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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_of_respective_heads_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_of_respective_heads_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Titles of respective heads of government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles_of_respective_heads_of_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Titles of respective heads of government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Titles_of_respective_heads_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_political_chief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_political_chief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>As political chief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_political_chief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_English_terms_and_renderings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_English_terms_and_renderings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Alternative English terms and renderings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_English_terms_and_renderings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equivalent_titles_in_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equivalent_titles_in_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Equivalent titles in other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equivalent_titles_in_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_a_dominant_head_of_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_a_dominant_head_of_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Under a dominant head of state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_a_dominant_head_of_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indirectly_referred_as_the_head_of_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirectly_referred_as_the_head_of_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Indirectly referred as the head of state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirectly_referred_as_the_head_of_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_heads_of_state_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_heads_of_state_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Combined heads of state and government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_heads_of_state_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_heads_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_heads_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Parliamentary heads of government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parliamentary_heads_of_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parliamentary heads of government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_heads_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Appointment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_among_equals_or_dominating_the_cabinet?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_among_equals_or_dominating_the_cabinet?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>First among equals or dominating the cabinet?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_among_equals_or_dominating_the_cabinet?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_residence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_residence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Official residence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_residence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Head of government</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierungschef" title="Regierungschef – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Regierungschef" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9" title="رئيس حكومة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رئيس حكومة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সরকারপ্রধান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সরকারপ্রধান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Кіраўнік урада – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кіраўнік урада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_de_govern" title="Cap de govern – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cap de govern" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlava_vl%C3%A1dy" title="Hlava vlády – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hlava vlády" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeringschef" title="Regeringschef – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Regeringschef" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierungschef" title="Regierungschef – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regierungschef" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valitsusjuht" title="Valitsusjuht – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valitsusjuht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefe_de_Gobierno" title="Jefe de Gobierno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jefe de Gobierno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registarestro" title="Registarestro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Registarestro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="رئیس دولت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رئیس دولت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef_du_gouvernement" title="Chef du gouvernement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chef du gouvernement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceannaire_rialtais" title="Ceannaire rialtais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceannaire rialtais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiagh_reiltys" title="Toshiagh reiltys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Toshiagh reiltys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riaghladaireachd" title="Riaghladaireachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Riaghladaireachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xefe_de_Goberno" title="Xefe de Goberno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xefe de Goberno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAng-l%C3%AE" title="Chúng-lî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chúng-lî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80%EC%88%98%EB%B0%98" title="정부수반 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정부수반" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shugaban_Gwamnati" title="Shugaban Gwamnati – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shugaban Gwamnati" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96" title="शासनप्रमुख – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शासनप्रमुख" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chefo_di_guvernerio" title="Chefo di guvernerio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chefo di guvernerio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daulo_ti_gobierno" title="Daulo ti gobierno – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Daulo ti gobierno" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepala_pemerintahan" title="Kepala pemerintahan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepala pemerintahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADkisstj%C3%B3rnarlei%C3%B0togi" title="Ríkisstjórnarleiðtogi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ríkisstjórnarleiðtogi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capo_del_governo" title="Capo del governo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Capo del governo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Правительствону башчысы – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Правительствону башчысы" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Үкімет басшысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үкімет басшысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Өкмөт башчысы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өкмөт башчысы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dux_rectionis" title="Dux rectionis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dux rectionis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vald%C4%ABbas_vad%C4%ABt%C4%81js" title="Valdības vadītājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valdības vadītājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korm%C3%A1nyf%C5%91" title="Kormányfő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kormányfő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96" title="शासन प्रमुख – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="शासन प्रमुख" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketua_kerajaan" title="Ketua kerajaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ketua kerajaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Засгийн газрын тэргүүн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Засгийн газрын тэргүүн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%A1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B2" title="အစိုးရအဖွဲ့အကြီးအကဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစိုးရအဖွဲ့အကြီးအကဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeringsleider" title="Regeringsleider – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Regeringsleider" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96" title="सरकार प्रमुख – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सरकार प्रमुख" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E3%81%AE%E9%95%B7" title="政府の長 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政府の長" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regjeringssjef" title="Regjeringssjef – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Regjeringssjef" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regjeringsleiar" title="Regjeringsleiar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Regjeringsleiar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_de_gov%C3%A8rn" title="Cap de govèrn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cap de govèrn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Виктервуй – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Виктервуй" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80" title="ਸਰਕਾਰ ਦਾ ਮੁਖੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਰਕਾਰ ਦਾ ਮੁਖੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="سربراہ حکومت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سربراہ حکومت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szef_rz%C4%85du" title="Szef rządu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szef rządu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chefe_de_governo" title="Chefe de governo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chefe de governo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98ef_de_guvern" title="Șef de guvern – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șef de guvern" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Глава правительства – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глава правительства" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heid_o_govrenment" title="Heid o govrenment – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Heid o govrenment" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreu_i_qeveris%C3%AB" title="Kreu i qeverisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kreu i qeverisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93" title="ආණ්ඩු ප්‍රධානී – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආණ්ඩු ප්‍රධානී" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Head of government" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AA" title="سەرۆکی حکوومەت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەرۆکی حکوومەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Шеф владе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шеф владе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ef_vlade" title="Šef vlade – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šef vlade" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallituksen_p%C3%A4%C3%A4mies" title="Hallituksen päämies – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hallituksen päämies" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeringschef" title="Regeringschef – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Regeringschef" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puno_ng_pamahalaan" title="Puno ng pamahalaan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Puno ng pamahalaan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="அரசுத் தலைவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசுத் தலைவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="หัวหน้ารัฐบาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หัวหน้ารัฐบาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCk%C3%BBmet_ba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1" title="Hükûmet başkanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hükûmet başkanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%83_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Голова уряду (посада) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голова уряду (посада)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="سربراہ حکومت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سربراہ حکومت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_del_goerno" title="Cao del goerno – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cao del goerno" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_%C4%91%E1%BB%A9ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u_ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7" title="Người đứng đầu chính phủ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người đứng đầu chính phủ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%84%91" title="政府首脑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="政府首脑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%C3%B3r%C3%AD_%C3%ACj%E1%BB%8Dba" title="Olórí ìjọba – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Olórí ìjọba" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E9%95%B7" title="政府首長 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="政府首長" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%84%91" title="政府首脑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="政府首脑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2285706#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="View the 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href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ishiba" title="Shigeru Ishiba"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ishiba_Shigeru_20241001_%28cropped_3%29.jpg/91px-Ishiba_Shigeru_20241001_%28cropped_3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ishiba_Shigeru_20241001_%28cropped_3%29.jpg/137px-Ishiba_Shigeru_20241001_%28cropped_3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ishiba_Shigeru_20241001_%28cropped_3%29.jpg/182px-Ishiba_Shigeru_20241001_%28cropped_3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2405" data-file-height="3227" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer"><img alt="" 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height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/134px-Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/178px-Anthony_Albanese_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1185" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mia_Mottley" title="Mia Mottley"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mia_Mottley_%282021%29_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/90px-Mia_Mottley_%282021%29_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mia_Mottley_%282021%29_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/135px-Mia_Mottley_%282021%29_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mia_Mottley_%282021%29_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg/180px-Mia_Mottley_%282021%29_%28cropped%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ulisses_Correia_e_Silva" title="Ulisses Correia e Silva"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jos%C3%A9_Ulisses_Correia_e_Silva_%26_Jutta_Urpilainen_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/98px-Jos%C3%A9_Ulisses_Correia_e_Silva_%26_Jutta_Urpilainen_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jos%C3%A9_Ulisses_Correia_e_Silva_%26_Jutta_Urpilainen_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/147px-Jos%C3%A9_Ulisses_Correia_e_Silva_%26_Jutta_Urpilainen_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Jos%C3%A9_Ulisses_Correia_e_Silva_%26_Jutta_Urpilainen_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/196px-Jos%C3%A9_Ulisses_Correia_e_Silva_%26_Jutta_Urpilainen_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="1722" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa" title="Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa_in_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/92px-Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa_in_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa_in_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/138px-Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa_in_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa_in_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/184px-Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa_in_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1529" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Executive heads of government</i>, from left to right, top to bottom: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ishiba" title="Shigeru Ishiba">Shigeru Ishiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Giorgia Meloni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Mottley" title="Mia Mottley">Mia Mottley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Barbados" title="Prime Minister of Barbados">Prime Minister of Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulisses_Correia_e_Silva" title="Ulisses Correia e Silva">Ulisses Correia e Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Cape Verde">Prime Minister of Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa" title="Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa">Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Prime Minister of Samoa">Prime Minister of Samoa</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> branch, the <b>head of government</b> is the highest or the second-highest official of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">federated state</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing colony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">autonomous region</a>, or other government who often presides over a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a>, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a>, "head of government" is differentiated from "<a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unprotocol_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unprotocol-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The authority of a head of government, such as a president, chancellor, or prime minister, and the relationship between that position and other state institutions, such as the relation between the head of state and of the legislature, varies greatly among sovereign states, depending largely on the particular system of the government that has been chosen, won, or evolved over time. </p><p>In most <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary systems</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarchies">constitutional monarchies</a>, the head of government is the <i>de facto</i> political leader of the government, and is answerable to at least <a href="/wiki/Chambers_of_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambers of parliament">one chamber</a> of the legislature. Although there is often a formal reporting relationship to a <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, the latter usually acts as a <a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">figurehead</a> who may take the role of chief executive on limited occasions, either when receiving <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_advice" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional advice">constitutional advice</a> from the head of government or under specific provisions in a constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Presidential_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential systems">presidential</a> republics or in <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute monarchies">absolute monarchies</a>, the head of state is also usually the head of government.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between that leader and the government, however, can vary greatly, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>, according to the constitution (or other basic laws) of the particular state. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential systems</a>, the head of government may answer to both the head of state and the legislature with the specifics provided by each country's constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modern example is the present French government, which originated as the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a> in 1958. In France, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president</a>, the head of state, appoints the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">prime minister</a>, who is the head of government. However, the president must choose someone who can act effectively as an executive, but who also enjoys the support of France's legislature, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>, to be able to pass legislation. </p><p>In some cases, the head of state may represent one political party but the majority in the National Assembly is of a different party. Given that the majority party has greater control over state funding and <a href="/wiki/Primary_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary legislation">primary legislation</a>, the president is in effect forced to choose a prime minister from the opposition party to ensure an effective, functioning legislature. In this case, known as <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabitation</a>, the prime minister, along with the cabinet, controls domestic policy, with the president's influence largely restricted to foreign affairs. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party">General Secretary of the Communist Party</a> is the supreme leader, serving as <i>de facto</i> head of state and government. In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the <i>de jure</i> head of government is the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier</a>. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">Chinese president</a> is legally a <a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">ceremonial office</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">top leader</a> in a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> system) has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_power_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Succession of power in the People's Republic of China">transition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">directorial systems</a>, the executive responsibilities of the head of government are spread among a group of people. A prominent example is the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Swiss Federal Council</a>, where each member of the council heads a department and also votes on proposals relating to all departments. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles_of_respective_heads_of_government">Titles of respective heads of government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Titles of respective heads of government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Head_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Head of government">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most common title for a head of government is <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime Minister</a>. This is used as a formal title in many states, but may also be an informal generic term to refer to whichever office is considered the principal minister under an otherwise styled <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, as <i>minister</i>—<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for servants or subordinates—is a common title for members of a government (but many other titles are in use, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">chancellor</a> and secretary of state). Formally the head of state can also be the head of government as well (<a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a> or by ad hoc cumulation, such as a ruling monarch exercising all powers himself) but otherwise has formal precedence over the head of government and other ministers, whether he is their actual political superior (ruling monarch, executive president) or rather theoretical or ceremonial in character (constitutional monarch, non-executive president). Various constitutions use different titles, and even the same title can have various multiple meanings, depending on the constitutional order and political system of the state in question. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_political_chief">As political chief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: As political chief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to prime minister, titles used for the democratic model, where there is an elected legislative body checking the head of government, include the following. Some of these titles relate to governments below the national level (e.g. states or provinces). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_English_terms_and_renderings">Alternative English terms and renderings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alternative English terms and renderings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">Chancellor</a> (primarily in German-speaking countries; today used in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister">Chief Minister</a> (often subnational)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_(gubernatorial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief executive (gubernatorial)">Chief Executive</a> (often subnational)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister">First Minister</a> (often subnational)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister-President" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister-President">Minister-President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier" title="Premier">Premier</a> (from French <i>premier ministre</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers" title="President of the Council of Ministers">President of the Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Council of State">President of the Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Executive_Council_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="President of the Executive Council (disambiguation)">President of the Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Government_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Government (disambiguation)">President of the Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Counsellor_of_Myanmar" title="State Counsellor of Myanmar">State Counsellor</a> (used exclusively in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">State President</a> (used exclusively in South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> (used in Ireland)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equivalent_titles_in_other_languages">Equivalent titles in other languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Equivalent titles in other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</a>: <i>ɔmampanyin</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Kryeministër</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <i>For the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Bangladesh">prime minister of Bangladesh</a> and other countries</i> <ul><li>প্রধানমন্ত্রী/ <i>Pradhan Mantri</i> (literally: Prime Minister, official)</li> <li>সরকার প্রধান/ <i>Sarkar Pradhan</i> (literally: Head of the Government, informal)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a>: <i>minisiriɲɛmɔgɔ</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>: <ul><li>Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a> (Spain): <i><a href="/wiki/Lehendakari" title="Lehendakari">Eusko Jaurlaritzako lehendakaria</a></i> (literally, 'President of the Basque Government')</li> <li>Leader of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> (Spain): <i>Nafarroako Gobernuko lehendakaria</i> (literally, 'President of the Government of Navarra')</li> <li>president, generically: <i><a href="/wiki/Lehendakari" title="Lehendakari">Lehendakari</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Министър-председател</a> (transliteration: <i>Ministar-predsedatel</i>, literally 'Minister President')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: <ul><li>For <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Andorra" title="List of heads of government of Andorra">Cap de Govern del Principat d'Andorra</a></i> (literally: 'Head of Government of the Principality of Andorra')</li> <li>For the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> (Spain): <i><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Balearic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Balearic Islands">President/-a del Govern Balear</a></i></li> <li>For <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> (Spain): <i><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Generalitat_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Generalitat of Catalonia">President/-a de la Generalitat de Catalunya</a></i> (literally: 'President of the Generalitat of Catalonia')</li> <li>For <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> (Spain): <i><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Generalitat_Valenciana" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Generalitat Valenciana">President/-a de la Generalitat Valenciana</a></i> (literally: 'President of the Valencian Generalitat')</li> <li>The terms 'head of government' and 'prime minister', generically: <i>cap de govern</i> and <i>primer ministre</i> or <i>primera ministra</i>, respectively</li></ul></li> <li>Chinese: <ul><li>For the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">premier of China</a>: 总理 (<i>zǒnglǐ</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Předseda vlády</a></i> (literally: 'Chairman of the Government')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <ul><li>For the head of government of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Minister-President</a></i>, <i>Eerste Minister</i> (literally, 'First Minister') or <i>Premier</i></li> <li>For the head of government of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and as the term 'prime minister' generically: <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Eerste Minister</a></i> or <i>Premier</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Peaminister</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>: <i>Dukplɔlagã</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4%C3%A4ministeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Pääministeri">Pääministeri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> <ul><li>For the head of state and government (President) of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Pangulo ng Pilipinas</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>French: <ul><li>For France, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and Canada: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister of Belgium</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a>: <i>Premier Ministre</i> or <i>Première Ministre</i>, also as the term 'prime minister' generically.</li> <li>For <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Conseil Fédéral</a></i> (literally, the 'Federal Council', considered the head of government as a group)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> (Spain): <i><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Xunta_of_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Xunta of Galicia">Presidente/-a da Xunta de Galicia</a></i> (literally, 'President of the Council of Galicia')</li> <li>German: <ul><li>For Germany and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Chancellor of Austria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bundeskanzler_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bundeskanzler (disambiguation)">Bundeskanzler</a> (masc.) / Bundeskanzlerin (fem.)</li> <li>For <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Schweizerischer Bundesrat</a></i> (literally, the 'Swiss Federal Council', considered the head of government as a group)</li> <li>The term 'head of government,' generically: <i>Regierungschef/-in</i></li> <li>The term 'prime minister,' generically: <i>Ministerpräsident/-in</i>; or <i>Premierminister/-in</i></li> <li>historically: <i>Leitender Minister</i> ('Senior Minister')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Πρωθυπουργός</a> (transliteration: <i>Prothipourgos</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>: <i>Firayam Minista</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <ul><li>For the prime minister of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">ראש הממשלה</a> (transliteration: <i>Rosh HaMemshala</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi/Hindustani/Urdu</a>: <ul><li>The term 'head of government', generically: शासनप्रमुख (translit. <i>Śāsanapramukha</i>), literally:'Chief of government'</li> <li>The term 'Prime Minister', generically: प्रधानमन्त्री (translit. <i>Pradhānamantrī</i>), literally:'Chief of Ministers/Prime Minister'</li> <li>The other Hindustani term generically used for 'Prime Minister'(now used officially only in Pakistan with Urdu as official language) : वज़ीर-ए-आज़म/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">وزیر اعظم</span> (translit. <i>Wazīr-ē-Āzam</i>), lit.:'Grand Vizier/Prime Minister'<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_and_Nixon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Indira_and_Nixon.JPG/220px-Indira_and_Nixon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Indira_and_Nixon.JPG/330px-Indira_and_Nixon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Indira_and_Nixon.JPG/440px-Indira_and_Nixon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of India">prime minister of India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>) and the president of the United States (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>) in 1971</figcaption></figure></li> <li>For '<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>' : भारतीय प्रधानमन्त्री/भारत के प्रधानमन्त्री (translit. <i>Bhāratiya Pradhānamantrī/Bhārat Kē Pradhānamantrī), translation:'Indian Prime Minister/Prime Minister of India'(this term is used by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of the Union</a> and the State Governments of India, under the umbrella of "Hindi Language"); </i></li> <li>For '<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a>': <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">وزیر اعظم پاکستان</span>/<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پاکستان کے وزیر اعظم</span> (translit. <i>Wazīr-ē-Āzam Pākistān/Pākistān Kē Wazīr-ē-Āzam</i>), This is the term used in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> under the umbrella of <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> term being, पाकिस्तानी प्रधानमन्त्री/पाकिस्तान के प्रधानमन्त्री (translit.<i>Pākistānī Pradhānamantrī/Pākistān Kē Pradhānamantrī)</i></li> <li>Historically, various terms like <i>Pradhānamantrī</i>, <i>Pradhān</i>, <i>Pantapradhān</i>, <i>Sadr-ē-Riyāsat</i>, <i>Sadr</i>, <i>Wazīr-ē-Āzam</i>, <i>Wazīr-ē-Ālā</i>, <i>Mahāmantrī</i>, <i>Wazīr-ē-Khazānā</i>, <i>Pēśwā</i>, <i>Dīwān</i>, <i>Dīwān Sāhib</i>, <i>Dīwān Bahādur</i>, <i>Dīwān Pramukh</i>, <i>Sadr-ul-Maham</i>, Pantapramukh, <i>Ālāmantrī</i>, etc. have been used by various <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">Empires, Kingdoms and Princely States of India</a> as a title for the prime minister, some of these titles were also used by the sovereign of various kingdoms.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Miniszterelnök</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>: <i>Onye isi ala.</i></li> <li>Irish: Leader of Ireland: <i><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a></i></li> <li>Italian: <ul><li>For the head of government of Italy: <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri della Repubblica Italiana</a></i> (literally, 'President of the Council of Ministers of the Italian Republic')</li> <li>When referring to other prime ministers: <i>Primo ministro</i> or <i>Prima ministra</i> (masculine and feminine forms; literally 'prime minister')</li> <li>For <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Consiglio Federale</a></i> (literally, the 'Federal Council', considered the head of government as a group)</li></ul></li> <li>Japanese: <ul><li>For the head of government of Japan (Prime Minister): 内閣総理大臣 (<i>Naikaku Sōri-Daijin</i>) or 首相 (<i>Shushō</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: <ul><li>For the prime minister of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>: នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី (<i>Neayuk rothmontrey</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <ul><li>For the president of <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>: <i>Daetongryung</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>For the prime minister of <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>: <i>Chongni(총리) or Gukmu Chongni(국무총리)</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <ul><li>For the head of government of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Ministru prezidents</a></i> (literally, 'Minister President')</li> <li>When referring to other prime ministers: <i>Premjerministrs</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a>: <i>Premier ministre</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lithuania" title="Prime Minister of Lithuania">Ministras pirmininkas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luganda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luganda language">Luganda</a>: <i>Ssaabaminisita</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Malaysia">prime minister of Malaysia</a> is <i>Perdana Menteri</i>. The head of government of the constituent states are either <i><a href="/wiki/Ketua_Menteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketua Menteri">Ketua Menteri</a></i>, "chief minister" in the Malaysian states without a monarchy (<a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, Penang, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>), or <i><a href="/wiki/Menteri_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Menteri Besar">Menteri Besar</a></i> "first minister" in the sultanates and other monarchic states.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>: In <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, the head of government is "Prim Ministru".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maori_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maori Language">Māori</a>: <i>Pirimia</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (literally, 'Premier', the former title for the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of New Zealand">prime minister of New Zealand</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <ul><li>For the head of government of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Prezes Rady Ministrów</a></i> ('President of Council of Ministers', literally: 'Chairman of the Council of Ministers')</li> <li>For the term 'prime minister' in general: <i>Premier</i> (also, informally, to the head of government of Poland)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <ul><li>For <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">Presidente/-a da República Federativa do Brasil</a></i> (literally, 'President of the Federal Republic of Brazil')</li> <li>For <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and as the term 'prime minister' in general: <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">Primeiro-ministro</a></i> or <i>Primeira-ministra</i> (masculine and feminine forms, literally 'prime minister' or 'first minister')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prim-ministru</a></i></li> <li>Russian: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia"><i>Prem'yer-ministr</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian languages">Scandinavian languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>): <ul><li>For the head of government of <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic states</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Statsminister" class="mw-disambig" title="Statsminister">Statsminister</a></i> (literally: 'Minister of the State')</li> <li>For the <a href="/wiki/List_of_lawmen_and_prime_ministers_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="List of lawmen and prime ministers of the Faroe Islands">head of government</a> of the autonomous Danish territory of <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>: <i>Lagmand</i> (literally: 'lawman")</li> <li>For the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greenland" title="Prime Minister of Greenland">head of government</a> of the autonomous Danish territory of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>: <i>Landsstyreformand</i> (literally: 'land governance chairman')</li> <li>For the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_%C3%85land" title="Government of Åland">head of government</a> of the autonomous Finnish region of <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>: <i>Lantråd</i> (literally: 'land councillor')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i>Prìomh Mhinistear na h-Alba</i> (literally First Minister of Scotland)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhalese</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">ශ්‍රී ලංකා අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය</a> <i>Shri Lanka Agramathya</i> (literally: 'Sri Lanka Prime Minister')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovakia" title="Prime Minister of Slovakia">Predseda vlády</a></i> (literally: 'Chairman of the Government')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Predsednik Vlade</a></i> (literally: 'Chairman of the Government')</li> <li>Spanish: <ul><li>For the head of government of Spain: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Presidente/-a del gobierno de España</a></i></span> (literally: 'President of the Government')</li> <li>When referring to other prime ministers: <i>Primer ministro</i> or <i>Primera Ministra</i> (masculine and feminine forms; literally 'prime minister')</li> <li>The term 'head of government', generically: <i>jefe del gobierno</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <ul><li>For the head of government (Prime Minister) of Thailand: <i>Nayok rathamontri</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">Başbakan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>: <i>adari igbimọ ijọba</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_a_dominant_head_of_state">Under a dominant head of state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Under a dominant head of state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a broader sense, a head of government can be used loosely when referring to various comparable positions under a dominant head of state (especially is the case of ancient or feudal eras, so the term "head of government", in this case, could be considered a contradiction in terms). In this case, the prime minister serves at the pleasure of the monarch and holds no more power than the monarch allows. Some such titles are diwan, <a href="/wiki/Mahamantri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahamantri">mahamantri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pradhan" title="Pradhan">pradhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasir">wasir</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a>. </p><p>However, just because the head of state is the <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> dominant position does not mean that he/she will not always be the <i>de facto</i> political leader. A skilled head of government like 19th-century German statesman <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia" title="Minister President of Prussia">Minister President of Prussia</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a> under <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">Emperor</a>/<a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Prussia">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_I,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm I, German Emperor">Wilhelm I</a>, serves as an example showing that possession of formal powers does not equal political influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indirectly_referred_as_the_head_of_state">Indirectly referred as the head of state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indirectly referred as the head of state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some cases, the head of state is a <a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">figurehead</a> whilst the head of the government leads the ruling party. In some cases a head of government may even pass on the title in hereditary fashion. Such titles include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_palace" title="Mayor of the palace">Mayor of the palace</a> of the Merovingian kingdoms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_wasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab wasir">Nawab wasir</a> of the Mughal Empire (also governor of <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Satara_State" title="Satara State">Satara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha empire">Maratha empire</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">Shōgun</a></i> in feudal Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> in the original case of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> who made the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliphs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> their puppets</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combined_heads_of_state_and_government">Combined heads of state and government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Combined heads of state and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dilma_Rousseff_and_Cristina_Kirchner_at_48th_Mercosur_Summit_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dilma_Rousseff_and_Cristina_Kirchner_at_48th_Mercosur_Summit_%282%29.jpg/220px-Dilma_Rousseff_and_Cristina_Kirchner_at_48th_Mercosur_Summit_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dilma_Rousseff_and_Cristina_Kirchner_at_48th_Mercosur_Summit_%282%29.jpg/330px-Dilma_Rousseff_and_Cristina_Kirchner_at_48th_Mercosur_Summit_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dilma_Rousseff_and_Cristina_Kirchner_at_48th_Mercosur_Summit_%282%29.jpg/440px-Dilma_Rousseff_and_Cristina_Kirchner_at_48th_Mercosur_Summit_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3627" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a> of Brazil and President <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Christina Kirchner</a> of Argentina in 2015.</figcaption></figure> <p>In some models the head of state and head of government are one and the same. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a> (chief executive)</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarch</a> reigning and ruling without a separate principal minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_magistrate" title="Chief magistrate">Chief magistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a> (used in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> for <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Supreme Leader (disambiguation)">Supreme Leader (disambiguation)</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">State Governor in the United States</a> (subnational executives)</li></ul> <p>An alternative formula is a single chief political body (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Presidium" title="Presidium">presidium</a>) which collectively leads the government and provides (e.g. by turns) the ceremonial Head of state. The only state in which this system is currently employed is <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> but other countries such as <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Government_(Uruguay)" title="National Council of Government (Uruguay)">have employed it in the past</a>. This system is described as the <a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">directorial system</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Brunei">Sultan of Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King of Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> <p><i>See <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a> for further explanation of these cases.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parliamentary_heads_of_government">Parliamentary heads of government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parliamentary heads of government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Head_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Head of government">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg/300px-CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg/450px-CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg/600px-CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>The heads of government of five members of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> at the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference</a>. From left to right, <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a> (Canada), <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> (South Africa), <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (United Kingdom), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Peter Fraser</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>), and <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a> (Australia).</figcaption></figure> <p>In parliamentary systems, government functions along the following lines: </p> <ul><li>The head of government — usually the leader of the majority party or <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> — forms the government, which is answerable to parliament;</li> <li>Full answerability of government to parliament is achieved through <ul><li>The ability of parliament to pass a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a>.</li> <li>The ability to vote down legislative proposals of the government.</li> <li>Control over or ability to vote down fiscal measures and the budget (or <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_Supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of Supply">supply</a>); a government is powerless without control of the state finances. In a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> system, it is often the so-called <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a>) that exercises the major elements of control and oversight; however, in some (e.g. Australia, Italy), the government is constitutionally or by convention answerable to both chambers/Houses of Parliament.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>All of these requirements directly impact the head of government's role. Consequently, they often play a 'day to day' role in parliament, answering questions and defending the government on the 'floor of the House', while in <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential">semi-presidential</a> systems they may not be required to play as much of a role in the functioning of parliament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment">Appointment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Appointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many countries, the head of government is commissioned by the head of state to form a government, on the basis of the strength of party support in the lower house; in some other states, the head of government is directly elected by parliament. Many parliamentary systems require ministers to serve in parliament, while others ban ministers from sitting in parliament (they must resign on becoming ministers). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal">Removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heads of government are typically removed from power in a parliamentary system by </p> <ul><li>Resignation, following: <ul><li>Defeat in a general election.</li> <li>Defeat in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leadership_vote&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leadership vote (page does not exist)">leadership vote</a> at their party <a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">caucus</a>, to be replaced by another member of the same party.</li> <li>Defeat in a parliamentary vote on a major issue, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_supply" title="Loss of supply">loss of supply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_No_Confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion of No Confidence">loss of confidence</a>. (In such cases, a head of government may seek a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_dissolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary dissolution">parliamentary dissolution</a> from the head of state and attempt to regain support by popular vote.)</li></ul></li> <li>Dismissal — some constitutions allow a head of state (or their designated representative, as is the case in some <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries) to dismiss a head of government, though its use can be controversial, as occurred in 1975 when then Australian Governor-General, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Kerr_(governor-general)" title="John Kerr (governor-general)">John Kerr</a>, dismissed Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_crisis_of_1975" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian constitutional crisis of 1975">Australian Constitutional Crisis</a>.</li> <li>Death — in this case, the deputy head of government typically acts as the head of government until a new head of government is appointed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_among_equals_or_dominating_the_cabinet?"><span id="First_among_equals_or_dominating_the_cabinet.3F"></span>First among equals or dominating the cabinet?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First among equals or dominating the cabinet?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constitutions differ in the range and scope of powers granted to the head of government. Some older constitutions; for example, Australia's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">1900 text</a>, and Belgium's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">1830 text</a>; do not mention their prime ministerial offices at all, the offices became a <i>de facto</i> political reality without a formal constitutional status. Some constitutions make a Prime Minister <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/First_among_equals" class="mw-redirect" title="First among equals">first among equals</a>) and that remains the practical reality for the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister of Belgium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister of Finland</a>. Other states however, make their head of government a central and dominant figure within the cabinet system; Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a>, for example, alone can decide when to seek a parliamentary dissolution, in contrast to other countries where this is a cabinet decision, with the Prime Minister just one member voting on the suggestion. In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel" title="Cabinet of Israel">Government</a> is nominally a collegiate body with a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">primus inter pares</i></span> role for the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister</a>, the Israeli Prime Minister is the dominant figure in the executive branch in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Prime Minister of Sweden</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/1974_Instrument_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="1974 Instrument of Government">1974 Instrument of Government</a>, is a constitutional office with all key executive powers either directly at his or her disposal or indirectly through the collegial <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Government</a>, whose members are all appointed and dismissed at the Prime Minister's sole discretion. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">unwritten British constitution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister</a>'s role has evolved, based often on the individual's personal appeal and strength of character, as contrasted between, for example, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> as against <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> as against <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a>. It is alleged<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that the increased personalisation of leadership in a number of states has led to heads of government becoming themselves "semi-presidential" figures, due in part to media coverage of politics that focuses on the leader and his or her mandate, rather than on parliament; and to the increasing centralisation of power in the hands of the head of government. Such allegations have been made against three former British Prime ministers: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>. They were also made against Italian prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Renzi" title="Matteo Renzi">Matteo Renzi</a>, Canadian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic_of_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)">Federal Chancellor</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> (later all of Germany), <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a>, when in power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_residence">Official residence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Official residence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Official residence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Head_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Head of government">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The head of government is often provided with an <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residence</a>, often in the same fashion as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">heads of state</a> often are. The name of the residence is often used as a <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonym</a> or alternative title for 'the government' when the office is politically the highest, e.g. in the UK "Downing Street announced today…" </p><p>Well-known official residences of heads of government include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a> in London — <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> (who also has a country residence, <a href="/wiki/Chequers" title="Chequers">Chequers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lodge_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lodge (Australia)">The Lodge</a> in Canberra — <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a> (with an additional residence, <a href="/wiki/Kirribilli_House" title="Kirribilli House">Kirribilli House</a>, in Sydney)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_Sussex_Drive" title="24 Sussex Drive">24 Sussex Drive</a> in Ottawa — <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> (who also has a country residence, <a href="/wiki/Harrington_Lake" title="Harrington Lake">Harrington Lake</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_House" title="Premier House">Premier House</a> in Wellington — <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7,_Lok_Kalyan_Marg" title="7, Lok Kalyan Marg">7, Lok Kalyan Marg</a> in New Delhi — <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_House_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister House (Pakistan)">Prime Minister House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> — <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catshuis" title="Catshuis">Catshuis</a> in The Hague — <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballhausplatz" title="Ballhausplatz">Ballhausplatz</a> in Vienna — <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Chancellor of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongnanhai" title="Zhongnanhai">Zhongnanhai</a> in Beijing — <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantei" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantei">Kantei</a> in Tokyo — <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kram%C3%A1%C5%99%27s_Villa" title="Kramář's Villa">Kramář's Villa</a> in Prague — <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Prime Minister of the Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Chigi" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Chigi">Chigi Palace</a> in Rome — <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Matignon" title="Hôtel Matignon">Hôtel Matignon</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Paris— <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a></li> <li>Villa Parkowa in Warsaw— <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Prime Minister of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Chancellery_(Berlin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Chancellery (Berlin)">Federal Chancellery</a> in Berlin — <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a></li> <li>The Lambermont in Brussels — <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_la_Moncloa" class="mw-redirect" title="Palacio de la Moncloa">Palacio de la Moncloa</a> in Madrid — <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Government_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Government of Spain">President of the Government of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Bento_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="São Bento Mansion">Palacete de São Bento</a> in Lisbon — <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">Prime Minister of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kes%C3%A4ranta" title="Kesäranta">Kesäranta</a> in Helsinki — <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sager_House" title="Sager House">Sager House</a> in Stockholm — <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Prime Minister of Sweden</a> (who also has a country residence, <a href="/wiki/Harpsund" title="Harpsund">Harpsund</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Kremlin_Palace" title="Grand Kremlin Palace">Grand Kremlin Palace</a> in Moscow — <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li>Palace of the Governorate in Vatican City — <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Commission for the Vatican City State">Governorate of the Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phitsanulok_Mansion" title="Phitsanulok Mansion">Phitsanulok Mansion</a> in Bangkok - <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister of Thailand</a></li></ul> <p>Similarly, heads of government of federal entities below the level of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> (often without an actual head of state, at least under international law) may also be given an official residence, sometimes used as an opportunity to display aspirations of statehood: </p> <ul><li><i>Hotel Errera</i> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> — <a href="/wiki/Minister-President" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister-President">Minister-President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish community">Flemish community</a> and region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayerische_Staatskanzlei" title="Bayerische Staatskanzlei">Bavarian State Chancellery</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers-President_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers-President of Bavaria">Minister-President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lysette" title="Élysette">Élysette</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a> — <a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_Wallonia" title="Minister-President of Wallonia">Minister-President of Wallonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_House" title="Bute House">Bute House</a>, Edinburgh; <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessische_Staatskanzlei" title="Hessische Staatskanzlei">Hesse State Chancellery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>; Minister-President of the State of <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Kremlin" title="Kazan Kremlin">Kazan Kremlin</a>, Kazan – <a href="/wiki/President_of_Tatarstan" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Tatarstan">President of Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Hong_Kong" title="Government House, Hong Kong">Government House, Hong Kong</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Government_Headquarters" title="Macau Government Headquarters">Macau Government Headquarters</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Macau" title="Chief Executive of Macau">Chief Executive of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotes_Rathaus" title="Rotes Rathaus">Red City Hall</a> – <a href="/wiki/Governing_Mayor_of_Berlin" title="Governing Mayor of Berlin">Governing Mayor of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinta_Vigia" title="Quinta Vigia">Quinta Vigia</a> – <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Regional_Government_of_Madeira" title="President of the Regional Government of Madeira">President of the Regional Government of Madeira</a></li></ul> <p>Usually, the residence of the heads of government is not as prestigious and grand as that of the head of state, even if the head of state only performs ceremonial duties. Even the formal representative of the head of state, such as a <a href="/wiki/Governor-general" title="Governor-general">governor-general</a>, may well be housed in a grander, palace-type residence. However, this is not the case when both positions are combined into one: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> (1600 Pennsylvania Avenue) in Washington, D.C. — <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States of America</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Complex_(Turkey)" title="Presidential Complex (Turkey)">Presidential Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> – <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President of Turkey</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Blue_House" title="Blue House">Blue House</a> (1 Sejongno Jongno-gu) in Seoul — <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istana_Nurul_Iman" title="Istana Nurul Iman">Istana Nurul Iman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Brunei">Sultan of Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Alvorada" title="Palácio da Alvorada">Palácio da Alvorada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> — <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Federative_Republic_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Federative Republic of Brazil">President of the Federative Republic of Brazil</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> - <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Palace" title="Merdeka Palace">Merdeka Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> - <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President of Indonesia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Records_of_heads_of_state" title="Records of heads of state">Records of heads of state</a></div> <ul><li><b>World's longest serving unelected head of government</b>: Prince <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Salman_Al_Khalifa" title="Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa">Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bahrain" title="Prime Minister of Bahrain">Prime Minister of Bahrain</a> from 1971 to 2020 (<i>50 years, 315 days</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>World's longest serving monarchical head of government</b>: <a href="/wiki/Hun_Sen" title="Hun Sen">Hun Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Prime Minister of Cambodia</a> from 1998 to 2023 (<i>24 years, 274 days</i>).</li> <li><b>World's longest serving republican head of government</b>: <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister of Singapore</a> from 1959 to 1990 (<i>31 years, 178 days</i>).</li> <li><b>World's longest serving <a href="/wiki/Female_head_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Female head of government">female head of government</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina" title="Sheikh Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh" title="Prime Minister of Bangladesh">Prime Minister of Bangladesh</a> from 1996 to 2002 and from 2009 to 2024 (<i><span data-sort-value="7003753900000000000♠"></span>20 years, 234 days</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heads_of_government" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Heads of government">Heads of government</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">List of current heads of state and government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_prime_ministers_by_date_of_assumption_of_office" title="List of current prime ministers by date of assumption of office">List of current prime ministers by date of assumption of office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">Chief executive officer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">Chief operating officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">Power behind the throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">Éminence grise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_transports_of_heads_of_state_and_government" title="Air transports of heads of state and government">Air transports of heads of state and government</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Official_Portraits" title="Official Portraits">Official Portraits</a> (book)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/World_Leaders" title="World Leaders">World Leaders</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with a hotel, as a grand stately house is also called a <i>hôtel</i> in French.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As in article 7 of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_the_Law_of_Treaties" title="Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties">Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties</a>, article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Diplomats_Convention" title="Protection of Diplomats Convention">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents</a> and the United Nations protocol list)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unprotocol-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unprotocol_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927014351/http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf">"Heads of state, heads of government, ministers for foreign affairs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Protocol and Liaison Service, United Nations</i>. 19 October 2012. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Protocol+and+Liaison+Service%2C+United+Nations&rft.atitle=Heads+of+state%2C+heads+of+government%2C+ministers+for+foreign+affairs&rft.date=2012-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.int%2Fprotocol%2Fdocuments%2FHspmfm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf">Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969</a>", <a href="/wiki/International_Law_Commission" title="International Law Commission">International Law Commission</a>, United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017052135/http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf">Archived</a> 17 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 29 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_4_1973.pdf">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents 1973</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101182831/http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/9_4_1973.pdf">Archived</a> 1 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Law_Commission" title="International Law Commission">International Law Commission</a>, United Nations. Retrieved 29 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreemanonline.org/head-of-state-vs-head-of-government/">"Head Of State Vs. Head Of Government: A Guide"</a>. The Freeman Online. 26 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113114522/https://www.thefreemanonline.org/head-of-state-vs-head-of-government/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Head+Of+State+Vs.+Head+Of+Government%3A+A+Guide&rft.pub=The+Freeman+Online&rft.date=2020-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreemanonline.org%2Fhead-of-state-vs-head-of-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/head-of-state">"head of state | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921211018/https://www.britannica.com/topic/head-of-state">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=head+of+state+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fhead-of-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Yan, Huang-Ting (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1755773921000072">"Prime ministerial autonomy and intra-executive conflict under semi-presidentialism"</a>. <i>European Political Science Review</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 285–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1755773921000072">10.1017/S1755773921000072</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-7739">1755-7739</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233668466">233668466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Prime+ministerial+autonomy+and+intra-executive+conflict+under+semi-presidentialism&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-306&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233668466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1755-7739&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1755773921000072&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Huang-Ting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1755773921000072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckleyWu2018" class="citation news cs1">Buckley, Chris; Wu, Adam (10 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-term-limit-explainer.html">"Ending Term Limits for China's Xi Is a Big Deal. Here's Why"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180312103512/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-term-limit-explainer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>In China, the political job that matters most is the general secretary of the Communist Party. The party controls the military and domestic security forces, and sets the policies that the government carries out. China's presidency lacks the authority of the American and French presidencies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ending+Term+Limits+for+China%27s+Xi+Is+a+Big+Deal.+Here%27s+Why&rft.date=2018-03-10&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Wu%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F03%2F10%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-xi-jinping-term-limit-explainer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/25/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-titles-chairman.html">"China's 'Chairman of Everything': Behind Xi Jinping's Many Titles"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 25 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026043525/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/25/world/asia/china-xi-jinping-titles-chairman.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>Mr. Xi's most important title is general secretary, the most powerful position in the Communist Party. In China's one-party system, this ranking gives him virtually unchecked authority over the government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China%27s+%27Chairman+of+Everything%27%3A+Behind+Xi+Jinping%27s+Many+Titles&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F10%2F25%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-xi-jinping-titles-chairman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0014865">"대통령(大統領)"</a> (in Korean). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019142823/http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0014865">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9%28%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98%29&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FContents%2FItem%2FE0014865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maoridictionary.co.nz/search?idiom=&phrase=&proverb=&loan=&histLoanWords=&keywords=Pirimia">"Pirimia"</a>. <i>Maori Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801131719/https://maoridictionary.co.nz/search?idiom=&phrase=&proverb=&loan=&histLoanWords=&keywords=Pirimia">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maori+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Pirimia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaoridictionary.co.nz%2Fsearch%3Fidiom%3D%26phrase%3D%26proverb%3D%26loan%3D%26histLoanWords%3D%26keywords%3DPirimia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmirNachmiasArian2001" class="citation book cs1">Amir, R.; Nachmias, D.; Arian, A. (17 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpFaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"><i>Executive Governance in Israel</i></a>. Springer. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403990150" title="Special:BookSources/9781403990150"><bdi>9781403990150</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019142836/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpFaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Executive+Governance+in+Israel&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001-12-17&rft.isbn=9781403990150&rft.aulast=Amir&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Nachmias%2C+D.&rft.au=Arian%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpFaCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=138&language=en-US">H.R.H. the Prime Minister</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112145830/http://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=138&language=en-US">Archived</a> 12 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mofa.gov.bh (20 February 2013). Retrieved 12 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniindia.com/sheikh-hasina-longest-serving-female-leader-in-world-survey/world/news/1723244.html">"Sheikh Hasina longest serving female leader in world: Survey"</a>. Uniindia.com. 9 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610083248/http://www.uniindia.com/sheikh-hasina-longest-serving-female-leader-in-world-survey/world/news/1723244.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sheikh+Hasina+longest+serving+female+leader+in+world%3A+Survey&rft.pub=Uniindia.com&rft.date=2019-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniindia.com%2Fsheikh-hasina-longest-serving-female-leader-in-world-survey%2Fworld%2Fnews%2F1723244.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.dhakatribune.com/world/2019/09/11/survey-sheikh-hasina-tops-as-longest-serving-female-leader-in-world">"Survey: Sheikh Hasina tops as longest serving female leader in world"</a>. 11 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610083246/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/world/2019/09/11/survey-sheikh-hasina-tops-as-longest-serving-female-leader-in-world">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Survey%3A+Sheikh+Hasina+tops+as+longest+serving+female+leader+in+world&rft.date=2019-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.dhakatribune.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2F09%2F11%2Fsurvey-sheikh-hasina-tops-as-longest-serving-female-leader-in-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.risingbd.com/english/national/news/64130">"Sheikh Hasina world's longest serving female leader"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610083246/https://www.risingbd.com/english/national/news/64130">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sheikh+Hasina+world%27s+longest+serving+female+leader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.risingbd.com%2Fenglish%2Fnational%2Fnews%2F64130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHead+of+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations_2">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_government&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Jean Blondel & Ferdinand Muller-Rommel <i>Cabinets in Western Europe</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-46209-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-46209-2">0-333-46209-2</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Titles_used_for_heads_of_government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_heads_of_government" title="Template:Types of heads of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_heads_of_government" title="Template talk:Types of heads of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_heads_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of heads of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Titles_used_for_heads_of_government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Titles used for <a class="mw-selflink selflink">heads of government</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_(head_of_government)" title="Chief executive (head of government)">Chief executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister" title="Chief minister">Chief minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a> (collective head of government)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_minister" title="First minister">First minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister-president" title="Minister-president">Minister-president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier" title="Premier">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers" title="President of the Council of Ministers">President of the Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">President of the Executive Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_government" title="President of the government">President of the government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union">Chairman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">President of the Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Elder_of_Estonia" title="State Elder of Estonia">State Elder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background: lightblue"><div id="Government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_and_government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_and_government" title="Template:Politics and government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_and_government" title="Template talk:Politics and government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_and_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics and government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_and_government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">Central government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><i>Levels:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_government" class="mw-redirect" title="County government">County government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">Govt systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">Countries by system</a></li> <li><i>Systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electocracy" title="Electocracy">Electocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergatocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergatocracy">Ergatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_democracy" title="Cellular democracy">Cellular </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_e-democracy" title="Collaborative e-democracy">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_democracy" title="Cosmopolitan democracy">Cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><i>Theoreticians:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">Unemployment benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="National healthcare">National healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">Public education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><i>Regulation:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental regulation">Environmental regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking regulation">Banking regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Food inspection">Food inspection</a></li> <li><i>Municipal:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lights">Traffic lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Street cleaning">Street cleaning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Documents</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">Uncodified constitution</a></li> <li><i>Roles:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Head of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><i>Bodies:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><i>Legislative bodies</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council" title="Council">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly" title="House of Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_council" title="Legislative council">Legislative council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance <br /> processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Process:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li> <li><i>Outcomes:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">Elections</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Campaigns</a></li> <li><i>Groups:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocacy groups">Advocacy groups</a></li> <li><i>Issues:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Fields of study</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Overviews:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><i>Reforms</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><i>Documents:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy">Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><i>World:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="World Government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="World Court">World Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">History of philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><i>Templates:</i></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies">Political ideologies</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_culture" title="Template:Political culture">Political culture</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_and_political_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Social and political philosophy">Social and political philosophy</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism">liberalism</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox">Conservatism navbox</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Aspects of capitalism">aspects of capitalism</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Western culture">Western culture</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration">Autonomous types of first-tier administration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:World_government" title="Template:World government">World government</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_government" title="Category:Forms of government">Forms of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_democracy" title="Category:Types of democracy">Types of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties" title="Category:Political parties">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Template:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Template talk:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common types of government <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">Vice president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_prime_minister" title="Deputy prime minister">Deputy prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_minister" title="First minister">First minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Deputy First Minister (disambiguation)">Deputy First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier" title="Premier">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Office of the President (disambiguation)">Office of the president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_department" title="Cabinet department">Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker / President of the assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state" title="Secretary of state">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of state">Minister of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_minister" title="Deputy minister">Deputy minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersecretary" title="Undersecretary">Undersecretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defence / <br /> foreign affairs /<br />public safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Ministry of defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">Ministry of foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_minister" title="Immigration minister">Immigration minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_minister" title="Interior minister">Interior minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interior_ministry" title="Interior ministry">Interior ministry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_development_minister" title="International development minister">International development minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_European_Affairs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for European Affairs (disambiguation)">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics/<br />infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_minister" title="Commerce minister">Commerce minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_economy" title="Ministry of the economy">Ministry of the economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_finance" title="Ministry of finance">Ministry of finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry minister">Industry minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of infrastructure">Ministry of infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_trade_and_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of trade and industry">Ministry of trade and industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of transport">Ministry of transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment / <br />natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_minister" title="Energy minister">Energy minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_energy" title="Ministry of energy">Ministry of energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_minister" title="Environment minister">Environment minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of electricity">Ministry of electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_petroleum" title="Ministry of petroleum">Ministry of petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_water_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of water resources">Ministry of water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of culture">Ministry of culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_minister" title="Education minister">Education minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_education_and_culture" title="Ministry of education and culture">Ministry of education and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Health minister">Health minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_department" title="Health department">Ministry of health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_minister" title="Information minister">Information minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_minister" title="Housing minister">Housing minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_authority" title="Housing authority">Ministry of housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_justice" title="Ministry of justice">Ministry of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_labour" title="Minister of labour">Minister of labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of labour">Ministry of labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_minister" title="Regional minister">Regional minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministry of sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_minister" title="Tourism minister">Tourism minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_home_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of home affairs">Ministry of home affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_religious_affairs" title="Ministry of religious affairs">Ministry of religious affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_science" title="Ministry of science">Ministry of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_social_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social affairs">Ministry of social affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social security">Ministry of social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Veterans_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Veterans (disambiguation)">Minister for Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of women">Ministry of women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Women_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Women (disambiguation)">Minister for women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Minister without portfolio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_vice_presidents_and_designated_acting_presidents" title="List of current vice presidents and designated acting presidents">Vice presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_deputy_prime_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current deputy prime ministers">Deputy prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_presidents_of_legislatures" title="List of current presidents of legislatures">Presidents of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Agriculture ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_climate_change" title="List of ministers of climate change">Climate change ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_communications" title="List of ministries of communications">Communications ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_defence_ministers" title="List of current defence ministers">Defence ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_education_ministries" title="List of education ministries">Education ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_the_environment" title="List of ministers of the environment">Environment ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_ministries" title="List of environmental ministries">Environment ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_finance_ministers" title="List of current finance ministers">Finance ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_foreign_ministers" title="List of current foreign ministers">Foreign ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Forest ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_health_departments_and_ministries" title="List of health departments and ministries">Health ministries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">mental health</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_interior_ministers" title="List of current interior ministers">Interior ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_works_ministries" title="List of public works ministries">Public works ministries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Government_ministers_by_portfolio" title="Category:Government ministers by portfolio">Government ministers by portfolio</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ministries_by_portfolio" title="Category:Ministries by portfolio">Ministries by portfolio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_services" title="Template:Public services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_services" title="Template talk:Public services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalization" title="Municipalization">Municipalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_newspaper" title="Free newspaper">Free newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_sample" title="Product sample">Product sample</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bad" title="Public bad">Public bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">Public land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_rights" title="Public rights">Public rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">Public procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_trust" title="Public trust">Public trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_value" title="Public value">Public value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">Universal access to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Postal service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Savings system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">Electric utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">Oil & gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal,_telegraph_and_telephone_service" title="Postal, telegraph and telephone service">Telecommunication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Municipal broadband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_water_system" title="Public water system">Public water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_clinic" title="Free clinic">Free clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Public bookcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_hospital" title="Public hospital">Public hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">Public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">Public toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">Publicly funded health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation">Job creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-payer_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-payer health care">Single-payer health care</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health insurance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_pension" title="Social pension">Social pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_services" title="Youth services">Youth services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_auction" title="Government auction">Government auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_float" title="Public float">Public float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">Public holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_offering" title="Public offering">Public offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security" title="Public security">Public security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_use" title="Public use">Public use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_viewing_area" title="Public viewing area">Public viewing area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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