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data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M12.5.75C6.146.75 1 5.896 1 12.25c0 5.089 3.292 9.387 7.863 10.91.575.101.79-.244.79-.546 0-.273-.014-1.178-.014-2.142-2.889.532-3.636-.704-3.866-1.35-.13-.331-.69-1.352-1.18-1.625-.402-.216-.977-.748-.014-.762.906-.014 1.553.834 1.769 1.179 1.035 1.74 2.688 1.25 3.349.948.1-.747.402-1.25.733-1.538-2.559-.287-5.232-1.279-5.232-5.678 0-1.25.445-2.285 1.178-3.09-.115-.288-.517-1.467.115-3.048 0 0 .963-.302 3.163 1.179.92-.259 1.897-.388 2.875-.388.977 0 1.955.13 2.875.388 2.2-1.495 3.162-1.179 3.162-1.179.633 1.581.23 2.76.115 3.048.733.805 1.179 1.825 1.179 3.09 0 4.413-2.688 5.39-5.247 5.678.417.36.776 1.05.776 2.128 0 1.538-.014 2.774-.014 3.162 0 .302.216.662.79.547C20.709 21.637 24 17.324 24 12.25 24 5.896 18.854.75 12.5.75Z"></path> </svg> </a> <div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <a href="/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fwhatwg%2Fhtml%2Fblob%2Fmain%2FFAQ.md" class="HeaderMenu-link 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position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 mb-lg-0 pr-lg-7"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_copilot","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"github_copilot_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/copilot"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M23.922 16.992c-.861 1.495-5.859 5.023-11.922 5.023-6.063 0-11.061-3.528-11.922-5.023A.641.641 0 0 1 0 16.736v-2.869a.841.841 0 0 1 .053-.22c.372-.935 1.347-2.292 2.605-2.656.167-.429.414-1.055.644-1.517a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.499 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952 1.399-1.136 3.392-2.093 6.122-2.093 2.731 0 4.767.957 6.166 2.093.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086.23.462.477 1.088.644 1.517 1.258.364 2.233 1.721 2.605 2.656a.832.832 0 0 1 .053.22v2.869a.641.641 0 0 1-.078.256ZM12.172 11h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.703 12.455 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a2.005 2.005 0 0 1-.085-.104L4 11.741v6.585c1.435.779 4.514 2.179 8 2.179 3.486 0 6.565-1.4 8-2.179v-6.585l-.098-.104s-.033.045-.085.104c-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.545-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.016.016Zm.641-2.935c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 2.344-.938.475-.584.742-1.44.878-2.497Z"></path><path d="M14.5 14.25a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"security","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"security_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/security"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 1.21-1.664L11.46.637a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.08 0Zm-.617 1.426-8.25 2.676a.249.249 0 0 0-.173.237V10c0 5.46 3.28 9.483 8.43 11.426a.199.199 0 0 0 .14 0C17.22 19.483 20.5 15.461 20.5 10V4.976a.25.25 0 0 0-.173-.237l-8.25-2.676a.253.253 0 0 0-.154 0Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Security</div> Find and fix vulnerabilities </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"actions","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"actions_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/actions"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any workflow </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"codespaces","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"codespaces_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/codespaces"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces 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data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"issues","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"issues_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/issues"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1ZM2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12 2.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 2.5 12Zm9.5 2a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 12 14Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Issues</div> Plan and track work </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"code_review","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"code_review_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/code-review"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 6.74a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06l-2.908 2.7 2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M1.5 4.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v12.5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code Review</div> Manage code changes </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"discussions","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"discussions_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/discussions"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 15.543V14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25v-9.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"code_search","context":"product","tag":"link","label":"code_search_link_product_navbar"}" href="https://github.com/features/code-search"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-square color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 8.24a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06L7.352 12l2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 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data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="feedback-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="feedback-dialog-title" aria-describedby="feedback-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 class="Overlay-title " id="feedback-dialog-title"> Provide feedback </h1> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 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<label for="include_email" style="font-weight: normal">Include my email address so I can be contacted</label> </form></div> </scrollable-region> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel </button> <button form="code-search-feedback-form" data-action="click:qbsearch-input#submitFeedback" type="submit" data-view-component="true" class="btn-primary btn"> Submit feedback </button> </div> </dialog></dialog-helper> <custom-scopes data-target="qbsearch-input.customScopesManager"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="custom-scopes-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="custom-scopes-dialog-title" aria-describedby="custom-scopes-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--divided"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 class="Overlay-title " id="custom-scopes-dialog-title"> Saved searches </h1> <h2 id="custom-scopes-dialog-description" class="Overlay-description">Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly</h2> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="custom-scopes-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 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src="/search/custom_scopes/check_name" required> <input type="text" name="custom_scope_name" id="custom_scope_name" data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesNameField" class="form-control" autocomplete="off" placeholder="github-ruby" required maxlength="50"> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="jRx+e0hzDrBy2vLguj+zNbHze028sWn3rYvMZje2KSrh51BnsPNwwx55bA72yUm343WCNGIWb+gAP0JN4Hq5Jg==" /> </auto-check> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="custom_scope_query">Query</label> <input type="text" name="custom_scope_query" id="custom_scope_query" data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesQueryField" class="form-control" autocomplete="off" placeholder="(repo:mona/a OR repo:mona/b) AND lang:python" required maxlength="500"> </div> <p class="text-small color-fg-muted"> To see all available qualifiers, see our <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="https://docs.github.com/search-github/github-code-search/understanding-github-code-search-syntax">documentation</a>. </p> </form> </div> <div data-target="custom-scopes.manageCustomScopesForm"> <div data-target="custom-scopes.list"></div> </div> </div> </scrollable-region> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd Overlay-footer--divided"> <button data-action="click:custom-scopes#customScopesCancel" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel </button> <button form="custom-scopes-dialog-form" data-action="click:custom-scopes#customScopesSubmit" data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesSubmitButton" type="submit" data-view-component="true" class="btn-primary btn"> Create saved search </button> </div> </dialog></dialog-helper> </custom-scopes> </div> </qbsearch-input> <div class="position-relative HeaderMenu-link-wrap d-lg-inline-block"> <a href="/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fwhatwg%2Fhtml%2Fblob%2Fmain%2FFAQ.md" class="HeaderMenu-link HeaderMenu-link--sign-in HeaderMenu-button flex-shrink-0 no-underline d-none d-lg-inline-flex border border-lg-0 rounded rounded-lg-0 px-2 py-1" style="margin-left: 12px;" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"site header menu","repository_id":null,"auth_type":"SIGN_UP","originating_url":"https://github.com/whatwg/html/blob/main/FAQ.md","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="107c449b012ec3cd0c37222d62c3a0ad5c939cb1e6f438637e4aef660a408295" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Marketing nav","action":"click to go to homepage","label":"ref_page:Marketing;ref_cta:Sign in;ref_loc:Header"}" > Sign in </a> </div> <a href="/signup?ref_cta=Sign+up&ref_loc=header+logged+out&ref_page=%2F%3Cuser-name%3E%2F%3Crepo-name%3E%2Fblob%2Fshow&source=header-repo&source_repo=whatwg%2Fhtml" class="HeaderMenu-link HeaderMenu-link--sign-up HeaderMenu-button flex-shrink-0 d-flex d-lg-inline-flex no-underline border color-border-default rounded px-2 py-1" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"site header menu","repository_id":null,"auth_type":"SIGN_UP","originating_url":"https://github.com/whatwg/html/blob/main/FAQ.md","user_id":null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="107c449b012ec3cd0c37222d62c3a0ad5c939cb1e6f438637e4aef660a408295" data-analytics-event="{"category":"Sign up","action":"click to sign up for account","label":"ref_page:/<user-name>/<repo-name>/blob/show;ref_cta:Sign up;ref_loc:header logged out"}" > Sign up </a> <button type="button" class="sr-only js-header-menu-focus-trap d-block d-lg-none">Reseting focus</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div hidden="hidden" data-view-component="true" class="js-stale-session-flash stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-full"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert"> <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path> </svg> <span class="js-stale-session-flash-signed-in" hidden>You signed in with another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span> <span class="js-stale-session-flash-signed-out" hidden>You signed out in another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span> <span class="js-stale-session-flash-switched" hidden>You switched accounts on another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span> <button id="icon-button-200a3a5d-de34-43a9-a319-34c2039b9d5a" aria-labelledby="tooltip-9011373d-4db2-4906-8169-95cb9d026274" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="Button Button--iconOnly Button--invisible Button--medium flash-close js-flash-close"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x Button-visual"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </button><tool-tip id="tooltip-9011373d-4db2-4906-8169-95cb9d026274" for="icon-button-200a3a5d-de34-43a9-a319-34c2039b9d5a" popover="manual" data-direction="s" data-type="label" data-view-component="true" class="sr-only position-absolute">Dismiss alert</tool-tip> </div> </div> <div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div> <div id="js-flash-container" class="flash-container" data-turbo-replace> <template class="js-flash-template"> <div class="flash flash-full {{ className }}"> <div > <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert"> <div>{{ message }}</div> </div> </div> </div> </template> </div> <div class="application-main " data-commit-hovercards-enabled data-discussion-hovercards-enabled data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled > <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class=""> <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" > <div id="repository-container-header" class="pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--page-header-bgColor, var(--color-page-header-bg));" data-turbo-replace> <div 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data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" href="/whatwg"> whatwg </a> </span> <span class="mx-1 flex-self-stretch color-fg-muted">/</span> <strong itemprop="name" class="mr-2 flex-self-stretch"> <a data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" href="/whatwg/html">html</a> </strong> <span></span><span class="Label Label--secondary v-align-middle mr-1">Public</span> </div> </div> <div id="repository-details-container" class="flex-shrink-0" data-turbo-replace style="max-width: 70%;"> <ul class="pagehead-actions flex-shrink-0 d-none d-md-inline" style="padding: 2px 0;"> <li> <a href="/login?return_to=%2Fwhatwg%2Fhtml" rel="nofollow" id="repository-details-watch-button" data-hydro-click="{"event_type":"authentication.click","payload":{"location_in_page":"notification subscription menu watch","repository_id":null,"auth_type":"LOG_IN","originating_url":"https://github.com/whatwg/html/blob/main/FAQ.md","user_id":null}}" 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stable?"},{"level":3,"text":"Why are there no stable snapshots, or versions, of the standard?","anchor":"why-are-there-no-stable-snapshots-or-versions-of-the-standard","htmlText":"Why are there no stable snapshots, or versions, of the standard?"},{"level":3,"text":"Will future browsers have any idea what older HTML documents mean?","anchor":"will-future-browsers-have-any-idea-what-older-html-documents-mean","htmlText":"Will future browsers have any idea what older HTML documents mean?"},{"level":3,"text":"How are developers to determine when certain parts of their pages will become invalid?","anchor":"how-are-developers-to-determine-when-certain-parts-of-their-pages-will-become-invalid","htmlText":"How are developers to determine when certain parts of their pages will become invalid?"},{"level":3,"text":"How can I keep track of changes to the standard?","anchor":"how-can-i-keep-track-of-changes-to-the-standard","htmlText":"How can I keep track of changes to the standard?"},{"level":3,"text":"What are the various versions of the HTML Standard?","anchor":"what-are-the-various-versions-of-the-html-standard","htmlText":"What are the various versions of the HTML Standard?"},{"level":3,"text":"How do I know if a particular feature in the standard is ready to use?","anchor":"how-do-i-know-if-a-particular-feature-in-the-standard-is-ready-to-use","htmlText":"How do I know if a particular feature in the standard is ready to use?"},{"level":3,"text":"When will HTML5 be finished?","anchor":"when-will-html5-be-finished","htmlText":"When will HTML5 be finished?"},{"level":3,"text":"What's this I hear about 2022?","anchor":"whats-this-i-hear-about-2022","htmlText":"What's this I hear about 2022?"},{"level":3,"text":"Is design rationale documented?","anchor":"is-design-rationale-documented","htmlText":"Is design rationale documented?"},{"level":2,"text":"HTML syntax issues","anchor":"html-syntax-issues","htmlText":"HTML syntax issues"},{"level":3,"text":"Does HTML finally put an end to the XHTML as text/html debate?","anchor":"does-html-finally-put-an-end-to-the-xhtml-as-texthtml-debate","htmlText":"Does HTML finally put an end to the XHTML as text/html debate?"},{"level":3,"text":"What is the DOCTYPE for modern HTML documents?","anchor":"what-is-the-doctype-for-modern-html-documents","htmlText":"What is the DOCTYPE for modern HTML documents?"},{"level":3,"text":"Under what conditions should a DOCTYPE be used in a document delivered with an XML media type?","anchor":"under-what-conditions-should-a-doctype-be-used-in-a-document-delivered-with-an-xml-media-type","htmlText":"Under what conditions should a DOCTYPE be used in a document delivered with an XML media type?"},{"level":3,"text":"How are documents from HTML4 and earlier versions parsed?","anchor":"how-are-documents-from-html4-and-earlier-versions-parsed","htmlText":"How are documents from HTML4 and earlier versions parsed?"},{"level":3,"text":"If there is no DTD, how can I validate my page?","anchor":"if-there-is-no-dtd-how-can-i-validate-my-page","htmlText":"If there is no DTD, how can I validate my page?"},{"level":3,"text":"What is an \"HTML serialization\"?","anchor":"what-is-an-html-serialization","htmlText":"What is an \"HTML serialization\"?"},{"level":3,"text":"What is an XML (or XHTML) serialization?","anchor":"what-is-an-xml-or-xhtml-serialization","htmlText":"What is an XML (or XHTML) serialization?"},{"level":3,"text":"What media (MIME) type does HTML use?","anchor":"what-media-mime-type-does-html-use","htmlText":"What media (MIME) type does HTML use?"},{"level":3,"text":"Should I close empty elements with /\u003e or \u003e?","anchor":"should-i-close-empty-elements-with--or-","htmlText":"Should I close empty elements with /\u0026gt; or \u0026gt;?"},{"level":3,"text":"If I'm careful with the syntax I use in my HTML document, can I process it with an XML parser?","anchor":"if-im-careful-with-the-syntax-i-use-in-my-html-document-can-i-process-it-with-an-xml-parser","htmlText":"If I'm careful with the syntax I use in my HTML document, can I process it with an XML parser?"},{"level":3,"text":"What is the namespace declaration?","anchor":"what-is-the-namespace-declaration","htmlText":"What is the namespace declaration?"},{"level":3,"text":"What about namespaces in HTML?","anchor":"what-about-namespaces-in-html","htmlText":"What about namespaces in HTML?"},{"level":3,"text":"How do I specify the character encoding?","anchor":"how-do-i-specify-the-character-encoding","htmlText":"How do I specify the character encoding?"},{"level":3,"text":"What are the differences between HTML and XHTML?","anchor":"what-are-the-differences-between-html-and-xhtml","htmlText":"What are the differences between HTML and XHTML?"},{"level":3,"text":"What are best practices to be compatible with HTML DOM and XML DOM?","anchor":"what-are-best-practices-to-be-compatible-with-html-dom-and-xml-dom","htmlText":"What are best practices to be compatible with HTML DOM and XML DOM?"},{"level":3,"text":"Why does the HTML Standard legitimize tag soup?","anchor":"why-does-the-html-standard-legitimize-tag-soup","htmlText":"Why does the HTML Standard legitimize tag soup?"},{"level":2,"text":"HTML feature proposals","anchor":"html-feature-proposals","htmlText":"HTML feature proposals"},{"level":3,"text":"HTML should support href on any element!","anchor":"html-should-support-href-on-any-element","htmlText":"HTML should support href on any element!"},{"level":3,"text":"HTML should support list headers!","anchor":"html-should-support-list-headers","htmlText":"HTML should support list headers!"},{"level":3,"text":"HTML should support a way for anyone to invent new elements!","anchor":"html-should-support-a-way-for-anyone-to-invent-new-elements","htmlText":"HTML should support a way for anyone to invent new elements!"},{"level":3,"text":"HTML should group \u003cdt\u003es and \u003cdd\u003es together in \u003cdi\u003es!","anchor":"html-should-group-dts-and-dds-together-in-dis","htmlText":"HTML should group \u0026lt;dt\u0026gt;s and \u0026lt;dd\u0026gt;s together in \u0026lt;di\u0026gt;s!"},{"level":3,"text":"HTML should add more named character references!","anchor":"html-should-add-more-named-character-references","htmlText":"HTML should add more named character references!"},{"level":3,"text":"Where's the harm in adding...?","anchor":"wheres-the-harm-in-adding","htmlText":"Where's the harm in adding...?"},{"level":2,"text":"Using HTML","anchor":"using-html","htmlText":"Using HTML"},{"level":3,"text":"Why are some presentational elements like \u003cb\u003e, \u003ci\u003e and \u003csmall\u003e still included?","anchor":"why-are-some-presentational-elements-like-b-i-and-small-still-included","htmlText":"Why are some presentational elements like \u0026lt;b\u0026gt;, \u0026lt;i\u0026gt; and \u0026lt;small\u0026gt; still included?"},{"level":4,"text":"But they are PRESENTATIONAL!","anchor":"but-they-are-presentational","htmlText":"But they are PRESENTATIONAL!"},{"level":3,"text":"Why is the \u003ccite\u003e element only used to mark up titles, not names of people or other citations?","anchor":"why-is-the-cite-element-only-used-to-mark-up-titles-not-names-of-people-or-other-citations","htmlText":"Why is the \u0026lt;cite\u0026gt; element only used to mark up titles, not names of people or other citations?"},{"level":3,"text":"Do you have any hints on how to use \u003csection\u003e and \u003carticle\u003e and so on?","anchor":"do-you-have-any-hints-on-how-to-use-section-and-article-and-so-on","htmlText":"Do you have any hints on how to use \u0026lt;section\u0026gt; and \u0026lt;article\u0026gt; and so on?"},{"level":2,"text":"WHATWG and the W3C HTML WG","anchor":"whatwg-and-the-w3c-html-wg","htmlText":"WHATWG and the W3C HTML WG"},{"level":3,"text":"Are there plans to merge the groups?","anchor":"are-there-plans-to-merge-the-groups","htmlText":"Are there plans to merge the groups?"},{"level":3,"text":"Which group has authority in the event of a dispute?","anchor":"which-group-has-authority-in-the-event-of-a-dispute","htmlText":"Which group has authority in the event of a dispute?"},{"level":2,"text":"What is the history of HTML?","anchor":"what-is-the-history-of-html","htmlText":"What is the history of HTML?"},{"level":2,"text":"Other specifications","anchor":"other-specifications","htmlText":"Other specifications"},{"level":3,"text":"What ever happened to...?","anchor":"what-ever-happened-to","htmlText":"What ever happened to...?"}],"lineInfo":{"truncatedLoc":"438","truncatedSloc":"261"},"mode":"file"},"image":false,"isCodeownersFile":null,"isPlain":false,"isValidLegacyIssueTemplate":false,"issueTemplate":null,"discussionTemplate":null,"language":"Markdown","languageID":222,"large":false,"planSupportInfo":{"repoIsFork":null,"repoOwnedByCurrentUser":null,"requestFullPath":"/whatwg/html/blob/main/FAQ.md","showFreeOrgGatedFeatureMessage":null,"showPlanSupportBanner":null,"upgradeDataAttributes":null,"upgradePath":null},"publishBannersInfo":{"dismissActionNoticePath":"/settings/dismiss-notice/publish_action_from_dockerfile","releasePath":"/whatwg/html/releases/new?marketplace=true","showPublishActionBanner":false},"rawBlobUrl":"https://github.com/whatwg/html/raw/refs/heads/main/FAQ.md","renderImageOrRaw":false,"richText":"\u003carticle class=\"markdown-body entry-content container-lg\" itemprop=\"text\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHTML Standard FAQ\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-html-standard-faq\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: HTML Standard FAQ\" href=\"#html-standard-faq\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eSee also the \u003ca href=\"https://whatwg.org/faq\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eWHATWG FAQ\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHTML\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-html\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: HTML\" href=\"#html\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat is HTML?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-is-html\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What is HTML?\" href=\"#what-is-html\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eHTML\u003c/a\u003e is the core foundational standard being worked on by the WHATWG community. It is continuously maintained and supersedes HTML4, XHTML1, DOM Level 2 HTML, and all previous HTML specifications — addressing many of the shortcomings of those specifications while at the same time enhancing HTML to more adequately cover the needs of web applications. Along with defining the HTML markup language, it also defines many of the core requirements that form the basis of the web runtime.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat is HTML5?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-is-html5\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What is HTML5?\" href=\"#what-is-html5\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGoing forward, the WHATWG is just working on \"HTML\", without worrying about version numbers. When people talk about \"HTML5\" in the context of the WHATWG, they usually mean just \"the latest work on HTML\", not necessarily a specific version. For more details, see the section called \"\u003ca href=\"https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/introduction.html#is-this-html5?\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eIs this HTML5?\u003c/a\u003e\" in the standard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow do I validate my pages?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-do-i-validate-my-pages\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How do I validate my pages?\" href=\"#how-do-i-validate-my-pages\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse a \u003ca href=\"https://whatwg.org/validator/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003evalidator\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat parts of the standard are stable?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-parts-of-the-standard-are-stable\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What parts of the standard are stable?\" href=\"#what-parts-of-the-standard-are-stable\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe whole standard is more or less stable. There are some parts of it that describe new technologies that have not yet been implemented everywhere, but at this point those additions are only added after the design itself is pretty stable. Such additions must also have the support of two or more implementers, \u003ca href=\"https://whatwg.org/working-mode#additions\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eper our working mode\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhy are there no stable snapshots, or versions, of the standard?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-why-are-there-no-stable-snapshots-or-versions-of-the-standard\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Why are there no stable snapshots, or versions, of the standard?\" href=\"#why-are-there-no-stable-snapshots-or-versions-of-the-standard\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn practice, implementations all follow the latest standard anyway, not so-called \"finished\" snapshots. The problem with following a snapshot is that you end up following something that is \u003cem\u003eknown to be wrong\u003c/em\u003e. That's obviously not the way to get interoperability!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis has in fact been a real problem at the W3C, where mistakes are found and fixed in the editors' drafts of specifications, but implementers who aren't fully engaged in the process go and implement obsolete snapshots instead, including those bugs. This has resulted in serious differences between browsers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor more information on this, see the WHATWG FAQ entry \u003ca href=\"https://whatwg.org/faq#living-standard\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eWhat does \"Living Standard\" mean?\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWill future browsers have any idea what older HTML documents mean?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-will-future-browsers-have-any-idea-what-older-html-documents-mean\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Will future browsers have any idea what older HTML documents mean?\" href=\"#will-future-browsers-have-any-idea-what-older-html-documents-mean\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBrowsers do not implement HTML+, HTML2, HTML3.2, HTML4, HTML4.01, etc, as separate versions. They all just have a single implementation that covers all these versions at once. That is what the HTML Standard defines: how to write a browser (or other implementation) that handles \u003cem\u003eall previous versions of HTML\u003c/em\u003e, as well as all the latest features.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOne of the main goals of the HTML Standard and the WHATWG effort as a whole is to make it possible for archeologists hundreds of years from now to write a browser and view HTML content, regardless of when it was written. Making sure that we handle all documents is one of our most important goals. Not having versions does not preclude this; indeed it makes it significantly easier.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow are developers to determine when certain parts of their pages will become invalid?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-are-developers-to-determine-when-certain-parts-of-their-pages-will-become-invalid\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How are developers to determine when certain parts of their pages will become invalid?\" href=\"#how-are-developers-to-determine-when-certain-parts-of-their-pages-will-become-invalid\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt shouldn't matter if and when old pages become invalid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eValidity (more often referred to as document conformance in the WHATWG) is a quality assurance tool to help authors avoid mistakes. We don't make things non-conforming (invalid) for the sake of it, we use conformance as a guide for developers to help them avoid bad practices or mistakes (like typos). So there's not really any need to worry about whether old pages are conforming or not. It's only helpful when you're writing a new page, and it's always most helpful to have the latest advice. It wouldn't be useful to check for conformance against last week's rules, for instance. After all, we fixed mistakes in those rules this week! For more details, see \u003ca href=\"https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/introduction.html#conformance-requirements-for-authors\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epart of the introduction\u003c/a\u003e of the standard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow can I keep track of changes to the standard?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-can-i-keep-track-of-changes-to-the-standard\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How can I keep track of changes to the standard?\" href=\"#how-can-i-keep-track-of-changes-to-the-standard\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere are a number of ways to track changes to the standard:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe Twitter feed: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/htmlstandard\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e@htmlstandard\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/whatwg/html/commits\"\u003eGitHub commits log\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe standard is available in the \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/whatwg/html/\"\u003eGit repository\u003c/a\u003e. You may use any Git client to check out the latest version and use your client's diff tools to compare revisions and see what has been changed.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat are the various versions of the HTML Standard?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-are-the-various-versions-of-the-html-standard\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What are the various versions of the HTML Standard?\" href=\"#what-are-the-various-versions-of-the-html-standard\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe HTML Standard is available in three forms: \u003ca href=\"https://html.spec.whatwg.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esingle-page\u003c/a\u003e (\u003cem\u003every large\u003c/em\u003e), \u003ca href=\"https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003emulti-page\u003c/a\u003e, and the \u003ca href=\"https://html.spec.whatwg.org/dev/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003edeveloper's edition\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe W3C used to publish some \u003ca href=\"https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/Fork_tracking\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eforked versions\u003c/a\u003e of the HTML Standard. They are no longer maintained and now redirect to the HTML Standard. If you spot any others please open an issue on \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/w3c/whatwg-coord/issues/\"\u003ew3c/whatwg-coord\u003c/a\u003e so the W3C staff can work to get them redirected.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow do I know if a particular feature in the standard is ready to use?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-do-i-know-if-a-particular-feature-in-the-standard-is-ready-to-use\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How do I know if a particular feature in the standard is ready to use?\" href=\"#how-do-i-know-if-a-particular-feature-in-the-standard-is-ready-to-use\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHere are some sites to help you work out what you can use:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://caniuse.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://caniuse.com/\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://developer.mozilla.org/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://developer.mozilla.org/\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe following sites also have some useful information:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://html5doctor.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://html5doctor.com/\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://diveintohtml5.info/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://diveintohtml5.info/\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you know of any more (or if you have some yourself) then send a pull request to add them to the list! (Or, if you think any of the above have lost usefulness over time, send a pull request removing them and outlining your reasoning.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen will HTML5 be finished?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-when-will-html5-be-finished\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: When will HTML5 be finished?\" href=\"#when-will-html5-be-finished\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe WHATWG is now using a Living Standard development model, so this question is no longer really pertinent. See above, under \"\u003ca href=\"#what-is-html5\"\u003eWhat is HTML5?\u003c/a\u003e\". The real question is, when can you use new features? For an answer to that question, see \"\u003ca href=\"#how-do-i-know-if-a-particular-feature-in-the-standard-is-ready-to-use\"\u003eHow do I know if a particular feature in the spec is ready to use?\u003c/a\u003e\".\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat's this I hear about 2022?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-whats-this-i-hear-about-2022\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What's this I hear about 2022?\" href=\"#whats-this-i-hear-about-2022\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBack before the Living Standard development model, we were planning to put the contents of the HTML Standard through the W3C process. This was before we understood the fatal flaws of such a snapshot-based development mode.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAt the time, the W3C Recommendation label had high standards, such as 100% test coverage of two complete and fully interoperable implementations. In 2008, the editor estimated it would take another 14 years to reach that point, based on comparing it to the amount of work done for HTML4 and other large specifications like CSS2/2.1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSince then, we've realized that much like the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_model\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ewaterfall model\u003c/a\u003e is not a good fit for software development, it is also not a good way of developing standards. These days we keep the HTML Standard continually under development, adding tests as we go and verifying them against implementations, \u003ca href=\"https://whatwg.org/working-mode\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eper our working mode\u003c/a\u003e. So, the year 2022 is no longer relevant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIs design rationale documented?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-is-design-rationale-documented\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Is design rationale documented?\" href=\"#is-design-rationale-documented\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSort of. Often some record of the rationale for a particular design choice can be found within discussions in the GitHub issue tracker, commit logs, or the mailing-list archive or \u003ca href=\"https://whatwg.org/chat#logs\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eChat archives\u003c/a\u003e. Sometimes, there is an explanation in the specification, but doing that everywhere would make the specification huge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor a few cases that someone did take the time document, the information can be found at the following locations:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/Rationale\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eRationale\u003c/a\u003e — a page that documents some reasons behind decisions in the spec, originally written and maintained by Variable. If anyone wants to help him out, try to find someone via \u003ca href=\"https://whatwg.org/chat\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eChat\u003c/a\u003e; we're always looking for more contributors and this is a good place to start.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/Why_no_namespaces\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eWhy no namespaces\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/Why_no_script_implements\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eWhy no script implements\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/Why_not_reuse_legend\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eWhy not reuse legend\u003c/a\u003e or another \u003cem\u003emini-header\u003c/em\u003e element.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlso see \u003ca href=\"#html-feature-proposals\"\u003eHTML feature proposals\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHTML syntax issues\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-html-syntax-issues\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: HTML syntax issues\" href=\"#html-syntax-issues\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDoes HTML finally put an end to the XHTML as \u003ccode\u003etext/html\u003c/code\u003e debate?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-does-html-finally-put-an-end-to-the-xhtml-as-texthtml-debate\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Does HTML finally put an end to the XHTML as text/html debate?\" href=\"#does-html-finally-put-an-end-to-the-xhtml-as-texthtml-debate\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYes. Unlike HTML4 and XHTML1, the choice of HTML or \"XHTML\" is solely dependent upon the choice of the media type, rather than the DOCTYPE. See \u003ca href=\"https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/HTML_vs._XHTML\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eHTML vs. XHTML\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat is the DOCTYPE for modern HTML documents?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-is-the-doctype-for-modern-html-documents\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What is the DOCTYPE for modern HTML documents?\" href=\"#what-is-the-doctype-for-modern-html-documents\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn \u003ccode\u003etext/html\u003c/code\u003e documents:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026lt;!DOCTYPE html\u0026gt;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026lt;!DOCTYPE html\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn documents delivered with an XML media type: no DOCTYPE is required and its use is generally unnecessary. However, you may use one if you want (see the following question). Note that the above is well-formed XML.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor compatibility with legacy producers designed for outputting HTML, but which are unable to easily output the above DOCTYPE, this alternative legacy-compat version may be used instead.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026lt;!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM \u0026quot;about:legacy-compat\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026lt;!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM \"about:legacy-compat\"\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that this is \u003cem\u003enot\u003c/em\u003e intended for dealing with any compatibility issues with legacy browsers. It is meant for legacy authoring tools only.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExcluding the string \u003ccode\u003e\"about:legacy-compat\"\u003c/code\u003e, the DOCTYPE is case insensitive in \u003ccode\u003etext/html\u003c/code\u003e. In documents delivered with an XML media type, it is case sensitive and must be either of the two variants given above. For this reason, the DOCTYPEs given above are recommended to be used over other case variants, such as \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;!DOCTYPE HTML\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;!doctype html\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThese alternatives were chosen because they meet the following criteria:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThey trigger standards mode in all current and all relevant legacy browsers.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThey are well-formed in XML.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIt is possible to output at least one of the alternatives, if not both, with extant markup generators.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThey intentionally contain no language version identifier so the DOCTYPE will remain usable for all future revisions of HTML.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe first is short and memorable to encourage its use.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe legacy-compat DOCTYPE is intentionally unattractive and self descriptive of purpose to discourage unnecessary use.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUnder what conditions should a DOCTYPE be used in a document delivered with an XML media type?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-under-what-conditions-should-a-doctype-be-used-in-a-document-delivered-with-an-xml-media-type\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Under what conditions should a DOCTYPE be used in a document delivered with an XML media type?\" href=\"#under-what-conditions-should-a-doctype-be-used-in-a-document-delivered-with-an-xml-media-type\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGenerally, the use of a DOCTYPE in a document delivered with an XML media type is unnecessary. However, there are cases where inclusion of a DOCTYPE is a reasonable thing to do:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe document is intended to be a polyglot document such that the same text may be treated as either HTML or XML.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYou wish to declare entity references for use within the document. Note that most browsers only read the internal subset and do not retrieve external entities. (This is not compatible with HTML, and thus not suitable for polyglot documents.)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYou wish to use a custom DTD for DTD-based validation. But take note of \u003ca href=\"https://about.validator.nu/#faq\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ewhat's wrong with DTDs\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFundamentally, this is an XML issue, and is not specific to HTML documents delivered with an XML media type.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow are documents from HTML4 and earlier versions parsed?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-are-documents-from-html4-and-earlier-versions-parsed\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How are documents from HTML4 and earlier versions parsed?\" href=\"#how-are-documents-from-html4-and-earlier-versions-parsed\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAll documents with a \u003ccode\u003etext/html\u003c/code\u003e media type (that is, including those without or with an HTML 2.0, HTML 3.2, HTML4, or XHTML1 DOCTYPE) will be parsed using the same parser algorithm as defined by the HTML spec. This matches what web browsers have done for HTML documents so far and keeps code complexity down. That in turn is good for security, maintainability, and in general keeping the amount of bugs down. The HTML syntax as now defined therefore does not require a per-version parser, and documents with an HTML4 DOCTYPE for example will be parsed as described by the HTML specification.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eValidators are allowed to have different code paths for previous levels of HTML.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf there is no DTD, how can I validate my page?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-if-there-is-no-dtd-how-can-i-validate-my-page\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: If there is no DTD, how can I validate my page?\" href=\"#if-there-is-no-dtd-how-can-i-validate-my-page\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWith an \u003ca href=\"https://whatwg.org/validator/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eHTML validator\u003c/a\u003e that follows the latest specification.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat is an \"HTML serialization\"?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-is-an-html-serialization\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What is an \u0026quot;HTML serialization\u0026quot;?\" href=\"#what-is-an-html-serialization\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe HTML serialization refers to the syntax of an HTML document defined in the HTML specification. The syntax is inspired by the SGML syntax from earlier versions of HTML, bits of XML (e.g. allowing a trailing slash on void elements, \u003ccode\u003exmlns\u003c/code\u003e attributes), and reality of deployed content on the web.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAny document whose media type is determined to be \u003ccode\u003etext/html\u003c/code\u003e is considered to be an HTML serialization and must be parsed using an HTML parser.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat is an XML (or XHTML) serialization?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-is-an-xml-or-xhtml-serialization\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What is an XML (or XHTML) serialization?\" href=\"#what-is-an-xml-or-xhtml-serialization\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe XML serialization refers to the syntax defined by XML 1.0 and Namespaces in XML 1.0. A resource that has an XML media type, such as \u003ccode\u003eapplication/xhtml+xml\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003eapplication/xml\u003c/code\u003e, is an XML document. XML documents whose root element is \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;html\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e in the HTML namespace are sometimes referred to as \"XHTML\" documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat media (MIME) type does HTML use?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-media-mime-type-does-html-use\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What media (MIME) type does HTML use?\" href=\"#what-media-mime-type-does-html-use\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe HTML serialization \u003cem\u003emust\u003c/em\u003e be served using the \u003ccode\u003etext/html\u003c/code\u003e media type.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe XML serialization \u003cem\u003emust\u003c/em\u003e be served using an XML media type, such as \u003ccode\u003eapplication/xhtml+xml\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003eapplication/xml\u003c/code\u003e. Unlike the situation as of XHTML1, the HTML specification requires that \"XHTML\" documents not be served with the \u003ccode\u003etext/html\u003c/code\u003e media type.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsing the incorrect media type (\u003ccode\u003etext/html\u003c/code\u003e) for a document in the XML serialization will cause the document to be parsed according to parsing requirements for HTML. In other words, it will be treated as what's sometimes called \"tag soup\". Ensuring the use of an XML media type is the only way to ensure that browsers handle the document as XML.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eShould I close empty elements with \u003ccode\u003e/\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-should-i-close-empty-elements-with--or-\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Should I close empty elements with /\u0026gt; or \u0026gt;?\" href=\"#should-i-close-empty-elements-with--or-\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eVoid elements in HTML (e.g. the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;img\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;input\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e elements) do not require a trailing slash. e.g. Instead of writing \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;br /\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e, you only need to write \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;br\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e. This is the same as in HTML4. However, due to the widespread attempts to use XHTML1, there are a significant number of pages using the trailing slash. Because of this, the trailing slash syntax has been permitted on void elements in HTML in order to ease migration from XHTML1 back to HTML.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe current HTML specification also introduces the ability to embed MathML elements. On elements inside a \u003ccode\u003emath\u003c/code\u003e element, the trailing slash works just like it does in XML; that is, it closes the element. This is only inside that context however; it does not work for normal HTML elements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf I'm careful with the syntax I use in my HTML document, can I process it with an XML parser?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-if-im-careful-with-the-syntax-i-use-in-my-html-document-can-i-process-it-with-an-xml-parser\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: If I'm careful with the syntax I use in my HTML document, can I process it with an XML parser?\" href=\"#if-im-careful-with-the-syntax-i-use-in-my-html-document-can-i-process-it-with-an-xml-parser\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou have to be \u003cem\u003ereally\u003c/em\u003e careful for this to work, and it's almost certainly not worth it. You'd be better off just using an HTML-to-XML parser. That way you can just use HTML normally while still using XML pipeline tools.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/HTML_vs._XHTML#Differences_Between_HTML_and_XHTML\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eHTML vs. XHTML\u003c/a\u003e has some related guidance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat is the namespace declaration?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-is-the-namespace-declaration\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What is the namespace declaration?\" href=\"#what-is-the-namespace-declaration\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn the XML syntax, you are required to specify the namespace:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026lt;html xmlns=\u0026quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003ehtml\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003exmlns\u003c/span\u003e=\"\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003ehttp://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\u003c/span\u003e\"\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn \u003ccode\u003etext/html\u003c/code\u003e documents, the \u003ccode\u003exmlns\u003c/code\u003e attribute is currently allowed on any HTML element, but only if it has the value \u003ccode\u003ehttp://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\u003c/code\u003e. It doesn't do anything at all; it is merely allowed for the purpose of easing migration from XHTML1. It is not actually a namespace declaration in HTML, because HTML doesn't support namespaces. See the question \"\u003ca href=\"#what-about-namespaces-in-html\"\u003eWhat about namespaces in HTML?\u003c/a\u003e\".\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat about namespaces in HTML?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-about-namespaces-in-html\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What about namespaces in HTML?\" href=\"#what-about-namespaces-in-html\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHTML is defined in terms of the DOM and during parsing of a \u003ccode\u003etext/html\u003c/code\u003e document, all HTML elements are automatically put in the HTML namespace, \u003ccode\u003ehttp://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\u003c/code\u003e. However, unlike the XML serialization, there is no real namespace syntax available in the HTML serialization (see previous question). In other words, you do not need to declare the namespace in your HTML markup, as you do in XHTML.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn addition, the HTML syntax provides for a way to embed elements from MathML and SVG. Elements placed inside the container element \u003ccode\u003emath\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003esvg\u003c/code\u003e will automatically be put in the MathML namespace or the SVG namespace, respectively, by the parser. Namespace syntax is not required, but again an \u003ccode\u003exmlns\u003c/code\u003e attribute is allowed if its value is the right namespace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn conclusion, while HTML does not allow the XML namespace syntax, there is a way to embed MathML and SVG and the \u003ccode\u003exmlns\u003c/code\u003e attribute can be used on any element under the given constraints, in a way that is reasonably compatible on the DOM level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow do I specify the character encoding?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-do-i-specify-the-character-encoding\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How do I specify the character encoding?\" href=\"#how-do-i-specify-the-character-encoding\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRegardless of whether documents are delivered as \u003ccode\u003etext/html\u003c/code\u003e or with an XML media type, UTF-8 is the only conformant character encoding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor HTML, it is strongly recommended that you specify the encoding using the HTTP \u003ccode\u003eContent-Type\u003c/code\u003e header. If you are unable to \u003ca href=\"https://www.w3.org/International/articles/http-charset/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003econfigure your server\u003c/a\u003e to send the correct headers, then you may use the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;meta\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e element:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026lt;meta charset=\u0026quot;UTF-8\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003emeta\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003echarset\u003c/span\u003e=\"\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eUTF-8\u003c/span\u003e\"\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn addition, the following restrictions apply:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe character encoding name given must be the name of the character encoding used to serialize the file.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe character encoding declaration must be serialized without the use of character references or character escapes of any kind.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;meta\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e element used for this purpose must occur within the first 512 bytes of the file. It is considered good practice for this to be the first child of the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;head\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e element so that it is as close to the beginning of the file as possible.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote that this \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;meta\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e element is different from HTML4, though it is compatible with many browsers because of the way encoding detection has been implemented.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo ease transition from HTML4 to the current HTML specification, although the former is the recommended syntax, you may also use the following. (This does not apply to documents in the XML syntax):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026lt;meta http-equiv=\u0026quot;Content-Type\u0026quot; content=\u0026quot;text/html; charset=UTF-8\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003emeta\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003ehttp-equiv\u003c/span\u003e=\"\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003eContent-Type\u003c/span\u003e\" \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003econtent\u003c/span\u003e=\"\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003etext/html; charset=UTF-8\u003c/span\u003e\"\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn documents delivered with an XML media type, XML rules for determining the character encoding declaration apply. The \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;meta\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e element is never used for determining the encoding of such documents; for those, you should use either the HTTP \u003ccode\u003eContent-Type\u003c/code\u003e header or the XML declaration to specify the encoding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026lt;?xml version=\u0026quot;1.0\u0026quot; encoding=\u0026quot;UTF-8\u0026quot;?\u0026gt;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHowever, because documents which do not have an XML declaration that explicitly specifies an encoding are processed as UTF-8, it's not necessary for conforming documents to include an XML declaration to specify the encoding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat are the differences between HTML and XHTML?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-are-the-differences-between-html-and-xhtml\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What are the differences between HTML and XHTML?\" href=\"#what-are-the-differences-between-html-and-xhtml\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee the list of \u003ca href=\"https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/HTML_vs._XHTML#Differences_Between_HTML_and_XHTML\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003edifferences between HTML and XHTML\u003c/a\u003e in the wiki.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat are best practices to be compatible with HTML DOM and XML DOM?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-are-best-practices-to-be-compatible-with-html-dom-and-xml-dom\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What are best practices to be compatible with HTML DOM and XML DOM?\" href=\"#what-are-best-practices-to-be-compatible-with-html-dom-and-xml-dom\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThough the intent is that documents delivered with a \u003ccode\u003etext/html\u003c/code\u003e media type and that documents delivered with an XML media type can both produce identical DOMs, there still are some differences between working with an HTML DOM and an XML DOM.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCase sensitivity:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWhenever possible, avoid testing \u003ccode\u003eelement.tagName\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003enode.nodeName\u003c/code\u003e (or do \u003ccode\u003etoLowerCase()\u003c/code\u003e before testing).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNamespaces:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUse the namespace-aware version for creating elements: \u003ccode\u003edocument.createElementNS(ns, elementName)\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhy does the HTML Standard legitimize tag soup?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-why-does-the-html-standard-legitimize-tag-soup\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Why does the HTML Standard legitimize tag soup?\" href=\"#why-does-the-html-standard-legitimize-tag-soup\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eActually it doesn't. This is a misconception that comes from the confusion between conformance requirements for documents, and the requirements for user agents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eDue to the fundamental design principle of supporting existing content, the spec must define how to handle all HTML, regardless of whether documents are conforming or not. Therefore, the spec defines precisely how to handle and recover from erroneous markup, much of which would be considered \"tag soup\".\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor example, the spec defines algorithms for dealing with syntax errors such as incorrectly-nested tags, which will ensure that a well-structured DOM tree can be produced. Defining that is essential for achieving interoperability between browsers and reducing the dependence upon browsers needing to reverse engineer each other's parsing behavior.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHowever, the conformance requirements for authors are defined separately from the processing requirements. Just because browsers are required to handle erroneous content, it does not make such markup conforming.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor example, user agents are required to support processing of the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;marquee\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e element, but authors must not use the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;marquee\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e element in conforming documents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt is important to make the distinction between the rules that apply to user agents and the rules that apply to authors for producing conforming documents. They are completely orthogonal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHTML feature proposals\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-html-feature-proposals\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: HTML feature proposals\" href=\"#html-feature-proposals\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHTML should support \u003ccode\u003ehref\u003c/code\u003e on any element!\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-html-should-support-href-on-any-element\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: HTML should support href on any element!\" href=\"#html-should-support-href-on-any-element\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe spec allows \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;a\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e to contain blocks. It doesn't support putting \u003ccode\u003ehref=\"\"\u003c/code\u003e on any element, though.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSupporting \u003ccode\u003ehref\u003c/code\u003e on any element has several problems associated with it that make it difficult to support in HTML. The main reason this isn't in HTML is that browser vendors have reported that implementing it would be extremely complex. Browser vendors get to decide what they implement, and there's no point to us telling them to do something they aren't going to do. In addition:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIt isn't backwards compatible with existing browsers.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIt adds no new functionality that can't already be achieved using the \u003ccode\u003ea\u003c/code\u003e element and a little script.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIt doesn't make sense for all elements, such as interactive elements like \u003ccode\u003einput\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003ebutton\u003c/code\u003e, where the use of href would interfere with their normal function.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe only advantage it seems to add is that it reduces typing for authors in some cases, but that is not a strong enough reason to support it in light of the other reasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWrapping \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;a\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e elements around blocks solves most use cases. It doesn't handle making rows in tables into links, though; for those just do something like this instead:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026lt;tr onclick=\u0026quot;location = this.getElementsByTagName('a')[0]\u0026quot;\u0026gt; ... \u0026lt;/tr\u0026gt;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003etr\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eonclick\u003c/span\u003e=\"\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003elocation = this.getElementsByTagName('a')[0]\u003c/span\u003e\"\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e ... \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003etr\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHTML should support list headers!\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-html-should-support-list-headers\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: HTML should support list headers!\" href=\"#html-should-support-list-headers\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can give a header to a list using the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;figure\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;figcaption\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e elements:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026lt;figure\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;figcaption\u0026gt;Apples\u0026lt;/figcaption\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;ul\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;Granny Smith\u0026lt;/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;Evil Apple of Knowledge\u0026lt;/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;Apple, Inc\u0026lt;/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;/ul\u0026gt;\n\u0026lt;/figure\u0026gt;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003efigure\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003efigcaption\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003eApples\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003efigcaption\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eul\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003eGranny Smith\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003eEvil Apple of Knowledge\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003eApple, Inc\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eul\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003efigure\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can also label a group of lists using a definition list:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026lt;dl\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;dt\u0026gt;Dry:\u0026lt;/dt\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;dd\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;ul\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;1c flour\u0026lt;/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;1/4c sugar\u0026lt;/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;1tsp baking soda\u0026lt;/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;/ul\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;/dd\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;dt\u0026gt;Wet:\u0026lt;/dt\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;dd\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;ul\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;1 egg \u0026lt;/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;1/2c milk\u0026lt;/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;li\u0026gt;1tsp vanilla extract\u0026lt;/li\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;/ul\u0026gt;\n \u0026lt;/dd\u0026gt;\n\u0026lt;/dl\u0026gt;\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003edl\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003edt\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003eDry:\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003edt\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003edd\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eul\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e1c flour\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e1/4c sugar\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e1tsp baking soda\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eul\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003edd\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003edt\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003eWet:\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003edt\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003edd\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eul\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e1 egg \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e1/2c milk\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e1tsp vanilla extract\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eli\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003eul\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003edd\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026lt;/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-ent\"\u003edl\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-kos\"\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThese techniques are preferred over adding an \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;lh\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e element as proposed in the old HTML3 draft, mostly because of thorny issues with parsing near \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;li\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e elements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHTML should support a way for anyone to invent new elements!\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-html-should-support-a-way-for-anyone-to-invent-new-elements\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: HTML should support a way for anyone to invent new elements!\" href=\"#html-should-support-a-way-for-anyone-to-invent-new-elements\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt does. You can use \u003ca href=\"https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/custom-elements.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ecustom elements\u003c/a\u003e to build your own fully-featured DOM elements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eShort of that, there are actually quite a number of ways for people to invent their own extensions to HTML:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAuthors can use the \u003ccode\u003eclass\u003c/code\u003e attribute to extend elements, effectively creating their own elements, while using the most applicable existing \"real\" HTML element, so that browsers and other tools that don't know of the extension can still support it somewhat well. This is the tack used by Microformats, for example.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAuthors can include data for scripts to process using the \u003ccode\u003edata-*=\"\"\u003c/code\u003e attributes. These are guaranteed to never be touched by browsers, and allow scripts to include data on HTML elements that scripts can then look for and process.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAuthors can use the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;meta name=\"\" content=\"\"\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e mechanism to include page-wide metadata. Names should be registered on the wiki's \u003ca href=\"https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/MetaExtensions\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eMetaExtensions\u003c/a\u003e page.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAuthors can use the \u003ccode\u003erel=\"\"\u003c/code\u003e mechanism to annotate links with specific meanings. This is also used by Microformats. Names should be registered on the wiki's \u003ca href=\"https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/RelExtensions\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eRelExtensions\u003c/a\u003e page.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAuthors can embed raw data using the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;script type=\"\"\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e mechanism with a custom type, for further handling by a script.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAuthors can create plugins and invoke them using the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;embed\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e element. This is how Flash works.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAuthors can extend APIs using the JS prototyping mechanism. This is widely used by script libraries, for instance.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAuthors can use the microdata feature (the \u003ccode\u003eitem=\"\"\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eitemprop=\"\"\u003c/code\u003e attributes) to embed nested name-value pairs of data to be shared with other applications and sites.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAuthors can propose new elements and attributes and, if the wider community and user-agent vendors agree that they are worth the effort, they can be added to the language.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHTML should group \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;dt\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003es and \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;dd\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003es together in \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;di\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003es!\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-html-should-group-dts-and-dds-together-in-dis\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: HTML should group \u0026lt;dt\u0026gt;s and \u0026lt;dd\u0026gt;s together in \u0026lt;di\u0026gt;s!\" href=\"#html-should-group-dts-and-dds-together-in-dis\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHTML allows \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;div\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e as a grouping element in \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;dl\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e. See \u003ca href=\"https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#the-dl-element\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ethe \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;dl\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e specification\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/1937\" data-hovercard-type=\"issue\" data-hovercard-url=\"/whatwg/html/issues/1937/hovercard\"\u003eissue #1937\u003c/a\u003e wherein this was added.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHTML should add more named character references!\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-html-should-add-more-named-character-references\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: HTML should add more named character references!\" href=\"#html-should-add-more-named-character-references\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlthough this would be convenient, the overall conclusion of the editors and of browser engine implementers is that expanding the \u003ca href=\"https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/named-characters.html#named-character-references\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003enamed character references\u003c/a\u003e list is not worth the cost to the ecosystem:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe backward-compatibility characteristics of such additions are bad. They do not add new capabilities, since you can already use numeric character references or unescaped code points; they just introduce new ways of writing the same thing, which will fail to display correctly in older browsers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe benefits of such features can also be accomplished by preprocessor languages directly. That is, preprocessed languages that compile to HTML, such as Markdown, wiki syntax, JSX, or server-side templating systems, can add these capabilities themselves. The only reason to add these to the browser is to help people writing raw HTML. We do want to support people writing raw HTML, but features for that audience are less impactful than general web platform features, which weighs into the overall decision as to whether to add them or not.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMost importantly, \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/919#issuecomment-276329905\" data-hovercard-type=\"issue\" data-hovercard-url=\"/whatwg/html/issues/919/hovercard\"\u003ethe HTML parser is security sensitive\u003c/a\u003e. Any changes in it can cause mismatches between markup producers and markup consumers until everyone is updated to the latest version, which can lead to security bugs. This means that changes to the parser have to add an extreme amount of value to the ecosystem, to overcome this security hazard. Per the above points, our judgment is that adding or modifying named character references does not meet this bar.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhere's the harm in adding...?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-wheres-the-harm-in-adding\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Where's the harm in adding...?\" href=\"#wheres-the-harm-in-adding\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eEvery feature we add to the web platform has a cost:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eImplementation: someone has to write code for it in each browser\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTesting: someone has to write the tests to check the features is working\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQA: someone has to regularly run the tests to make sure the feature doesn't regress\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCode maintenance: when browser vendors refactor code, they have to refactor more code if there's more features\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTutorials: people who write tutorials have to include the feature, or handle feedback asking for them to do so\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCognitive load: authors learning the platform have more documentation to wade through even if they don't care about the feature\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.nngroup.com/articles/stagnating-expertise/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eExtra features discourage exploration\u003c/a\u003e: Having more features means less overall feature usage.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePage maintenance: authors have to know how to maintain the feature if other people have used it in pages they now maintain\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSpec writing: someone has to write the spec for the feature and ensure it's maintained\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBug fixing: when bugs are found in the spec or implementations, someone has to figure out a fix, implement it, test it, ship it, tests have to be fixed, documentation has to be updated, etc\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCode size: each feature increases the size of browsers (both on-disk binaries and in-memory resident size)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsing HTML\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-using-html\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Using HTML\" href=\"#using-html\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhy are some presentational elements like \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;b\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;i\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;small\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e still included?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-why-are-some-presentational-elements-like-b-i-and-small-still-included\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Why are some presentational elements like \u0026lt;b\u0026gt;, \u0026lt;i\u0026gt; and \u0026lt;small\u0026gt; still included?\" href=\"#why-are-some-presentational-elements-like-b-i-and-small-still-included\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe inclusion of those elements is a largely pragmatic decision based upon their widespread usage, and their utility for cases which are not covered by more-specific elements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhile there are a number of common use cases for italics which are covered by more-specific elements, such as emphasis (\u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;em\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e), citations (\u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;cite\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e), definitions (\u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;dfn\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e) and variables (\u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;var\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e), there are many other use cases which are not covered well by these elements. For example: a taxonomic designation, a technical term, an idiomatic phrase from another language, a thought, or a ship name.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSimilarly, although a number of common use cases for bold text are also covered by more-specific elements, such as strong emphasis (\u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e), headings (\u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;h1\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e-\u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;h6\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e) or table headers (\u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;th\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e), there are others which are not, such as keywords in a document abstract or product names in a review.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSome people argue that in such cases, the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;span\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e element should be used with an appropriate class name and associated stylesheet. However, the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;b\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;i\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e elements provide for a reasonable fallback styling in environments that don't support stylesheets or which do not render visually, such as screen readers, and they also provide some indication that the text is somehow distinct from its surrounding content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn essence, the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;i\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;b\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e elements convey distinct, though non-specific, semantics, which are to be determined by the reader in the context of their use. In other words, although they don't convey specific semantics by themselves, but instead they indicate that the content is somehow semantically distinct from its surroundings — leaving the interpretation of the semantics up to the reader.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis is further explained in the article \u003ca href=\"https://lachy.id.au/log/2007/05/b-and-i\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eThe \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;b\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;i\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e Elements\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSimilarly, the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;small\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e element is defined for content that is commonly typographically rendered in small print, and which is often referred to as \"fine print\"; that could include copyright statements, disclaimers and other legal text commonly found at the end of a document.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eBut they are PRESENTATIONAL!\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-but-they-are-presentational\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: But they are PRESENTATIONAL!\" href=\"#but-they-are-presentational\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe problem with elements like \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;font\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e isn't that they are \u003cem\u003epresentational\u003c/em\u003e per se, it's that they are media-dependent (they apply to visual browsers but not to speech browsers). While \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;b\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;i\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;small\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e historically have been presentational, they are defined in a media-independent manner in HTML5. For example, \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;small\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e corresponds to the really quickly spoken part at the end of radio advertisements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhy is the \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;cite\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e element only used to mark up titles, not names of people or other citations?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-why-is-the-cite-element-only-used-to-mark-up-titles-not-names-of-people-or-other-citations\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Why is the \u0026lt;cite\u0026gt; element only used to mark up titles, not names of people or other citations?\" href=\"#why-is-the-cite-element-only-used-to-mark-up-titles-not-names-of-people-or-other-citations\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFrom what some have seen, \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;cite\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e is almost always used to mean \"italics\". More careful authors have used the element to mark up names and titles, and some people have gone out of their way to only mark up citations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSo, we can't really decide what the element should be based on past practice, like we usually do.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis leaves the question of what is the most useful use we can put the element to, if we keep it. The conclusion so far has been that the most useful use for \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;cite\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e is as an element to allow typographic control over titles, since those are often made italics, and that semantic is roughly close to what it meant in previous versions, and happens to match at least one of the common uses for the element. Generally, however, names and titles aren't typeset the same way, so making the element apply to both would lead to confusing typography.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere are already many ways of marking up names already (e.g. the \u003ca href=\"https://microformats.org/wiki/hcard\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehCard microformat\u003c/a\u003e, the microdata vCard vocabulary, \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;span\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e and class names, etc), if you really need it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eDo you have any hints on how to use \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;section\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;article\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e and so on?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-do-you-have-any-hints-on-how-to-use-section-and-article-and-so-on\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Do you have any hints on how to use \u0026lt;section\u0026gt; and \u0026lt;article\u0026gt; and so on?\" href=\"#do-you-have-any-hints-on-how-to-use-section-and-article-and-so-on\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSome hopefully helpful hints:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOne way to look at it is how would you draw the page outline/table-of-contents? Each entry in the table of contents should be a \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;section\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;article\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;aside\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;nav\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e, and if it's not in the table of contents and doesn't have a heading, it should probably not be a \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;section\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;article\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;aside\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;nav\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYou can still use \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;div\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e. It's the right element if you need a styling hook because CSS can't give you enough to do what you want.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGenerally, \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;section\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003es should start with a heading element containing the section title. It's not a hard-and-fast rule, but if you find yourself in a situation where a heading would be inappropriate, you probably want \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;div\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e rather than \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;section\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSections can contain articles, and vice versa. e.g. you can have a section that is news, a section that is editorials, a section that is sports, each with many articles, and each of those can have subsections, and each section can have comments, which are marked up using \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;article\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e, and each comment could be big enough that it has separate \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;section\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003es, and so on.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWHATWG and the W3C HTML WG\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-whatwg-and-the-w3c-html-wg\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: WHATWG and the W3C HTML WG\" href=\"#whatwg-and-the-w3c-html-wg\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAre there plans to merge the groups?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-are-there-plans-to-merge-the-groups\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Are there plans to merge the groups?\" href=\"#are-there-plans-to-merge-the-groups\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNo. The two groups have different goals. The WHATWG develops the standard. The W3C HTML WG's goal is to endorse the WHATWG \u003ca href=\"https://html.spec.whatwg.org/review-drafts/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eHTML Review Drafts\u003c/a\u003e as W3C Recommendations. You can learn more about this in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.w3.org/2019/04/WHATWG-W3C-MOU.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eMemorandum of Understanding\u003c/a\u003e that outlines the process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOn the WHATWG side, the editors accept feedback from all participants and organizations, including those from other standards bodies like the W3C or Ecma, via our GitHub issue tracker. (In particular, the editors do not look at the source of technical arguments when attempting to determine what path to take on an issue or other.)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhich group has authority in the event of a dispute?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-which-group-has-authority-in-the-event-of-a-dispute\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Which group has authority in the event of a dispute?\" href=\"#which-group-has-authority-in-the-event-of-a-dispute\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe WHATWG editors determine what gets merged into the WHATWG Living Standard, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://whatwg.org/working-mode\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eWHATWG Working Mode\u003c/a\u003e. If participants from the community, including from the W3C HTML WG, dispute an editor decision, they can \u003ca href=\"https://whatwg.org/workstream-policy#appeals\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eraise an issue for discussion with the WHATWG Steering Group\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn the case of W3C HTML WG participants in particular, there is a \u003ca href=\"https://www.w3.org/2019/04/WHATWG-W3C-MOU.html#conflict\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003econflict procedure\u003c/a\u003e they can follow to raise their concerns with others in the W3C. Ultimately, this might result in the group choosing not to endorse the most recent contents of the WHATWG HTML Standard as a W3C Recommendation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat is the history of HTML?\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-is-the-history-of-html\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What is the history of HTML?\" href=\"#what-is-the-history-of-html\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHere are some documents that detail the history of HTML:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://platform.html5.org/history/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eA feature history of the modern web platform\u003c/a\u003e (2003 onward) (\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/whatwg/platform.html5.org/blob/main/history/index.html\"\u003eon GitHub\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.w3.org/html/wg/wiki/History\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eHTML's timeline on the W3C HTML WG wiki\u003c/a\u003e (1997 to 2008)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/introduction.html#history-2\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eThe history section in the HTML Standard itself\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eOther specifications\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-other-specifications\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Other specifications\" href=\"#other-specifications\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat ever happened to...?\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-ever-happened-to\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What ever happened to...?\" href=\"#what-ever-happened-to\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe Web Forms 2.0 specification was folded into what is now the HTML Standard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe Web Controls 1.0 specification was overtaken by events and has been abandoned. Its problem space is mostly handled by ARIA and Web Components now.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe DOM Parsing specification was abandoned by the WHATWG because the W3C was doing a better job of maintaining that specification. We do not want to cause confusion in the marketplace, so when another organization writes a specification that covers the same technology as one of ours, we only continue to publish it if our version is technically superior.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","renderedFileInfo":null,"shortPath":null,"symbolsEnabled":true,"tabSize":2,"topBannersInfo":{"overridingGlobalFundingFile":false,"globalPreferredFundingPath":null,"showInvalidCitationWarning":false,"citationHelpUrl":"https://docs.github.com/github/creating-cloning-and-archiving-repositories/creating-a-repository-on-github/about-citation-files","actionsOnboardingTip":null},"truncated":false,"viewable":true,"workflowRedirectUrl":null,"symbols":{"timed_out":false,"not_analyzed":false,"symbols":[{"name":"HTML Standard FAQ","kind":"section_1","ident_start":2,"ident_end":19,"extent_start":0,"extent_end":35961,"fully_qualified_name":"HTML Standard 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HTML5?","kind":"section_3","ident_start":636,"ident_end":650,"extent_start":632,"extent_end":1043,"fully_qualified_name":"What is HTML5?","ident_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":10,"utf16_col":4},"end":{"line_number":10,"utf16_col":18}},"extent_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":10,"utf16_col":0},"end":{"line_number":14,"utf16_col":0}}},{"name":"How do I validate my pages?","kind":"section_3","ident_start":1047,"ident_end":1074,"extent_start":1043,"extent_end":1127,"fully_qualified_name":"How do I validate my pages?","ident_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":14,"utf16_col":4},"end":{"line_number":14,"utf16_col":31}},"extent_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":14,"utf16_col":0},"end":{"line_number":18,"utf16_col":0}}},{"name":"What parts of the standard are stable?","kind":"section_3","ident_start":1131,"ident_end":1169,"extent_start":1127,"extent_end":1549,"fully_qualified_name":"What parts of the standard are 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aria-labelledby="file-name-id-wide file-name-id-mobile" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 fGqKFv"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 eoaCFS js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned" data-hpc="true"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">HTML Standard FAQ</h1><a id="user-content-html-standard-faq" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: HTML Standard FAQ" href="#html-standard-faq"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><em>See also the <a href="https://whatwg.org/faq" rel="nofollow">WHATWG FAQ</a>.</em></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">HTML</h2><a id="user-content-html" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: HTML" href="#html"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What is HTML?</h3><a id="user-content-what-is-html" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What is HTML?" href="#what-is-html"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/" rel="nofollow">HTML</a> is the core foundational standard being worked on by the WHATWG community. It is continuously maintained and supersedes HTML4, XHTML1, DOM Level 2 HTML, and all previous HTML specifications — addressing many of the shortcomings of those specifications while at the same time enhancing HTML to more adequately cover the needs of web applications. Along with defining the HTML markup language, it also defines many of the core requirements that form the basis of the web runtime.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What is HTML5?</h3><a id="user-content-what-is-html5" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What is HTML5?" href="#what-is-html5"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Going forward, the WHATWG is just working on "HTML", without worrying about version numbers. When people talk about "HTML5" in the context of the WHATWG, they usually mean just "the latest work on HTML", not necessarily a specific version. For more details, see the section called "<a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/introduction.html#is-this-html5?" rel="nofollow">Is this HTML5?</a>" in the standard.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How do I validate my pages?</h3><a id="user-content-how-do-i-validate-my-pages" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How do I validate my pages?" href="#how-do-i-validate-my-pages"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Use a <a href="https://whatwg.org/validator/" rel="nofollow">validator</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What parts of the standard are stable?</h3><a id="user-content-what-parts-of-the-standard-are-stable" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What parts of the standard are stable?" href="#what-parts-of-the-standard-are-stable"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The whole standard is more or less stable. There are some parts of it that describe new technologies that have not yet been implemented everywhere, but at this point those additions are only added after the design itself is pretty stable. Such additions must also have the support of two or more implementers, <a href="https://whatwg.org/working-mode#additions" rel="nofollow">per our working mode</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Why are there no stable snapshots, or versions, of the standard?</h3><a id="user-content-why-are-there-no-stable-snapshots-or-versions-of-the-standard" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Why are there no stable snapshots, or versions, of the standard?" href="#why-are-there-no-stable-snapshots-or-versions-of-the-standard"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">In practice, implementations all follow the latest standard anyway, not so-called "finished" snapshots. The problem with following a snapshot is that you end up following something that is <em>known to be wrong</em>. That's obviously not the way to get interoperability!</p> <p dir="auto">This has in fact been a real problem at the W3C, where mistakes are found and fixed in the editors' drafts of specifications, but implementers who aren't fully engaged in the process go and implement obsolete snapshots instead, including those bugs. This has resulted in serious differences between browsers.</p> <p dir="auto">For more information on this, see the WHATWG FAQ entry <a href="https://whatwg.org/faq#living-standard" rel="nofollow">What does "Living Standard" mean?</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Will future browsers have any idea what older HTML documents mean?</h3><a id="user-content-will-future-browsers-have-any-idea-what-older-html-documents-mean" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Will future browsers have any idea what older HTML documents mean?" href="#will-future-browsers-have-any-idea-what-older-html-documents-mean"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Browsers do not implement HTML+, HTML2, HTML3.2, HTML4, HTML4.01, etc, as separate versions. They all just have a single implementation that covers all these versions at once. That is what the HTML Standard defines: how to write a browser (or other implementation) that handles <em>all previous versions of HTML</em>, as well as all the latest features.</p> <p dir="auto">One of the main goals of the HTML Standard and the WHATWG effort as a whole is to make it possible for archeologists hundreds of years from now to write a browser and view HTML content, regardless of when it was written. Making sure that we handle all documents is one of our most important goals. Not having versions does not preclude this; indeed it makes it significantly easier.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How are developers to determine when certain parts of their pages will become invalid?</h3><a id="user-content-how-are-developers-to-determine-when-certain-parts-of-their-pages-will-become-invalid" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How are developers to determine when certain parts of their pages will become invalid?" href="#how-are-developers-to-determine-when-certain-parts-of-their-pages-will-become-invalid"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">It shouldn't matter if and when old pages become invalid.</p> <p dir="auto">Validity (more often referred to as document conformance in the WHATWG) is a quality assurance tool to help authors avoid mistakes. We don't make things non-conforming (invalid) for the sake of it, we use conformance as a guide for developers to help them avoid bad practices or mistakes (like typos). So there's not really any need to worry about whether old pages are conforming or not. It's only helpful when you're writing a new page, and it's always most helpful to have the latest advice. It wouldn't be useful to check for conformance against last week's rules, for instance. After all, we fixed mistakes in those rules this week! For more details, see <a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/introduction.html#conformance-requirements-for-authors" rel="nofollow">part of the introduction</a> of the standard.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How can I keep track of changes to the standard?</h3><a id="user-content-how-can-i-keep-track-of-changes-to-the-standard" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How can I keep track of changes to the standard?" href="#how-can-i-keep-track-of-changes-to-the-standard"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">There are a number of ways to track changes to the standard:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>The Twitter feed: <a href="https://twitter.com/htmlstandard" rel="nofollow">@htmlstandard</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://github.com/whatwg/html/commits">GitHub commits log</a></li> <li>The standard is available in the <a href="https://github.com/whatwg/html/">Git repository</a>. You may use any Git client to check out the latest version and use your client's diff tools to compare revisions and see what has been changed.</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What are the various versions of the HTML Standard?</h3><a id="user-content-what-are-the-various-versions-of-the-html-standard" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What are the various versions of the HTML Standard?" href="#what-are-the-various-versions-of-the-html-standard"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The HTML Standard is available in three forms: <a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/" rel="nofollow">single-page</a> (<em>very large</em>), <a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/" rel="nofollow">multi-page</a>, and the <a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/dev/" rel="nofollow">developer's edition</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">The W3C used to publish some <a href="https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/Fork_tracking" rel="nofollow">forked versions</a> of the HTML Standard. They are no longer maintained and now redirect to the HTML Standard. If you spot any others please open an issue on <a href="https://github.com/w3c/whatwg-coord/issues/">w3c/whatwg-coord</a> so the W3C staff can work to get them redirected.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How do I know if a particular feature in the standard is ready to use?</h3><a id="user-content-how-do-i-know-if-a-particular-feature-in-the-standard-is-ready-to-use" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How do I know if a particular feature in the standard is ready to use?" href="#how-do-i-know-if-a-particular-feature-in-the-standard-is-ready-to-use"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Here are some sites to help you work out what you can use:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://caniuse.com/" rel="nofollow">https://caniuse.com/</a></li> <li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/" rel="nofollow">https://developer.mozilla.org/</a></li> </ul> <p dir="auto">The following sites also have some useful information:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://html5doctor.com/" rel="nofollow">https://html5doctor.com/</a></li> <li><a href="https://diveintohtml5.info/" rel="nofollow">https://diveintohtml5.info/</a></li> </ul> <p dir="auto">If you know of any more (or if you have some yourself) then send a pull request to add them to the list! (Or, if you think any of the above have lost usefulness over time, send a pull request removing them and outlining your reasoning.)</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">When will HTML5 be finished?</h3><a id="user-content-when-will-html5-be-finished" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: When will HTML5 be finished?" href="#when-will-html5-be-finished"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The WHATWG is now using a Living Standard development model, so this question is no longer really pertinent. See above, under "<a href="#what-is-html5">What is HTML5?</a>". The real question is, when can you use new features? For an answer to that question, see "<a href="#how-do-i-know-if-a-particular-feature-in-the-standard-is-ready-to-use">How do I know if a particular feature in the spec is ready to use?</a>".</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What's this I hear about 2022?</h3><a id="user-content-whats-this-i-hear-about-2022" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What's this I hear about 2022?" href="#whats-this-i-hear-about-2022"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Back before the Living Standard development model, we were planning to put the contents of the HTML Standard through the W3C process. This was before we understood the fatal flaws of such a snapshot-based development mode.</p> <p dir="auto">At the time, the W3C Recommendation label had high standards, such as 100% test coverage of two complete and fully interoperable implementations. In 2008, the editor estimated it would take another 14 years to reach that point, based on comparing it to the amount of work done for HTML4 and other large specifications like CSS2/2.1.</p> <p dir="auto">Since then, we've realized that much like the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall_model" rel="nofollow">waterfall model</a> is not a good fit for software development, it is also not a good way of developing standards. These days we keep the HTML Standard continually under development, adding tests as we go and verifying them against implementations, <a href="https://whatwg.org/working-mode" rel="nofollow">per our working mode</a>. So, the year 2022 is no longer relevant.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Is design rationale documented?</h3><a id="user-content-is-design-rationale-documented" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Is design rationale documented?" href="#is-design-rationale-documented"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Sort of. Often some record of the rationale for a particular design choice can be found within discussions in the GitHub issue tracker, commit logs, or the mailing-list archive or <a href="https://whatwg.org/chat#logs" rel="nofollow">Chat archives</a>. Sometimes, there is an explanation in the specification, but doing that everywhere would make the specification huge.</p> <p dir="auto">For a few cases that someone did take the time document, the information can be found at the following locations:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/Rationale" rel="nofollow">Rationale</a> — a page that documents some reasons behind decisions in the spec, originally written and maintained by Variable. If anyone wants to help him out, try to find someone via <a href="https://whatwg.org/chat" rel="nofollow">Chat</a>; we're always looking for more contributors and this is a good place to start.</li> <li><a href="https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/Why_no_namespaces" rel="nofollow">Why no namespaces</a></li> <li><a href="https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/Why_no_script_implements" rel="nofollow">Why no script implements</a></li> <li><a href="https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/Why_not_reuse_legend" rel="nofollow">Why not reuse legend</a> or another <em>mini-header</em> element.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Also see <a href="#html-feature-proposals">HTML feature proposals</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">HTML syntax issues</h2><a id="user-content-html-syntax-issues" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: HTML syntax issues" href="#html-syntax-issues"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Does HTML finally put an end to the XHTML as <code>text/html</code> debate?</h3><a id="user-content-does-html-finally-put-an-end-to-the-xhtml-as-texthtml-debate" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Does HTML finally put an end to the XHTML as text/html debate?" href="#does-html-finally-put-an-end-to-the-xhtml-as-texthtml-debate"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Yes. Unlike HTML4 and XHTML1, the choice of HTML or "XHTML" is solely dependent upon the choice of the media type, rather than the DOCTYPE. See <a href="https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/HTML_vs._XHTML" rel="nofollow">HTML vs. XHTML</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What is the DOCTYPE for modern HTML documents?</h3><a id="user-content-what-is-the-doctype-for-modern-html-documents" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What is the DOCTYPE for modern HTML documents?" href="#what-is-the-doctype-for-modern-html-documents"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">In <code>text/html</code> documents:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="<!DOCTYPE html>"><pre><span class="pl-c1"><!DOCTYPE html<span class="pl-kos">></span></span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">In documents delivered with an XML media type: no DOCTYPE is required and its use is generally unnecessary. However, you may use one if you want (see the following question). Note that the above is well-formed XML.</p> <p dir="auto">For compatibility with legacy producers designed for outputting HTML, but which are unable to easily output the above DOCTYPE, this alternative legacy-compat version may be used instead.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "about:legacy-compat">"><pre><span class="pl-c1"><!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "about:legacy-compat"<span class="pl-kos">></span></span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Note that this is <em>not</em> intended for dealing with any compatibility issues with legacy browsers. It is meant for legacy authoring tools only.</p> <p dir="auto">Excluding the string <code>"about:legacy-compat"</code>, the DOCTYPE is case insensitive in <code>text/html</code>. In documents delivered with an XML media type, it is case sensitive and must be either of the two variants given above. For this reason, the DOCTYPEs given above are recommended to be used over other case variants, such as <code><!DOCTYPE HTML></code> or <code><!doctype html></code>.</p> <p dir="auto">These alternatives were chosen because they meet the following criteria:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>They trigger standards mode in all current and all relevant legacy browsers.</li> <li>They are well-formed in XML.</li> <li>It is possible to output at least one of the alternatives, if not both, with extant markup generators.</li> <li>They intentionally contain no language version identifier so the DOCTYPE will remain usable for all future revisions of HTML.</li> <li>The first is short and memorable to encourage its use.</li> <li>The legacy-compat DOCTYPE is intentionally unattractive and self descriptive of purpose to discourage unnecessary use.</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Under what conditions should a DOCTYPE be used in a document delivered with an XML media type?</h3><a id="user-content-under-what-conditions-should-a-doctype-be-used-in-a-document-delivered-with-an-xml-media-type" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Under what conditions should a DOCTYPE be used in a document delivered with an XML media type?" href="#under-what-conditions-should-a-doctype-be-used-in-a-document-delivered-with-an-xml-media-type"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Generally, the use of a DOCTYPE in a document delivered with an XML media type is unnecessary. However, there are cases where inclusion of a DOCTYPE is a reasonable thing to do:</p> <ol dir="auto"> <li>The document is intended to be a polyglot document such that the same text may be treated as either HTML or XML.</li> <li>You wish to declare entity references for use within the document. Note that most browsers only read the internal subset and do not retrieve external entities. (This is not compatible with HTML, and thus not suitable for polyglot documents.)</li> <li>You wish to use a custom DTD for DTD-based validation. But take note of <a href="https://about.validator.nu/#faq" rel="nofollow">what's wrong with DTDs</a>.</li> </ol> <p dir="auto">Fundamentally, this is an XML issue, and is not specific to HTML documents delivered with an XML media type.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How are documents from HTML4 and earlier versions parsed?</h3><a id="user-content-how-are-documents-from-html4-and-earlier-versions-parsed" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How are documents from HTML4 and earlier versions parsed?" href="#how-are-documents-from-html4-and-earlier-versions-parsed"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">All documents with a <code>text/html</code> media type (that is, including those without or with an HTML 2.0, HTML 3.2, HTML4, or XHTML1 DOCTYPE) will be parsed using the same parser algorithm as defined by the HTML spec. This matches what web browsers have done for HTML documents so far and keeps code complexity down. That in turn is good for security, maintainability, and in general keeping the amount of bugs down. The HTML syntax as now defined therefore does not require a per-version parser, and documents with an HTML4 DOCTYPE for example will be parsed as described by the HTML specification.</p> <p dir="auto">Validators are allowed to have different code paths for previous levels of HTML.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">If there is no DTD, how can I validate my page?</h3><a id="user-content-if-there-is-no-dtd-how-can-i-validate-my-page" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: If there is no DTD, how can I validate my page?" href="#if-there-is-no-dtd-how-can-i-validate-my-page"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">With an <a href="https://whatwg.org/validator/" rel="nofollow">HTML validator</a> that follows the latest specification.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What is an "HTML serialization"?</h3><a id="user-content-what-is-an-html-serialization" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What is an "HTML serialization"?" href="#what-is-an-html-serialization"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The HTML serialization refers to the syntax of an HTML document defined in the HTML specification. The syntax is inspired by the SGML syntax from earlier versions of HTML, bits of XML (e.g. allowing a trailing slash on void elements, <code>xmlns</code> attributes), and reality of deployed content on the web.</p> <p dir="auto">Any document whose media type is determined to be <code>text/html</code> is considered to be an HTML serialization and must be parsed using an HTML parser.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What is an XML (or XHTML) serialization?</h3><a id="user-content-what-is-an-xml-or-xhtml-serialization" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What is an XML (or XHTML) serialization?" href="#what-is-an-xml-or-xhtml-serialization"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The XML serialization refers to the syntax defined by XML 1.0 and Namespaces in XML 1.0. A resource that has an XML media type, such as <code>application/xhtml+xml</code> or <code>application/xml</code>, is an XML document. XML documents whose root element is <code><html></code> in the HTML namespace are sometimes referred to as "XHTML" documents.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What media (MIME) type does HTML use?</h3><a id="user-content-what-media-mime-type-does-html-use" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What media (MIME) type does HTML use?" href="#what-media-mime-type-does-html-use"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The HTML serialization <em>must</em> be served using the <code>text/html</code> media type.</p> <p dir="auto">The XML serialization <em>must</em> be served using an XML media type, such as <code>application/xhtml+xml</code> or <code>application/xml</code>. Unlike the situation as of XHTML1, the HTML specification requires that "XHTML" documents not be served with the <code>text/html</code> media type.</p> <p dir="auto">Using the incorrect media type (<code>text/html</code>) for a document in the XML serialization will cause the document to be parsed according to parsing requirements for HTML. In other words, it will be treated as what's sometimes called "tag soup". Ensuring the use of an XML media type is the only way to ensure that browsers handle the document as XML.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Should I close empty elements with <code>/></code> or <code>></code>?</h3><a id="user-content-should-i-close-empty-elements-with--or-" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Should I close empty elements with /> or >?" href="#should-i-close-empty-elements-with--or-"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Void elements in HTML (e.g. the <code><br></code>, <code><img></code> and <code><input></code> elements) do not require a trailing slash. e.g. Instead of writing <code><br /></code>, you only need to write <code><br></code>. This is the same as in HTML4. However, due to the widespread attempts to use XHTML1, there are a significant number of pages using the trailing slash. Because of this, the trailing slash syntax has been permitted on void elements in HTML in order to ease migration from XHTML1 back to HTML.</p> <p dir="auto">The current HTML specification also introduces the ability to embed MathML elements. On elements inside a <code>math</code> element, the trailing slash works just like it does in XML; that is, it closes the element. This is only inside that context however; it does not work for normal HTML elements.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">If I'm careful with the syntax I use in my HTML document, can I process it with an XML parser?</h3><a id="user-content-if-im-careful-with-the-syntax-i-use-in-my-html-document-can-i-process-it-with-an-xml-parser" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: If I'm careful with the syntax I use in my HTML document, can I process it with an XML parser?" href="#if-im-careful-with-the-syntax-i-use-in-my-html-document-can-i-process-it-with-an-xml-parser"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">You have to be <em>really</em> careful for this to work, and it's almost certainly not worth it. You'd be better off just using an HTML-to-XML parser. That way you can just use HTML normally while still using XML pipeline tools.</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/HTML_vs._XHTML#Differences_Between_HTML_and_XHTML" rel="nofollow">HTML vs. XHTML</a> has some related guidance.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What is the namespace declaration?</h3><a id="user-content-what-is-the-namespace-declaration" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What is the namespace declaration?" href="#what-is-the-namespace-declaration"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">In the XML syntax, you are required to specify the namespace:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">"><pre><span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">html</span> <span class="pl-c1">xmlns</span>="<span class="pl-s">http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml</span>"<span class="pl-kos">></span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">In <code>text/html</code> documents, the <code>xmlns</code> attribute is currently allowed on any HTML element, but only if it has the value <code>http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml</code>. It doesn't do anything at all; it is merely allowed for the purpose of easing migration from XHTML1. It is not actually a namespace declaration in HTML, because HTML doesn't support namespaces. See the question "<a href="#what-about-namespaces-in-html">What about namespaces in HTML?</a>".</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What about namespaces in HTML?</h3><a id="user-content-what-about-namespaces-in-html" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What about namespaces in HTML?" href="#what-about-namespaces-in-html"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">HTML is defined in terms of the DOM and during parsing of a <code>text/html</code> document, all HTML elements are automatically put in the HTML namespace, <code>http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml</code>. However, unlike the XML serialization, there is no real namespace syntax available in the HTML serialization (see previous question). In other words, you do not need to declare the namespace in your HTML markup, as you do in XHTML.</p> <p dir="auto">In addition, the HTML syntax provides for a way to embed elements from MathML and SVG. Elements placed inside the container element <code>math</code> or <code>svg</code> will automatically be put in the MathML namespace or the SVG namespace, respectively, by the parser. Namespace syntax is not required, but again an <code>xmlns</code> attribute is allowed if its value is the right namespace.</p> <p dir="auto">In conclusion, while HTML does not allow the XML namespace syntax, there is a way to embed MathML and SVG and the <code>xmlns</code> attribute can be used on any element under the given constraints, in a way that is reasonably compatible on the DOM level.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How do I specify the character encoding?</h3><a id="user-content-how-do-i-specify-the-character-encoding" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How do I specify the character encoding?" href="#how-do-i-specify-the-character-encoding"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Regardless of whether documents are delivered as <code>text/html</code> or with an XML media type, UTF-8 is the only conformant character encoding.</p> <p dir="auto">For HTML, it is strongly recommended that you specify the encoding using the HTTP <code>Content-Type</code> header. If you are unable to <a href="https://www.w3.org/International/articles/http-charset/" rel="nofollow">configure your server</a> to send the correct headers, then you may use the <code><meta></code> element:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="<meta charset="UTF-8">"><pre><span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">meta</span> <span class="pl-c1">charset</span>="<span class="pl-s">UTF-8</span>"<span class="pl-kos">></span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">In addition, the following restrictions apply:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>The character encoding name given must be the name of the character encoding used to serialize the file.</li> <li>The character encoding declaration must be serialized without the use of character references or character escapes of any kind.</li> <li>The <code><meta></code> element used for this purpose must occur within the first 512 bytes of the file. It is considered good practice for this to be the first child of the <code><head></code> element so that it is as close to the beginning of the file as possible.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Note that this <code><meta></code> element is different from HTML4, though it is compatible with many browsers because of the way encoding detection has been implemented.</p> <p dir="auto">To ease transition from HTML4 to the current HTML specification, although the former is the recommended syntax, you may also use the following. (This does not apply to documents in the XML syntax):</p> <div class="highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">"><pre><span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">meta</span> <span class="pl-c1">http-equiv</span>="<span class="pl-s">Content-Type</span>" <span class="pl-c1">content</span>="<span class="pl-s">text/html; charset=UTF-8</span>"<span class="pl-kos">></span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">In documents delivered with an XML media type, XML rules for determining the character encoding declaration apply. The <code><meta></code> element is never used for determining the encoding of such documents; for those, you should use either the HTTP <code>Content-Type</code> header or the XML declaration to specify the encoding.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>"><pre><span class="pl-kos"><</span>?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?<span class="pl-kos">></span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">However, because documents which do not have an XML declaration that explicitly specifies an encoding are processed as UTF-8, it's not necessary for conforming documents to include an XML declaration to specify the encoding.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What are the differences between HTML and XHTML?</h3><a id="user-content-what-are-the-differences-between-html-and-xhtml" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What are the differences between HTML and XHTML?" href="#what-are-the-differences-between-html-and-xhtml"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">See the list of <a href="https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/HTML_vs._XHTML#Differences_Between_HTML_and_XHTML" rel="nofollow">differences between HTML and XHTML</a> in the wiki.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What are best practices to be compatible with HTML DOM and XML DOM?</h3><a id="user-content-what-are-best-practices-to-be-compatible-with-html-dom-and-xml-dom" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What are best practices to be compatible with HTML DOM and XML DOM?" href="#what-are-best-practices-to-be-compatible-with-html-dom-and-xml-dom"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Though the intent is that documents delivered with a <code>text/html</code> media type and that documents delivered with an XML media type can both produce identical DOMs, there still are some differences between working with an HTML DOM and an XML DOM.</p> <p dir="auto">Case sensitivity:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Whenever possible, avoid testing <code>element.tagName</code> and <code>node.nodeName</code> (or do <code>toLowerCase()</code> before testing).</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Namespaces:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Use the namespace-aware version for creating elements: <code>document.createElementNS(ns, elementName)</code>.</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Why does the HTML Standard legitimize tag soup?</h3><a id="user-content-why-does-the-html-standard-legitimize-tag-soup" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Why does the HTML Standard legitimize tag soup?" href="#why-does-the-html-standard-legitimize-tag-soup"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Actually it doesn't. This is a misconception that comes from the confusion between conformance requirements for documents, and the requirements for user agents.</p> <p dir="auto">Due to the fundamental design principle of supporting existing content, the spec must define how to handle all HTML, regardless of whether documents are conforming or not. Therefore, the spec defines precisely how to handle and recover from erroneous markup, much of which would be considered "tag soup".</p> <p dir="auto">For example, the spec defines algorithms for dealing with syntax errors such as incorrectly-nested tags, which will ensure that a well-structured DOM tree can be produced. Defining that is essential for achieving interoperability between browsers and reducing the dependence upon browsers needing to reverse engineer each other's parsing behavior.</p> <p dir="auto">However, the conformance requirements for authors are defined separately from the processing requirements. Just because browsers are required to handle erroneous content, it does not make such markup conforming.</p> <p dir="auto">For example, user agents are required to support processing of the <code><marquee></code> element, but authors must not use the <code><marquee></code> element in conforming documents.</p> <p dir="auto">It is important to make the distinction between the rules that apply to user agents and the rules that apply to authors for producing conforming documents. They are completely orthogonal.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">HTML feature proposals</h2><a id="user-content-html-feature-proposals" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: HTML feature proposals" href="#html-feature-proposals"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">HTML should support <code>href</code> on any element!</h3><a id="user-content-html-should-support-href-on-any-element" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: HTML should support href on any element!" href="#html-should-support-href-on-any-element"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The spec allows <code><a></code> to contain blocks. It doesn't support putting <code>href=""</code> on any element, though.</p> <p dir="auto">Supporting <code>href</code> on any element has several problems associated with it that make it difficult to support in HTML. The main reason this isn't in HTML is that browser vendors have reported that implementing it would be extremely complex. Browser vendors get to decide what they implement, and there's no point to us telling them to do something they aren't going to do. In addition:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>It isn't backwards compatible with existing browsers.</li> <li>It adds no new functionality that can't already be achieved using the <code>a</code> element and a little script.</li> <li>It doesn't make sense for all elements, such as interactive elements like <code>input</code> and <code>button</code>, where the use of href would interfere with their normal function.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">The only advantage it seems to add is that it reduces typing for authors in some cases, but that is not a strong enough reason to support it in light of the other reasons.</p> <p dir="auto">Wrapping <code><a></code> elements around blocks solves most use cases. It doesn't handle making rows in tables into links, though; for those just do something like this instead:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="<tr onclick="location = this.getElementsByTagName('a')[0]"> ... </tr>"><pre><span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">tr</span> <span class="pl-c1">onclick</span>="<span class="pl-s">location = this.getElementsByTagName('a')[0]</span>"<span class="pl-kos">></span> ... <span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">tr</span><span class="pl-kos">></span></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">HTML should support list headers!</h3><a id="user-content-html-should-support-list-headers" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: HTML should support list headers!" href="#html-should-support-list-headers"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">You can give a header to a list using the <code><figure></code> and <code><figcaption></code> elements:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="<figure> <figcaption>Apples</figcaption> <ul> <li>Granny Smith</li> <li>Evil Apple of Knowledge</li> <li>Apple, Inc</li> </ul> </figure>"><pre><span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">figure</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">figcaption</span><span class="pl-kos">></span>Apples<span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">figcaption</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">ul</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span>Granny Smith<span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span>Evil Apple of Knowledge<span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span>Apple, Inc<span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">ul</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">figure</span><span class="pl-kos">></span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">You can also label a group of lists using a definition list:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-text-html-basic notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="<dl> <dt>Dry:</dt> <dd> <ul> <li>1c flour</li> <li>1/4c sugar</li> <li>1tsp baking soda</li> </ul> </dd> <dt>Wet:</dt> <dd> <ul> <li>1 egg </li> <li>1/2c milk</li> <li>1tsp vanilla extract</li> </ul> </dd> </dl>"><pre><span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">dl</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">dt</span><span class="pl-kos">></span>Dry:<span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">dt</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">dd</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">ul</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span>1c flour<span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span>1/4c sugar<span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span>1tsp baking soda<span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">ul</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">dd</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">dt</span><span class="pl-kos">></span>Wet:<span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">dt</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">dd</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">ul</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span>1 egg <span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span>1/2c milk<span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"><</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span>1tsp vanilla extract<span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">li</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">ul</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">dd</span><span class="pl-kos">></span> <span class="pl-kos"></</span><span class="pl-ent">dl</span><span class="pl-kos">></span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">These techniques are preferred over adding an <code><lh></code> element as proposed in the old HTML3 draft, mostly because of thorny issues with parsing near <code><li></code> elements.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">HTML should support a way for anyone to invent new elements!</h3><a id="user-content-html-should-support-a-way-for-anyone-to-invent-new-elements" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: HTML should support a way for anyone to invent new elements!" href="#html-should-support-a-way-for-anyone-to-invent-new-elements"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">It does. You can use <a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/custom-elements.html" rel="nofollow">custom elements</a> to build your own fully-featured DOM elements.</p> <p dir="auto">Short of that, there are actually quite a number of ways for people to invent their own extensions to HTML:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Authors can use the <code>class</code> attribute to extend elements, effectively creating their own elements, while using the most applicable existing "real" HTML element, so that browsers and other tools that don't know of the extension can still support it somewhat well. This is the tack used by Microformats, for example.</li> <li>Authors can include data for scripts to process using the <code>data-*=""</code> attributes. These are guaranteed to never be touched by browsers, and allow scripts to include data on HTML elements that scripts can then look for and process.</li> <li>Authors can use the <code><meta name="" content=""></code> mechanism to include page-wide metadata. Names should be registered on the wiki's <a href="https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/MetaExtensions" rel="nofollow">MetaExtensions</a> page.</li> <li>Authors can use the <code>rel=""</code> mechanism to annotate links with specific meanings. This is also used by Microformats. Names should be registered on the wiki's <a href="https://wiki.whatwg.org/wiki/RelExtensions" rel="nofollow">RelExtensions</a> page.</li> <li>Authors can embed raw data using the <code><script type=""></code> mechanism with a custom type, for further handling by a script.</li> <li>Authors can create plugins and invoke them using the <code><embed></code> element. This is how Flash works.</li> <li>Authors can extend APIs using the JS prototyping mechanism. This is widely used by script libraries, for instance.</li> <li>Authors can use the microdata feature (the <code>item=""</code> and <code>itemprop=""</code> attributes) to embed nested name-value pairs of data to be shared with other applications and sites.</li> <li>Authors can propose new elements and attributes and, if the wider community and user-agent vendors agree that they are worth the effort, they can be added to the language.</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">HTML should group <code><dt></code>s and <code><dd></code>s together in <code><di></code>s!</h3><a id="user-content-html-should-group-dts-and-dds-together-in-dis" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: HTML should group <dt>s and <dd>s together in <di>s!" href="#html-should-group-dts-and-dds-together-in-dis"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">HTML allows <code><div></code> as a grouping element in <code><dl></code>. See <a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#the-dl-element" rel="nofollow">the <code><dl></code> specification</a> and <a href="https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/1937" data-hovercard-type="issue" data-hovercard-url="/whatwg/html/issues/1937/hovercard">issue #1937</a> wherein this was added.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">HTML should add more named character references!</h3><a id="user-content-html-should-add-more-named-character-references" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: HTML should add more named character references!" href="#html-should-add-more-named-character-references"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Although this would be convenient, the overall conclusion of the editors and of browser engine implementers is that expanding the <a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/named-characters.html#named-character-references" rel="nofollow">named character references</a> list is not worth the cost to the ecosystem:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li> <p dir="auto">The backward-compatibility characteristics of such additions are bad. They do not add new capabilities, since you can already use numeric character references or unescaped code points; they just introduce new ways of writing the same thing, which will fail to display correctly in older browsers.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">The benefits of such features can also be accomplished by preprocessor languages directly. That is, preprocessed languages that compile to HTML, such as Markdown, wiki syntax, JSX, or server-side templating systems, can add these capabilities themselves. The only reason to add these to the browser is to help people writing raw HTML. We do want to support people writing raw HTML, but features for that audience are less impactful than general web platform features, which weighs into the overall decision as to whether to add them or not.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Most importantly, <a href="https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/919#issuecomment-276329905" data-hovercard-type="issue" data-hovercard-url="/whatwg/html/issues/919/hovercard">the HTML parser is security sensitive</a>. Any changes in it can cause mismatches between markup producers and markup consumers until everyone is updated to the latest version, which can lead to security bugs. This means that changes to the parser have to add an extreme amount of value to the ecosystem, to overcome this security hazard. Per the above points, our judgment is that adding or modifying named character references does not meet this bar.</p> </li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Where's the harm in adding...?</h3><a id="user-content-wheres-the-harm-in-adding" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Where's the harm in adding...?" href="#wheres-the-harm-in-adding"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Every feature we add to the web platform has a cost:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Implementation: someone has to write code for it in each browser</li> <li>Testing: someone has to write the tests to check the features is working</li> <li>QA: someone has to regularly run the tests to make sure the feature doesn't regress</li> <li>Code maintenance: when browser vendors refactor code, they have to refactor more code if there's more features</li> <li>Tutorials: people who write tutorials have to include the feature, or handle feedback asking for them to do so</li> <li>Cognitive load: authors learning the platform have more documentation to wade through even if they don't care about the feature</li> <li><a href="https://www.nngroup.com/articles/stagnating-expertise/" rel="nofollow">Extra features discourage exploration</a>: Having more features means less overall feature usage.</li> <li>Page maintenance: authors have to know how to maintain the feature if other people have used it in pages they now maintain</li> <li>Spec writing: someone has to write the spec for the feature and ensure it's maintained</li> <li>Bug fixing: when bugs are found in the spec or implementations, someone has to figure out a fix, implement it, test it, ship it, tests have to be fixed, documentation has to be updated, etc</li> <li>Code size: each feature increases the size of browsers (both on-disk binaries and in-memory resident size)</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Using HTML</h2><a id="user-content-using-html" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Using HTML" href="#using-html"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Why are some presentational elements like <code><b></code>, <code><i></code> and <code><small></code> still included?</h3><a id="user-content-why-are-some-presentational-elements-like-b-i-and-small-still-included" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Why are some presentational elements like <b>, <i> and <small> still included?" href="#why-are-some-presentational-elements-like-b-i-and-small-still-included"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The inclusion of those elements is a largely pragmatic decision based upon their widespread usage, and their utility for cases which are not covered by more-specific elements.</p> <p dir="auto">While there are a number of common use cases for italics which are covered by more-specific elements, such as emphasis (<code><em></code>), citations (<code><cite></code>), definitions (<code><dfn></code>) and variables (<code><var></code>), there are many other use cases which are not covered well by these elements. For example: a taxonomic designation, a technical term, an idiomatic phrase from another language, a thought, or a ship name.</p> <p dir="auto">Similarly, although a number of common use cases for bold text are also covered by more-specific elements, such as strong emphasis (<code><strong></code>), headings (<code><h1></code>-<code><h6></code>) or table headers (<code><th></code>), there are others which are not, such as keywords in a document abstract or product names in a review.</p> <p dir="auto">Some people argue that in such cases, the <code><span></code> element should be used with an appropriate class name and associated stylesheet. However, the <code><b></code> and <code><i></code> elements provide for a reasonable fallback styling in environments that don't support stylesheets or which do not render visually, such as screen readers, and they also provide some indication that the text is somehow distinct from its surrounding content.</p> <p dir="auto">In essence, the <code><i></code> and <code><b></code> elements convey distinct, though non-specific, semantics, which are to be determined by the reader in the context of their use. In other words, although they don't convey specific semantics by themselves, but instead they indicate that the content is somehow semantically distinct from its surroundings — leaving the interpretation of the semantics up to the reader.</p> <p dir="auto">This is further explained in the article <a href="https://lachy.id.au/log/2007/05/b-and-i" rel="nofollow">The <code><b></code> and <code><i></code> Elements</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">Similarly, the <code><small></code> element is defined for content that is commonly typographically rendered in small print, and which is often referred to as "fine print"; that could include copyright statements, disclaimers and other legal text commonly found at the end of a document.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">But they are PRESENTATIONAL!</h4><a id="user-content-but-they-are-presentational" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: But they are PRESENTATIONAL!" href="#but-they-are-presentational"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The problem with elements like <code><font></code> isn't that they are <em>presentational</em> per se, it's that they are media-dependent (they apply to visual browsers but not to speech browsers). While <code><b></code>, <code><i></code> and <code><small></code> historically have been presentational, they are defined in a media-independent manner in HTML5. For example, <code><small></code> corresponds to the really quickly spoken part at the end of radio advertisements.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Why is the <code><cite></code> element only used to mark up titles, not names of people or other citations?</h3><a id="user-content-why-is-the-cite-element-only-used-to-mark-up-titles-not-names-of-people-or-other-citations" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Why is the <cite> element only used to mark up titles, not names of people or other citations?" href="#why-is-the-cite-element-only-used-to-mark-up-titles-not-names-of-people-or-other-citations"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">From what some have seen, <code><cite></code> is almost always used to mean "italics". More careful authors have used the element to mark up names and titles, and some people have gone out of their way to only mark up citations.</p> <p dir="auto">So, we can't really decide what the element should be based on past practice, like we usually do.</p> <p dir="auto">This leaves the question of what is the most useful use we can put the element to, if we keep it. The conclusion so far has been that the most useful use for <code><cite></code> is as an element to allow typographic control over titles, since those are often made italics, and that semantic is roughly close to what it meant in previous versions, and happens to match at least one of the common uses for the element. Generally, however, names and titles aren't typeset the same way, so making the element apply to both would lead to confusing typography.</p> <p dir="auto">There are already many ways of marking up names already (e.g. the <a href="https://microformats.org/wiki/hcard" rel="nofollow">hCard microformat</a>, the microdata vCard vocabulary, <code><span></code> and class names, etc), if you really need it.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Do you have any hints on how to use <code><section></code> and <code><article></code> and so on?</h3><a id="user-content-do-you-have-any-hints-on-how-to-use-section-and-article-and-so-on" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Do you have any hints on how to use <section> and <article> and so on?" href="#do-you-have-any-hints-on-how-to-use-section-and-article-and-so-on"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Some hopefully helpful hints:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>One way to look at it is how would you draw the page outline/table-of-contents? Each entry in the table of contents should be a <code><section></code>/<code><article></code>/<code><aside></code>/<code><nav></code>, and if it's not in the table of contents and doesn't have a heading, it should probably not be a <code><section></code>/<code><article></code>/<code><aside></code>/<code><nav></code>.</li> <li>You can still use <code><div></code>. It's the right element if you need a styling hook because CSS can't give you enough to do what you want.</li> <li>Generally, <code><section></code>s should start with a heading element containing the section title. It's not a hard-and-fast rule, but if you find yourself in a situation where a heading would be inappropriate, you probably want <code><div></code> rather than <code><section></code>.</li> <li>Sections can contain articles, and vice versa. e.g. you can have a section that is news, a section that is editorials, a section that is sports, each with many articles, and each of those can have subsections, and each section can have comments, which are marked up using <code><article></code>, and each comment could be big enough that it has separate <code><section></code>s, and so on.</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">WHATWG and the W3C HTML WG</h2><a id="user-content-whatwg-and-the-w3c-html-wg" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: WHATWG and the W3C HTML WG" href="#whatwg-and-the-w3c-html-wg"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Are there plans to merge the groups?</h3><a id="user-content-are-there-plans-to-merge-the-groups" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Are there plans to merge the groups?" href="#are-there-plans-to-merge-the-groups"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">No. The two groups have different goals. The WHATWG develops the standard. The W3C HTML WG's goal is to endorse the WHATWG <a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/review-drafts/" rel="nofollow">HTML Review Drafts</a> as W3C Recommendations. You can learn more about this in the <a href="https://www.w3.org/2019/04/WHATWG-W3C-MOU.html" rel="nofollow">Memorandum of Understanding</a> that outlines the process.</p> <p dir="auto">On the WHATWG side, the editors accept feedback from all participants and organizations, including those from other standards bodies like the W3C or Ecma, via our GitHub issue tracker. (In particular, the editors do not look at the source of technical arguments when attempting to determine what path to take on an issue or other.)</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Which group has authority in the event of a dispute?</h3><a id="user-content-which-group-has-authority-in-the-event-of-a-dispute" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Which group has authority in the event of a dispute?" href="#which-group-has-authority-in-the-event-of-a-dispute"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The WHATWG editors determine what gets merged into the WHATWG Living Standard, according to the <a href="https://whatwg.org/working-mode" rel="nofollow">WHATWG Working Mode</a>. If participants from the community, including from the W3C HTML WG, dispute an editor decision, they can <a href="https://whatwg.org/workstream-policy#appeals" rel="nofollow">raise an issue for discussion with the WHATWG Steering Group</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">In the case of W3C HTML WG participants in particular, there is a <a href="https://www.w3.org/2019/04/WHATWG-W3C-MOU.html#conflict" rel="nofollow">conflict procedure</a> they can follow to raise their concerns with others in the W3C. Ultimately, this might result in the group choosing not to endorse the most recent contents of the WHATWG HTML Standard as a W3C Recommendation.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What is the history of HTML?</h2><a id="user-content-what-is-the-history-of-html" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What is the history of HTML?" href="#what-is-the-history-of-html"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Here are some documents that detail the history of HTML:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://platform.html5.org/history/" rel="nofollow">A feature history of the modern web platform</a> (2003 onward) (<a href="https://github.com/whatwg/platform.html5.org/blob/main/history/index.html">on GitHub</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://www.w3.org/html/wg/wiki/History" rel="nofollow">HTML's timeline on the W3C HTML WG wiki</a> (1997 to 2008)</li> <li><a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/introduction.html#history-2" rel="nofollow">The history section in the HTML Standard itself</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Other specifications</h2><a id="user-content-other-specifications" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Other specifications" href="#other-specifications"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What ever happened to...?</h3><a id="user-content-what-ever-happened-to" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What ever happened to...?" href="#what-ever-happened-to"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The Web Forms 2.0 specification was folded into what is now the HTML Standard.</p> <p dir="auto">The Web Controls 1.0 specification was overtaken by events and has been abandoned. Its problem space is mostly handled by ARIA and Web Components now.</p> <p dir="auto">The DOM Parsing specification was abandoned by the WHATWG because the W3C was doing a better job of maintaining that specification. 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