & Cable</a>: 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting+%26+Cable&rft.atitle=Horowitz%3A+Streaming+Is+the+New+Normal&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2017-06-05&rft.aulast=Umstead&rft.aufirst=R.+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurrani2023" class="citation web cs1">Durrani, Ana (27 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.forbes.com/home-improvement/internet/streaming-stats/">"Top Streaming Statistics In 2024"</a>. Forbes Home. Retrieved 28 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes+Home&rft.atitle=Top+Streaming+Statistics+In+2024&rft.date=2023-03-27&rft.aulast=Durrani&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fhome-improvement%2Finternet%2Fstreaming-stats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteel,_Emily2015" class="citation news cs1">Steel, Emily (26 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621135707/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/27/business/while-its-streaming-service-booms-netflix-streamlines-old-business.html">"Netflix Refines Its DVD Business, Even as Streaming Unit Booms"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/27/business/while-its-streaming-service-booms-netflix-streamlines-old-business.html">the original</a> on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Netflix+Refines+Its+DVD+Business%2C+Even+as+Streaming+Unit+Booms&rft.date=2015-07-26&rft.au=Steel%2C+Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F07%2F27%2Fbusiness%2Fwhile-its-streaming-service-booms-netflix-streamlines-old-business.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://fortune.com/2013/09/05/ashes-to-ashes-peer-to-peer-an-oral-history-of-napster/">"Ashes to ashes, peer to peer: An oral history of Napster"</a>. Fortune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309220739/http://fortune.com/2013/09/05/ashes-to-ashes-peer-to-peer-an-oral-history-of-napster/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Ashes+to+ashes%2C+peer+to+peer%3A+An+oral+history+of+Napster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2013%2F09%2F05%2Fashes-to-ashes-peer-to-peer-an-oral-history-of-napster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelista2009" class="citation web cs1">Evangelista, Benny (31 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521093345/https://blog.sfgate.com/techchron/2009/05/31/an-interview-with-napsters-shawn-fanning/">"An interview with Napster's Shawn Fanning"</a>. The Technology Chronicles. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blog.sfgate.com/techchron/2009/05/31/an-interview-with-napsters-shawn-fanning/">the original</a> on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Technology+Chronicles&rft.atitle=An+interview+with+Napster%27s+Shawn+Fanning&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft.aulast=Evangelista&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.sfgate.com%2Ftechchron%2F2009%2F05%2F31%2Fan-interview-with-napsters-shawn-fanning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.stanford.edu/people/eroberts/cs201/projects/anonymous-computing/technology/napster.php3">"The Ethics of Anonymous Computing: Napster"</a>. cs.stanford.edu. Retrieved 21 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cs.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=The+Ethics+of+Anonymous+Computing%3A+Napster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.stanford.edu%2Fpeople%2Feroberts%2Fcs201%2Fprojects%2Fanonymous-computing%2Ftechnology%2Fnapster.php3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-expertise1-48">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-expertise1_48-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-expertise1_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lifewire.com/history-of-napster-2438592">"The History of Napster: Yes, It's Still Around"</a>. Lifewire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315210151/https://www.lifewire.com/history-of-napster-2438592">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lifewire&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Napster%3A+Yes%2C+It%27s+Still+Around&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifewire.com%2Fhistory-of-napster-2438592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2002" class="citation news cs1">Strauss, Neil (18 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/18/arts/record-labels-answer-to-napster-still-has-artists-feeling-bypassed.html">"Record Labels' Answer to Napster Still Has Artists Feeling Bypassed"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323004314/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/18/arts/record-labels-answer-to-napster-still-has-artists-feeling-bypassed.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Record+Labels%27+Answer+to+Napster+Still+Has+Artists+Feeling+Bypassed&rft.date=2002-02-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F02%2F18%2Farts%2Frecord-labels-answer-to-napster-still-has-artists-feeling-bypassed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-wustl1-50">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wustl1_50-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wustl1_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://onlinelaw.wustl.edu/blog/case-study-am-records-inc-v-napster-inc/">"Case Study: A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. – Blog | @WashULaw"</a>. onlinelaw.wustl.edu. 1 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531145508/https://onlinelaw.wustl.edu/blog/case-study-am-records-inc-v-napster-inc/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=onlinelaw.wustl.edu&rft.atitle=Case+Study%3A+A%26M+Records%2C+Inc.+v.+Napster%2C+Inc.+%E2%80%93+Blog+%7C+%40WashULaw&rft.date=2013-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelaw.wustl.edu%2Fblog%2Fcase-study-am-records-inc-v-napster-inc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-cornell2001-51">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cornell2001_51-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cornell2001_51-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cornell2001_51-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.law.cornell.edu/copyright/cases/239_F3d_1004.htm">"A&M RECORDS, INC. v. NAPSTER, INC., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001)"</a>. law.cornell.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412213747/https://www.law.cornell.edu/copyright/cases/239_F3d_1004.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=A%26M+RECORDS%2C+INC.+v.+NAPSTER%2C+INC.%2C+239+F.3d+1004+%289th+Cir.+2001%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fcopyright%2Fcases%2F239_F3d_1004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dima.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DiMA-Streaming-Forward-Report.pdf">"Digital Media Association Annual Report"</a> (PDF). March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210195836/https://dima.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DiMA-Streaming-Forward-Report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Media+Association+Annual+Report&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdima.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F04%2FDiMA-Streaming-Forward-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gadgets360.com/internet/features/best-streaming-service-app-tv-movies-india-price-netflix-amazon-prime-disney-plus-hotstar-google-apple-2223556">"Battle of the Streaming Services: Which Is the Best Premium Video Service?"</a>. NDTV Gadgets 360. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617065514/https://gadgets360.com/internet/features/best-streaming-service-app-tv-movies-india-price-netflix-amazon-prime-disney-plus-hotstar-google-apple-2223556">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDTV+Gadgets+360&rft.atitle=Battle+of+the+Streaming+Services%3A+Which+Is+the+Best+Premium+Video+Service%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gadgets360.com%2Finternet%2Ffeatures%2Fbest-streaming-service-app-tv-movies-india-price-netflix-amazon-prime-disney-plus-hotstar-google-apple-2223556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mariahpedia.com/decoding-artist-compensation-streaming-2024/">"Decoding Artist Compensation: Streaming 2024"</a>. 7 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decoding+Artist+Compensation%3A+Streaming+2024&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmariahpedia.com%2Fdecoding-artist-compensation-streaming-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre" class="citation web cs1">McIntyre, Hugh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2018/05/25/the-top-10-streaming-music-services-by-number-of-users/">"The Top 10 Streaming Music Services By Number Of Users"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108105345/https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2018/05/25/the-top-10-streaming-music-services-by-number-of-users/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Top+10+Streaming+Music+Services+By+Number+Of+Users&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fhughmcintyre%2F2018%2F05%2F25%2Fthe-top-10-streaming-music-services-by-number-of-users%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2018/08/21/realnetworks-napster-profitable/">"Napster Proves That Streaming Music Can Be Profitable"</a>. Digital Music News. 22 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301050307/https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2018/08/21/realnetworks-napster-profitable/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Music+News&rft.atitle=Napster+Proves+That+Streaming+Music+Can+Be+Profitable&rft.date=2018-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalmusicnews.com%2F2018%2F08%2F21%2Frealnetworks-napster-profitable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709091121/https://www.ifpi.org/downloads/GMR2018.pdf">"Global Music Report 2018: Annual State of the Industry"</a> (PDF). GMR. 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ifpi.org/downloads/GMR2018.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 July 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMR&rft.atitle=Global+Music+Report+2018%3A+Annual+State+of+the+Industry&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpi.org%2Fdownloads%2FGMR2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajan2020" class="citation news cs1">Rajan, Amol (5 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-53637305">"TV watching and online streaming surge during lockdown"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124103617/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-53637305">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=TV+watching+and+online+streaming+surge+during+lockdown&rft.date=2020-08-05&rft.aulast=Rajan&rft.aufirst=Amol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-53637305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCISAC2021" class="citation web cs1">CISAC (27 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cisac.org/Newsroom/news-releases/cisac-global-collections-report-shows-creators-royalties-down-eu-1-billion">"CISAC Global Collections Report 2021 (for 2020 Data)"</a>. CISAC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230051614/https://www.cisac.org/Newsroom/news-releases/cisac-global-collections-report-shows-creators-royalties-down-eu-1-billion">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CISAC&rft.atitle=CISAC+Global+Collections+Report+2021+%28for+2020+Data%29&rft.date=2021-10-27&rft.au=CISAC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisac.org%2FNewsroom%2Fnews-releases%2Fcisac-global-collections-report-shows-creators-royalties-down-eu-1-billion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ifpi.org/ifpi-issues-annual-global-music-report-2021/">"IFPI issues Global Music Report 2021: Global recorded music revenues grow 7.4%"</a>. IFPI.org. 23 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325201021/https://www.ifpi.org/ifpi-issues-annual-global-music-report-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IFPI.org&rft.atitle=IFPI+issues+Global+Music+Report+2021%3A+Global+recorded+music+revenues+grow+7.4%25&rft.date=2021-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpi.org%2Fifpi-issues-annual-global-music-report-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsuTracy2021" class="citation news cs1">Hsu, Tiffany; Tracy, Marc (12 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/12/business/media/coronavirus-misinformation-radio-podcasts.html">"On Podcasts and Radio, Misleading Covid-19 Talk Goes Unchecked"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/12/business/media/coronavirus-misinformation-radio-podcasts.html">the original</a> on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+Podcasts+and+Radio%2C+Misleading+Covid-19+Talk+Goes+Unchecked&rft.date=2021-11-12&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hsu&rft.aufirst=Tiffany&rft.au=Tracy%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F11%2F12%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fcoronavirus-misinformation-radio-podcasts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://docs.qnap.com/operating-system/quts-hero/5.1.x/en-us/enabling-and-configuring-dlna-media-server-86443D8B.html">"Enabling and configuring DLNA media server"</a>. docs.qnap.com. Retrieved 27 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docs.qnap.com&rft.atitle=Enabling+and+configuring+DLNA+media+server&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.qnap.com%2Foperating-system%2Fquts-hero%2F5.1.x%2Fen-us%2Fenabling-and-configuring-dlna-media-server-86443D8B.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.manifest-tech.com/ce_products/digital_home.htm">"Connected Digital Home"</a>. manifest-tech.com. Retrieved 27 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=manifest-tech.com&rft.atitle=Connected+Digital+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manifest-tech.com%2Fce_products%2Fdigital_home.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookes2023" class="citation web cs1">Brookes, Tim (30 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.howtogeek.com/880945/no-plex-app-no-problem-using-plex-as-a-dlna-upnp-server/">"No Plex App, No Problem: Using Plex as a DLNA/UPnP Server"</a>. How-To Geek. Retrieved 5 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How-To+Geek&rft.atitle=No+Plex+App%2C+No+Problem%3A+Using+Plex+as+a+DLNA%2FUPnP+Server&rft.date=2023-03-30&rft.aulast=Brookes&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtogeek.com%2F880945%2Fno-plex-app-no-problem-using-plex-as-a-dlna-upnp-server%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaples,_Kim2016" class="citation web cs1">Staples, Kim (20 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.broadbandchoices.co.uk/guides/internet/watching-tv-online">"How to watch live TV online: The complete guide"</a>. broadbandchoices. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516142628/http://www.broadbandchoices.co.uk/guides/internet/watching-tv-online">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=broadbandchoices&rft.atitle=How+to+watch+live+TV+online%3A+The+complete+guide&rft.date=2016-05-20&rft.au=Staples%2C+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadbandchoices.co.uk%2Fguides%2Finternet%2Fwatching-tv-online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">^</a> Minimum requirements for Sony TV Blu-ray Disc Player, on advertisement attached to a NetFlix DVD[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">not specific enough to verify</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizk2019" class="citation web cs1">Rizk, Shirley (21 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/digital-footprint">"The myth of the green cloud"</a>. European Investment Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414035732/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/digital-footprint">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Investment+Bank&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+the+green+cloud&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft.aulast=Rizk&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fstories%2Fdigital-footprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/executive-perspectives/annual-internet-report/white-paper-c11-741490.html">"Cisco Annual Internet Report (2018–2023) White Paper"</a>. Cisco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207074720/http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-520862.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cisco&rft.atitle=Cisco+Annual+Internet+Report+%282018%E2%80%932023%29+White+Paper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisco.com%2Fc%2Fen%2Fus%2Fsolutions%2Fcollateral%2Fexecutive-perspectives%2Fannual-internet-report%2Fwhite-paper-c11-741490.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101140531/http://www.istreamplanet.com/casestudy/the-london-olympic-games-go-live-package/">"Streaming the London Olympic Games with the 'Go Live Package' from iStreamPlanet and Haivision"</a>. iStreamPlanet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.istreamplanet.com/casestudy/the-london-olympic-games-go-live-package/">the original</a> on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iStreamPlanet&rft.atitle=Streaming+the+London+Olympic+Games+with+the+%27Go+Live+Package%27+from+iStreamPlanet+and+Haivision&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istreamplanet.com%2Fcasestudy%2Fthe-london-olympic-games-go-live-package%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSripanidkulchaiMaggsZhang2004" class="citation book cs1">Sripanidkulchai, Kunwadee; Maggs, Bruce; Zhang, Hui (2004). "An analysis of live streaming workloads on the internet". Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement. IMC '04. New York, NY, US: ACM. pp. 41–54. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1145%252F1028788.1028795">10.1145/1028788.1028795</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781581138214?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781581138214"><bdi>9781581138214</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1742312">1742312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+analysis+of+live+streaming+workloads+on+the+internet&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+4th+ACM+SIGCOMM+conference+on+Internet+measurement&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+US&rft.series=IMC+%2704&rft.pages=41-54&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1742312%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1028788.1028795&rft.isbn=9781581138214&rft.aulast=Sripanidkulchai&rft.aufirst=Kunwadee&rft.au=Maggs%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Hui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoChun-longBao-zhao2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Hong; Chun-long, Zhou; Bao-zhao, Jin (3 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334929">"Design and Implementation of Streaming Media Server Cluster Based on FFMpeg"</a>. The Scientific World Journal. 2015: 963083. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1155%252F2015%252F963083">10.1155/2015/963083</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4334929">4334929</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25734187">25734187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scientific+World+Journal&rft.atitle=Design+and+Implementation+of+Streaming+Media+Server+Cluster+Based+on+FFMpeg&rft.volume=2015&rft.pages=963083&rft.date=2015-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4334929%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25734187&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2015%2F963083&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Hong&rft.au=Chun-long%2C+Zhou&rft.au=Bao-zhao%2C+Jin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4334929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a> Ch. Z. Patrikakis, N. Papaoulakis, Ch. Stefanoudaki, M. S. Nunes, "Streaming content wars: Download and play strikes back" presented at the Personalization in Media Delivery Platforms Workshop, [218 – 226], Venice, Italy, 2009.</li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a> Krasic, C. and Li, K. and Walpole, J., The case for streaming multimedia with TCP, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 213–218, Springer, 2001</li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225249/https://help.twitch.tv/customer/portal/articles/1575302-videos-on-demand">"Videos On Demand"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://help.twitch.tv/customer/portal/articles/1575302-videos-on-demand">the original</a> on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Videos+On+Demand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.twitch.tv%2Fcustomer%2Fportal%2Farticles%2F1575302-videos-on-demand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurroughsRugg2014" class="citation journal cs1">Burroughs, Benjamin; Rugg, Adam (3 July 2014). "Extending the Broadcast: Streaming Culture and the Problems of Digital Geographies". Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 58 (3): 365–380. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F08838151.2014.935854">10.1080/08838151.2014.935854</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0883-8151">0883-8151</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144577408">144577408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Broadcasting+%26+Electronic+Media&rft.atitle=Extending+the+Broadcast%3A+Streaming+Culture+and+the+Problems+of+Digital+Geographies&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=365-380&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144577408%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0883-8151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08838151.2014.935854&rft.aulast=Burroughs&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Rugg%2C+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuijsman2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buijsman, Stefan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DTYzzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13">Pluses and Minuses: How Math Solves Our Problems</a> (in Dutch) (English ed.). Amsterdam: Penguin Books. pp. 12–16. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-313458-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-313458-9"><bdi>978-0-14-313458-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluses+and+Minuses%3A+How+Math+Solves+Our+Problems&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=12-16&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-14-313458-9&rft.aulast=Buijsman&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYzzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> A typical one-hour <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Video_lesson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Video lesson">video lecture</a> is the following live stream from an international conference on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Financial_crises?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crises">financial crises</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2008" class="citation web cs1">Stanley, Eugene (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://videolectures.net/eccs08_stanley_aosptucs/">"Applications of Statistical Physics to Understanding Complex Systems"</a>. Videolectures. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528191529/http://videolectures.net/eccs08_stanley_aosptucs/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Videolectures&rft.atitle=Applications+of+Statistical+Physics+to+Understanding+Complex+Systems&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvideolectures.net%2Feccs08_stanley_aosptucs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.digitalconcerthall.com/">"The Berliner Philharmoniker's Digital Concert Hall"</a>. digitalconcerthall.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503212518/http://digitalconcerthall.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalconcerthall.com&rft.atitle=The+Berliner+Philharmoniker%27s+Digital+Concert+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalconcerthall.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/ESRS/HDEV/">"ISS High Definition Live Streaming Video of the Earth (HDEV)"</a>. Earth Science & Remote Sensing Unit. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208002437/https://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/ESRS/HDEV/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+Science+%26+Remote+Sensing+Unit&rft.atitle=ISS+High+Definition+Live+Streaming+Video+of+the+Earth+%28HDEV%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feol.jsc.nasa.gov%2FESRS%2FHDEV%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ustream.tv/channel/iss-hdev-payload">"ISS HD Earth Viewing Experiment"</a>. IBM Video Streaming. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229042858/http://www.ustream.tv/channel/iss-hdev-payload">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBM+Video+Streaming&rft.atitle=ISS+HD+Earth+Viewing+Experiment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ustream.tv%2Fchannel%2Fiss-hdev-payload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrester2020" class="citation web cs1">Forrester (27 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forrester/2020/04/27/q1-2020-proves-streaming-is-essential-to-consumers-and-to-the-future-of-media-companies/">"Q1 2020 Proves Streaming Is Essential To Consumers And To The Future Of Media Companies"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101052439/https://www.forbes.com/sites/forrester/2020/04/27/q1-2020-proves-streaming-is-essential-to-consumers-and-to-the-future-of-media-companies/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Q1+2020+Proves+Streaming+Is+Essential+To+Consumers+And+To+The+Future+Of+Media+Companies&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft.au=Forrester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fforrester%2F2020%2F04%2F27%2Fq1-2020-proves-streaming-is-essential-to-consumers-and-to-the-future-of-media-companies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www2.deloitte.com/ro/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/studiu-deloitte-bugetele-pentru-activitatile-de-marketing-digital-vor-creste-cu-aproape-15-pana-la-sfarsitul-anului-2021-iar-publicitatea-traditionala-va-scadea-usor.html">"Deloitte study: digital marketing spending is expected to increase by almost 15% until the end of 2021, while traditional advertising will slightly decrease"</a>. Deloitte Romania. 29 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204090152/https://www2.deloitte.com/ro/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/studiu-deloitte-bugetele-pentru-activitatile-de-marketing-digital-vor-creste-cu-aproape-15-pana-la-sfarsitul-anului-2021-iar-publicitatea-traditionala-va-scadea-usor.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deloitte+Romania&rft.atitle=Deloitte+study%3A+digital+marketing+spending+is+expected+to+increase+by+almost+15%25+until+the+end+of+2021%2C+while+traditional+advertising+will+slightly+decrease&rft.date=2021-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.deloitte.com%2Fro%2Fen%2Fpages%2Fabout-deloitte%2Farticles%2Fstudiu-deloitte-bugetele-pentru-activitatile-de-marketing-digital-vor-creste-cu-aproape-15-pana-la-sfarsitul-anului-2021-iar-publicitatea-traditionala-va-scadea-usor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPozzaSifuentes" class="citation web cs1">Pozza, Leticia Ange; Sifuentes, Ana Paola. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026235642/https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-development/en/agenda/pdf/9_case_study_6_data_trends_and_opportunities.pdf">"Case Study VI: Data in the Audiovisual business: Trends and Opportunities"</a> (PDF). WIPO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-development/en/agenda/pdf/9_case_study_6_data_trends_and_opportunities.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=Case+Study+VI%3A+Data+in+the+Audiovisual+business%3A+Trends+and+Opportunities&rft.aulast=Pozza&rft.aufirst=Leticia+Ange&rft.au=Sifuentes%2C+Ana+Paola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fwww%2Fip-development%2Fen%2Fagenda%2Fpdf%2F9_case_study_6_data_trends_and_opportunities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id%3D421771">"Revised Proposal for a Pilot Project on Copyright and the Distribution of Content in the Digital Environment Submitted by Brazil"</a>. WIPO. 23 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204090156/https://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id%3D421771">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=Revised+Proposal+for+a+Pilot+Project+on+Copyright+and+the+Distribution+of+Content+in+the+Digital+Environment+Submitted+by+Brazil&rft.date=2018-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fmeetings%2Fen%2Fdoc_details.jsp%3Fdoc_id%3D421771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://biteable.com/blog/what-is-programmatic-video-advertising/">"What is programmatic video advertising? (And why it's smart to use it)"</a>. Biteable. 17 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204090153/https://biteable.com/blog/what-is-programmatic-video-advertising/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biteable&rft.atitle=What+is+programmatic+video+advertising%3F+%28And+why+it%27s+smart+to+use+it%29&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiteable.com%2Fblog%2Fwhat-is-programmatic-video-advertising%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">^</a> Katz, Raul (October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda/work_undertaken.html%23pilot_project_cdcde">Study on the copyright legal framework and licensing practices of audiovisual content in the digital environment, Part 1: Audiovisual OTT business models in Latin America: Recent trends and future evolution.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105090545/https://www.wipo.int/ip-development/en/agenda/work_undertaken.html%23pilot_project_cdcde">Archived</a> 5 November 2022 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> World Intellectual Property Organization</li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">^</a> Moullier, B; Galvis, Alexandra (October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-development/en/agenda/pdf/part_4_contractual_practices_latin_american_audiovisual_sector_digital_environment.pdf">Study on the copyright legal framework and licensing practices of audiovisual content in the digital environment, Part 4: contractual practices in the Latin American audiovisual sector in the digital environment.</a> World Intellectual Property Organization <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521132841/https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-development/en/agenda/pdf/part_4_contractual_practices_latin_american_audiovisual_sector_digital_environment.pdf">Archived</a> 21 May 2022 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">^</a> Schotz, Gustavo (October 2021). Study on the copyright legal framework and licensing practices of audiovisual content in the digital environment, Part 5: The Identification and Use of Metadata in Audiovisual Works <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-development/en/agenda/pdf/11_part_5_identification_and_metadata_av-en.pdf">https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-development/en/agenda/pdf/11_part_5_identification_and_metadata_av-en.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407160626/https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-development/en/agenda/pdf/11_part_5_identification_and_metadata_av-en.pdf">Archived</a> 7 April 2022 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. World Intellectual Property Organization</li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a> WIPO, How to make a living in the Film Industry. Available at: How to Make a Living in the Film Industry <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/creative_industries/film.html">https://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/creative_industries/film.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105092823/https://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/creative_industries/film.html">Archived</a> 5 November 2022 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (wipo.int)</li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a> WIPO, How to make a living in the Film Industry. Rights, Camera, Action! <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/869/wipo_pub_869.pdf">https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/869/wipo_pub_869.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626082928/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/869/wipo_pub_869.pdf">Archived</a> 26 June 2022 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (wipo.int)</li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">^</a> WIPO, How to make a living in the Music Industry. Available at: How to Make a Living in the Music Industry <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/939/wipo_pub_939.pdf">https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/939/wipo_pub_939.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307210332/http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/939/wipo_pub_939.pdf">Archived</a> 7 March 2022 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (wipo.int)</li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Streaming_media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaeda2001" class="citation book cs1">Maeda, Mari (17 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri%3DOFC-2001-TuK1">"OFC'01 Invited Talk the Internet of the Future"</a>. Optical Fiber Communication Conference and International Conference on Quantum Information. Optical Society of America. pp. TuK1. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1364%252FOFC.2001.TuK1">10.1364/OFC.2001.TuK1</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55752-654-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-55752-654-0"><bdi>1-55752-654-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218115929/https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?uri%3DOFC-2001-TuK1">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=OFC%2701+Invited+Talk+the+Internet+of+the+Future&rft.btitle=Optical+Fiber+Communication+Conference+and+International+Conference+on+Quantum+Information&rft.pages=TuK1&rft.pub=Optical+Society+of+America&rft.date=2001-03-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FOFC.2001.TuK1&rft.isbn=1-55752-654-0&rft.aulast=Maeda&rft.aufirst=Mari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osapublishing.org%2Fabstract.cfm%3Furi%3DOFC-2001-TuK1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li>Hagen, Anja Nylund (2020). Music in Streams: Communicating Music in the Streaming Paradigm, In Michael Filimowicz & Veronika Tzankova (ed.), Reimagining Communication: Mediation (1st Edition). Routledge.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston,_J.2011" class="citation news cs1">Preston, J. (11 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/business/media/occupy-movement-shows-potential-of-live-online-video.html?_r%3D1%26ref%3Dtechnology">"Occupy Video Showcases Live Streaming"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Occupy+Video+Showcases+Live+Streaming&rft.date=2011-12-11&rft.au=Preston%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F12%2F12%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Foccupy-movement-shows-potential-of-live-online-video.html%3F_r%3D1%26ref%3Dtechnology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman,_Alex2019" class="citation news cs1">Sherman, Alex (27 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/27/how-att-disney-and-comcast-are-handling-the-move-to-streaming.html">"AT&T, Disney and Comcast have very different plans for the streaming wars – here's what they're doing and why"</a>. CNBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=AT%26T%2C+Disney+and+Comcast+have+very+different+plans+for+the+streaming+wars+%E2%80%93+here%27s+what+they%27re+doing+and+why&rft.date=2019-10-27&rft.au=Sherman%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F10%2F27%2Fhow-att-disney-and-comcast-are-handling-the-move-to-streaming.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321172010/http://blog.streamingmedia.com/2016/03/history-of-the-streaming-media-industry.html">"The Early History of the Streaming Media Industry and The Battle Between Microsoft & Real"</a>. streamingmedia.com. March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://blog.streamingmedia.com/2016/03/history-of-the-streaming-media-industry.html">the original</a> on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=streamingmedia.com&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+the+Streaming+Media+Industry+and+The+Battle+Between+Microsoft+%26+Real&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.streamingmedia.com%2F2016%2F03%2Fhistory-of-the-streaming-media-industry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID%3D74052">"What is Streaming? A high-level view of streaming media technology, history"</a>. streamingmedia.com. Retrieved 25 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=streamingmedia.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Streaming%3F+A+high-level+view+of+streaming+media+technology%2C+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.streamingmedia.com%2FArticles%2FReadArticle.aspx%3FArticleID%3D74052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStreaming+media" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DStreaming_media%26oldid%3D1258817325">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&oldid=1258817325</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streaming_media&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 21 November 2024, at 20:08 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D8%25B7_%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25D8%25AF%25D9%2581%25D9%2582%25D8%25A9" title="وسائط متدفقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وسائط متدفقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2582_%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="স্ট্রিমিং মিডিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্ট্রিমিং মিডিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D0%25BC%25D1%258D%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Патокавае мультымэдыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Патокавае мультымэдыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597_%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25A1%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="स्ट्रीमिंग मीडिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्ट्रीमिंग मीडिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE_%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3" title="Видео стрийминг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Видео стрийминг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_de_dades_multim%25C3%25A8dia" title="Flux de dades multimèdia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Flux de dades multimèdia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfryngau_ffrydio" title="Cyfryngau ffrydio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfryngau ffrydio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Streaming media" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_Media" title="Streaming Media – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Streaming Media" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voogedastus" title="Voogedastus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Voogedastus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsendfluo" title="Elsendfluo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elsendfluo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2587_%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C" title="رسانه جاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رسانه جاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Streaming media" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%25C3%25A1in_sruthaithe" title="Meáin sruthaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meáin sruthaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%258A%25A4%25ED%258A%25B8%25EB%25A6%25AC%25EB%25B0%258D" title="스트리밍 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스트리밍" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2580%25D5%25B8%25D5%25BD%25D6%2584%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25B4%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25AC%25D5%25BF%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A5%25D5%25A4%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Հոսքային մուլտիմեդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոսքային մուլտիմեդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597_%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="स्ट्रीमिंग माध्यम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्ट्रीमिंग माध्यम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetski_prijenos" title="Internetski prijenos – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Internetski prijenos" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flu-brodkasto" title="Flu-brodkasto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Flu-brodkasto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_pengaliran" title="Media pengaliran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Media pengaliran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streymi" title="Streymi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Streymi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%2596%25D7%25A8%25D7%259E%25D7%25AA_%25D7%259E%25D7%2593%25D7%2599%25D7%2594" title="הזרמת מדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הזרמת מדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straum%25C4%2593%25C5%25A1ana" title="Straumēšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Straumēšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Streaming media" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B6%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%259A%25D0%25B5" title="Семрежно емитување – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Семрежно емитување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B5%2580%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%2582%25E0%25B4%2597%25E0%25B5%258D_%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%2580%25E0%25B4%25A1%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25AF" title="സ്ട്രീമിംഗ് മീഡിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ട്രീമിംഗ് മീഡിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597_%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="स्ट्रीमिंग माध्यम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्ट्रीमिंग माध्यम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penstriman" title="Penstriman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penstriman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Streaming media" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2583%2588%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%259F%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25B0" title="ストリーミング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ストリーミング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%25C3%25B8mming" title="Strømming – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Strømming" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_strumieniowe" title="Media strumieniowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Media strumieniowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0" title="Потоковое мультимедиа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Потоковое мультимедиа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Streaming media" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%25C3%25ADming" title="Stríming – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stríming" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3" title="Стриминг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стриминг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suoratoisto" title="Suoratoisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suoratoisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%25C3%25B6mmande_media" title="Strömmande media – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Strömmande media" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%258A%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%2595_%25E0%25AE%2593%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%2588" title="ஊடக ஓடை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊடக ஓடை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B7%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%259C%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%258D%25E0%25B8%258D%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2593%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B7%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2587" title="สื่อส่งผ่านสัญญาณต่อเนื่อง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สื่อส่งผ่านสัญญาณต่อเนื่อง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger%25C3%25A7ek_zamanl%25C4%25B1_veri_ak%25C4%25B1%25C5%259F%25C4%25B1" title="Gerçek zamanlı veri akışı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gerçek zamanlı veri akışı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D1%2596%25D0%25B0" title="Потокове мультимедіа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Потокове мультимедіа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Streaming" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%25C3%25A1t_tr%25E1%25BB%25B1c_tuy%25E1%25BA%25BFn" title="Phát trực tuyến – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phát trực tuyến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B5%2581%25E5%25AA%2592%25E4%25BD%2593" title="流媒体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="流媒体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B5%2581%25E5%25AA%2592%25E4%25BD%2593" title="流媒体 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="流媒体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 20:08 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:About?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stats.wikimedia.org/%23/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DStreaming_media%26mobileaction%3Dtoggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-kmvjg","wgBackendResponseTime":400,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.138","walltime":"1.372","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7011,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":237396,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6726,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":32,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":343294,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1137.358 1 -total"," 49.61% 564.188 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.36% 220.221 51 Template:Cite_web"," 8.77% 99.721 2 Template:Sidebar"," 8.01% 91.048 1 Template:Ecommerce"," 7.33% 83.379 1 Template:Citation"," 6.82% 77.621 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.80% 65.962 13 Template:Cite_news"," 4.49% 51.091 6 Template:Navbox"," 4.24% 48.224 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.665","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7483261,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-b78pt","timestamp":"20241122140624","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Streaming media","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Streaming_media","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q220499","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q220499","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-29T02:07:36Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T20:08:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/NASA_Spacesuit_Development.webm","headline":"continuous multimedia operated and presented to users by a provider"}</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('en', 'en', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=en-GB&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>