Open-access journal hits rocky times

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class="c-context-bar__container u-container" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-context-bar__title"> Open-access journal hits rocky times </div> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both js-pdf-download"> <a href="/articles/441914a.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="download-pdf" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="link" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-download"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-pdf-button__container u-mb-16 u-hide-at-lg js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile"> <div class="c-pdf-container" data-track-context="article body"> 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data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Open-access journal hits rocky times</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Declan-Butler" data-author-popup="auth-Declan-Butler" data-author-search="Butler, Declan">Declan Butler</a><sup class="u-js-hide"></sup> </li></ul> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 441</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">page </span>914 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2006</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">5257 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="citation-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">17 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">55 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/441914a/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <div class="c-article-section__content c-article-section__content--standfirst u-text-bold" lang="en"><p>Financial analysis reveals reliance on philanthropy.</p></div> <noscript> </noscript> <div class="main-content"> <div class="c-article-section__content"><p>The Public Library of Science (PLoS), the flagship publisher for the open-access publishing movement, faces a looming financial crisis. An analysis of the company's accounts, obtained by <i>Nature</i>, shows that the company falls far short of its stated goal of quickly breaking even. In an attempt to redress its finances, PLoS will next month hike the charge for publishing in its journals from US$1,500 per article to as much as $2,500.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>Subscription-based journals recover much of the costs of peer review and editing — and in the case of commercial publishers such as Nature Publishing Group, make some of their profits — by charging for access to their products. But the PLoS journals, the first of which launched in 2003, adhere instead to an ‘author pays’ open-access model: costs are recovered by charging authors, and papers are made available free of charge to the end-user.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>The publisher's premiere titles, <i>PLoS Biology</i> and <i>PLoS Medicine</i>, are intended to compete on quality with high-ranking weekly subscription journals such as <i>Nature</i>, <i>Science</i> and <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. An equal goal was to show that the economics of ‘author pays’ could be made to work, by making PLoS financially sustainable.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>But although <i>PLoS Biology</i> has achieved an impact factor of 14.7, a more than respectable score for a relatively new journal, an analysis of PLoS's accounts shows that the financial side of the business looks less rosy. As a US non-profit charity, PLoS must file its annual accounts to the Internal Revenue Service. <i>Nature</i> consulted these via GuideStar.org, a database that contains information on 1.5 million US non-profit organizations.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>The figures show that PLoS lost almost $1 million last year. Moreover, its total income from fees and advertising currently covers just 35% of its total costs. And although this income is increasing — from $0.75 million in 2003–04 to $0.9 million in 2004–05 — it lags far behind spending, which has soared from $1.5 million to around $5.5 million over the past three years.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>To stay afloat, the firm continues to rely on the philanthropic grants that launched the project: $9 million from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and $4 million from the Sandler Family Supporting Foundation, both based in San Francisco (see graphic). These covered 65% of the company's operating costs last year, but are running out: at the end of last September, PLoS had assets of $3,393,265.</p><div style="width:300px; max-width:100%;" class="c-article-section__illustration-center c-article-section__illustration u-clearfix" data-test="illustration" id="i1"><div class="c-article-section__figure c-article-section__figure--1-border"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/w300/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2F441914a/MediaObjects/41586_2006_Article_BF441914a_Figa_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img class="c-article-section__figure--1-border-image" alt="" aria-describedby="i1-desc" width="300" src="//media.springernature.com/w300/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2F441914a/MediaObjects/41586_2006_Article_BF441914a_Figa_HTML.jpg"></picture></div><div style="width:300px;" class="c-article-section__figure-1-border-caption" data-test="image-caption" id="i1-desc">The ups and downs of open access: PLoS faces a financial balancing act.</div></div></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>“We will continue to rely on philanthropic grant support for the foreseeable future,” says Mark Patterson, director of publishing at PLoS's UK office in Cambridge, and “possibly always”. Patterson adds that he is hopeful that the Sandler Foundation will provide more grants.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>“This demonstrates once again the fragility of the author-pays model,” says David Worlock, chairman of the London-based publishing consultancy Electronic Publishing Services. (Worlock has worked with a number of publishing companies including Nature Publishing Group.) “It's a real giveaway if they are now saying that they will always need some philanthropic funding.”</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>But Patterson points out that PLoS launched most of its journals recently, and that income from these publications is only beginning to accrue. “The financial situation for this year will look quite different,” he says. “I'm confident we can balance the books this year and next.”</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><div style="width:180px; max-width:100%;" class="c-article-section__illustration-right c-article-section__illustration u-clearfix" data-test="illustration" id="i2"><div class="c-article-section__figure c-article-section__figure--1-border"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/relative-r300-703_m1050/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2F441914a/MediaObjects/41586_2006_Article_BF441914a_Figb_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img class="c-article-section__figure--1-border-image" alt="" aria-describedby="i2-desc" width="180" src="//media.springernature.com/relative-r300-703_m1050/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2F441914a/MediaObjects/41586_2006_Article_BF441914a_Figb_HTML.jpg"></picture></div><div style="width:180px;" class="c-article-section__figure-1-border-caption" data-test="image-caption" id="i2-desc">Gordon Moore's philanthropic foundation has donated $9 million to the PLoS publishing effort.<span class="c-article-section__figure-credit" data-test="illustration-credit"> Credit: P. SAKUMA/AP</span></div></div><p>The three PLoS journals that launched last year — <i>PLoS Computational Biology</i>, <i>PLoS Genetics</i> and <i>PLoS Pathogens</i> — are run by volunteer academic editorial teams, rather than in-house staff. This should help to ease the pressure on finances overall, explains Patterson, as they have lower editorial costs and are more likely to break even than <i>PLoS Biology</i> and <i>PLoS Medicine</i>.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>In a further move towards high-volume publishing, PLoS intends to launch an open-access online database, called PLoS One, later this year. Papers published on the database will be peer reviewed only to check that they are technically sound, and not to assess novelty. The resource will publish “hundreds of papers per month”, says Chris Surridge, its Cambridge-based managing editor, and pay for itself through fees and economies of scale.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>The diversification should help PLoS balance its books, agrees Matthew Cockerill, publisher of BioMed Central, a London-based open-access publisher. The high cost and low volume of articles in PLoS's flagship journals mean “they are not by themselves financially sustainable in isolation”, he argues.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>BioMed Central, which last July increased its charges from $500 to as much as $1,700, depending on the journal, has also yet to break even. It is “getting close”, says Cockerill, who declined to give an estimate of when break-even would occur: “Predicting the future is not a wise activity to engage in.”</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>The hike in PLoS's fees, announced earlier this month, is due to take effect from 1 July. It is similarly intended to improve the firm's financial position by “reflecting more closely the costs of publication”, according to a statement on the PLoS website announcing the increases. Author charges will rise to $2,500 for <i>PLoS Biology</i>, <i>PLoS Medicine</i> and <i>PLoS Clinical Trials</i> and to $2,000 for <i>PLoS Computational Biology</i>, <i>PLoS Genetics</i> and <i>PLoS Pathogens</i>.</p></div><div class="c-article-section__content"><p>When PLoS launched, other publishers expressed scepticism over its sustainability, arguing that the $1,500 fee was unrealistically low for covering the costs of producing a high-quality journal (see <i>Nature</i> <b>425</b>, 554–555; 2003). PLoS rejected this argument as coming from journals with a vested interest in maintaining the reader-pays status quo. It said the $1,500 figure was realistic and was based on a business plan thrashed out with publishing experts. “Four years further on, we know a lot more,” says Patterson.</p></div> </div> <div> <div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"></div><section><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Declan-Butler"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Declan Butler</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Declan%20Butler" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Declan%20Butler" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Declan%20Butler%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="appendices"><div class="c-article-section" id="appendices-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="appendices">Related links</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="appendices-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading u-visually-hidden" id="App1">Related links</h3><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec2">Related links in Nature Research</h3><p> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/431111a">Experiments in publishing</a> </p><p> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/430390b">Britain decides 'open access' is still an open issue</a> </p><p> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/428356a">Societies take united stand on journal access</a> </p><p> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/425554a">Scientific publishing: Who will pay for open access?</a> </p><p> <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/peerreview/index.html"><i>Nature</i> Peer Review Trial and Debate</a> </p><p> <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/accessdebate/index.html">Access to the literature; the debate continues</a> </p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec3">Related external links</h3><p> <a href="http://www.plos.org">Public Library of Science</a> </p><p> <a href="http://www.guidestar.org/pqShowGsReport.do?npoId=100143009">PLoS on Guidestar (requires registration)</a> </p><p> <a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com">BioMed Central</a> </p></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Open-access%20journal%20hits%20rocky%20times&author=Declan%20Butler&contentID=10.1038%2F441914a&copyright=Springer%20Nature%20Limited&publication=0028-0836&publicationDate=2006-06-21&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Butler, D. Open-access journal hits rocky times. <i>Nature</i> <b>441</b>, 914 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/441914a</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/441914a?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2006-06-21">21 June 2006</time></span></p></li><li 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