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href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="വിക്കിയിലെ സമീപകാലമാറ്റങ്ങൾ [r]" accesskey="r"><span>സമീപകാല മാറ്റങ്ങൾ</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="പദ്ധതി താളിനെക്കുറിച്ച്, താങ്കൾക്കെന്തൊക്കെ ചെയ്യാം, കാര്യങ്ങൾ എവിടെനിന്ന് കണ്ടെത്താം"><span>സാമൂഹികകവാടം</span></a></li><li id="n-portal-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82"><span>കവാടം</span></a></li><li id="n-panchayat-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ആറു ഗ്രാമസഭകളുള്ള വിക്കിപീഡിയ ചർച്ചാവേദി"><span>പഞ്ചായത്ത്</span></a></li><li id="n-Embassy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:Embassy"><span>Embassy</span></a></li><li id="n-അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D"><span>അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation-sb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation-sb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> വഴികാട്ടി </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="സഹായം ലഭ്യമായ ഇടം"><span>സഹായം</span></a></li><li id="n-sandbox-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF"><span>എഴുത്തുകളരി</span></a></li><li id="n-styleguide-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82"><span>ശൈലീപുസ്തകം</span></a></li><li id="n-policies-and-gl-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82"><span>നയങ്ങളും മാർഗ്ഗരേഖകളും</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-communication-sb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-communication-sb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ആശയവിനിമയം </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-livechat-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF."><span>തത്സമയ സംവാദം</span></a></li><li id="n-maillist-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D"><span>മെയിലിങ് ലിസ്റ്റ്</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="വിക്കിപീഡിയ" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ml.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="<small>വിക്കിപീഡിയ, ഒരു സ്വതന്ത്ര വിജ്ഞാനകോശം</small>" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ml.svg" width="119" height="12" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>തിരയൂ</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക" aria-label="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക" autocapitalize="sentences" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="പ്രത്യേകം:അന്വേഷണം"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">തിരയൂ</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ദൃശ്യരൂപം"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ദൃശ്യരൂപം" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ദൃശ്യരൂപം</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ml.wikipedia.org&uselang=ml" class=""><span>ധനസമാഹരണം</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD&returnto=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="നിർബന്ധമില്ലെങ്കിലും, താങ്കൾ ഒരു അംഗത്വമെടുക്കണമെന്നും പ്രവേശിക്കണമെന്നും താത്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു" class=""><span>അംഗത്വമെടുക്കുക</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82&returnto=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ലോഗിൻ ചെയ്യുവാൻ താല്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു; പക്ഷേ നിർബന്ധമല്ല [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>പ്രവേശിക്കുക</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="കൂടുതൽ ഐച്ഛികങ്ങൾ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ml.wikipedia.org&uselang=ml"><span>ധനസമാഹരണം</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD&returnto=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="നിർബന്ധമില്ലെങ്കിലും, താങ്കൾ ഒരു അംഗത്വമെടുക്കണമെന്നും പ്രവേശിക്കണമെന്നും താത്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>അംഗത്വമെടുക്കുക</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ഉള്ളടക്കം</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">സൈഡ്‌ബാറിലേക്ക് മാറ്റുക</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">മറയ്ക്കുക</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">തുടക്കം</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ഉള്ളടക്കം" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ഉള്ളടക്കം"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ഉള്ളടക്കം</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ഉള്ളടക്കം-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-അവലംബം" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#അവലംബം"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>അവലംബം</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-അവലംബം-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-അധിക_വായനയ്ക്ക്" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#അധിക_വായനയ്ക്ക്"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>അധിക വായനയ്ക്ക്</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-അധിക_വായനയ്ക്ക്-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-പുറം_കണ്ണികൾ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#പുറം_കണ്ണികൾ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>പുറം കണ്ണികൾ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-പുറം_കണ്ണികൾ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle പുറം കണ്ണികൾ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-പുറം_കണ്ണികൾ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Secondary material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ഉള്ളടക്കം" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">നാച്വറലിസ് ഹിസ്റ്റോറിയ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 ഭാഷകൾ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurgeskiedenis_(Plinius)" title="Natuurgeskiedenis (Plinius) – ആഫ്രിക്കാൻസ്" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Natuurgeskiedenis (Plinius)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ആഫ്രിക്കാൻസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A_(%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9)" title="التاريخ الطبيعي (موسوعة) – അറബിക്" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التاريخ الطبيعي (موسوعة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="അറബിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_historia" title="Naturalis historia – അസ്ട്ടൂരിയൻ" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Naturalis historia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="അസ്ട്ടൂരിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Естествена история – ബൾഗേറിയൻ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Естествена история" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ബൾഗേറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF)" title="ন্যাচারাল হিস্ট্রি (প্লিনি) – ബംഗ്ലാ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ন্যাচারাল হিস্ট্রি (প্লিনি)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ബംഗ്ലാ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_historia" title="Naturalis historia – ബ്രെട്ടൺ" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Naturalis historia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ബ്രെട്ടൺ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" title="Naturalis Historia – കറ്റാലാൻ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Naturalis Historia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="കറ്റാലാൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_historia" title="Naturalis historia – സെബുവാനോ" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Naturalis historia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="സെബുവാനോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C_(%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C)" title="مێژووی سرووشتی (پلینی) – സെൻട്രൽ കുർദിഷ്" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێژووی سرووشتی (پلینی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="സെൻട്രൽ കുർദിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_historia" title="Naturalis historia – ചെക്ക്" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Naturalis historia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ചെക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" title="Naturalis Historia – ഡാനിഷ്" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Naturalis Historia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ഡാനിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_historia" title="Naturalis historia – ജർമ്മൻ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Naturalis historia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ജർമ്മൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Φυσική Ιστορία (Πλίνιος) – ഗ്രീക്ക്" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυσική Ιστορία (Πλίνιος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ഗ്രീക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny) – ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Natural History (Pliny)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_natural_(obra_de_Plinio)" title="Historia natural (obra de Plinio) – സ്‌പാനിഷ്" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia natural (obra de Plinio)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="സ്‌പാനിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natur_Historia_(Plinio)" title="Natur Historia (Plinio) – ബാസ്‌ക്" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Natur Historia (Plinio)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ബാസ്‌ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C_(%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C)" title="تاریخ طبیعی (پلینی) – പേർഷ്യൻ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ طبیعی (پلینی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="പേർഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_historia" title="Naturalis historia – ഫിന്നിഷ്" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Naturalis historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ഫിന്നിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_naturelle_(Pline_l%27Ancien)" title="Histoire naturelle (Pline l'Ancien) – ഫ്രഞ്ച്" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire naturelle (Pline l'Ancien)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ഫ്രഞ്ച്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" title="Naturalis Historia – പശ്ചിമ ഫ്രിഷിയൻ" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Naturalis Historia" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="പശ്ചിമ ഫ്രിഷിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" title="Naturalis Historia – ഗലീഷ്യൻ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Naturalis Historia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ഗലീഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2" title="תולדות הטבע – ഹീബ്രു" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תולדות הטבע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ഹീബ്രു" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_natural_(libro)" title="Historia natural (libro) – ഇന്റർലിംഗ്വ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Historia natural (libro)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ഇന്റർലിംഗ്വ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" title="Naturalis Historia – ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Naturalis Historia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_historia" title="Naturalis historia – ഇറ്റാലിയൻ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Naturalis historia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ഇറ്റാലിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%8C" title="博物誌 – ജാപ്പനീസ്" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="博物誌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ജാപ്പനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98)" title="ბუნების ისტორია (პლინიუსი) – ജോർജിയൻ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუნების ისტორია (პლინიუსი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ജോർജിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%95%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%80" title="박물지 – കൊറിയൻ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="박물지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="കൊറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_historia_(Plinius)" title="Naturalis historia (Plinius) – ലാറ്റിൻ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Naturalis historia (Plinius)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ലാറ്റിൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantara_Voajanahary" title="Tantara Voajanahary – മലഗാസി" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tantara Voajanahary" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="മലഗാസി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" title="Naturalis Historia – മലെയ്" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Naturalis Historia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="മലെയ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_historia" title="Naturalis historia – ഡച്ച്" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Naturalis historia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ഡച്ച്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" title="Naturalis Historia – നോർവീജിയൻ ബുക്‌മൽ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Naturalis Historia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="നോർവീജിയൻ ബുക്‌മൽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria_naturala_(Plini)" title="Istòria naturala (Plini) – ഓക്‌സിറ്റൻ" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istòria naturala (Plini)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ഓക്‌സിറ്റൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_naturalna_(encyklopedia)" title="Historia naturalna (encyklopedia) – പോളിഷ്" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia naturalna (encyklopedia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="പോളിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_Natural_(Pl%C3%ADnio)" title="História Natural (Plínio) – പോർച്ചുഗീസ്" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História Natural (Plínio)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="പോർച്ചുഗീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" title="Naturalis Historia – റൊമാനിയൻ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Naturalis Historia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="റൊമാനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Естественная история (Плиний) – റഷ്യൻ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Естественная история (Плиний)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="റഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_historia" title="Naturalis historia – സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Naturalis historia" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" title="Naturalis Historia – സ്വീഡിഷ്" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Naturalis Historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="സ്വീഡിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fa_Tarihi" title="Doğa Tarihi – ടർക്കിഷ്" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğa Tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ടർക്കിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9)" title="Природнича історія (Пліній) – ഉക്രേനിയൻ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Природнича історія (Пліній)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ഉക്രേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%97%EF%BC%88%E8%80%81%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%BC%EF%BC%89" title="博物志（老普林尼） – വു ചൈനീസ്" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="博物志（老普林尼）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="വു ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98)" title="ორთაშ ისტორია (პლინიუსი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ორთაშ ისტორია (პლინიუსი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%97_(%E8%80%81%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%BC)" title="博物志 (老普林尼) – ചൈനീസ്" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="博物志 (老普林尼)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q442#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="അന്തർഭാഷാ കണ്ണികൾ തിരുത്തുക" class="wbc-editpage">കണ്ണികൾ തിരുത്തുക</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="നാമമേഖലകൾ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" 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<div class="NavHead" style="padding: 1px 8px;"><b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia">ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിലാസം</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Prettyurl#ഉപയോഗക്രമം" title="സഹായം"><img alt="സഹായം" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gtk-dialog-question.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gtk-dialog-question.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gtk-dialog-question.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></b> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="background:#eae9e9; width:auto"><span class="plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap; overflow: hidden"><a class="external free" href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia">https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Naturalishistoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Naturalishistoria.jpg/220px-Naturalishistoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Naturalishistoria.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><i>Naturalis historia</i>, 1669 edition, title page. The title at the top reads: "Volume I of the <i>Natural History</i> of Gaius Plinius Secundus."</figcaption></figure> <p>മനുഷ്യ ചരിത്രത്തിലെ ആദ്യത്തെ വിജ്ഞാനകോശമായി കരുതപ്പെടുന്ന കൃതിയാണ് <b>നാച്വറലിസ് ഹിസ്റ്റോറിയ</b>. <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="പ്ലീനി">പ്ലിനി</a> എന്നറിയപ്പെടുന്ന ഗ്യാസ് നയീസ സക്കുഞ്ഞാണ് ഇതിന്റെ കർത്താവ്. </p><p>വൈവിധ്യമാർന്ന താൽപര്യങ്ങളുടെ ഉടമയായിരുന്നു പ്ലിനി. 2000 പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ വായിച്ച് അവയിൽ നിന്ന് 20000 ത്തോളം വിവരങ്ങൾ കുറിച്ചെടുത്ത് ക്രോഡീകരിച്ച് സ്വന്തം നിരീക്ഷണങ്ങളോടൊപ്പം ചേർത്ത് 36 വോള്യങ്ങളുള്ള ഒരു ബൃഹത് ഗ്രന്ഥം അദ്ദേഹം രചിച്ചു.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> അക്കാലത്ത് റോമിൽ ലഭ്യമായിരുന്ന മുഴുവൻ ശാസ്ത്രവിജ്ഞാനവും സാങ്കേതിക വിദ്യകളെ സംബന്ധിച്ച വിവരങ്ങളും അതിൽ അദ്ദേഹം ഉൾപ്പെടുത്തിയിട്ടുണ്ട്. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ഉള്ളടക്കം"><span id=".E0.B4.89.E0.B4.B3.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B3.E0.B4.9F.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.82"></span>ഉള്ളടക്കം</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF&action=edit&section=1" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: ഉള്ളടക്കം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>37 പുസ്തകങ്ങളാണ് ഇതിലുള്ളത്. പ്ലിനി തന്റേതായ ഒരു ഉള്ളടക്ക പട്ടിക ഉണ്ടാക്കിയിരുന്നു. വിഷയങ്ങളുടെ നിലവിലുപയോഗിക്കുന്ന പേരുകളുപയോഗിച്ചുള്ള ഒരു ചുരുക്കം </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center">Volume </th> <th align="center" width="50px">Books </th> <th align="left" width="400px">Contents </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center">I </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td>Preface and tables of contents, lists of authorities </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td>ലോകത്തിന്റെ ഗണിതപരവും ഭൗതികവുമായ വിശദീകരണം <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathematical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematical (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Mathematical</a> and physical description of the world </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center">II </td> <td align="center">3 - 6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൂമിശാസ്ത്രം">ഭൂമിശാസ്ത്രം</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="എത്ത്നോഗ്രാഫി (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">എത്ത്നോഗ്രാഫി</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="നരവംശശാസ്ത്രം">നരവംശശാസ്ത്രം</a> and മനുഷ്യ ശരീരശാസ്‌ത്രം </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">III </td> <td align="center">8 - 11 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ജന്തുശാസ്‌ത്രം (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ജന്തുശാസ്‌ത്രം</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">IV - VII </td> <td align="center">12 - 27 </td> <td>കൃഷി, ഉദ്യാനനിർമ്മാണം, ഔഷധശാസ്‌ത്രം തുടങ്ങി എല്ലാ സസ്യ ശാസ്ത്ര മേഖലകളും </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">VIII </td> <td align="center">28 - 32 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%94%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ഔഷധശാസ്‌ത്രം (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">ഔഷധശാസ്‌ത്രം</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">IX - X </td> <td align="center">33 - 37 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mining#Ancient_Greece_and_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining">Mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a>, especially as applied to life and art, including gold, casting in silver,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpture">statuary</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_sculpture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bronze sculpture (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">bronze</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> painting,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modelling,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marble_sculpture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marble sculpture (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">sculpture in marble</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Engraved_gem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engraved gem (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">precious stones and gems</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>ഭൂമിയിലെ കാര്യങ്ങളും ജ്യോതിശാസ്ത്രസംബന്ധിയായ നിരവധി കാര്യങ്ങളും പ്ലിനി തന്റെ ഗ്രന്ഥത്തിൽ പ്രതിപാദിക്കുന്നു . ഭൂമി ഉരുണ്ടതാണെന്ന ഉറച്ച വിശ്വാസം അതിൽ കാണാം. ദൂരെനിന്ന് അടുത്തേക്കുവരുന്ന കപ്പലുകളെ നോക്കിയാൽ ഇതു മനസ്സിലാക്കാം എന്നു പ്ലിനി പറയുന്നുണ്ട്. മറ്റൊരു തെളിവുകൂടി അദ്ദേഹം അവതരിപ്പിക്കുന്നു ഒരു സൂര്യഘടികാരം അത് ഉപയോഗിക്കുന്ന സ്ഥലത്തുനിന്ന് 80 കിലോമീറ്ററിലധികം തെക്കോട്ടോ വടക്കോട്ടോകൊണ്ടുപോയാൽ ശരിയായ സമയം കാണിക്കാതാകും. പിന്നെ ശരിയായ സമയം കാണിക്കണമെങ്കിൽ അതിന്റെ സൂചി (style)യുടെ ചരിവു മാറ്റണം. ഭൂമി ഉരുണ്ടതല്ലെങ്കിൽ ഇതു വേണ്ടിവരുമായിരുന്നില്ല.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ഇതുപോലെ ചന്ദ്രഗ്രഹണം തുടങ്ങുന്ന സമയം എല്ലായിടത്തും ഒന്നല്ല എന്നും പ്ലിനിയുടെ നിരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ കണ്ടെത്തി. 20 കിലോമീറ്റർ പടിഞ്ഞാറു മാറി നിൽക്കുന്ന ഒരാൾ കാൽ മണിക്കൂർ കഴിഞ്ഞേ ഗ്രഹണം കണ്ടുതുടങ്ങൂ. ഇതൊന്നും എല്ലാവർക്കും മനസ്സിലാവില്ല എന്നദ്ദേഹത്തിന് അറിയാമായിരുന്നു. അദ്ദേഹം പറയുന്നു. </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color:inherit; width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">ജനം ചോദിക്കും. ഭൂമിയുടെ മറുവശത്തു നിൽക്കുന്നവർ എന്തുകൊണ്ട് വീണു പോകുന്നില്ല. മറുവശത്തുള്ളവർ നമ്മെക്കുറിച്ചും ഇതേ ചോദ്യം ചോദിക്കുമെന്ന കാര്യം അവർ ആലോചിക്കുന്നില്ല </td> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>ക്രിസ്തുവർഷം 77ലാണ് ഹിസ്റ്റോറിയാ നാച്വറലിസിന്റെ രചന പൂർത്തിയായത്. രണ്ടു വർഷത്തിനകം പ്ലിനി മരിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തു. വെസൂവിയസ് അഗ്നിപർവതം പൊട്ടിത്തെറിച്ചപ്പോൾ ആ പ്രതിഭാസം നേരിൽ കാണാനും അപകടത്തിൽ പെട്ട ഗ്രാമവാസികളെ സഹായിക്കാനുമുള്ള ശ്രമത്തിൽ അവിടെ ഓടിയെത്തിയ പ്ലിനി അഗ്നിപർവതം വമിച്ച വാതകം ശ്വസിച്ചു ശ്വാസം മുട്ടി മരിക്കുകയായിരുന്നു. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="അവലംബം"><span id=".E0.B4.85.E0.B4.B5.E0.B4.B2.E0.B4.82.E0.B4.AC.E0.B4.82"></span>അവലംബം</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF&action=edit&section=2" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: അവലംബം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4123591">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Frank_J.1977" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Frank J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto00ande"><i>An Illustrated History of the Herbals</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto00ande/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE/0-231-04002-4" title="പ്രത്യേകം:പുസ്തകസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ/0-231-04002-4"><bdi>0-231-04002-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+History+of+the+Herbals&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-231-04002-4&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Frank+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedhisto00ande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">xxxiii.154–751</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">xxxiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">xxxv.15–941</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">151–851</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">xxxvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">xxxvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFകെ._പാപ്പൂട്ടി2002" class="citation book cs1">കെ. പാപ്പൂട്ടി (2002). <a class="external text" href="https://ml.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95:Jyothishavum_Jyothisasthravum.djvu"><i>ജ്യോതിശാസ്ത്രവും ജ്യോതിഷവും</i></a>. കേരള ശാസ്ത്ര സാഹിത്യ പരിഷത്ത്.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82+%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82&rft.pub=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0+%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF+%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D&rft.date=2002&rft.au=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.+%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fml.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%2582%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%2595%3AJyothishavum_Jyothisasthravum.djvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 2021" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:Link_rot" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:Link rot">പ്രവർത്തിക്കാത്ത കണ്ണി</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="അധിക_വായനയ്ക്ക്"><span id=".E0.B4.85.E0.B4.A7.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.95_.E0.B4.B5.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.AF.E0.B4.A8.E0.B4.AF.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.8D"></span>അധിക വായനയ്ക്ക്</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF&action=edit&section=3" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: അധിക വായനയ്ക്ക്"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham1997" class="citation journal cs1">Burnham, Barry C. (1997). "Roman Mining at Dolaucothi: the Implications of the 1991-3 Excavations near the Carreg Pumsaint". <i>Britannia</i>. <b>28</b>. Britannia, Vol. 28: 325–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F526771">10.2307/526771</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/526771">526771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Britannia&rft.atitle=Roman+Mining+at+Dolaucothi%3A+the+Implications+of+the+1991-3+Excavations+near+the+Carreg+Pumsaint&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=325-336&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F526771&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F526771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Barry+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>French, Roger & Greenaway, Frank (1986), <i>Science in the Early Roman Empire: Pliny the Elder, his Sources and Influence</i>, Croom Helm .</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFHealy1999" class="citation book cs1">Healy, John F. (1999). <i>Pliny the Elder on Science and Technology</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE/0-19-814687-6" title="പ്രത്യേകം:പുസ്തകസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ/0-19-814687-6"><bdi>0-19-814687-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pliny+the+Elder+on+Science+and+Technology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-814687-6&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFHodge2001" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, A. T. (2001). <i>Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply</i> (2nd ed.). London: Duckworth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Aqueducts+%26+Water+Supply&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=A.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFIsager1991" class="citation book cs1">Isager, Jacob (1991). <i>Pliny on Art and Society: The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of Art</i>. London & New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE/0-415-06950-5" title="പ്രത്യേകം:പുസ്തകസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ/0-415-06950-5"><bdi>0-415-06950-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pliny+on+Art+and+Society%3A+The+Elder+Pliny%27s+Chapters+on+the+History+of+Art&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-415-06950-5&rft.aulast=Isager&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFJones1960" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, G. D. B. (1960). "Dolaucothi: the Roman aqueduct". <i>Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies</i>. <b>19</b>: 71–84 and plates III–V.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Board+of+Celtic+Studies&rft.atitle=Dolaucothi%3A+the+Roman+aqueduct&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=71-84+and+plates+III-V&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=G.+D.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Cite_journal" title="ഫലകം:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="സഹായം:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFJonesBird1972" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, R. F. J.; Bird, D. G. (1972). "Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna". <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>62</b>. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 59–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F298927">10.2307/298927</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/298927">298927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Roman+gold-mining+in+north-west+Spain%2C+II%3A+Workings+on+the+Rio+Duerna&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=59-74&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F298927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F298927%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=R.+F.+J.&rft.au=Bird%2C+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1977" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, P. R. (1977). <i>The Ogofau Roman gold mines at Dolaucothi</i>. The National Trust Year Book 1976–77. Llandeilo: The National Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ogofau+Roman+gold+mines+at+Dolaucothi&rft.place=Llandeilo&rft.series=The+National+Trust+Year+Book+1976%E2%80%9377&rft.pub=The+National+Trust&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFLewisJones1969" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, P. R.; Jones, G. D. B. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_antiquaries-journal_1969_49_2/page/244">"The Dolaucothi gold mines, I: the surface evidence"</a>. <i>The Antiquaries Journal</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 244–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Antiquaries+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Dolaucothi+gold+mines%2C+I%3A+the+surface+evidence&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=244-72&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rft.au=Jones%2C+G.+D.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_antiquaries-journal_1969_49_2%2Fpage%2F244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFLewisJones1970" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, P. R.; Jones, G. D. B. (1970). "Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain". <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>60</b>. The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 60: 169–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F299421">10.2307/299421</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/299421">299421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Roman+gold-mining+in+north-west+Spain&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=169-85&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F299421&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F299421%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rft.au=Jones%2C+G.+D.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rackham, H.; Jones, W. H. S. & Eichholz, D. E. (translators), <i>Pliny – Natural History</i>, 10 volumes, (Loeb Classical Library), 1938–1962.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFWethered1937" class="citation book cs1">Wethered, H. N. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mindoftheancient017748mbp"><i>The Mind of the Ancient World: A Consideration of Pliny's Natural History</i></a>. London: Longmans Green.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+A+Consideration+of+Pliny%27s+Natural+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans+Green&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Wethered&rft.aufirst=H.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmindoftheancient017748mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>This article incorporates text from the</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Encyclopædia Britannica <i>Eleventh Edition</i></a><i>, a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="പുറം_കണ്ണികൾ"><span id=".E0.B4.AA.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.B1.E0.B4.82_.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.A3.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A3.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.BE"></span>പുറം കണ്ണികൾ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF&action=edit&section=4" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: പുറം കണ്ണികൾ"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text">Text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF&action=edit&section=5" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: Text"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource"><img alt="Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/50px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/75px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/100px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Wikisource</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">ലാറ്റിൻ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2" title="വിക്കിഗ്രന്ഥശാല">വിക്കിഗ്രന്ഥശാലയിൽ</a> ഈ ലേഖനവുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട ഉള്ളടക്കം ഉണ്ട്: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" class="extiw" title="oldwikisource:Naturalis Historia">Naturalis Historia</a></b> </div> </div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/home.html">Complete Latin text at LacusCurtius</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0138:toc">Complete Latin text with translation tools at the Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/holland/index.html">First English translation</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philemon_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philemon Holland (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Philemon Holland</a>, 1601</li> <li>Second English translation, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Bostock_(physician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Bostock (physician) (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">John Bostock</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Thomas_Riley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Thomas Riley (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Henry Thomas Riley</a>, 1855; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+toc">complete, including index</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librivox.org/the-natural-history-volume-1-by-pliny-the-elder/">Free audio book version</a> of the English translation by J. Bostock and H. T. Riley, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librivox.org/">LibriVox</a> (incomplete)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_material">Secondary material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF&action=edit&section=6" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: Secondary material"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2843/is_1_27/ai_95501851">Pliny the Elder: rampant credulist, rational skeptic, or both?</a> from the <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/pi-pm/pliny/pliny_e3.html">Chapter summaries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140424224737/http://www.livius.org/pi-pm/pliny/pliny_e3.html">Archived</a> 2014-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-814687-6.pdf">Life and career</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930145212/http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-814687-6.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/pi-pm/pliny/pliny_e3.html#history">Pliny's Natural history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140424224737/http://www.livius.org/pi-pm/pliny/pliny_e3.html#history">Archived</a> 2014-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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