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Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>ÉLÉMENTS D'ÉCONOMIE POLITIQUE PURE, </strong><span class="rm">Léon Walras</span><span class="label-sub"> Fiche de lecture</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-fiches_de_lecture" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yBI00509_0"><i class="anchor" id="yBI00509_0"></i><p> Ouvrage fondateur avec ceux de Stanley Jevons (1871) et de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de CARL MENGER (1840-1921). Considéré avec Jevons et Walras comme l'un des fondateurs de l'école marginaliste, titulaire de la chaire d'économie politique à l'université de Vienne et membre du Sénat, Carl Menger a exercé sur la pensée économique une influence considérable qui s'est manifestée tant au point de vue doctrinal qu'au point de vue méthodologique.. L'apport théor..." title="Article : CARL MENGER (1840-1921)" href="/encyclopedie/carl-menger/">Carl Menger</a> (1871) de la révolution marginaliste en économie, les <em>Éléments d'économie politique pure</em> se distinguent par l'ambition de représenter les faits économiques comme un ensemble de relations interdépendantes. <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de LÉON WALRAS (1834-1910). Fondateur de l' école de Lausanne et auteur des Éléments d'économie politique pure , Léon Walras occupe dans l'histoire de la pensée économique une place comparable, selon Schumpeter, à celle que le Tableau économique et les Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théorie des richesses ont respectivement value à François Quesnay e..." title="Article : LÉON WALRAS (1834-1910)" href="/encyclopedie/leon-walras/">Léon Walras</a> (1834-1910) est, pour cette raison, le père de la théorie de l'équilibre général, d'abord assimilée à l'école de Lausanne, où il a tenu la chaire d'économie politique de 1870 à 1892. Remaniés à plusieurs reprises entre 1874 et 1902, les <em>Éléments</em> font l'objet de cinq éditions dont une posthume en 1926. L'impact de l'ouvrage est d'abord limité aux économistes mathématiciens, particulièrement hors de France, jusqu'à ce que la théorie de l'équilibre général connaisse un regain d'intérêt à partir du milieu des années 1930. La renommée des <em>Éléments</em> est couronnée en 1954 par une traduction en anglais.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yBI00509_1"><i class="anchor" id="yBI00509_1"></i><h2>Naissance de la théorie de l'équilibre général</h2><p> Walras commence par définir l'économie politique pure (section 1). C'est la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Théorie de la valeur de Gérard Debreu , publiée en 1959, s'inscrit dans le cadre de la théorie de l'équilibre général, théorie de référence en économie qui se propose d'étudier l'interaction d'individus dont les décisions sont supposées indépendantes. Caractérisé par son formalisme et la grande concision de ses interprétations économiques, l'ouvrage marque l'apogée du mouveme..." title="Article : THÉORIE DE LA VALEUR" href="/encyclopedie/theorie-de-la-valeur/">théorie de la valeur</a> d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Au sens général, le terme « échange » s'applique à tout mouvement d'intention réciproque entre deux parties. En économie, on appelle « échange » les différents modes de transferts de biens et de services exécutés en contrepartie et en équivalence les uns des autres.. L'échange économique n'est pas un phénomène universel. Il n'intervient pas entre les membres des com..." title="Article : ÉCHANGE" href="/encyclopedie/echange/">échange</a> des choses rares, c'est-à-dire „utiles et limitées en quantité“. La méthode adaptée est la „méthode rationnelle“. Elle consiste à construire, par abstraction, des types idéaux (consommateurs, producteurs, marché) et à établir entre eux des relations théoriques „pour ne revenir à la réalité que la science une fois faite“. La section 2, consacrée à la théorie de l'échange de deux marchandises, pose les concepts et principes de raisonnement fondamentaux de tout l'ouvrage. La <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La notion de valeur a différentes acceptions en économie, qui témoignent des difficultés à la définir ainsi que des enjeux théoriques dont elle est l'objet. La valeur d'un bien peut renvoyer à la satisfaction que retire un individu de l'usage de ce bien. Cette valeur, qualifiée alors de valeur d'usage, dépend des caractéristiques physiques du bien mais aussi des goûts de l'individu..." title="Article : VALEUR, économie" href="/encyclopedie/valeur-economie/">valeur</a> d'échange se produit naturellement sur le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Par « marché » on entend habituellement plusieurs choses, qui correspondent à des degrés d'abstraction différents. Au départ, il y a l'idée d'un lieu où se retrouvent des acheteurs et des vendeurs, qui effectuent des échanges sur la base de prix , fixés par l'une des parties ou après marchandage. À un niveau d'abstraction plus élevé, le mot marché désigne l'ensemble des trans..." title="Article : MARCHÉ, économie" href="/encyclopedie/marche-economie/">marché</a> sous l'action de la concurrence, c'est-à-dire de l'offre au rabais et de la demande à l'enchère. L'équilibre de l'échange est réalisé lorsque l'offre totale est égale à la demande totale sur chaque marché. Il vérifie, pour chaque échangeur, que le rapport des utilités marginales (utilités procurées par la dernière unité consommée de chaque bien) des marchandises prises deux à deux est égal au rapport des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le prix d'un bien en tant que nombre associé à l'unité de ce bien n'a pas de véritable signification en soi : seuls les rapports de prix – les prix relatifs – des différents biens en ont une. Néanmoins, raisonner sur des prix relatifs n'est possible que dans une économie de troc comportant peu de biens. Sinon, on choisit un bien de référence, appelé numéraire, auquel on attribu..." title="Article : PRIX" href="/encyclopedie/prix/">prix</a> de ces marchandises. Pour généraliser son analyse à plusieurs marchandises (section 3), Walras introduit un numéraire (une marchandise qui sert d'unité de compte) et une procédure centralisée de révision des prix, appelée „tâtonnement“, qui étend à tous les marchés simultanément la loi de l'offre et de la demande. Dans la section 4, Walras tient compte du fait que les marchandises sont des produits résultant de l'association d'éléments producteurs (terre, hommes, capitaux). Aux conditions d'équilibre de l'échange viennent donc s'ajouter des conditions d'équilibre de la production : „l'égalité du prix de vente des produits à leur prix de revient, les entrepreneurs ne faisant ni bénéfice ni perte“. En effet, les différents services producteurs étant rémunérés normalement aux prix de marché, tout profit supplémentaire attire une <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La production est à la fois une activité consistant à créer des biens en combinant des ressources et le résultat de cette activité (la production d'un bien, la production des entreprises, etc.). Devenue centrale dans la réflexion économique, cette notion ne s'est imposée dans son sens moderne qu'à la fin du xviii e siècle.. Dans l'Antiquité, seule la production agricole a retenu l..." title="Article : PRODUCTION, économie" href="/encyclopedie/production-economie/">production</a> plus importante qui se poursuit jusqu'à l'annulation des profits. L'introduction du capital dans le modèle (section 5) permet de prendre en compte le temps : les stocks de capitaux résultent de flux d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans les sociétés contemporaines, l'épargne est une composante centrale de la vie économique. Elle est l'objet d'intenses débats publics de politique économique. Autrefois considérée comme l'expression d'une vertu, l'épargne est, depuis les travaux de John Maynard Keynes , suspectée de ralentir la croissance lorsqu'elle est trop abondante. Mais, au-delà de son niveau général, de ..." title="Article : ÉPARGNE" href="/encyclopedie/epargne/">épargne</a> antérieurs, qui dépendent eux-mêmes des anticipations passées des agents. L'introduction du temps entraîne des irréversibilités : l'équilibre des stocks peut ne pas être vérifié et les anticipations sont généralement déçues. La section 6 parachève l'architecture d'ensemble des <em>Éléments</em> en introduisant la monnaie, identifiée à un service d'approvisionnement qui doit permettre la réalisation des transactions à l'équilibre général.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? 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