CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Friedrich Hayek - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7f72c82f-fba4-40f2-ac97-f496cc1b32e0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Friedrich_Hayek","wgTitle":"Friedrich Hayek","wgCurRevisionId":1274115519,"wgRevisionId":1274115519,"wgArticleId":11646,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y","Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB","Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter","CS1: long volume value","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use British English from August 2014","Use dmy dates from July 2022", "Pages using infobox person with multiple parents","Biography with signature","Articles with hCards","Pages with German IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","Articles with excerpts","Pages with missing ISBNs","Commons link is on Wikidata","Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Friedrich Hayek","1899 births","1992 deaths","20th-century Austrian economists","20th-century Austrian philosophers","20th-century Austrian writers","20th-century British economists","20th-century British writers","20th-century male writers","20th-century Roman Catholics","Academics of the London School of Economics","Academic staff of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies", "Academic staff of the University of Freiburg","Austrian academics","Austrian agnostics","Austrian anti-communists","Austrian emigrants to the United Kingdom","Austrian expatriates in Germany","Austrian expatriates in the United States","Austrian libertarians","Austrian male writers","Austrian Nobel laureates","Nobel laureates from Austria-Hungary","Austrian people of Moravian-German descent","Austrian philosophers","Austrian Roman Catholics","Austrian School economists","Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I","Habsburg Bohemian nobility","British anti-communists","British classical liberal economists","British expatriate academics in the United States","British expatriates in Germany","British libertarians","British Nobel laureates","British philosophers","Cato Institute people","Fellows of the Earhart Foundation","English Roman Catholics","Fellows of the British Academy","Fellows of the Econometric Society","Libertarian economists","Libertarian theorists", "Nobel laureates in Economics","Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour","Microeconomists","Mises Institute people","Member of the Mont Pelerin Society","Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom","New York University faculty","People associated with the London School of Economics","Philosophers of law","Philosophers of social science","Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients","Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art","Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria","Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg","Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)","University of Chicago faculty","Committee on Social Thought","University of Vienna alumni","Writers from Vienna"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Friedrich_Hayek","wgRelevantArticleId":11646,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1325","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap", "ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1500"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Friedrich Hayek - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Friedrich_Hayek rootpage-Friedrich_Hayek skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Friedrich+Hayek" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Friedrich+Hayek" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Friedrich+Hayek" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Friedrich+Hayek" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-London_School_of_Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London_School_of_Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 London School of Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London_School_of_Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Road_to_Serfdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Road_to_Serfdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 The Road to Serfdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Road_to_Serfdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chicago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Chicago </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freiburg_and_Salzburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freiburg_and_Salzburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Freiburg and Salzburg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freiburg_and_Salzburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Memorial_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Memorial_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Nobel Memorial Prize </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Memorial_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 British politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_and_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_and_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Work and views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work_and_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Work and views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Work_and_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Business cycle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_calculation_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_calculation_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Economic calculation problem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_calculation_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investment_and_choice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investment_and_choice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Investment and choice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investment_and_choice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Philosophy of science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Psychology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_political_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_political_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Social and political philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_political_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Two_traditions_in_the_theory_of_liberty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_traditions_in_the_theory_of_liberty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Two traditions in the theory of liberty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_traditions_in_the_theory_of_liberty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spontaneous_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spontaneous_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 Spontaneous order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spontaneous_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_collectivism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_collectivism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.3 Criticism of collectivism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_collectivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_safety_nets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_safety_nets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.4 Social safety nets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_safety_nets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_"social_justice"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_"social_justice""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.5 Criticism of "social justice" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_"social_justice"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberalism_and_skepticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberalism_and_skepticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.6 Liberalism and skepticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberalism_and_skepticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictatorship_and_totalitarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictatorship_and_totalitarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.7 Dictatorship and totalitarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictatorship_and_totalitarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration,_nationalism_and_race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration,_nationalism_and_race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.8 Immigration, nationalism and race </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration,_nationalism_and_race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inequality_and_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inequality_and_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.9 Inequality and class </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inequality_and_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Influence and recognition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_and_recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence and recognition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relation_to_conservatism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_conservatism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Relation to conservatism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_conservatism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy_discussions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_discussions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Policy discussions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy_discussions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_European_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_European_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Central European politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_European_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy and honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notable works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introductions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introductions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Introductions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introductions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Friedrich Hayek</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" > 81 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_Hayek" title="Friedrich August Hayek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Friedrich August Hayek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83" title="فريدريش فون هايك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريدريش فون هايك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrix_fon_Hayek" title="Fridrix fon Hayek – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fridrix fon Hayek" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95" title="ফ্রিডরিখ হায়েক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রিডরিখ হায়েক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Фрыдрых Аўгуст фон Хаек – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрыдрых Аўгуст фон Хаек" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Фридрих Хайек – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фридрих Хайек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich August von Hayek – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Friedrich August von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich August von Hayek – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Friedrich August von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich August von Hayek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Friedrich August von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.A._Hayek" title="F.A. Hayek – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="F.A. Hayek" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich August von Hayek – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Friedrich August von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich August von Hayek – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Friedrich August von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%BA" title="Φρίντριχ Χάγιεκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρίντριχ Χάγιεκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich August von Hayek – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Friedrich August von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فریدریش هایک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریدریش هایک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich von Hayek – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Friedrich von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich von Hayek – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Friedrich von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%90%ED%81%AC" title="프리드리히 하이에크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리드리히 하이에크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AD_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AF" title="Ֆրիդրիխ Հայեկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրիդրիխ Հայեկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95" title="फ़्रीड्रिक हायक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़्रीड्रिक हायक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich von Hayek – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Friedrich von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_Hayek" title="Friedrich August Hayek – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Friedrich August Hayek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich von Hayek – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Friedrich von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7" title="פרידריך האייק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרידריך האייק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ფრიდრიხ ჰაიეკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრიდრიხ ჰაიეკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Фридрих Август фон Хайек – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фридрих Август фон Хайек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus_Hayek" title="Fridericus Hayek – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fridericus Hayek" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%ABdrihs_Hajeks" title="Frīdrihs Hajeks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frīdrihs Hajeks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich August von Hayek – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Friedrich August von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich von Hayek – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Friedrich von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich August von Hayek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Friedrich August von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Фридрих фон Хајек – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фридрих фон Хајек" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ფრიდრიხ ჰაიეკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრიდრიხ ჰაიეკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83" title="فريدريش فون هايك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريدريش فون هايك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Фридрих Хаек – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фридрих Хаек" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF" title="フリードリヒ・ハイエク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリードリヒ・ハイエク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich von Hayek – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Friedrich von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%B4_%DB%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="فریڈرش ہایاک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فریڈرش ہایاک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="فريدريک هايک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فريدريک هايک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich August von Hayek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Friedrich August von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BA,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хайек, Фридрих Август фон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хайек, Фридрих Август фон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich August von Hayek – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Friedrich August von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8E%DA%A9" title="فریدریش ھایێک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فریدریش ھایێک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Фридрих Хајек – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фридрих Хајек" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich von Hayek – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Friedrich von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich von Hayek – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Friedrich von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich von Hayek – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Friedrich von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரீட்ரிக் கையக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரீட்ரிக் கையக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek" title="Friedrich August von Hayek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Friedrich August von Hayek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%BA" title="Фрідріх Гаєк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фрідріх Гаєк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DB%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فریڈریک ہایک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فریڈریک ہایک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E5%93%88%E8%80%B6%E5%85%8B" title="腓特烈哈耶克 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="腓特烈哈耶克" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E8%80%B6%E5%85%8B" title="弗里德里希·哈耶克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗里德里希·哈耶克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Friedrich Hayek" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%80%B6%E5%85%8B" title="海耶克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="海耶克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E8%80%B6%E5%85%8B" title="弗里德里希·哈耶克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗里德里希·哈耶克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1325#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Friedrich_Hayek" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Friedrich_Hayek" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Friedrich_Hayek" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&oldid=1274115519" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Friedrich_Hayek&id=1274115519&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFriedrich_Hayek">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFriedrich_Hayek">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Friedrich_Hayek&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1325" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austrian-British economist and philosopher (1899–1992)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Friedrich Hayek</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour">CH</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg/330px-Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg/440px-Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="720" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Friedrich August von Hayek</div> (1899-05-08)8 May 1899 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 March 1992(1992-03-23) (aged 92) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a>, Baden-Württemberg, Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neustifter_Friedhof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neustifter Friedhof (page does not exist)">Neustifter Friedhof</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustifter_Friedhof" class="extiw" title="de:Neustifter Friedhof">de</a>], <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">Austrian (1899–1938) British (1938–1992)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dr._jur." class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. jur.">Dr. jur.</a>, 1921; <a href="/wiki/Dr._rer._pol" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. rer. pol">Dr. rer. pol</a>, 1923)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Helen Berta Maria von Fritsch</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1926, divorced)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Helene Bitterlich</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1950)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Christine Maria Felicitas von Hayek (daughter)<a href="#cite_note-Christine_von_Hayek-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hayek" title="Laurence Hayek">Laurence Hayek</a> (son)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> plus 2 step-sons</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/August_von_Hayek" title="August von Hayek">August von Hayek</a> (father) Felicitas von Juraschek (mother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Hayek" title="Heinrich von Hayek">Heinrich von Hayek</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Hayek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Hayek (page does not exist)">Erich Hayek</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Hayek" class="extiw" title="de:Erich Hayek">de</a>] (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Hayek" title="Gustav von Hayek">Gustav von Hayek</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_von_Juraschek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz von Juraschek (page does not exist)">Franz von Juraschek</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Juraschek" class="extiw" title="de:Franz von Juraschek">de</a>] (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Juraschek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Juraschek (page does not exist)">Franz Juraschek</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Juraschek" class="extiw" title="de:Franz Juraschek">de</a>] (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> (cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Field</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institution</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (1931–1950)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (1950–1962)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a> (1962–1968; 1978–1992)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Salzburg" title="University of Salzburg">University of Salzburg</a> (1969–1977)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Acton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Belloc" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Böhm-Bawerk">Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Benson" title="Robert Hugh Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Burke" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.K._Chesterton" class="mw-redirect" title="G.K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Eucken" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Eucken">Eucken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Fetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Hume" class="mw-redirect" title="D. Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.S._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="C.S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Locke" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Mach" class="mw-redirect" title="E. Mach">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="B. Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_De_Maistre" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph De Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Menger" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="J. S. Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._von_Mises" class="mw-redirect" title="L. von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Popper" class="mw-redirect" title="K. Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Schmitt" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._Spann" class="mw-redirect" title="O. Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien">Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocqueville" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Tucker" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Wicksell" class="mw-redirect" title="K. Wicksell">Wicksell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dispersed_knowledge" title="Dispersed knowledge">Dispersed knowledge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Price_signal" title="Price signal">Price signal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Business_Cycle_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Business Cycle Theory">Austrian Business Cycle Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hebbian_theory" title="Hebbian theory">Hayek–Hebb model</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="line-height:1.2em;padding:0.2em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> (1974)</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;padding:0.2em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a> (1984)</li><li style="line-height:1.2em;padding:0.2em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (1991)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/e/pvo8.html">Information</a> at <a href="/wiki/Research_Papers_in_Economics" title="Research Papers in Economics">IDEAS / RePEc</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Hayek_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Friedrich_Hayek_signature.svg/150px-Friedrich_Hayek_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Friedrich_Hayek_signature.svg/225px-Friedrich_Hayek_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Friedrich_Hayek_signature.svg/300px-Friedrich_Hayek_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="84" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vlist; align:left;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral science">behavioral sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/120px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/180px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/240px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="217" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Glossary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economists" title="Category:Economists">Economists</a></li></ul></div> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principles_of_Economics" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Principles of Economics">Principles of Economics</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;colwidth=100px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Tools and <a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">methodology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical economics">Economic theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">Mathematical modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_agent_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational agent model">Rational choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">Economic equilibrium</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">Empirical</a> methods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_series_econometrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Time series econometrics">Time series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_econometrics" title="Spatial econometrics">Spatial</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Normative_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Normative economics">Prescriptive</a> and policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Rational choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">Cost–benefit analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;colwidth=100px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="JEL classification codes">Branches and subfields</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 100px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mech. design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Political economy">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial org.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_design" title="Market design">Market design</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;colwidth=100px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 100px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social choice">Social choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_School" title="Category:Austrian School">a series on</a> the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_school_of_economics" title="Austrian school of economics"> Austrian School</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.4em 0 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_school" title="Austrian school"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png/100px-An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png/150px-An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png/200px-An_Austrian_School_crest_-_Grey.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="595" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principal works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_and_Interest" title="Capital and Interest">Capital and Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Action" title="Human Action">Human Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism_and_Economic_Order" title="Individualism and Economic Order">Individualism and Economic Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy,_and_State" title="Man, Economy, and State">Man, Economy, and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Economics_(Menger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Economics (Menger)">Principles of Economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_liberal_school" title="French liberal school">French liberal school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Brentano" title="School of Brentano">School of Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodenstreit" title="Methodenstreit">Methodenstreit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theories and ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_business_cycle_theory" title="Austrian business cycle theory">Austrian business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catallactics" title="Catallactics">Catallactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction">Creative destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_school#Inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian school">View of inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malinvestment" title="Malinvestment">Malinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodological_individualism" title="Methodological individualism">Methodological individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxeology#Austrian_economics" title="Praxeology">Praxeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundaboutness" title="Roundaboutness">Roundaboutness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value" title="Subjective theory of value">Subjective theory of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_preference#Austrian_economics" title="Time preference">Theory of interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations, universities, and think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Independent_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Independent Institute">The Independent Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercatus_Center" title="Mercatus Center">Mercatus Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_and_Freedom_Society" title="Property and Freedom Society">Property and Freedom Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian-school_economists" title="List of Austrian-school economists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boettke" title="Peter Boettke">Boettke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Fetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Garrison" title="Roger Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Haberler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Heydel" title="Adam Heydel">Heydel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Higgs" title="Robert Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Horwitz" title="Steven Horwitz">Horwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Guido_H%C3%BClsmann" title="Jörg Guido Hülsmann">Hülsmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Huerta_de_Soto" title="Jesús Huerta de Soto">Huerta de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Kirzner" title="Israel Kirzner">Kirzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Lachmann" title="Ludwig Lachmann">Lachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Lavoie" title="Don Lavoie">Lavoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Leeson" title="Peter Leeson">Leeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Machlup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Morgenstern" title="Oskar Morgenstern">Morgenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Murphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert P. Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Peterson" title="William H. Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Salerno" title="Joseph T. Salerno">Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ritter_von_Strigl" title="Richard Ritter von Strigl">Strigl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">Wieser</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e6e6ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants and related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspectives on capitalism">Perspectives on capitalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austrian_School_sidebar" title="Template:Austrian School sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austrian_School_sidebar" title="Template talk:Austrian School sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian_School_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian School sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Friedrich August von Hayek <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of Honour">CH</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhaɪək/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">HY-ək</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈʔaʊɡʊst fɔn ˈhaɪɛk]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/02\/Yandexhayek.wav\/Yandexhayek.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Yandexhayek.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Yandexhayek.wav/Yandexhayek.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Yandexhayek.wav" title="File:Yandexhayek.wav">ⓘ</a>; 8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), often referred to by his initials F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian-born British academic who contributed to <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Political economy">political economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">intellectual history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Hayek shared the 1974 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a> for work on money and economic fluctuations, and the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> His account of how <a href="/wiki/Price_signal" title="Price signal">prices communicate information</a> is widely regarded as an important contribution to economics that led to him receiving the prize.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> He was a major contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_school_of_economics" title="Austrian school of economics">Austrian school of economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[13]</a> During his teenage years, Hayek fought in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. He later said this experience, coupled with his desire to help avoid the mistakes that led to the war, drew him into economics.<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> He earned doctoral degrees in law in 1921 and political studies in 1923 from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> He subsequently lived and worked in Austria, Great Britain, the United States and Germany. He became a British national in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a> He studied and taught at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> and later at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, before returning to Europe late in life to teach at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salzburg" title="University of Salzburg">Universities of Salzburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">Freiburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Hayek had considerable influence on a variety of political and economic movements of the 20th century, and his ideas continue to influence thinkers from a variety of political and economic backgrounds today.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Although sometimes described as a <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Hayek himself was uncomfortable with this label and preferred to be thought of as a <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> His most popular work, <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a>, has been republished many times over the eight decades since its original publication.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-26">[26]</a> Hayek was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a> in 1984 for his academic contributions to economics.<a href="#cite_note-LGCH-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001305-28">[28]</a> He was the first recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Martin_Schleyer_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize">Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> He also received the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> in 1991 from President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 2011, his article "<a href="/wiki/The_Use_of_Knowledge_in_Society" title="The Use of Knowledge in Society">The Use of Knowledge in Society</a>" was selected as one of the top 20 articles published in the <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Review" title="American Economic Review">American Economic Review</a> during its first 100 years.<a href="#cite_note-top-31">[31]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Friedrich August von Hayek was born in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> to <a href="/wiki/August_von_Hayek" title="August von Hayek">August von Hayek</a> and Felicitas Hayek (née <a href="/w/index.php?title=Von_Juraschek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Von Juraschek (page does not exist)">von Juraschek</a>). The surname <a href="/wiki/Hayek" title="Hayek">Hayek</a> is derived from the Czech surname Hájek and can be traced to an ancestor with the surname "Hagek" who migrated from <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> in the 1500s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200112,_312-33">[33]</a> His father, born in 1871, also in Vienna, was a medical doctor employed by the municipal ministry of health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfriedrichhayekbi00ebenpage62_62,_248,_284]-34">[34]</a> August was a part-time botany lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-8">[8]</a> Friedrich was the oldest of three brothers, Heinrich (1900–1969) and Erich (1904–1986), who were one-and-a-half and five years younger than he was.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein20017-35">[35]</a> His father's career as a university professor influenced Hayek's goals later in life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein20017–8-36">[36]</a> Both of his grandfathers, who lived long enough for Hayek to know them, were scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200120-37">[37]</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Juraschek" class="extiw" title="de:Franz von Juraschek">Franz von Juraschek</a> was a leading economist in <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</a>, one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> of Economics.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Hayek's paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Hayek" title="Gustav von Hayek">Gustav Edler von Hayek</a>, taught natural sciences at the Imperial Realobergymnasium (secondary school) in Vienna. He wrote works in the field of biological systematics, some of which are relatively well known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein20018-39">[39]</a> On his mother's side, Hayek was second cousin to the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> His mother often played with Wittgenstein's sisters and had known him well. As a result of their family relationship, Hayek became one of the first to read Wittgenstein's <a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a> when the book was published in its original German edition in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Although he met Wittgenstein on only a few occasions, Hayek said that Wittgenstein's philosophy and methods of analysis had a profound influence on his own life and thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001245-42">[42]</a> In his later years, Hayek recalled a discussion of philosophy with Wittgenstein when both were officers during World War I.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> After Wittgenstein's death, Hayek had intended to write a biography of Wittgenstein and worked on collecting family materials and later assisted biographers of Wittgenstein.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> He was related to Wittgenstein on the non-Jewish side of the <a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein_family" title="Wittgenstein family">Wittgenstein family</a>. Since his youth, Hayek frequently socialized with Jewish intellectuals, and he mentions that people often speculated whether he was also of Jewish ancestry. That made him curious, so he spent some time researching his ancestors and found out that he had no Jewish ancestors within five generations.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Hayek displayed an intellectual and academic bent from a very young age and read fluently and frequently before going to school.<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein20019-46">[46]</a> However, he did quite poorly at school, due to the lack of interest and problems with teachers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200114-47">[47]</a> He was at the bottom of his class in most subjects and once received three failing grades, in Latin, Greek, and mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200114-47">[47]</a> He was very interested in theater, even attempting to write some tragedies, and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, regularly helping his father with his botanical work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200113-48">[48]</a> At his father's suggestion, as a teenager he read the genetic and evolutionary works of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_de_Vries" title="Hugo de Vries">Hugo de Vries</a> and <a href="/wiki/August_Weismann" title="August Weismann">August Weismann</a> and the philosophical works of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UCLA-49">[49]</a> He noted <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a> as the greatest early intellectual influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200113-48">[48]</a> In school, Hayek was much taken by one instructor's lectures on <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotle's ethics">Aristotle's ethics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In his unpublished autobiographical notes, Hayek recalled a division between him and his younger brothers who were only a few years younger than him, but he believed that they were somehow of a different generation. He preferred to associate with adults.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein20019-46">[46]</a> In 1917, Hayek joined an artillery regiment in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a> and fought on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Hayek suffered damage to his hearing in his left ear during the war<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and was decorated for bravery.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Hayek then decided to pursue an academic career, determined to help avoid the mistakes that had led to the war. Hayek said of his experience: "The decisive influence was really <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. It's bound to draw your attention to the problems of political organization".<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>, Hayek initially studied mostly philosophy, psychology and economics.<a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The university allowed students to choose their subjects freely and there was not much obligatory written work, or tests except main exams at the end of the study.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200128-55">[55]</a> By the end of his studies Hayek became more interested in economics, mostly for financial and career reasons; he planned to combine law and economics to start a career in diplomatic service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200122-56">[56]</a> He earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[13]</a> For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed he studied in <a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Monakow" title="Constantin von Monakow">Constantin von Monakow</a>'s Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much of his time <a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">staining</a> brain cells.<a href="#cite_note-:6-57">[57]</a> Hayek's time in Monakow's lab and his deep interest in the work of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a> inspired his first intellectual project, eventually published as The Sensory Order (1952).<a href="#cite_note-Backhaus2005-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-57">[57]</a> It located connective learning at the physical and neurological levels, rejecting the "sense data" associationism of the <a href="/wiki/Empiricists" class="mw-redirect" title="Empiricists">empiricists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">logical positivists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Backhaus2005-58">[58]</a> Hayek presented his work to the private seminar he had created with <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Furth" title="Herbert Furth">Herbert Furth</a> called <a href="/wiki/The_Geistkreis" title="The Geistkreis">the Geistkreis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a>'s work on the explanatory strategy of social science and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">Friedrich von Wieser</a>'s commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him.<a href="#cite_note-UCLA-49">[49]</a> Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> on the recommendation of Wieser as a specialist for the Austrian government working on the legal and economic details of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-60">[60]</a> Between 1923 and 1924, Hayek worked as a research assistant to Professor <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Jenks" title="Jeremiah Jenks">Jeremiah Jenks</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, compiling macroeconomic data on the American economy and the operations of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> He was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley Clair Mitchell</a> and started a doctoral program on problems of monetary stabilization but didn't finish it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200133-62">[62]</a> His time in America wasn't especially happy. He had very limited social contacts, missed the cultural life of Vienna, and was troubled by his poverty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200135-63">[63]</a> His family's financial situation deteriorated significantly after the War.<a href="#cite_note-:8-64">[64]</a> Initially sympathetic to Wieser's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>, Hayek found <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> rigid and unattractive, and his mild socialist phase lasted until he was about 23.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200123-65">[65]</a> Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book <a href="/wiki/Socialism_(book)" title="Socialism (book)">Socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-60">[60]</a> It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his university friends, including <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Fritz Machlup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Schutz">Alfred Schutz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Kaufmann" title="Felix Kaufmann">Felix Kaufmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a>, who were also participating in Hayek's own more general and private seminar. It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Eric Voegelin</a>, with whom he retained a long-standing relationship.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London_School_of_Economics">London School of Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: London School of Economics">edit</a>]</div> With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s, he founded and served as director of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Institute_of_Economic_Research" title="Austrian Institute of Economic Research">Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research</a> before joining the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Robbins" title="Lionel Robbins">Lionel Robbins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-67">[67]</a> Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world and his development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of <a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John Hicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abba_P._Lerner" title="Abba P. Lerner">Abba P. Lerner</a> and many others in the development of modern microeconomics.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 1932, Hayek suggested that private investment in the public markets was a better road to wealth and economic co-ordination in Britain than government spending programs as argued in an exchange of letters with <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, co-signed with Lionel Robbins and others in <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The nearly decade long <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflationary</a> depression in Britain dating from <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s decision in 1925 to return Britain to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> at the old pre-war and pre-inflationary par was the public policy backdrop for Hayek's dissenting engagement with Keynes over British monetary and fiscal policy.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Keynes called Hayek's book Prices and Production "one of the most frightful muddles I have ever read", famously adding: "It is an extraordinary example of how, starting with a mistake, a remorseless logician can end in Bedlam".<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Notable economists who studied with Hayek at the LSE in the 1930s and 1940s include <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lewis_(economist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Lewis (economist)">Arthur Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">William Baumol</a>, <a href="/wiki/CH_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="CH Douglas">CH Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abba_Lerner" class="mw-redirect" title="Abba Lerner">Abba Lerner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kaldor" title="Nicholas Kaldor">Nicholas Kaldor</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Shackle" class="mw-redirect" title="George Shackle">George Shackle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Balogh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Balogh">Thomas Balogh</a>, <a href="/wiki/L._K._Jha" class="mw-redirect" title="L. K. Jha">L. K. Jha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seldon" title="Arthur Seldon">Arthur Seldon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rosenstein-Rodan" title="Paul Rosenstein-Rodan">Paul Rosenstein-Rodan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Lange" class="mw-redirect" title="Oskar Lange">Oskar Lange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfriedrichhayekbi00ebenpage62_62,_248,_284]-34">[34]</a> Some were supportive and some were critical of his ideas. Hayek also taught or tutored many other LSE students, including <a href="/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller">David Rockefeller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In 1937, Hayek gave a summer course at the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Graduate_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Graduate Institute">Geneva Graduate Institute</a>, then a stronghold of neoliberal thought that was home to <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Unwilling to return to Austria after the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> brought it under the control of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1938, Hayek remained in Britain. Hayek and his children became <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subjects</a> in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> He held this status for the remainder of his life, but he did not live in Great Britain after 1950. He lived in the United States from 1950 to 1962 and then mostly in Germany, but also briefly in Austria.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-78">[78]</a> In 1947, Hayek was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Econometric_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Econometric Society">Fellow of the Econometric Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Road_to_Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Road to Serfdom">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></div> Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In the book, Hayek "[warns] of the danger of <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a> that inevitably results from government control of economic <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a> through <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">central planning</a>."<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> He further argues that the abandonment of <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> inevitably leads to a loss of <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">freedom</a>, the creation of an oppressive society, the tyranny of a <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> of the individual. Hayek challenged the view, popular among British Marxists, that <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> reaction against <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. He argued that fascism, Nazism, and state-socialism had common roots in central economic planning and empowering the state over the individual. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>'s writings on the "road to servitude".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> It was first published in Britain by <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> in March 1944 and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it "that unobtainable book" also due in part to wartime paper rationing.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> When it was published in the United States by the University of Chicago in September of that year, it achieved greater popularity than in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> At the instigation of editor <a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Max Eastman</a>, the American magazine <a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a> also published an abridged version in April 1945, enabling The Road to Serfdom to reach a far wider audience than academics. The book is widely popular among those advocating <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chicago">Chicago</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chicago">edit</a>]</div> In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics. After spending the 1949–1950 academic year as a visiting professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas" title="University of Arkansas">University of Arkansas</a>, Hayek was conferred professorship by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, where he became a professor in the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Social_Thought" title="Committee on Social Thought">Committee on Social Thought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-86">[86]</a> Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation, the <a href="/wiki/William_Volker_Fund" title="William Volker Fund">William Volker Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Hayek had made contact with many at the University of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> and others understood how society works.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Hayek conducted a number of influential faculty seminars while at the University of Chicago and a number of academics worked on research projects sympathetic to some of Hayek's own, such as <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Director" title="Aaron Director">Aaron Director</a>, who was active in the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago School</a> in helping to fund and establish what became the "Law and Society" program in the University of Chicago Law School.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Hayek, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a>, Friedman and <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a> worked together in forming the <a href="/wiki/Mont_P%C3%A8lerin_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Pèlerin Society">Mont Pèlerin Society</a>, an international forum for neoliberals.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Hayek and Friedman cooperated in support of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">Intercollegiate Studies Institute</a>, an American student organisation devoted to libertarian ideas.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Although they shared most political beliefs, disagreeing primarily on the question of monetary policy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001270-92">[92]</a> Hayek and Friedman worked in separate university departments with different research interests and never developed a close working relationship.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Alan_O._Ebenstein" title="Alan O. Ebenstein">Alan O. Ebenstein</a>, who wrote biographies of both of them, Hayek probably had a closer friendship with Keynes than with Friedman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001267-94">[94]</a> Hayek received a <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellowship</a> in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Another influential political philosopher and German-speaking exile at the University of Chicago at the time was <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a>, but according to his student <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cropsey" title="Joseph Cropsey">Joseph Cropsey</a> who also knew Hayek, there was no contact between the two of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001253-97">[97]</a> After editing a book on <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>'s letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, <a href="/wiki/The_Constitution_of_Liberty" title="The Constitution of Liberty">The Constitution of Liberty</a> and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with publication in February 1960. Hayek was concerned that "with that condition of men in which coercion of some by others is reduced as much as is possible in society".<a href="#cite_note-:11-99">[99]</a> Hayek was disappointed that the book did not receive the same enthusiastic general reception as The Road to Serfdom had sixteen years before.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> He left Chicago mostly because of financial reasons, being concerned about his pension provisions.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> His primary source of income was his salary, and he received some additional money from book royalties but avoided other lucrative sources of income for academics such as writing textbooks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001209-102">[102]</a> He spent a lot on his frequent travels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001209-102">[102]</a> He regularly spent summers in <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Alps">Austrian Alps</a>, usually in the Tyrolean village <a href="/wiki/Obergurgl" title="Obergurgl">Obergurgl</a> where he enjoyed mountain climbing, and also visited Japan four times with additional trips to <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, Australia, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001218-103">[103]</a> After his divorce, his financial situation worsened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001209–10-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freiburg_and_Salzburg">Freiburg and Salzburg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Freiburg and Salzburg">edit</a>]</div> From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ludwigs_University_of_Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a>, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, <a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a>. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>, where he continued work on Law, Legislation and Liberty, teaching a graduate seminar by the same name and another on the philosophy of social science.<a href="#cite_note-:8-64">[64]</a> Preliminary drafts of the book were completed by 1970, but Hayek chose to rework his drafts and finally brought the book to publication in three volumes in 1973, 1976 and 1979.<a href="#cite_note-:12-106">[106]</a> Hayek became a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salzburg" title="University of Salzburg">University of Salzburg</a> from 1969 to 1977 and then returned to Freiburg.<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a> When Hayek left Salzburg in 1977, he wrote: "I made a mistake in moving to Salzburg". The economics department was small, and the library facilities were inadequate.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Although Hayek's health suffered, and he fell into a depressionary bout, he continued to work on his <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magnum opus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a> in periods when he was feeling better.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001251–53-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Memorial_Prize">Nobel Memorial Prize</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nobel Memorial Prize">edit</a>]</div> On 9 October 1974, it was announced that Hayek would be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics</a> with Swedish economist <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Economics_Prize_For_Works_in_Economic_Theory_And_Inter-Disciplinary_Research-109">[109]</a> He was surprised at being given the award and believed that he was given it with Myrdal to balance the award with someone from the opposite side of the political spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-110">[110]</a> Among the reasons given, the committee stated, Hayek "was one of the few economists who gave warning of the possibility of a major economic crisis before the great crash came in the autumn of 1929."<a href="#cite_note-Economics_Prize_For_Works_in_Economic_Theory_And_Inter-Disciplinary_Research-109">[109]</a> The following year, Hayek further confirmed his original prediction. An interviewer asked, "We understand that you were one of the only economists to forecast that America was headed for a depression, is that true?" Hayek responded, "Yes."<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> However, no textual evidence has emerged of "a prediction".<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Indeed, Hayek wrote on 26 October 1929, three days before the crash, "at present there is no reason to expect a sudden crash of the New York stock exchange. ... The credit possibilities/conditions are, at any rate, currently very great, and therefore it appears assured that an outright crisis-like destruction of the present high [price] level should not be feared."<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> During the Nobel ceremony in December 1974, Hayek met the Russian dissident <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Hayek later sent him a Russian translation of The Road to Serfdom.<a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-110">[110]</a> He spoke with apprehension at his award speech about the danger the authority of the prize would lend to an economist,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> but the prize brought much greater public awareness to the then controversial ideas of Hayek and was described by his biographer as "the great rejuvenating event in his life".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_politics">British politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: British politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denationalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Denationalization">Denationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interdependence" title="Economic interdependence">Economic interdependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">area</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketization" title="Marketization">Marketization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="Mundell–Fleming model">Mundell–Fleming model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">School vouchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">Shock therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">Single market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_Adjustment_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Adjustment Programme">Structural Adjustment Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Supranationalism">Supranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_cuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax cuts">Tax cuts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_economics" title="Trickle-down economics">Trickle-down</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_non-interventionism" title="Positive non-interventionism">Positive non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberalization in India">Economic liberalization in India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Governance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Arab_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Arab Free Trade Area">Greater Arab Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERCOSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="MERCOSUR">MERCOSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago boys">Chicago boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith_Institute" title="Adam Smith Institute">Adam Smith Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(United_States)" title="Third Way (United States)">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Rougier" title="Louis Rougier">Louis Rougier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuhiro_Nakasone" title="Yasuhiro Nakasone">Yasuhiro Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Douglas" title="Roger Douglas">Roger Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(economist)" title="Hernando de Soto (economist)">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blatcherism" title="Blatcherism">Blatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_intellectual_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of intellectual property">Criticism of intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/24px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/32px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="912" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Capitalism" title="Portal:Capitalism">Capitalism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neoliberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Neoliberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neoliberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Neoliberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neoliberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neoliberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #fff800; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Czechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Czechia">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Liberalism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Poland" title="Liberalism in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_School_of_Economics" title="Kraków School of Economics">Cracovian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobdenism" title="Cobdenism">Cobdenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Arizona School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Venezuela)">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #fff800; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Feminist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; border-bottom:1px solid #C5C12B; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In February 1975, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> was elected leader of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">British Conservative Party</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">Institute of Economic Affairs</a> arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> During Thatcher's only visit to the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Research_Department" title="Conservative Research Department">Conservative Research Department</a> in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on why the "middle way" was the pragmatic path the Conservative Party should take, avoiding the extremes of left and right. Before he had finished, Thatcher "reached into her briefcase and took out a book. It was Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty. Interrupting our pragmatist, she held the book up for all of us to see. 'This', she said sternly, 'is what we believe', and banged Hayek down on the table".<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Despite the media depictions of him as Thatcher's guru and power behind the throne, the communication between him and the Prime Minister was not very regular, they were in contact only once or twice a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001291–92-121">[121]</a> Besides Thatcher, Hayek also had a significant influence on <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Keith Joseph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Nigel Lawson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Geoffrey Howe</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Biffen" title="John Biffen">John Biffen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001293-122">[122]</a> Hayek gained some controversy in 1978 by praising Thatcher's <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">anti-immigration</a> policy proposal in an article which ignited numerous accusations of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> and racism because of his reflections on the inability of assimilation of Eastern European Jews in the Vienna of his youth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001293-122">[122]</a> He defended himself by explaining that he made no racial judgements, only highlighted the problems of acculturation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001294-123">[123]</a> In 1977, Hayek was critical of the <a href="/wiki/Lib%E2%80%93Lab_pact#1977" title="Lib–Lab pact">Lib–Lab pact</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">British Liberal Party</a> agreed to keep the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">British Labour</a> government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said: "May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a socialist government in power has lost all title to the name 'Liberal'. Certainly no liberal can in future vote 'Liberal'".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Hayek was criticised by Liberal politicians <a href="/wiki/Gladwyn_Jebb" title="Gladwyn Jebb">Gladwyn Jebb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Phillips,_Baron_Phillips_of_Sudbury" title="Andrew Phillips, Baron Phillips of Sudbury">Andrew Phillips</a>, who both claimed that the purpose of the pact was to discourage socialist legislation. Lord Gladwyn pointed out that the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">German Free Democrats</a> were in coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">German Social Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Hayek was defended by Professor <a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a>, who stated that—unlike the British Labour Party—the German Social Democrats had since the late 1950s abandoned public ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange and had instead embraced the <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with Liberal Party leader <a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">David Steel</a>, who argued that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the connection between liberty and private enterprise than between liberty and democracy. Hayek argued that a limited democracy might be better than other forms of limited government at protecting liberty, but that an unlimited democracy was worse than other forms of unlimited government because "its government loses the power even to do what it thinks right if any group on which its majority depends thinks otherwise". Hayek stated that if the Conservative leader had said "that free choice is to be exercised more in the market place than in the ballot box, she has merely uttered the truism that the first is indispensable for individual freedom while the second is not: free choice can at least exist under a dictatorship that can limit itself but not under the government of an unlimited democracy which cannot".<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Hayek supported Britain in the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, writing that it would be justified to attack Argentinian territory instead of just defending the islands, which earned him a lot of criticism in Argentina, a country which he also visited several times. He was also displeased by the weak response of the United States to the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>, claiming that an ultimatum should be issued and Iran bombed if they do not comply. He supported Ronald Reagan's decision to keep high defence spending, believing that a strong US military is a guarantee of world peace and necessary to keep the Soviet Union under control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001300–01-128">[128]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> listed Hayek as among the two or three people who most influenced his philosophy and welcomed him to the White House as a special guest.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> listed Hayek as his favourite political philosopher and congressman <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a> named him an inspiration for his political career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001207–08-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition">Recognition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recognition">edit</a>]</div> In 1980, Hayek was one of twelve Nobel laureates to meet with <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> "to dialogue, discuss views in their fields, communicate regarding the relationship between Catholicism and science, and 'bring to the Pontiff's attention the problems which the Nobel Prize Winners, in their respective fields of study, consider to be the most urgent for contemporary man'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001301-131">[131]</a> Hayek was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a> (CH) in the <a href="/wiki/1984_Birthday_Honours" title="1984 Birthday Honours">1984 Birthday Honours</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> on the advice of British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> for his "services to the study of economics".<a href="#cite_note-LGCH-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001305-28">[28]</a> Hayek had hoped to receive a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronetcy</a> and after being awarded the CH sent a letter to his friends requesting that he be called the English version of Friedrich (i.e. Frederick) from now on. After his twenty-minute audience with the Queen, he was "absolutely besotted" with her according to his daughter-in-law Esca Hayek. Hayek said a year later that he was "amazed by her. That ease and skill, as if she'd known me all my life". The audience with the Queen was followed by a dinner with family and friends at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">Institute of Economic Affairs</a>. When later that evening Hayek was dropped off at the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Club" title="Reform Club">Reform Club</a>, he commented: "I've just had the happiest day of my life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001305-28">[28]</a> In 1991, President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> awarded Hayek the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon".<a href="#cite_note-:13-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neustifter_Friedhof_-_Friedrich_August_Hayek_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Neustifter_Friedhof_-_Friedrich_August_Hayek_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Neustifter_Friedhof_-_Friedrich_August_Hayek_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Neustifter_Friedhof_-_Friedrich_August_Hayek_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Neustifter_Friedhof_-_Friedrich_August_Hayek_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Neustifter_Friedhof_-_Friedrich_August_Hayek_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Neustifter_Friedhof_-_Friedrich_August_Hayek_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption>Hayek's grave in Neustifter Friedhof, Vienna</figcaption></figure> In August 1926, Hayek married Helen Berta Maria von Fritsch (1901–1960), a secretary at the civil service office where he worked. They had two children together.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Upon the close of World War II, Hayek restarted a relationship with an old girlfriend, who had married since they first met, but kept it secret until 1948. Hayek and Fritsch divorced in July 1950 and he married his cousin<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001169-134">[134]</a> Helene Bitterlich (1900–1996)<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> just a few weeks later, after moving to Arkansas to take advantage of permissive divorce laws.<a href="#cite_note-Ebenstein,_p._155-136">[136]</a> His wife and children were offered settlement and compensation for accepting a divorce. The divorce caused some scandal at LSE, where certain academics refused to have anything to do with Hayek.<a href="#cite_note-Ebenstein,_p._155-136">[136]</a> In a 1978 interview to explain his actions, Hayek stated that he was unhappy in his first marriage and as his wife would not grant him a divorce he had taken steps to obtain one unilaterally.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> For a time after his divorce, Hayek rarely visited his children, but kept up more regular contact with them in his older years after moving to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001169-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001297-138">[138]</a> Hayek's son, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hayek" title="Laurence Hayek">Laurence Hayek</a> (1934–2004) was a distinguished microbiologist.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> His daughter Christine was an <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomologist</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum_of_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum of Natural History">British Museum of Natural History</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Christine_von_Hayek-2">[2]</a> and she cared for him during his last years, when he had declining health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001297-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001316-140">[140]</a> Hayek had a lifelong interest in biology and was also concerned with ecology and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>. After being awarded his Nobel Prize, he offered his name to be used for endorsements by <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wildlife Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Audubon_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="National Audubon Society">National Audubon Society</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a>, a British conservationist organisation. Evolutionary biology was simply one of his interests in natural sciences. Hayek also had an interest in epistemology, which he often applied to his own thinking, as a social scientist. He held that methodological differences in the social sciences and in natural sciences were key to understanding why incompetent policies are often allowed.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001225-142">[142]</a> Hayek was brought up in a non-religious setting and decided from age 15 that he was an agnostic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200113-48">[48]</a> Hayek died on 23 March 1992, aged 92, in <a href="/wiki/Freiburg,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg, Germany">Freiburg</a>, Germany, where he had lived since leaving Chicago in 1961. Despite his advanced age by the 1980s, he continued to write, even purportedly finishing a book, <a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Conceit" title="The Fatal Conceit">The Fatal Conceit</a>, in 1988, although its actual authorship is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> He was buried on 4 April in the <a href="/wiki/Neustift_am_Walde" title="Neustift am Walde">Neustift am Walde</a> cemetery in the northern outskirts of Vienna according to the Catholic rite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001317-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_and_views">Work and views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Work and views">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_cycle">Business cycle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Business cycle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_business_cycle_theory" title="Austrian business cycle theory">Austrian business cycle theory</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Business_cycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Parts of a business cycle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Business_cycle.jpg/200px-Business_cycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Business_cycle.jpg/300px-Business_cycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Business_cycle.jpg/400px-Business_cycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Parts of a business cycle</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Business_Cycle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Actual business cycle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/World_Business_Cycle.png/200px-World_Business_Cycle.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/World_Business_Cycle.png/300px-World_Business_Cycle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/World_Business_Cycle.png/400px-World_Business_Cycle.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Actual business cycle</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> had earlier applied the concept of <a href="/wiki/Marginal_utility" title="Marginal utility">marginal utility</a> to the value of money in his <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Money_and_Credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Money and Credit">Theory of Money and Credit</a> (1912) in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old <a href="/wiki/British_Currency_School" title="British Currency School">British Currency School</a> and of Swedish economist <a href="/wiki/Knut_Wicksell" title="Knut Wicksell">Knut Wicksell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Hayek used this body of work as a starting point for his own interpretation of the business cycle, elaborating what later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_business_cycle_theory" title="Austrian business cycle theory">Austrian theory of the business cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Hayek spelled out the Austrian approach in more detail in his book, published in 1929, an English translation of which appeared in 1933 as Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle. There, Hayek argued for a monetary approach to the origins of the cycle. In his Prices and Production (1931), Hayek argued that the business cycle resulted from the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a>'s inflationary <a href="/wiki/Credit_cycle" title="Credit cycle">credit expansion</a> and its transmission over time, leading to a capital misallocation caused by the artificially low interest rates.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Hayek argued that "the past instability of the market economy is the consequence of the exclusion of the most important regulator of the market mechanism, money, from itself being regulated by the market process".<a href="#cite_note-:14-148">[148]</a> Hayek's analysis was based on <a href="/wiki/Eugen_B%C3%B6hm_von_Bawerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugen Böhm von Bawerk">Eugen Böhm von Bawerk</a>'s concept of the "average period of production" and on the effects that monetary policy could have upon it.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In accordance with the reasoning later outlined in his essay "The Use of Knowledge in Society" (1945), Hayek argued that a monopolistic governmental agency like a central bank can neither possess the relevant information which should govern supply of money, nor have the ability to use it correctly.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (LSE).<a href="#cite_note-:9-67">[67]</a> Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> and deriving largely from the work of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Alfred Marshall</a>), Robbins invited Hayek to join the faculty at LSE, which he did in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-:15-151">[151]</a> According to Nicholas Kaldor, Hayek's theory of the time-structure of capital and of the business cycle initially "fascinated the academic world" and appeared to offer a less "facile and superficial" understanding of <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a> than the Cambridge school's.<a href="#cite_note-Kaldor1942-152">[152]</a> Also in 1931, Hayek crititicised <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_on_Money" title="A Treatise on Money">Treatise on Money</a> (1930) in his "Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J.M. Keynes"<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> For Keynes, unemployment and idle resources are caused by a lack of effective demand, but for Hayek they stem from a previous unsustainable episode of easy money and artificially low interest rates.<a href="#cite_note-:14-148">[148]</a> Keynes asked his friend <a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Piero Sraffa</a> to respond. Sraffa elaborated on the effect of inflation-induced "forced savings" on the capital sector and about the definition of a "natural" interest rate in a growing economy (see <a href="/wiki/Sraffa%E2%80%93Hayek_debate" title="Sraffa–Hayek debate">Sraffa–Hayek debate</a>).<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Others who responded negatively to Hayek's work on the business cycle included <a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John Hicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Frank Knight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a>, who, later on, would share the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Sveriges-Riksbank Prize in Economics</a> with him.<a href="#cite_note-Caldwell-criticism-156">[156]</a> Kaldor later wrote that Hayek's Prices and Production had produced "a remarkable crop of critics" and that the total number of pages in British and American journals dedicated to the resulting debate "could rarely have been equalled in the economic controversies of the past".<a href="#cite_note-Kaldor1942-152">[152]</a> Hayek's work, throughout the 1940s, was largely ignored, except for scathing critiques by Nicholas Kaldor.<a href="#cite_note-Kaldor1942-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaldor1939-157">[157]</a> Lionel Robbins himself, who had embraced the Austrian theory of the business cycle in The Great Depression (1934), later regretted having written the book and accepted many of the Keynesian counter-arguments.<a href="#cite_note-Garrison-158">[158]</a> Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, Hayek was not part of the economics department and did not influence the rebirth of neoclassical theory that took place there (see <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:10-86">[86]</a> When in 1974 he shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a>, the latter complained about being paired with an "ideologue". <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> declared himself "an enormous admirer of Hayek, but not for his economics".<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Milton Friedman also commented on some of his writings, saying "I think Prices and Production is a very flawed book. I think his [Pure Theory of Capital] is unreadable. On the other hand, The Road to Serfdom is one of the great books of our time".<a href="#cite_note-Garrison-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_calculation_problem">Economic calculation problem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economic calculation problem">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></div> Building on the earlier work of Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. This argument, first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a>, says that the efficient exchange and use of resources can be maintained only through the <a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">price</a> mechanism in free markets (see <a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">economic calculation problem</a>).<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In 1935, Hayek published Collectivist Economic Planning, a collection of essays from an earlier debate that had been initiated by Mises. Hayek included Mises's essay in which Mises argued that rational planning was impossible under socialism.<a href="#cite_note-:16-162">[162]</a> Socialist <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Lange" class="mw-redirect" title="Oskar Lange">Oskar Lange</a> responded by invoking <a href="/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory" title="General equilibrium theory">general equilibrium theory</a>, which they argued disproved Mises's thesis. They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> They argued that if some of the prices chosen by socialist managers were wrong, gluts or shortages would appear, signalling them to adjust the prices up or down, just as in a free market.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Through such a trial and error, a socialist economy could mimic the efficiency of a free market system while avoiding its many problems.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Hayek challenged this vision in a series of contributions. In "Economics and Knowledge" (1937), he pointed out that the standard equilibrium theory assumed that all agents have full and correct information, and how, in his mind, in the real world different individuals have different bits of knowledge and furthermore some of what they believe is wrong.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In "<a href="/wiki/The_Use_of_Knowledge_in_Society" title="The Use of Knowledge in Society">The Use of Knowledge in Society</a>" (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse and complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">self-organization</a>. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central planning, arguing that the former allows for more rapid adaptation to changes in particular circumstances of time and place.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Thus, Hayek set the stage for <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver Williamson</a>'s later contrast between markets and hierarchies as alternative co-ordination mechanisms for economic transactions.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> He used the term <a href="/wiki/Catallaxy" title="Catallaxy">catallaxy</a> to describe a "self-organizing system of voluntary co-operation". Hayek's research into this argument was specifically cited by the Nobel Committee in its press release awarding Hayek the Nobel prize.<a href="#cite_note-Economics_Prize_For_Works_in_Economic_Theory_And_Inter-Disciplinary_Research-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investment_and_choice">Investment and choice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Investment and choice">edit</a>]</div> Hayek made breakthroughs in the <a href="/wiki/Choice_theory_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Choice theory (economics)">choice theory</a>, and examined the inter-relations between non-permanent production goods and "latent" or potentially economic permanent resources, building on the choice theoretical insight that "processes that take more time will evidently not be adopted unless they yield a greater return than those that take less time".<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_science">Philosophy of science</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Philosophy of science">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Counter-Revolution_of_Science" title="The Counter-Revolution of Science">The Counter-Revolution of Science</a></div> During World War II, Hayek began the Abuse of Reason project. His goal was to show how a number of then-popular doctrines and beliefs had a common origin in some fundamental misconceptions about the social science.<a href="#cite_note-auto-170">[170]</a> Ideas were developed in <a href="/wiki/The_Counter-Revolution_of_Science" title="The Counter-Revolution of Science">The Counter-Revolution of Science</a> in 1952 and in some of Hayek's later essays in the philosophy of science such as "Degrees of Explanation" (1955) and "The Theory of Complex Phenomena" (1964).<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In Counter-Revolution, for example, Hayek observed that the hard sciences attempt to remove the "human factor" to obtain objective and strictly controlled results: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[T]he persistent effort of modern Science has been to get down to 'objective facts', to cease studying what men thought about nature or regarding the given concepts as true images of the real world, and, above all, to discard all theories which pretended to explain phenomena by imputing to them a directing mind like our own. Instead, its main task became to revise and reconstruct the concepts formed from ordinary experience on the basis of a systematic testing of the phenomena, so as to be better able to recognize the particular as an instance of a general rule.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Friedrich Hayek, The Counter-Revolution of Science (Chapter II, "The Problem and the Method of the Natural Sciences")</cite></div></blockquote> Meanwhile, the soft sciences are attempting to measure human action itself: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The social sciences in the narrower sense, i.e., those which used to be described as the moral sciences, are concerned with man's conscious or reflected action, actions where a person can be said to choose between various courses open to him, and here the situation is essentially different. The external stimulus which may be said to cause or occasion such actions can of course also be defined in purely physical terms. But if we tried to do so for the purposes of explaining human action, we would confine ourselves to less than we know about the situation.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Friedrich Hayek, The Counter-Revolution of Science (Chapter III, "The Subjective Character of the Data of the Social Sciences")</cite></div></blockquote> He notes that these are mutually exclusive and that <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a> should not attempt to impose <a href="/wiki/Positivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivist">positivist</a> methodology, nor to claim objective or definite results:<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Psychology">edit</a>]</div> Hayek's first academic essay was a psychological work titled "Contributions to the Theory of the Development of Consciousness" (Beiträge zur Theorie der Entwicklung des Bewußtseins) In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "<a href="/wiki/Hebbian_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebbian learning">Hebbian learning</a>" model of learning and memory—an idea he first conceived in 1920 prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain theory received attention in neuroscience, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, computer science and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> by scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Guidano" title="Vittorio Guidano">Vittorio Guidano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Fuster" title="Joaquin Fuster">Joaquin Fuster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The Sensory Order can be viewed as a development of his attack on scientism. Hayek posited two orders, namely the sensory order that we experience and the natural order that natural science revealed. Hayek thought that the sensory order actually is a product of the brain. He described the brain as a very complex yet self-ordering <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_classification" title="Hierarchical classification">hierarchical classification</a> system, a huge network of connections. Because of the nature of the classifier system, richness of our sensory experience can exist. Hayek's description posed problems to <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a>, whose proponents took the sensory order as fundamental.<a href="#cite_note-auto-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> Hayek was a lifelong federalist. He joined several pan-European and pro-federalist movements throughout his career, and called for federal ties between the U.K. and Europe, and between Europe and the United States. After the 1950s, when the Cold War began in earnest, Hayek largely kept his federalist proposals out of the public sphere, although he did propose to federate Jerusalem as late as the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Hayek argued that closer economic ties without closer political ties would lead to more problems because interest groups in nation-states would best be able to counter the internationalisation of markets that comes with closer economic ties by appealing to nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Much of his time in the pro-federalist and pan-European groups was spent arguing with pro-federal and pan-European democratic socialists over the proper extent of a world federal government. Hayek argued that such a world government should do little more than act as a negative check on national sovereignties and serve as a focal point for collective defense.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> As the Cold War heated up, Hayek grew more hawkish and he pushed his federal proposals onto the backburner in favour of more traditional public policy proposals that acknowledged and respected the sovereignty of nation-states.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Yet Hayek never disavowed his famous call for "the abrogation of national sovereignties"<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> and his lifetime of work in the area of international relations continues to attract attention from scholars searching for federalist answers to contemporary problems in international relations.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_political_philosophy">Social and political philosophy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Social and political philosophy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Conservatism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1371" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkean_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkean conservatism">Burkean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Nigel_Farage" title="Political positions of Nigel Farage">Faragism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Michael_Gove" title="Political positions of Michael Gove">Goveism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#Great_Britain" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxonism_in_the_19th_century" title="Anglo-Saxonism in the 19th century">Anglo-Saxonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_Kingdom" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Victorian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism#In_the_United_Kingdom" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy#United_Kingdom" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">State church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_Treason_Trials" title="1794 Treason Trials">1794 Treason Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Whigs">Old Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_England" title="Young England">Young England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_Kingdom" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wets_and_dries" title="Wets and dries">Wets and dries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Bagehot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)" title="Gregory Clark (economist)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Elton" title="Geoffrey Elton">Elton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson (Samuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kemp_(writer)" title="Peter Kemp (writer)">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Laslett" title="Peter Laslett">Laslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ludovici" title="Anthony Ludovici">Ludovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neema_Parvini" title="Neema Parvini">Parvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen" title="James Fitzjames Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Waugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Anderson_(British_politician)" title="Lee Anderson (British politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Cates" title="Miriam Cates">Cates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cazalet#Advocating_Jewish_homeland" title="Victor Cazalet">Cazalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hayes_(British_politician)" title="John Hayes (British politician)">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson (Boris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenrick" title="Robert Jenrick">Jenrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leigh" title="Edward Leigh">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt (the Younger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">Willetts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin" title="Carl Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson#Politics" title="Jeremy Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cole_(journalist)" title="Harry Cole (journalist)">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Evans_(comedian)" title="Simon Evans (comedian)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Forsyth (Frederick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gale_(journalist)" title="George Gale (journalist)">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goodwin" title="Matthew Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Hanbury-Tracy,_7th_Baron_Sudeley" title="Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley">Hanbury-Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kisin" title="Konstantin Kisin">Kisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Liddle" title="Rod Liddle">Liddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lunn" title="Arnold Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Etchingham" title="Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Oakeshott" title="Isabel Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Isabel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(columnist)" title="John O'Sullivan (columnist)">O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Perry" title="Louise Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pryce-Jones" title="David Pryce-Jones">Pryce-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Smith" title="Vaughan Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Staines" title="Paul Staines">Staines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Tominey" title="Camilla Tominey">Tominey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Turner_(journalist)" title="Derek Turner (journalist)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Veitch" title="Charles Veitch">Veitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Verity" title="Ted Verity">Verity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_West_(journalist)" title="Ed West (journalist)">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Welch" title="Colin Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Worsthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Young" title="Toby Young">Young</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a>" (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_%26_the_Heroic_in_History" title="On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History">On Heroes</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Anarchy" title="Culture and Anarchy">Culture and Anarchy</a> (1867–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_(book)" title="Orthodoxy (book)">Orthodoxy</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Servile_State" title="The Servile State">The Servile State</a> (1912)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tradition_and_the_Individual_Talent" title="Tradition and the Individual Talent">Tradition and the Individual Talent</a>" (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whig Interpretation of History">The Whig Interpretation of History</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Was_Never_Right" title="The Left Was Never Right">The Left Was Never Right</a> (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">Rivers of Blood</a>" (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Men" title="The Children of Men">The Children of Men</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Culture,_What%27s_Left_of_It" title="Our Culture, What's Left of It">Our Culture, What's Left of It</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mass:_Apocalyptic_Religion_and_the_Death_of_Utopia" title="Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia">Black Mass</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Degeneration" title="The Great Degeneration">The Great Degeneration</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Son_Also_Rises_(book)" title="The Son Also Rises (book)">The Son Also Rises</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_An_Invitation_to_the_Great_Tradition" title="Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition">Conservatism</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Europe" title="The Strange Death of Europe">The Strange Death of Europe</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_Crowds:_Gender,_Race_and_Identity" title="The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity">The Madness of Crowds</a> (2019)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_EPP:_European_People%27s_Party_UK" title="Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK">Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Future" title="Conservative Future">Conservative Future</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Party_(UK)" title="Heritage Party (UK)">Heritage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK,_1990%E2%80%93present)" title="Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990–present)">Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Britain" title="Workers Party of Britain">Workers Party of Britain</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Britain_Movement" title="For Britain Movement">For Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_and_People%27s_Party" title="Veterans and People's Party">Veterans and People's Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Booth-Smith,_Baron_Booth-Smith" title="Liam Booth-Smith, Baron Booth-Smith">Booth-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden#Conservative_Party" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forsyth_(political_aide)" title="James Forsyth (political aide)">Forsyth (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellie-Jay_Keen-Minshull" title="Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull">Keen-Minshull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Littlewood" title="Mark Littlewood">Littlewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marshall_(investor)" title="Paul Marshall (investor)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Montgomerie" title="Tim Montgomerie">Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Payne" title="Sebastian Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Shawcross" title="Eleanor Shawcross">Shawcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Stroud,_Baroness_Stroud" title="Philippa Stroud, Baroness Stroud">Stroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Worsthorne</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55_Tufton_Street" title="55 Tufton Street">55 Tufton Street</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">IEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGB_Alliance" title="LGB Alliance">LGB Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Watch_UK" title="Migration Watch UK">Migration Watch UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Alliance" title="Conservative Democratic Alliance">Conservative Democratic Alliance</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Philosophy_Group" title="Conservative Philosophy Group">Conservative Philosophy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Swinton_Circle" title="London Swinton Circle">London Swinton Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_Club" title="Monday Club">Monday Club</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference#2023_conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NATCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Conservative_Association" title="Oxford University Conservative Association">Oxford University Conservative Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Book_Club" title="Right Book Club">Right Book Club</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Conservative_Caucus" title="Revolutionary Conservative Caucus">Revolutionary Conservative Caucus</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_Unit" title="Social Affairs Unit">Social Affairs Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Britain_Group" title="Traditional Britain Group">Traditional Britain Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_UK" title="Turning Point UK">Turning Point UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Goals_Institute" title="Western Goals Institute">Western Goals Institute</a> (Defunct)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jacobin_Review" title="Anti-Jacobin Review">Anti-Jacobin Review</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservativeHome" title="ConservativeHome">ConservativeHome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Critic_(modern_magazine)" title="The Critic (modern magazine)">The Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express#Sunday_Express" title="Daily Express">Sunday Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Sceptic" title="The Daily Sceptic">The Daily Sceptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_News" title="GB News">GB News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Fawkes" title="Guido Fawkes">Guido Fawkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Review" title="The Salisbury Review">The Salisbury Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_on_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun on Sunday">The Sun on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_(streaming_service)" title="Talk (streaming service)">Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism">Antidisestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">Censorship in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hate speech laws in the United Kingdom">Hate speech legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Noel_Skelton#Constructive_conservatism" title="Noel Skelton">Constructive conservatism</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_man_theory" title="Great man theory">Great man theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_conservatives" title="List of British conservatives">List of British conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_England" title="Merry England">Merry England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Sullivan%27s_first_law" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Sullivan's first law">O'Sullivan's first law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Thomas_Carlyle" title="Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle">Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United Kingdom">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">Public schools in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#United_Kingdom" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_UK" title="Template talk:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Two_traditions_in_the_theory_of_liberty">Two traditions in the theory of liberty</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Two traditions in the theory of liberty">edit</a>]</div> In the latter half of his career, Hayek made a number of contributions to <a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order in which the apparatus of state is employed almost (though not entirely) exclusively to enforce the legal order (consisting of abstract rules and not particular commands) necessary for a market of free individuals to function. These ideas were informed by a moral philosophy derived from <a href="/wiki/Epistemological" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological">epistemological</a> concerns regarding the inherent limits of human knowledge. Hayek argued that his ideal individualistic and free-market polity would be self-regulating to such a degree that it would be "a society which does not depend for its functioning on our finding good men for running it".<a href="#cite_note-Individualism_and_economic_order-185">[185]</a> He discusses the contrasting traditions of liberty—British and French—in the theory of freedom. The British tradition, influenced by thinkers like David Hume and Adam Smith, emphasises the organic growth of institutions and the spontaneous evolution of society. It recognises that political order arises from the cumulative experience and success of individuals, rather than from deliberate design. In contrast, the French tradition, rooted in Cartesian rationalism, seeks to construct a utopia based on a belief in the unlimited powers of human reason. The French tradition, that Hayek called constructivist rationalism, gained influence over time, partly due to its assumptions about human ambition and pride. However, according to Hayek, the British tradition, with its emphasis on the gradual development of civilization and the role of individual freedom, provides a more valid theory of liberty.<a href="#cite_note-Individualism_and_economic_order-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spontaneous_order">Spontaneous order</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Spontaneous order">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></div> Hayek viewed the <a href="/wiki/Free_price_system" title="Free price system">free price system</a> not as a conscious invention (that which is intentionally designed by man), but as <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">spontaneous order</a> or what Scottish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Adam Ferguson</a> referred to as "the result of human action but not of human design".<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson1767-188">[188]</a> For instance, Hayek put the price mechanism on the same level as language, which he developed in his price signal theory.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Hayek attributed the birth of civilisation to <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Conceit" title="The Fatal Conceit">The Fatal Conceit</a> (1988).<a href="#cite_note-:18-190">[190]</a> He explained that <a href="/wiki/Price_signals" class="mw-redirect" title="Price signals">price signals</a> are the only means of enabling each economic decision maker to communicate <a href="/wiki/Tacit_knowledge" title="Tacit knowledge">tacit knowledge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dispersed_knowledge" title="Dispersed knowledge">dispersed knowledge</a> to each other to solve the economic calculation problem.<a href="#cite_note-:18-190">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a> (New Right) produced a highly critical essay on Hayek's work in an issue of <a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a>, citing the flawed assumptions behind Hayek's idea of "spontaneous order" and the authoritarian and totalising implications of his <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free-market</a> ideology.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Hayek's concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders and the entire system operates without being directed by a conscious mind.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> On this analysis, species takes the place of price as a visible element of the system formed by a complex set of largely unknowable elements. Human ignorance about the countless interactions between the organisms of an ecosystem limits our ability to manipulate nature.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Hayek's price signal concept is in relation to how consumers are often unaware of specific events that change market, yet change their decisions, simply because the price goes up. Thus pricing communicates information.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_collectivism">Criticism of collectivism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticism of collectivism">edit</a>]</div> Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a> In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, with as little arbitrary intervention as possible.<a href="#cite_note-:11-99">[99]</a> In his popular book <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944) and in subsequent academic works, Hayek argued that socialism required central economic planning and that such planning in turn leads towards <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> In The Road to Serfdom, Hayek wrote:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Although our modern socialists' promise of greater freedom is genuine and sincere, in recent years observer after observer has been impressed by the unforeseen consequences of socialism, the extraordinary similarity in many respects of the conditions under "communism" and "fascism".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-197">[197]</a></blockquote> Hayek posited that a central planning authority would have to be endowed with powers that would impact and ultimately control social life because the knowledge required for centrally planning an economy is inherently decentralised, and would need to be brought under control.<a href="#cite_note-:16-162">[162]</a> Though Hayek did argue that the state should provide law centrally, others have pointed out that this contradicts his arguments about the role of judges in "discovering" the law, suggesting that Hayek would have supported decentralized provision of legal services.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, specifically in creating a safety net, saying: <blockquote>There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: some minimum of food, shelter and clothing, sufficient to preserve health. Nor is there any reason why the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance in providing for those common hazards of life against which few can make adequate provision.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></blockquote> Hayek's argument has been criticized as a <a href="/wiki/Slippery_slope" title="Slippery slope">slippery slope argument</a> and therefore fallacious.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Peter Boettke has argued that this is a fundamental misunderstanding of the book and Hayek's point is about what central planning directly entails, not what it is likely to lead to.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> "<a href="/wiki/The_Denationalisation_of_Money" title="The Denationalisation of Money">The Denationalisation of Money</a>" is one of his literary works, in which he advocated the establishment of competitions in issuing moneys.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_safety_nets">Social safety nets</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Social safety nets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">Social safety net</a></div> With regard to a <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social safety net</a>, Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation due to circumstances beyond their control" and argued that the "necessity of some such arrangement in an industrial society is unquestioned—be it only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy".<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Summarizing Hayek's views on the topic, journalist <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wapshott" title="Nicholas Wapshott">Nicholas Wapshott</a> has argued that "[Hayek] advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance, enforced, if not directly provided, by the state".<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Harcourt" title="Bernard Harcourt">Bernard Harcourt</a> has argued further that "Hayek was adamant about this".<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> In 1944, Hayek wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There is no reason why in a society which has reached the general level of wealth which ours has attained [that security against severe physical privation, the certainty of a given minimum of sustenance for all; or more briefly, the security of a <a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">minimum income</a>] should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom. There are difficult questions about the precise standard which should thus be assured... but there can be no doubt that some minimum of <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">food, shelter, and clothing, sufficient to preserve health and the capacity to work</a>, can be assured to everybody. Indeed, for a considerable part of the population of <a href="/wiki/English_Poor_Laws" title="English Poor Laws">England this sort of security has long been achieved</a>. Nor is there any reason why the state should not assist... individuals in providing for those <a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">common hazards of life</a> against which, because of their <a href="/wiki/Knightian_uncertainty" title="Knightian uncertainty">uncertainty</a>, few individuals can make adequate provision. Where, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">sickness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accident_insurance" title="Accident insurance">accident</a>, neither the desire to avoid such calamities nor the efforts to overcome their consequences are as a rule weakened by the provision of assistance—where, in short, we deal with genuinely insurable risks—the case for the <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">state's helping to organize a comprehensive system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">social insurance</a> is very strong. There are many points of detail where <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">those wishing to preserve the competitive system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">those wishing to supersede it by something different</a> will disagree on the details of such schemes; and it is possible under the name of social insurance to introduce measures which tend to make <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competition</a> more or less effective. But there is no incompatibility in principle between the state's providing greater security in this way and the preservation of <a href="/wiki/Individualism#Political_individualism" title="Individualism">individual freedom</a>. Wherever communal action can mitigate disasters against which the individual can neither attempt to guard himself nor make the provision for the consequences, such communal action should undoubtedly be taken.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></blockquote> In 1973, Hayek reiterated in <a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a>: <blockquote>There is no reason why in a free society government should not assure to all, protection against severe deprivation in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">assured minimum income</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">floor below which nobody need to descend</a>. To enter into such an insurance against extreme misfortune may well be in the interest of all; or it may be felt to be a clear moral duty of all to assist, within the organised community, those who cannot help themselves. So long as such a uniform minimum income is provided outside the market to all those who, for any reason, are unable to earn in the market an adequate maintenance, this need not lead to a restriction of freedom, or conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></blockquote> Political theorist Adam James Tebble has argued that Hayek's concession of a social minimum provided by the state introduces a conceptual tension with his epistemically derived commitment to <a href="/wiki/Private_property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Private property rights">private property rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Free markets">free markets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">spontaneous order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Hayek's views on social welfare policies have also been the subject of criticism. Critics contend that his opposition to government intervention in the economy fails to recognize the need for social safety nets and other forms of support for vulnerable populations. Furthermore, it has been argued that his views on welfare policy contradict his views on social justice.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_"social_justice"">Criticism of "social justice"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Criticism of "social justice"">edit</a>]</div> Although Hayek believed in a society governed by laws, he disapproved of the notion of "<a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>". He compared the market to a game in which "there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust"<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> and argued that "social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content".<a href="#cite_note-hayek1948ch12-211">[211]</a> Likewise, "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and the question as to whether the resulting distribution of incomes is just has no meaning".<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> He generally regarded government redistribution of income or capital as an unacceptable intrusion upon individual freedom, saying that "the principle of <a href="/wiki/Distributive_justice" title="Distributive justice">distributive justice</a>, once introduced, would not be fulfilled until the whole of society was organized in accordance with it. This would produce a kind of society which in all essential respects would be the opposite of a free society".<a href="#cite_note-hayek1948ch12-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberalism_and_skepticism">Liberalism and skepticism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Liberalism and skepticism">edit</a>]</div> Arthur M. Diamond argues Hayek's problems arise when he goes beyond claims that can be evaluated within economic science. Diamond argued: <blockquote>The human mind, Hayek says, is not just limited in its ability to synthesize a vast array of concrete facts, it is also limited in its ability to give a deductively sound ground to ethics. Here is where the tension develops, for he also wants to give a reasoned moral defense of the free market. He is an intellectual skeptic who wants to give political philosophy a secure intellectual foundation. It is thus not too surprising that what results is confused and contradictory.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Chandran_Kukathas" title="Chandran Kukathas">Chandran Kukathas</a> argues that Hayek's defence of liberalism is unsuccessful because it rests on presuppositions that are incompatible. The unresolved dilemma of his political philosophy is how to mount a systematic defence of liberalism if one emphasizes the limited capacity of reason.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_P._Barry" title="Norman P. Barry">Norman P. Barry</a> similarly notes that the "<a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">critical rationalism</a>" in Hayek's writings appears incompatible with "a certain kind of fatalism, that we must wait for evolution to pronounce its verdict".<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a> argue that the element of paradox exists in the views of Hayek. Noting Hayek's vigorous defense of "invisible hand" evolution that Hayek claimed created better economic institutions than could be created by rational design, Friedman pointed out the irony that Hayek was then proposing to replace the monetary system thus created with a deliberate construct of his own design.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">John N. Gray</a> summarized this view as "his scheme for an ultra-liberal constitution was a prototypical version of the philosophy he had attacked".<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Caldwell_(economist)" title="Bruce Caldwell (economist)">Bruce Caldwell</a> wrote that "[i]f one is judging his work against the standard of whether he provided a finished political philosophy, Hayek clearly did not succeed", although he thinks that "economists may find Hayek's political writings useful".<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dictatorship_and_totalitarianism">Dictatorship and totalitarianism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dictatorship and totalitarianism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek_and_dictatorship" class="extiw" title="q:Friedrich Hayek and dictatorship">Friedrich Hayek and dictatorship</a>.</div></div> </div> Hayek sent <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a> a copy of <a href="/wiki/The_Constitution_of_Liberty" title="The Constitution of Liberty">The Constitution of Liberty</a> (1960) in 1962. Hayek hoped that his book—this "preliminary sketch of new constitutional principles"—"may assist" Salazar "in his endeavour to design a constitution which is proof against the abuses of democracy".<a href="#cite_note-Farrant,_Andrew_2012-219">[219]</a> Hayek visited Chile in the 1970s and 1980s during the <a href="/wiki/Government_Junta_of_Chile_(1973)" title="Government Junta of Chile (1973)">Government Junta</a> of general <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> and accepted being appointed Honorary Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Estudios_P%C3%BAblicos" title="Centro de Estudios Públicos">Centro de Estudios Públicos</a>, the think tank formed by the economists who transformed Chile into a free market economy.<a href="#cite_note-Farrant,_Andrew_2012-219">[219]</a> Asked about the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%9390)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)">military dictatorship of Chile</a> by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said the following: <blockquote>As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictatorship to democratic government devoid of liberalism. My personal impression—and this is valid for South America—is that in Chile, for example, we will witness a transition from a dictatorial government to a liberal government.<a href="#cite_note-:12-106">[106]</a></blockquote> In a letter to the <a href="/wiki/London_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="London Times">London Times</a>, he defended the Pinochet regime and said that he had "not been able to find a single person even in much maligned Chile who did not agree that personal freedom was much greater under Pinochet than it had been under <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a>".<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Hayek admitted that "it is not very likely that this will succeed, even if, at a particular point in time, it may be the only hope there is", but he explained that "[i]t is not certain hope, because it will always depend on the goodwill of an individual, and there are very few individuals one can trust. But if it is the sole opportunity which exists at a particular moment it may be the best solution despite this. And only if and when the dictatorial government is visibly directing its steps towards limited democracy". For Hayek, the distinction between authoritarianism and totalitarianism has much importance and he was at pains to emphasise his opposition to totalitarianism, noting that the concept of transitional dictatorship which he defended was characterised by authoritarianism, not totalitarianism. For example, when Hayek visited Venezuela in May 1981, he was asked to comment on the prevalence of totalitarian regimes in Latin America. In reply, Hayek warned against confusing "totalitarianism with authoritarianism" and said that he was unaware of "any totalitarian governments in Latin America. The only one was Chile under Allende". For Hayek, the word "totalitarian" signifies something very specific, namely the intention to "organize the whole of society" to attain a "definite social goal" which is stark in contrast to "liberalism and individualism".<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> He claimed that democracy can also be repressive and totalitarian; in <a href="/wiki/The_Constitution_of_Liberty" title="The Constitution of Liberty">The Constitution of Liberty</a> he often refers to <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Talmon" title="Jacob Talmon">Jacob Talmon</a>'s concept of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">totalitarian democracy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration,_nationalism_and_race">Immigration, nationalism and race</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Immigration, nationalism and race">edit</a>]</div> Hayek was skeptical about international immigration and supported <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher's</a> anti-immigration policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001293-122">[122]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a> he elaborated: <blockquote>Freedom of migration is one of the widely accepted and wholly admirable principles of liberalism. But should this generally give the stranger a right to settle down in a community in which he is not welcome? Has he a claim to be given a job or be sold a house if no resident is willing to do so? He clearly should be entitled to accept a job or buy a house if offered to him. But have the individual inhabitants a duty to offer either to him? Or ought it to be an offence if they voluntarily agree not to do so? Swiss and Tyrolese villages have a way of keeping out strangers which neither infringe nor rely on any law. Is this anti-liberal or morally justified? For established old communities I have no certain answers to these questions.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></blockquote> He was mainly preoccupied with practical problems concerning immigration: <blockquote>There exist, of course, other reasons why such restrictions appear unavoidable so long as certain differences in national or ethnic traditions (especially differences in the rate of propagation) exist-which in turn are not likely to disappear so long as restrictions on migration continue. We must face the fact that we here encounter a limit to the universal application of those liberal principles of policy which the existing facts of the present world make unavoidable.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></blockquote> He was not sympathetic to <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> ideas and was afraid that mass immigration might revive nationalist sentiment among domestic population and ruin the postwar progress that was made among Western nations.<a href="#cite_note-Hayek,_Friedrich_1976_p_58-225">[225]</a> He additionally explained: <blockquote>However far modern man accepts in principle the ideal that the same rules should apply to all men, in fact he does concede it only to those whom he regards as similar to himself, and only slowly learns to extend the range of those he does accept as his likes. There is little legislation can do to speed up this process and much it may do to reverse it by re-awakening sentiments that are already on the wane.<a href="#cite_note-Hayek,_Friedrich_1976_p_58-225">[225]</a></blockquote> Despite his opposition to nationalism, Hayek made numerous controversial and inflammatory comments about specific ethnic groups. Answering an interview question about people he cannot deal with he mentioned his dislike of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Middle Eastern populations</a>, claiming they were dishonest, and also expressed "profound dislike" of Indian students at London School of Economics, saying that were usually "detestable sons of <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> moneylenders".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001390-226">[226]</a> He maintained that such attitudes were not based on any <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racial feeling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001390-226">[226]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> he discussed the possibility of sending his children to the United States but was concerned that they might be placed with a "coloured family".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001295-227">[227]</a> In a later interview, questioned about his attitude towards <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black people</a>, he said laconically that he "did not like dancing Negroes"<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> and on another occasion he ridiculed the decision to award the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a><a href="#cite_note-Leeson,_Robert_2018_p._175-229">[229]</a> He also made negative comments about awarding the Prize to <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a>, and his LSE colleague <a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">W. Arthur Lewis</a> who he described as an "unusually able West Indian negro".<a href="#cite_note-Leeson,_Robert_2018_p._175-229">[229]</a> In 1978 Hayek made a month-long visit to South Africa (his third) where he gave numerous lectures, interviews, and met prominent politicians and business leaders, unconcerned about possible propagandistic effect of his tour for <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> regime. He expressed his opposition to some of the government policies, believing that publicly funded institutions should treat all citizens equally, but also claimed that private institutions have the right to discriminate. Additionally, he condemned the "scandalous" <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa_during_apartheid" title="Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid">hostility and interference</a> of the international community in South African internal affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001299-230">[230]</a> He further explained his attitude: <blockquote>People in South Africa have to deal with their own problems, and the idea that you can use external pressure to change people, who after all have built up a civilization of a kind, seems to me morally a very doubtful belief.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></blockquote> While Hayek gave somewhat ambiguous comments on the injustices of Apartheid and proper role of the state, some of his Mont Pelerin colleagues, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Davenport_(economic_journalist)" title="John Davenport (economic journalist)">John Davenport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Wilhelm Röpke</a>, were more ardent supporters of South African government and criticized Hayek for being too soft on the subject.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inequality_and_class">Inequality and class</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Inequality and class">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/The_Constitution_of_Liberty" title="The Constitution of Liberty">The Constitution of Liberty</a>, Hayek wrote: <blockquote>Yet is it really so obvious that the tennis or golf professional is a more useful member of society than the wealthy amateurs who devoted their time to perfecting these games? Or that the paid curator of a public museum is more useful than a private collector? Before the reader answers these questions too hastily, I would ask him to consider whether there would ever have been golf or tennis professionals or museum curators if wealthy amateurs had not preceded them. Can we not hope that other new interests will still arise from the playful explorations of those who can indulge in them for the short span of a human life? It is only natural that the development of the art of living and of the non-materialistic values should have profited most from the activities of those who had no material worries.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a></blockquote> Hayek was against high <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">taxes on inheritance</a>, believing that it is natural function of the family to transmit standards, traditions and material goods. Without transmission of property, parents might try to secure the future of their children by <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">placing</a> them in prestigious and high-paying positions, as was customary in socialist countries, which creates even worse injustices.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> He was also strongly against <a href="/wiki/Progressive_taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive taxation">progressive taxation</a>, noting that in most countries additional taxes paid by the rich amount to insignificantly small amount of total tax revenue and that the only major result of the policy is "gratification of the envy of the less-well-off".<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> He also claimed that it is contrary to the idea of equality under the law and against democratic principle that the majority should not impose discriminatory rules against the minority.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_recognition">Influence and recognition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Influence and recognition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_August_von_Hayek,_27th_January_1981,_the_50th_Anniversary_of_his_first_lecture_at_LSE,_1981_(4303825588).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek%2C_27th_January_1981%2C_the_50th_Anniversary_of_his_first_lecture_at_LSE%2C_1981_%284303825588%29.jpg/220px-Friedrich_August_von_Hayek%2C_27th_January_1981%2C_the_50th_Anniversary_of_his_first_lecture_at_LSE%2C_1981_%284303825588%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek%2C_27th_January_1981%2C_the_50th_Anniversary_of_his_first_lecture_at_LSE%2C_1981_%284303825588%29.jpg/330px-Friedrich_August_von_Hayek%2C_27th_January_1981%2C_the_50th_Anniversary_of_his_first_lecture_at_LSE%2C_1981_%284303825588%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Friedrich_August_von_Hayek%2C_27th_January_1981%2C_the_50th_Anniversary_of_his_first_lecture_at_LSE%2C_1981_%284303825588%29.jpg/440px-Friedrich_August_von_Hayek%2C_27th_January_1981%2C_the_50th_Anniversary_of_his_first_lecture_at_LSE%2C_1981_%284303825588%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>An elderly Hayek in 1981</figcaption></figure> Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. With regard to the popularity of his Nobel acceptance lecture, Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a>) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics. Hayek wrote critically there of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classical modelisation.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laureates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Laureates">Nobel Laureates</a> in economics, such as <a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Vernon Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a>, recognise Hayek as the greatest modern economist.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Another Nobel winner, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a>, believed that Hayek was worthy of his award, but nevertheless claimed that "there were good historical reasons for fading memories of Hayek within the mainstream last half of the twentieth century economist fraternity. In 1931, Hayek's Prices and Production had enjoyed an ultra-short Byronic success. In retrospect hindsight tells us that its mumbo-jumbo about the period of production grossly misdiagnosed the macroeconomics of the 1927–1931 (and the 1931–2007) historical scene".<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Despite this comment, Samuelson spent the last 50 years of his life obsessed with the problems of capital theory identified by Hayek and Böhm-Bawerk, and Samuelson flatly judged Hayek to have been right and his own teacher <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> to have been wrong on the central economic question of the 20th century, the feasibility of socialist economic planning in a production goods dominated economy.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> In 1944, he was elected as a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> after he was nominated for membership by Keynes.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Harvard economist and former Harvard University President <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a> explains Hayek's place in modern economics: "What's the single most important thing to learn from an economics course today? What I tried to leave my students with is the view that the invisible hand is more powerful than the [un]hidden hand. Things will happen in well-organized efforts without direction, controls, plans. That's the consensus among economists. That's the Hayek legacy".<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> By 1947, Hayek was an organiser of the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a>, a group of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberals</a> who sought to oppose <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. Hayek was also instrumental in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">Institute of Economic Affairs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-wing libertarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> that inspired <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a>. He was in addition a member of the conservative and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>, who was also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated: "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tarski" title="Alfred Tarski">Alfred Tarski</a>".<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper and in 1982 said that "ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology".<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Popper also participated in the inaugural meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society. Their friendship and mutual admiration do not change the fact that there are important differences between their ideas.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Hayek also played a central role in Milton Friedman's intellectual development. Friedman wrote: <blockquote>My interest in public policy and political philosophy was rather casual before I joined the faculty of the University of Chicago. Informal discussions with colleagues and friends stimulated a greater interest, which was reinforced by Friedrich Hayek's powerful book The Road to Serfdom, by my attendance at the first meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society in 1947, and by discussions with Hayek after he joined the university faculty in 1950. In addition, Hayek attracted an exceptionally able group of students who were dedicated to a libertarian ideology. They started a student publication, The New Individualist Review, which was the outstanding libertarian journal of opinion for some years. I served as an adviser to the journal and published a number of articles in it....<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></blockquote> While Friedman often mentioned Hayek as an important influence, Hayek rarely mentioned Friedman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001266-250">[250]</a> He deeply disagreed with <a href="/wiki/Chicago_School_of_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago School of economics">Chicago School</a> methodology, quantitative and macroeconomic focus, and claimed that Friedman's <a href="/wiki/Essays_in_Positive_Economics" title="Essays in Positive Economics">Essays in Positive Economics</a> was as dangerous a book as Keynes' <a href="/wiki/The_General_Theory_of_Employment,_Interest_and_Money" title="The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money">General Theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001271-251">[251]</a> Friedman also claimed that despite some Popperian influence, Hayek always retained basic <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Misesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Praxeology" title="Praxeology">praxeological</a> views, which he found "utterly nonsensical".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001272-252">[252]</a> He also noted that he admired Hayek only for his political works and disagreed with his technical economics; he called Prices and Production a "very flawed book" and The Pure Theory of Capital "unreadable".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200181-253">[253]</a> There were occasional tensions at the Mont Pelerin meetings between Hayek's and Friedman's followers that sometimes threatened to split the Society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001270-92">[92]</a> Although they worked at the same university and shared political beliefs, Hayek and Friedman rarely collaborated professionally and were not close friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001267-94">[94]</a> Some radical libertarians had a negative view of Hayek and his milder form of liberalism. <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> disliked him, seeing him as a conservative and compromiser.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001275-254">[254]</a> In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">Rose Wilder Lane</a> in 1946 she wrote:<blockquote>Now to your question: 'Do those almost with us do more harm than 100% enemies?' I don't think this can be answered with a flat 'yes' or 'no,' because the 'almost' is such a wide term. There is one general rule to observe: those who are with us, but merely do not go far enough are the ones who may do us some good. Those who agree with us in some respects, yet preach contradictory ideas at the same time, are definitely more harmful than 100% enemies. As an example of the kind of 'almost' I would tolerate, I'd name Ludwig von Mises. As an example of our most pernicious enemy, I would name Hayek. That one is real poison.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a></blockquote> Hayek made no known written references to Rand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001274-256">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> was influenced by Hayek's ideas on spontaneous order and the Austrian School of economics, after being exposed to these ideas by Austrian economist and <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a> Senior Fellow <a href="/wiki/Mark_Thornton" title="Mark Thornton">Mark Thornton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> In the 21st century, some libertarian political scientists argue that Hayek would be in favor of <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrencies</a> due to its resistance to political pressure and due to Hayek's emphasis of <a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">sound money</a> and competition in currencies.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> They also argue that cryptocurrency and Bitcoin serve as a "Hayekian escape", a method that people can use to escape the government's currency monopoly.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_conservatism">Relation to conservatism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Relation to conservatism">edit</a>]</div> Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom and Canada. After winning the <a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979 United Kingdom general election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Keith Joseph</a>, the director of the Hayekian <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a>, as her secretary of state for industry in an effort to redirect parliament's economic strategies. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/David_Stockman" title="David Stockman">David Stockman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s most influential financial official in 1981, was an acknowledged follower of Hayek.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Although usually identified as a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">conservative liberal</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">liberal conservative</a>,<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Hayek published an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to <a href="/wiki/The_Constitution_of_Liberty" title="The Constitution of Liberty">The Constitution of Liberty</a>), in which he criticized certain aspects of conservatism from a liberal perspective. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Fawcett" title="Edmund Fawcett">Edmund Fawcett</a> summarizes Hayek's critique as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Conservatives, on Hayek's account, suffered from the following weaknesses. They feared change unduly. They were unreasonably frightened of uncontrolled social forces. They were too fond of authority. They had no grasp of economics. They lacked the feel for "abstraction" needed for engaging with people of different outlooks. They were too cozy with elites and establishments. They gave in to <a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">jingoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinism</a>. They tended to think mystically, much as socialists tended to overrationalize. They were, last, too suspicious of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></blockquote> Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use "liberal" in its original definition and the term "<a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a>" was used instead.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> He also found libertarianism as a term "singularly unattractive" and offered the term "Old <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whig</a>" (a phrase borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>) instead. In his later life, he said: "I am becoming a Burkean Whig".<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Whiggery as a political doctrine had little affinity for classical political economy, the tabernacle of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester School</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> In his 1956 preface to <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a>, Hayek summarized all his disagreements with conservatism in this way: <blockquote>Conservatism, though a necessary element in any stable society, is not a social program; in its paternalistic, nationalistic, and poweradoring tendencies it is often closer to socialism than true liberalism; and with its traditionalistic, anti-intellectual, and often mystical propensities it will never, except in short periods of disillusionment, appeal to the young and all those others who believe that some changes are desirable if this world is to become a better place. A conservative movement, by its very nature, is bound to be a defender of established privilege and to lean on the power of government for the protection of privilege. The essence of the liberal position, however, is the denial of all privilege, if privilege is understood in its proper and original meaning of the state granting and protecting rights to some which are not available on equal terms to others.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Brittan" title="Samuel Brittan">Samuel Brittan</a>, concluded in 2010 that "Hayek's book [The Constitution of Liberty] is still probably the most comprehensive statement of the underlying ideas of the moderate free market philosophy espoused by neoliberals".<a href="#cite_note-brittan-266">[266]</a> Brittan adds that although <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Plant,_Baron_Plant_of_Highfield" title="Raymond Plant, Baron Plant of Highfield">Raymond Plant</a> (2009) comes out in the end against Hayek's doctrines, Plant gives The Constitution of Liberty a "more thorough and fair-minded analysis than it has received even from its professed adherents". As a neo-liberal, he helped found the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a>, a prominent neo-liberal think tank where many other minds, such as Mises and Friedman gathered.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-brittan-266">[266]</a> Although Hayek is likely a student of the neo-liberal school of libertarianism,<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> he is nonetheless influential in the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative movement</a>, mainly for his critique of <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy_discussions">Policy discussions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Policy discussions">edit</a>]</div> Hayek's ideas on spontaneous order and the importance of prices in dealing with the knowledge problem inspired a debate on economic development and transition economies after the fall of the Berlin wall. For instance, economist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Boettke" title="Peter Boettke">Peter Boettke</a> elaborated in detail on why reforming socialism failed and the Soviet Union broke down.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> Economist <a href="/wiki/Ronald_McKinnon_(economist)" title="Ronald McKinnon (economist)">Ronald McKinnon</a> uses Hayekian ideas to describe the challenges of transition from a centralized state and planned economy to a market economy.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> Chief Economist <a href="/wiki/William_Easterly" title="William Easterly">William Easterly</a> emphasizes why foreign aid tends to have no effect at best in books such as The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good.<a href="#cite_note-Easterly2006-271">[271]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>, there is a renewed interest in Hayek's core explanation of boom-and-bust cycles, which serves as an alternative explanation to that of the <a href="/wiki/Global_saving_glut" title="Global saving glut">savings glut</a> as launched by economist and former <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve Chair</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a>. Economists at the <a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/William_White_(economist)" title="William White (economist)">William R. White</a>, emphasize the importance of Hayekian insights and the impact of monetary policies and credit growth as root causes of financial cycles.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> Andreas Hoffmann and Gunther Schnabl provide an international perspective and explain recurring financial cycles in the world economy as consequence of gradual interest rate cuts led by the central banks in the large advanced economies since the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Nicolas Cachanosky outlines the impact of American monetary policy on the production structure in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> In line with Hayek, an increasing number of contemporary researchers sees expansionary monetary policies and too low interest rates as mal-incentives and main drivers of financial crises in general and the <a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">subprime market crisis</a> in particular.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> To prevent problems caused by monetary policy, Hayekian and Austrian economists discuss alternatives to current policies and organizations. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_H._White" title="Lawrence H. White">Lawrence H. White</a> argued in favor of <a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">free banking</a> in the spirit of Hayek's "<a href="/wiki/The_Denationalisation_of_Money" title="The Denationalisation of Money">Denationalisation of Money</a>".<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">market monetarist</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Scott_Sumner" title="Scott Sumner">Scott Sumner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> White also noted that the monetary policy norm that Hayek prescribed, first in Prices and Production (1931) and as late as the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Nominal_income_target" title="Nominal income target">stabilization of nominal income</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-151">[151]</a> Hayek's ideas find their way into the discussion of the post-<a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> issues of <a href="/wiki/Secular_stagnation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular stagnation theory">secular stagnation</a>. Monetary policy and mounting regulation are argued to have undermined the innovative forces of the market economies. Quantitative easing following the financial crises is argued to have not only conserved structural distortions in the economy, leading to a fall in trend-growth. It also created new distortions and contributes to distributional conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_European_politics">Central European politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Central European politics">edit</a>]</div> In the 1970s and 1980s, the writings of Hayek were a major influence on some of the future postsocialist economic and political elites in Central and Eastern Europe. Supporting examples include the following: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There is no figure who had more of an influence, no person had more of an influence on the intellectuals behind the Iron Curtain than Friedrich Hayek. His books were translated and published by the underground and black market editions, read widely, and undoubtedly influenced the climate of opinion that ultimately brought about the collapse of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (Hoover Institution)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The most interesting among the courageous dissenters of the 1980s were the classical liberals, disciples of F.A. Hayek, from whom they had learned about the crucial importance of economic freedom and about the often-ignored conceptual difference between liberalism and democracy.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Walicki" title="Andrzej Walicki">Andrzej Walicki</a> (History, Notre Dame)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Prime Minister">Estonian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mart_Laar" title="Mart Laar">Mart Laar</a> came to my office the other day to recount his country's remarkable transformation. He described a nation of people who are harder-working, more virtuous—yes, more virtuous, because the market punishes immorality—and more hopeful about the future than they've ever been in their history. I asked Mr. Laar where his government got the idea for these reforms. Do you know what he replied? He said, "We read Milton Friedman and F.A. Hayek."<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>United States Representative <a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I was 25 years old and pursuing my doctorate in economics when I was allowed to spend six months of post-graduate studies in Naples, Italy. I read the Western economic textbooks and also the more general work of people like Hayek. By the time I returned to Czechoslovakia, I had an understanding of the principles of the market. In 1968, I was glad at the political liberalism of the Dubcek Prague Spring, but was very critical of the Third Way they pursued in economics.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Klaus" title="Václav Klaus">Václav Klaus</a> (former President of the Czech Republic)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honours">Legacy and honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Legacy and honours">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich-von-Hayek-Stra%C3%9Fe_Freiburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Friedrich-von-Hayek-Stra%C3%9Fe_Freiburg.jpg/220px-Friedrich-von-Hayek-Stra%C3%9Fe_Freiburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Friedrich-von-Hayek-Stra%C3%9Fe_Freiburg.jpg/330px-Friedrich-von-Hayek-Stra%C3%9Fe_Freiburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Friedrich-von-Hayek-Stra%C3%9Fe_Freiburg.jpg/440px-Friedrich-von-Hayek-Stra%C3%9Fe_Freiburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3880" /></a><figcaption>A street sign named for Hayek in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany</figcaption></figure> Hayek's intellectual presence has remained evident in the years following his death, especially in the universities where he had taught, namely the London School of Economics, the University of Chicago and the University of Freiburg. His influence and contributions have been noted by many. A number of tributes have resulted, many established posthumously: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/LSE_Students%27_Union#Hayek_Society" title="LSE Students' Union">Hayek Society</a>, a student-run group at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, was established in his honour.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a> Hayek Society, founded in 1983, is named after Hayek.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> named its lower level auditorium after Hayek, who had been a Distinguished Senior Fellow at Cato during his later years.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a></li> <li>The auditorium of the school of economics in <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn" title="Universidad Francisco Marroquín">Universidad Francisco Marroquín</a> in Guatemala is named after him.</li> <li>The Hayek Fund for Scholars<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Humane_Studies" title="Institute for Humane Studies">Institute for Humane Studies</a> provides financial awards for academic career activities of graduate students and untenured faculty members.</li> <li>The Ludwig von Mises Institute holds a lecture named after Hayek every year at its Austrian Scholars Conference and invites notable academics to speak about subjects relating to Hayek's contributions to the Austrian School.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a> has an economics essay award named in honour of Hayek.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mercatus_Center" title="Mercatus Center">Mercatus Center</a>, a free-market <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> also at George Mason University, who has a philosophy, politics and economics program of study named for Hayek.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</a> has a quadrennial economics essay contest named in his honour.</li> <li>Hayek was awarded honorary degrees from <a href="/wiki/Rikkyo_University" title="Rikkyo University">Rikkyo University</a>, University of Vienna and University of Salzburg.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a></li> <li>Hayek has an investment portfolio named after him. The Hayek Fund<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> invests in corporations who financially support free market public policy organisations</li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Decoration_for_Science_and_Art" title="Austrian Decoration for Science and Art">Austrian Decoration for Science and Art</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a> (Sweden)<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_for_Science_and_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pour le Mérite for Science and Art">Pour le Mérite for Science and Art</a> (Germany)<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a></li> <li>1983: Honorary Ring of Vienna</li> <li>1984: Honorary Dean of <a href="/wiki/WHU_%E2%80%93_Otto_Beisheim_School_of_Management" title="WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management">WHU – Otto Beisheim School of Management</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Martin_Schleyer_Foundation#Hanns_Martin_Schleyer_Prize" title="Hanns Martin Schleyer Foundation">Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a> (United Kingdom)<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Gold_Medal_with_Star_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Gold Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria">Grand Gold Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (United States)<a href="#cite_note-:13-132">[132]</a></li> <li>1994: The FA Hayek Scholarship in Economics or Political Science, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Canterbury" title="University of Canterbury">University of Canterbury</a>. The scholarship supports students toward study for an honours or master's degree in the Economics or Political Science at the university. It was established in 1994 by a gift from entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gibbs" title="Alan Gibbs">Alan Gibbs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a></li></ul> In 2011, his article "<a href="/wiki/The_Use_of_Knowledge_in_Society" title="The Use of Knowledge in Society">The Use of Knowledge in Society</a>" was selected as one of the top 20 articles published in <a href="/wiki/The_American_Economic_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Economic Review">The American Economic Review</a> during its first 100 years.<a href="#cite_note-top-31">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Journal_of_Law_%26_Liberty" title="New York University Journal of Law & Liberty">New York University Journal of Law and Liberty</a> holds an annual lecture in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_works">Notable works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notable works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek_bibliography" title="Friedrich Hayek bibliography">Friedrich Hayek bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a>, 1944.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism_and_Economic_Order" title="Individualism and Economic Order">Individualism and Economic Order</a>, 1948.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Constitution_of_Liberty" title="The Constitution of Liberty">The Constitution of Liberty</a>, 1960. The Definitive Edition, 2011. Description and preview.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a> (3 volumes) <ul><li>Volume I. Rules and Order, 1973.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a></li> <li>Volume II. The Mirage of Social Justice, 1976.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a></li> <li>Volume III. The Political Order of a Free People, 1979.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Conceit" title="The Fatal Conceit">The Fatal Conceit</a>: The Errors of Socialism, 1988. Note that the authorship of The Fatal Conceit is under scholarly dispute.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> The book in its published form may actually have been written entirely by its editor <a href="/wiki/W._W._Bartley_III" title="W. W. Bartley III">W. W. Bartley III</a> and not by Hayek.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayek_Lecture" title="Hayek Lecture">Hayek Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_the_Boom_and_Bust" title="Fear the Boom and Bust">Fear the Boom and Bust</a>, a series of music videos produced by the <a href="/wiki/Mercatus_Center" title="Mercatus Center">Mercatus Center</a> in which Keynes and Hayek take part in a rap battle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a>, which describes the financial system consisting of institutions and regulators that act on the international level</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History of economic thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Liberalism in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGazette34541" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34541/page/5182">"No. 34541"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 12 August 1938. p. 5182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+34541&rft.pages=5182&rft.date=1938-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F34541%2Fpage%2F5182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christine_von_Hayek-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christine_von_Hayek_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christine_von_Hayek_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Christine_Maria_Felicitas_von_Hayek">"Christine Maria Felicitas von Hayek, entomologist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023238/https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Christine_Maria_Felicitas_von_Hayek">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christine+Maria+Felicitas+von+Hayek%2C+entomologist&rft.pub=Wikispecies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspecies.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChristine_Maria_Felicitas_von_Hayek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/obituary-laurence-hayek-2w32wbrtb2m">"Laurence Hayek: Microbiologist who in later life commemorated his father's work"</a>. The Times: 31. 6 August 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Laurence+Hayek%3A+Microbiologist+who+in+later+life+commemorated+his+father%27s+work&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2004-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fobituary-laurence-hayek-2w32wbrtb2m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbenstein2003" class="citation book cs1">Ebenstein, Alan O. (2003). Hayek's Journey: the mind of Friedrich Hayek (First Palgrave Macmillan ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6038-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6038-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-6038-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayek%27s+Journey%3A+the+mind+of+Friedrich+Hayek&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First+Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6038-2&rft.aulast=Ebenstein&rft.aufirst=Alan+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell2004" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell, Bruce (2004). Hayek's Challenge: an intellectual biography of F.A. Hayek. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-09193-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-09193-7"><bdi>0-226-09193-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayek%27s+Challenge%3A+an+intellectual+biography+of+F.A.+Hayek&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-226-09193-7&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtzBoettke2021" class="citation web cs1">Schmidtz, David; Boettke, Peter (Summer 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/friedrich-hayek/">"Friedrich Hayek"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Hayek&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Schmidtz&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Boettke%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2021%2Fentries%2Ffriedrich-hayek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble1996" class="citation book cs1">Gamble, Andrew (1996). Hayek: The Iron Cage of Liberty. Routledge. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-00974-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-00974-8"><bdi>978-0-367-00974-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayek%3A+The+Iron+Cage+of+Liberty&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-367-00974-8&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank_of_Sweden1974" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Bank of Sweden</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1974/index.html">"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1974"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526064142/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1974/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sveriges+Riksbank+Prize+in+Economic+Sciences+in+Memory+of+Alfred+Nobel+1974&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Bank+of+Sweden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Feconomics%2Flaureates%2F1974%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkarbek2009" class="citation journal cs1">Skarbek, David (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727055703/http://www.davidskarbek.com/uploads/HayeksInfluence.pdf">"F.A. Hayek's Influence on Nobel Prize Winners"</a> (PDF). Review of Austrian Economics. 22 (1): 109–12. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.207.1605">10.1.1.207.1605</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11138-008-0069-x">10.1007/s11138-008-0069-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144970753">144970753</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidskarbek.com/uploads/HayeksInfluence.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Austrian+Economics&rft.atitle=F.A.+Hayek%27s+Influence+on+Nobel+Prize+Winners&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.207.1605%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144970753%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11138-008-0069-x&rft.aulast=Skarbek&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidskarbek.com%2Fuploads%2FHayeksInfluence.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1974/hayek-facts.html">"Friedrich August von Hayek – Facts"</a>. nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701105029/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1974/hayek-facts.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Friedrich+August+von+Hayek+%E2%80%93+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Feconomic-sciences%2Flaureates%2F1974%2Fhayek-facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard, Murray N.</a> (28 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/hayek-and-nobel-prize">"Hayek and the Nobel Prize"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020013842/https://mises.org/library/hayek-and-nobel-prize">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mises+Institute&rft.atitle=Hayek+and+the+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fhayek-and-nobel-prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311003609/http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/04/040913.director.shtml">"Aaron Director, Founder of the field of Law and Economics"</a>. www-news.uchicago.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/04/040913.director.shtml">the original</a> on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www-news.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Aaron+Director%2C+Founder+of+the+field+of+Law+and+Economics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-news.uchicago.edu%2Freleases%2F04%2F040913.director.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/ess_chicagoschool.html">"Commanding Heights: The Chicago School"</a>. www.pbs.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821070630/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/ess_chicagoschool.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=Commanding+Heights%3A+The+Chicago+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fcommandingheights%2Fshared%2Fminitext%2Fess_chicagoschool.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/profile/friedrich-hayek">"Friedrich A. Hayek"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a>. 20 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023161916/https://mises.org/profile/friedrich-hayek">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mises+Institute&rft.atitle=Friedrich+A.+Hayek&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fprofile%2Ffriedrich-hayek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-14366054">"Keynes v Hayek: Giants of economics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 3 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023161952/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-14366054">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Keynes+v+Hayek%3A+Giants+of+economics&rft.date=2011-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-14366054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1974/hayek/biographical/">"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1974"</a>. NobelPrize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190812145119/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1974/hayek/biographical/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Sveriges+Riksbank+Prize+in+Economic+Sciences+in+Memory+of+Alfred+Nobel+1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Feconomic-sciences%2F1974%2Fhayek%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_G._Klein2014" class="citation news cs1">Peter G. Klein (18 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/biography-f-hayek-1899-1992">"Biography of F.A. Hayek (1899–1992)"</a>. Mises Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921024144/https://mises.org/articles-interest/biography-f-hayek-1899-1992">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mises+Institute&rft.atitle=Biography+of+F.A.+Hayek+%281899%E2%80%931992%29&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft.au=Peter+G.+Klein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fbiography-f-hayek-1899-1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrepel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Schrepel, Thibault (January 2015). "Friedrich Hayek's Contribution to Antitrust Law and Its Modern Application". ICC Global Antitrust Review: 199–216. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2548420">2548420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICC+Global+Antitrust+Review&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Hayek%27s+Contribution+to+Antitrust+Law+and+Its+Modern+Application&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2548420%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Schrepel&rft.aufirst=Thibault&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurczak2006" class="citation book cs1">Burczak, Theodore A. (2006). Socialism after Hayek. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06951-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06951-4"><bdi>978-0-472-06951-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism+after+Hayek&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06951-4&rft.aulast=Burczak&rft.aufirst=Theodore+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aei.org/articles/conservatives-need-to-reread-their-hayek/">"Conservatives Need to Reread Their Hayek"</a>. American Enterprise Institute – AEI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223200941/https://www.aei.org/articles/conservatives-need-to-reread-their-hayek/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Enterprise+Institute+%E2%80%93+AEI&rft.atitle=Conservatives+Need+to+Reread+Their+Hayek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Farticles%2Fconservatives-need-to-reread-their-hayek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Vossen2022" class="citation cs2">van der Vossen, Bas (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2022/entries/libertarianism/">"Libertarianism"</a>, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2022 ed.), retrieved 23 February 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Libertarianism&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Winter+2022&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=van+der+Vossen&rft.aufirst=Bas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2022%2Fentries%2Flibertarianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliteur1990" class="citation journal cs1">Cliteur, Paul B. (1990). "Why Hayek is a Conservative". ARSP: Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie / Archives for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy. 76 (4): 467–78. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-2343">0001-2343</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23681094">23681094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ARSP%3A+Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Rechts-+und+Sozialphilosophie+%2F+Archives+for+Philosophy+of+Law+and+Social+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Why+Hayek+is+a+Conservative&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E467-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23681094%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0001-2343&rft.aulast=Cliteur&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek2011" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich A. (2011). "Why I am not a Conservative". The Constitution of Liberty (Definitive ed.). The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31539-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31539-3"><bdi>978-0-226-31539-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+I+am+not+a+Conservative&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Liberty&rft.edition=Definitive&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31539-3&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell2020" class="citation journal cs1">Caldwell, Bruce (1 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjel.20191542">"The Road to Serfdom after 75 Years"</a>. Journal of Economic Literature. 58 (3): 720–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjel.20191542">10.1257/jel.20191542</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0515">0022-0515</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201350365">201350365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+Serfdom+after+75+Years&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E720-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2020-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201350365%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0515&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjel.20191542&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252Fjel.20191542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrmerod2006" class="citation web cs1">Ormerod, Paul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/thefadingoffriedman">"The fading of Friedman"</a>. prospectmagazine.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831212217/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/thefadingoffriedman">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prospectmagazine.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+fading+of+Friedman&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ormerod&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Fthefadingoffriedman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatlin1944" class="citation journal cs1">Catlin, George (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/R/bo4138549.html">"The Road to Serfdom"</a>. Nature. 154 (3911): 473–74. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1944Natur.154..473C">1944Natur.154..473C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F154473a0">10.1038/154473a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4071358">4071358</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024307/https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/R/bo4138549.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=3911&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E473-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4071358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F154473a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1944Natur.154..473C&rft.aulast=Catlin&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fchicago%2FR%2Fbo4138549.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LGCH-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LGCH_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LGCH_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette49768" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/49768/supplement/4">"No. 49768"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 16 June 1984. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+49768&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1984-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F49768%2Fsupplement%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001305-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001305_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001305_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001305_28-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225032000/http://www.schleyer-stiftung.de/preise/hms_preis/preise_schleyer_preistraeger_e.html">"Hanns Martin Schleyer-Stiftung / Stiftungs-Preise"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schleyer-stiftung.de/preise/hms_preis/preise_schleyer_preistraeger_e.html">the original</a> on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hanns+Martin+Schleyer-Stiftung+%2F+Stiftungs-Preise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schleyer-stiftung.de%2Fpreise%2Fhms_preis%2Fpreise_schleyer_preistraeger_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_H.W._Bush1991" class="citation web cs1">George H.W. Bush (18 November 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3642&year=&month=">"Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom Awards"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090307050531/http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3642&year=&month=">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+on+Presenting+the+Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom+Awards&rft.date=1991-11-18&rft.au=George+H.W.+Bush&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbushlibrary.tamu.edu%2Fresearch%2Fpublic_papers.php%3Fid%3D3642%26year%3D%26month%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-top-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-top_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-top_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrowBernheimFeldsteinMcFadden2011" class="citation journal cs1">Arrow, Kenneth J.; Bernheim, B. Douglas; Feldstein, Martin S.; McFadden, Daniel L.; Poterba, James M.; Solow, Robert M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.101.1.1">"100 Years of the American Economic Review: The Top 20 Articles"</a>. American Economic Review. 101 (1): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.101.1.1">10.1257/aer.101.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F114169">1721.1/114169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=100+Years+of+the+American+Economic+Review%3A+The+Top+20+Articles&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F114169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Faer.101.1.1&rft.aulast=Arrow&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft.au=Bernheim%2C+B.+Douglas&rft.au=Feldstein%2C+Martin+S.&rft.au=McFadden%2C+Daniel+L.&rft.au=Poterba%2C+James+M.&rft.au=Solow%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252Faer.101.1.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uni-freiburg.de/en/university/outstanding-achievements/research-prizes/friedrich-von-hayek/#:~:text=Friedrich%20August%20von%20Hayek%2C%20born,)%20and%20Economics%20(1923).">"University of Freiburg: Friedrich von Hayek"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Freiburg%3A+Friedrich+von+Hayek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funi-freiburg.de%2Fen%2Funiversity%2Foutstanding-achievements%2Fresearch-prizes%2Ffriedrich-von-hayek%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFriedrich%2520August%2520von%2520Hayek%252C%2520born%2C%29%2520and%2520Economics%2520%281923%29.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200112,_312-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200112,_312_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 12, 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfriedrichhayekbi00ebenpage62_62,_248,_284]-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfriedrichhayekbi00ebenpage62_62,_248,_284]_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfriedrichhayekbi00ebenpage62_62,_248,_284]_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/friedrichhayekbi00eben/page/62">62, 248, 284</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein20017-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein20017_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein20017–8-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein20017–8_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200120-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200120_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Note: Von Juraschek was a statistician and was later employed by the Austrian government. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein20018-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein20018_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanik" class="citation book cs1">Janik, Allan. Family Relationships and Family Resemblances: Hayek and Wittgenstein.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+Relationships+and+Family+Resemblances%3A+Hayek+and+Wittgenstein&rft.aulast=Janik&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErbacher" class="citation book cs1">Erbacher, Christian. Friedrich August von Hayek's Draft Biography of Ludwig Wittgenstein.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich+August+von+Hayek%27s+Draft+Biography+of+Ludwig+Wittgenstein&rft.aulast=Erbacher&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001245-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001245_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Hayek on Hayek: an autobiographical dialogue, By Friedrich August Hayek, Routledge, 1994, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Young Ludwig: Wittgenstein's life, 1889–1921, Brian McGuinness, Oxford University Press, 2005 p. xii </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Hayek on Hayek: an autobiographical dialogue, By Friedrich August Hayek, Routledge, 1995, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein20019-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein20019_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein20019_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200114-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200114_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200114_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200113-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200113_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200113_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200113_48-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-UCLA-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UCLA_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCLA_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nobelprizewinnin00haye">"UCLA Oral History 1978 Interviews with Friedrich Hayek"</a>. 10 March 2001. pp. 32–38. Retrieved 14 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UCLA+Oral+History+1978+Interviews+with+Friedrich+Hayek&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2001-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnobelprizewinnin00haye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKresgeWenar2005" class="citation book cs1">Kresge, Stephen; Wenar, Leif (2005). Hayek on Hayek: An Autobiographical Dialogue. Routledge. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32062-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32062-5"><bdi>978-0-226-32062-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayek+on+Hayek%3A+An+Autobiographical+Dialogue&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32062-5&rft.aulast=Kresge&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Wenar%2C+Leif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Friedrich August von Hayek, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbs.sk/_img/Documents/BIATEC/BIA11_02/20_23.pdf">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623183242/https://www.nbs.sk/_img/Documents/BIATEC/BIA11_02/20_23.pdf">Archived</a> 23 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Gordon2009" class="citation web cs1">David Gordon (8 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/3458">"Friedrich Hayek as a Teacher"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017232529/http://mises.org/daily/3458">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friedrich+Hayek+as+a+Teacher&rft.date=2009-05-08&rft.au=David+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fdaily%2F3458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeirdre_N._McCloskey2000" class="citation book cs1">Deirdre N. McCloskey (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RPw3dMi95WoC&pg=PA33">How to Be Human: Though an Economist</a>. U of Michigan Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06744-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06744-2"><bdi>978-0-472-06744-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Be+Human%3A+Though+an+Economist&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=U+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06744-2&rft.au=Deirdre+N.+McCloskey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRPw3dMi95WoC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://contemporarythinkers.org/friedrich-hayek/biography/">"Contemporary Thinkers: Friedrich Hayek"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Thinkers%3A+Friedrich+Hayek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontemporarythinkers.org%2Ffriedrich-hayek%2Fbiography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200128-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200128_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200122-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200122_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_57-1">b</a> Some Reflection on Hayek's The Sensory Order, Caldwell, 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-Backhaus2005-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Backhaus2005_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Backhaus2005_58-1">b</a> The Sensory Order (1952) on learning <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackhaus2005" class="citation book cs1">Backhaus, Jurgen G. (2005). Entrepreneurship, Money and Coordination: Hayek's Theory of Cultural Evolution. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-795-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-795-5"><bdi>978-1-84542-795-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurship%2C+Money+and+Coordination%3A+Hayek%27s+Theory+of+Cultural+Evolution&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84542-795-5&rft.aulast=Backhaus&rft.aufirst=Jurgen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_ArenaAgnès_FestréNathalie_Lazaric2012" class="citation book cs1">Richard Arena; Agnès Festré; Nathalie Lazaric, eds. (2012). Handbook of Knowledge and Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78100-102-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78100-102-8"><bdi>978-1-78100-102-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Knowledge+and+Economics&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78100-102-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFkanopiadmin2014" class="citation web cs1">kanopiadmin (30 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/viennese-connection-alfred-schutz-and-austrian-school-0">"The Viennese Connection: Alfred Schutz and the Austrian School"</a>. Mises Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911152119/http://mises.org/journals/qjae/pdf/qjae6_2_2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mises+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Viennese+Connection%3A+Alfred+Schutz+and+the+Austrian+School&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft.au=kanopiadmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fviennese-connection-alfred-schutz-and-austrian-school-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2013" class="citation cs2">French, Douglas (2013), Leeson, Robert (ed.), "Hayek and Mises", Hayek: A Collaborative Biography: Part 1 Influences, from Mises to Bartley, Archival Insights into the Evolution of Economics Series, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 80–92, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137328564_6">10.1057/9781137328564_6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32856-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32856-4"><bdi>978-1-137-32856-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hayek%3A+A+Collaborative+Biography%3A+Part+1+Influences%2C+from+Mises+to+Bartley&rft.atitle=Hayek+and+Mises&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137328564_6&rft.isbn=978-1-137-32856-4&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> A.J. Tebble, F.A. Hayek, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2010, pp. 4–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200133-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200133_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200135-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200135_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeson2018" class="citation book cs1">Leeson, Robert (2018). Hayek: A Collaborative Biography.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayek%3A+A+Collaborative+Biography&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Leeson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200123-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200123_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Federici, Michael. Eric Voegelin: The Restoration of Order, ISI Books, 2002, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123163235/http://www.wifo.ac.at/wwa/jsp/index.jsp?&language=2&fid=23910">"WIFO – About WIFO"</a>. 23 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wifo.ac.at/wwa/jsp/index.jsp?&language=2&fid=23910">the original</a> on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WIFO+%E2%80%93+About+WIFO&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wifo.ac.at%2Fwwa%2Fjsp%2Findex.jsp%3F%26language%3D2%26fid%3D23910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxendale2010" class="citation web cs1">Baxendale, Toby (25 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cobdencentre.org/2010/07/the-battle-of-the-letters/">"The Battle of the Letters: Keynes v Hayek 1932, Skidelsky v Besley 2010"</a>. The Cobden Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902120125/http://www.cobdencentre.org/2010/07/the-battle-of-the-letters/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Letters%3A+Keynes+v+Hayek+1932%2C+Skidelsky+v+Besley+2010&rft.pub=The+Cobden+Centre&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft.aulast=Baxendale&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cobdencentre.org%2F2010%2F07%2Fthe-battle-of-the-letters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thinkmarkets.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/keynes-hayek-1932-cambridgelse.pdf">"Info"</a> (PDF). thinkmarkets.files.wordpress.com. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718000832/http://thinkmarkets.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/keynes-hayek-1932-cambridgelse.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thinkmarkets.files.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=Info&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthinkmarkets.files.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F06%2Fkeynes-hayek-1932-cambridgelse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Malcolm Perrine McNair, Richard Stockton Meriam, Problems in business economics, McGraw-Hill, 1941, p. 504 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1945" class="citation book cs1">Hayek (1945). Reader's Digest Road to Serfdom. Reader's Digest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Digest+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Digest&rft.date=1945&rft.au=Hayek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-14366054">"Keynes v Hayek: Two economic giants go head to head"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023161952/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-14366054">Archived</a> 23 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Business – BBC News, 2 August 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith1991" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, J.K. (1991). "Nicholas Kaldor Remembered". Nicholas Kaldor and Mainstream Economics: Confrontation or Convergence?. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-05356-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-05356-7"><bdi>978-0-312-05356-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nicholas+Kaldor+Remembered&rft.btitle=Nicholas+Kaldor+and+Mainstream+Economics%3A+Confrontation+or+Convergence%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-312-05356-7&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1979/lewis-autobio.html">"Sir Arthur Lewis Autobiography"</a>. Nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926021808/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1979/lewis-autobio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Arthur+Lewis+Autobiography&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Feconomics%2Flaureates%2F1979%2Flewis-autobio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090706093719/http://www.mskousen.com/Speeches/rockefeller.html">"Interview with David Rockefeller"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mskousen.com/Speeches/rockefeller.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+David+Rockefeller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mskousen.com%2FSpeeches%2Frockefeller.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenord2002" class="citation journal cs1">Denord, François (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/arss_0335-5322_2002_num_145_1_2794">"Le prophète, le pèlerin et le missionnaire"</a>. Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales. 145 (1): 9–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farss.2002.2794">10.3406/arss.2002.2794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Actes+de+la+Recherche+en+Sciences+Sociales&rft.atitle=Le+proph%C3%A8te%2C+le+p%C3%A8lerin+et+le+missionnaire&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Farss.2002.2794&rft.aulast=Denord&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Farss_0335-5322_2002_num_145_1_2794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette34541" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34541/page/5182">"No. 34541"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 12 August 1938. p. 5182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+34541&rft.pages=5182&rft.date=1938-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F34541%2Fpage%2F5182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittan2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brittan, Samuel (2004). "Hayek, Friedrich August (1899–1992)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F51095">10.1093/ref:odnb/51095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hayek%2C+Friedrich+August+%281899%E2%80%931992%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F51095&rft.aulast=Brittan&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Election of Fellows, 1947". <a href="/wiki/Econometrica" title="Econometrica">Econometrica</a>. 16 (1): 117–122. January 1948. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1914293">1914293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econometrica&rft.atitle=Election+of+Fellows%2C+1947&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=1948-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1914293%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFkanopiadmin2014" class="citation web cs1">kanopiadmin (18 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/road-serfdom-0">"The Road to Serfdom"</a>. Mises Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915010727/https://mises.org/library/road-serfdom-0">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mises+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft.au=kanopiadmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Froad-serfdom-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbeling1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ebeling, Richard M. (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415224932/http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/friedrich-a-hayek-a-centenary-appreciation/">"Friedrich A. Hayek: A Centenary Appreciation"</a>. The Freeman. 49 (5). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/friedrich-a-hayek-a-centenary-appreciation/#">the original</a> on 15 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Freeman&rft.atitle=Friedrich+A.+Hayek%3A+A+Centenary+Appreciation&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1999-05&rft.aulast=Ebeling&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreemanonline.org%2Ffeatured%2Ffriedrich-a-hayek-a-centenary-appreciation%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Ebenstein, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Ebenstein, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> A.J. Tebble, F.A. Hayek, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2010, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeam2011" class="citation news cs1">Beam, Christopher (3 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/news/politics/70282/index2.html">"The Trouble With Liberty"</a>. New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023511/https://nymag.com/news/politics/70282/index2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 7 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Trouble+With+Liberty&rft.date=2011-01-03&rft.aulast=Beam&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F70282%2Findex2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitch2015" class="citation cs2">Mitch, David (2015), Leeson, Robert (ed.), "Morality versus Money: Hayek's Move to the University of Chicago", Hayek: A Collaborative Biography: Part IV, England, the Ordinal Revolution and the Road to Serfdom, 1931–50, Archival Insights into the Evolution of Economics, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 215–55, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137452603_7">10.1057/9781137452603_7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-45260-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-45260-3"><bdi>978-1-137-45260-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hayek%3A+A+Collaborative+Biography%3A+Part+IV%2C+England%2C+the+Ordinal+Revolution+and+the+Road+to+Serfdom%2C+1931%E2%80%9350&rft.atitle=Morality+versus+Money%3A+Hayek%27s+Move+to+the+University+of+Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137452603_7&rft.isbn=978-1-137-45260-3&rft.aulast=Mitch&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompton2020" class="citation book cs1">Compton, John (2020). The End of Empathy. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Empathy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Compton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Milton and Rose Friedman, Two Lucky People: Memoirs (Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 1998) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss_B._Emmett2010" class="citation book cs1">Ross B. Emmett (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MaCciKWcDIAC&pg=PA266">The Elgar Companion to the Chicago School of Economics</a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 164, 200, 266–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84980-666-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84980-666-4"><bdi>978-1-84980-666-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elgar+Companion+to+the+Chicago+School+of+Economics&rft.pages=164%2C+200%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E266-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84980-666-4&rft.au=Ross+B.+Emmett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMaCciKWcDIAC%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1951" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman, Milton (1951). "Neo-Liberalism and its Prospects". Farmand: 89–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Farmand&rft.atitle=Neo-Liberalism+and+its+Prospects&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Johan Van Overtveldt, The Chicago School: How the University of Chicago Assembled the Thinkers Who Revolutionized Economics and Business (2006) pp. 7, 341–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001270-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001270_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001270_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Horn2015" class="citation cs2">Van Horn, Robert (2015), Leeson, Robert (ed.), "Hayek and the Chicago School", Hayek: A Collaborative Biography: Part V Hayek's Great Society of Free Men, Archival Insights into the Evolution of Economics, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 91–111, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137478245_3">10.1057/9781137478245_3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-47824-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-47824-5"><bdi>978-1-137-47824-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hayek%3A+A+Collaborative+Biography%3A+Part+V+Hayek%27s+Great+Society+of+Free+Men&rft.atitle=Hayek+and+the+Chicago+School&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137478245_3&rft.isbn=978-1-137-47824-5&rft.aulast=Van+Horn&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001267-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001267_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001267_94-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/friedrich-august-von-hayek/">"John Simon Guggenheim Foundation | Friedrich August von Hayek"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023515/https://www.gf.org/fellows/friedrich-august-von-hayek/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Simon+Guggenheim+Foundation+%7C+Friedrich+August+von+Hayek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gf.org%2Ffellows%2Fall-fellows%2Ffriedrich-august-von-hayek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libertystory.net/LSTHINKHAYEKLIFE.htm">Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717051359/http://www.libertystory.net/LSTHINKHAYEKLIFE.htm">Archived</a> 17 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at LibertyStory.net </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001253-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001253_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Ebenstein, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_99-1">b</a> F.A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1960) </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Ebenstein, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> F.A. Hayek, on the Occasion of the Centenary of His Birth, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Ronald Hamowy</a>, Cato Institute </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001209-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001209_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001209_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001218-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001218_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001209–10-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001209–10_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, pp. 209–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Ebenstein, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwellMontes2014" class="citation journal cs1">Caldwell, Bruce; Montes, Leonidas (26 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/63318/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Caldwell%2C%20B_Hayek%20and%20Chile_Cladwell_Hayek%20and%20Chile_2015.pdf">"Friedrich Hayek and his visits to Chile"</a> (PDF). The Review of Austrian Economics. 28 (3): 261–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11138-014-0290-8">10.1007/s11138-014-0290-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189953475">189953475</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023224/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/63318/1/__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Caldwell%2C%20B_Hayek%20and%20Chile_Cladwell_Hayek%20and%20Chile_2015.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Austrian+Economics&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Hayek+and+his+visits+to+Chile&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E309&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11138-014-0290-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189953475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Montes%2C+Leonidas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F63318%2F1%2F__lse.ac.uk_storage_LIBRARY_Secondary_libfile_shared_repository_Content_Caldwell%252C%2520B_Hayek%2520and%2520Chile_Cladwell_Hayek%2520and%2520Chile_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Ebenstein, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001251–53-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001251–53_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, pp. 251–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-Economics_Prize_For_Works_in_Economic_Theory_And_Inter-Disciplinary_Research-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economics_Prize_For_Works_in_Economic_Theory_And_Inter-Disciplinary_Research_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economics_Prize_For_Works_in_Economic_Theory_And_Inter-Disciplinary_Research_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economics_Prize_For_Works_in_Economic_Theory_And_Inter-Disciplinary_Research_109-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1974/press.html">"The Prize in Economics 1974"</a>. Nobelprize.org. 9 October 1974. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517131815/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1974/press.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Prize+in+Economics+1974&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft.date=1974-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Feconomics%2Flaureates%2F1974%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref-1-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_110-1">b</a> Ebenstein, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeson1975" class="citation book cs1">Leeson, Robert (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3wJ2DwAAQBAJ&dq=I+was+one+of+the+only+ones+to+predict+what+was+going+to+happen.+In+early+1929%2C+when+I+made+this+forecast%2C+I+was+living+in+Europe+which+was+then+going+through+a+period+of+depression.+I+said+that+there+no+hope+of+recovery+in+Europe+until+interest+rates+fell%2C+and+interest+rates+would+not+fall+until+the+American+boom+collapses%2C+which+I+said+was+likely+to+happen+within+the+next+few+months&pg=PA194">Gold & Silver Newsletter</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95219-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95219-2"><bdi>978-3-319-95219-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gold+%26+Silver+Newsletter&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-3-319-95219-2&rft.aulast=Leeson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3wJ2DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DI%2Bwas%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bonly%2Bones%2Bto%2Bpredict%2Bwhat%2Bwas%2Bgoing%2Bto%2Bhappen.%2BIn%2Bearly%2B1929%252C%2Bwhen%2BI%2Bmade%2Bthis%2Bforecast%252C%2BI%2Bwas%2Bliving%2Bin%2BEurope%2Bwhich%2Bwas%2Bthen%2Bgoing%2Bthrough%2Ba%2Bperiod%2Bof%2Bdepression.%2BI%2Bsaid%2Bthat%2Bthere%2Bno%2Bhope%2Bof%2Brecovery%2Bin%2BEurope%2Buntil%2Binterest%2Brates%2Bfell%252C%2Band%2Binterest%2Brates%2Bwould%2Bnot%2Bfall%2Buntil%2Bthe%2BAmerican%2Bboom%2Bcollapses%252C%2Bwhich%2BI%2Bsaid%2Bwas%2Blikely%2Bto%2Bhappen%2Bwithin%2Bthe%2Bnext%2Bfew%2Bmonths%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlausinger,_H.2010" class="citation book cs1">Klausinger, H. (2010). "Hayek on Practical Business Cycle Research A Note". In H. Hagemann; T. Nishizawa; Y. Ikeda (eds.). Austrian Economics in Transition: From Carl Menger to Friedrich Hayek.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hayek+on+Practical+Business+Cycle+Research+A+Note&rft.btitle=Austrian+Economics+in+Transition%3A+From+Carl+Menger+to+Friedrich+Hayek&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Klausinger%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlausinger,_H.2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Klausinger, H. (2012), "Editorial Notes", The Collected Works of F.A. Hayek, by F.A. Hayek, Klausinger, H. (ed.), vol. VII: Business Cycles</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Editorial+Notes&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+F.A.+Hayek&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Klausinger%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialdemocracy21stcentury.blogspot.com/2011/12/hayek-and-stock-market-crash-of-1929-so.html">"Translation of Quote in the blog: "Hayek and the Stock Market Crash of 1929: So Much for His Predictive Powers""</a>. 18 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Translation+of+Quote+in+the+blog%3A+%22Hayek+and+the+Stock+Market+Crash+of+1929%3A+So+Much+for+His+Predictive+Powers%22&rft.date=2011-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialdemocracy21stcentury.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F12%2Fhayek-and-stock-market-crash-of-1929-so.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek,_Friedrich_August1929" class="citation cs2">Hayek, Friedrich August (26 October 1929), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wifo.ac.at/bibliothek/archiv/MOBE/1929Heft10.pdf">Monatsberichte des Österreichen Institutes für Konjunkturforschung</a> (PDF), p. 182, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119225500/https://www.wifo.ac.at/bibliothek/archiv/MOBE/1929Heft10.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2021, retrieved 19 November 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monatsberichte+des+%C3%96sterreichen+Institutes+f%C3%BCr+Konjunkturforschung&rft.pages=182&rft.date=1929-10-26&rft.au=Hayek%2C+Friedrich+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wifo.ac.at%2Fbibliothek%2Farchiv%2FMOBE%2F1929Heft10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/1992/07/01/the-road-from-serfdom-2/">"The Road from Serfdom: An Interview with F.A. Hayek"</a>. Reason.com. 1 July 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428190056/https://reason.com/1992/07/01/the-road-from-serfdom-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason.com&rft.atitle=The+Road+from+Serfdom%3A+An+Interview+with+F.A.+Hayek&rft.date=1992-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2F1992%2F07%2F01%2Fthe-road-from-serfdom-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1974/hayek-speech.html">"Friedrich August von Hayek – Banquet Speech"</a>. Nobelprize.org. 10 December 1974. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100109114200/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1974/hayek-speech.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friedrich+August+von+Hayek+%E2%80%93+Banquet+Speech&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft.date=1974-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Feconomics%2Flaureates%2F1974%2Fhayek-speech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Ebenstein, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Richard Cockett, Thinking the Unthinkable. Think-Tanks and the Economic Counter-Revolution, 1931–1983 (Fontana, 1995), pp. 174–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> John Ranelagh, Thatcher's People: An Insider's Account of the Politics, the Power, and the Personalities (Fontana, 1992), p. ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001291–92-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001291–92_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, pp. 291–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001293-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001293_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001293_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001293_122-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001294-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001294_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> "Letters to the Editor: Liberal pact with Labour", The Times (31 March 1977), p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> "Letters to the Editor: Liberal pact with Labour", The Times (2 April 1977), p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> "Letters to the Editor: German socialist aims", The Times (13 April 1977), p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> "Letters to the Editor: The dangers to personal liberty", The Times (11 July 1978), p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001300–01-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001300–01_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, pp. 300–01. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Martin Anderson, "Revolution" (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988), p. 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001207–08-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001207–08_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, pp. 207–08. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001301-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001301_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasar1991" class="citation news cs1">Nasar, Sylvia (19 November 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/19/business/business-people-neglected-economist-honored-by-president.html">"Business Profile; Neglected Economist Honored by President"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428003307/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/19/business/business-people-neglected-economist-honored-by-president.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Business+Profile%3B+Neglected+Economist+Honored+by+President&rft.date=1991-11-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Nasar&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F11%2F19%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-people-neglected-economist-honored-by-president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Ebenstein, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001169-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001169_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001169_134-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Ebenstein, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebenstein,_p._155-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebenstein,_p._155_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebenstein,_p._155_136-1">b</a> Ebenstein, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831154644/https://www.hayek.ufm.edu/index.php?title=Armen_A._Alchian">Armen A. Alchian interviews Friedrich A. Hayek (Part I)</a>. The Hayek Interviews. Event occurs at 48:50. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hayek.ufm.edu/index.php?title=Armen_A._Alchian">the original</a> on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armen+A.+Alchian+interviews+Friedrich+A.+Hayek+%28Part+I%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hayek.ufm.edu%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DArmen_A._Alchian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001297-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001297_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001297_138-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/laurence-hayek-550426.html">"Laurence Hayek"</a>. The Independent. 7 September 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Laurence+Hayek&rft.date=2004-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Flaurence-hayek-550426.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001316-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001316_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2009" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, Naomi (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/science-in-context/article/abs/in-search-of-the-proper-scientific-approach-hayeks-views-on-biology-methodology-and-the-nature-of-economics/8D6B282B219FB3A72FCFDD2AA2872D6E">"In Search of the Proper Scientific Approach: Hayek's Views on Biology, Methodology, and the Nature of Economics"</a>. Science in Context. 22 (4): 567–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0269889709990160">10.1017/S0269889709990160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-0664">1474-0664</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20509429">20509429</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46364934">46364934</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428003307/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/science-in-context/article/abs/in-search-of-the-proper-scientific-approach-hayeks-views-on-biology-methodology-and-the-nature-of-economics/8D6B282B219FB3A72FCFDD2AA2872D6E">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+in+Context&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+the+Proper+Scientific+Approach%3A+Hayek%27s+Views+on+Biology%2C+Methodology%2C+and+the+Nature+of+Economics&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E567-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2009-12&rft.issn=1474-0664&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46364934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20509429&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0269889709990160&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fscience-in-context%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fin-search-of-the-proper-scientific-approach-hayeks-views-on-biology-methodology-and-the-nature-of-economics%2F8D6B282B219FB3A72FCFDD2AA2872D6E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001225-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001225_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622201757/http://libertyunbound.com/archive/2005_03/ebenstein-deceit.html">"Liberty – The Fatal Deceit"</a>. 22 June 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libertyunbound.com/archive/2005_03/ebenstein-deceit.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liberty+%E2%80%93+The+Fatal+Deceit&rft.date=2008-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibertyunbound.com%2Farchive%2F2005_03%2Febenstein-deceit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001317-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001317_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMises1912" class="citation book cs1">Mises, Ludwig (1912). Theory of Money and Credit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+Money+and+Credit&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Mises&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1931" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich (1931). Prices and Production.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prices+and+Production&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> The Austrian Theory of Business Cycles: Old Lessons For Modern Economic Policy?, Oppers, International Monetary Fund </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek2012" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich (2012). Good Money: Part 2. University of Chicago Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32119-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32119-6"><bdi>978-0-226-32119-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Money%3A+Part+2&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32119-6&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> See the chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fkVHIn8y8qkC&pg=PA7">"The collaboration with Keynes and the controversy with Hayek,"</a>, Heinz D. Kurz and Neri Salvadori, "Piero Sraffa's contributions to economics," in Critical Essays on Piero Sraffa's Legacy in Economics, ed. H.D. Kurz, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 3–24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58089-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58089-2">978-0-521-58089-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1989" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich (1989). The Collected Works of F.A. Hayek. University of Chicago Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32097-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32097-7"><bdi>978-0-226-32097-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+F.A.+Hayek&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32097-7&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_H._White" title="Lawrence H. White">White, Lawrence H.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/liberal/issue/48188/609854">"Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Money,_Credit_and_Banking" title="Journal of Money, Credit and Banking">Journal of Money, Credit and Banking</a>. 40 (4). <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>: 751–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1538-4616.2008.00134.x">10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00134.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25096276">25096276</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415095946/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/liberal/issue/48188/609854">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Money%2C+Credit+and+Banking&rft.atitle=Did+Hayek+and+Robbins+Deepen+the+Great+Depression%3F&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E751-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1538-4616.2008.00134.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25096276%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fpub%2Fliberal%2Fissue%2F48188%2F609854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaldor1942-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaldor1942_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaldor1942_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaldor1942_152-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Kaldor1942" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholas Kaldor (1942). "Professor Hayek and the Concertina-Effect". Economica. 9 (36): 359–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2550326">10.2307/2550326</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2550326">2550326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economica&rft.atitle=Professor+Hayek+and+the+Concertina-Effect&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2550326&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2550326%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Nicholas+Kaldor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> F.A. Hayek, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/2474">"Reflection on the pure theory of money of Mr. J.M. Keynes,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914054940/http://mises.org/daily/2474">Archived</a> 14 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Economica, 11, S. 270–95 (1931). </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> F.A. Hayek, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liberty.me/library/prices-production/">Prices and Production</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812041657/http://liberty.me/library/prices-production/">Archived</a> 12 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (London: Routledge, 1931). </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> P. Sraffa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2223735">"Dr. Hayek on Money and Capital,"</a> Economic Journal, 42, S. 42–53 (1932). </li> <li id="cite_note-Caldwell-criticism-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Caldwell-criticism_156-0">^</a> Bruce Caldwell, Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F.A. Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), p. 179. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-09193-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-09193-7">0-226-09193-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaldor1939-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaldor1939_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Kaldor1939" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholas Kaldor (1939). "Capital Intensity and the Trade Cycle". Economica. 6 (21): 40–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2549077">10.2307/2549077</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2549077">2549077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economica&rft.atitle=Capital+Intensity+and+the+Trade+Cycle&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2549077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2549077%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Nicholas+Kaldor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrison-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garrison_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garrison_158-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Garrison" title="Roger Garrison">R. W. Garrison</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auburn.edu/~garriro/amagi.htm">"F.A. Hayek as 'Mr. Fluctooations:' In Defense of Hayek's 'Technical Economics'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808141645/http://www.auburn.edu/~garriro/amagi.htm">Archived</a> 8 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hayek Society Journal (LSE), 5(2), 1 (2003). </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1941" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich (1941). Pure Theory of Capital.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pure+Theory+of+Capital&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Hayek and Friedman: Head to Head, Garrison, Auburn University </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMises" class="citation book cs1">Mises, Ludwig. Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Calculation+in+the+Socialist+Commonwealth&rft.aulast=Mises&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1935" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich (1935). Collectivist Economic Planning. G. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61016-162-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61016-162-6"><bdi>978-1-61016-162-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collectivist+Economic+Planning&rft.pub=G.+Routledge&rft.date=1935&rft.isbn=978-1-61016-162-6&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Lange, O. (1967): The Computer and the Market in Socialism </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Lange, 1938, On the Economic Theory of Socialism, University of Minnesota Press </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Milton Friedman, 'Lange on Price Flexibility and Employment', Essays in Positive Economics. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1937" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich (1937). Economics and Knowledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+and+Knowledge&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Hein Schreuder, "Coase, Hayek and Hierarchy", In: S. Lindenberg et Hein Schreuder, dir., Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Organization Studies, Pergamon Press </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Douma,_Sytse" class="mw-redirect" title="Douma, Sytse">Douma, Sytse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hein_Schreuder" title="Hein Schreuder">Hein Schreuder</a>, 2013. Economic Approaches to Organizations, 5th ed., London: Pearson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-273-73529-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-273-73529-8">978-0-273-73529-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> The Pure Theory of Capital (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/books/puretheory.pdf">pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110173939/http://mises.org/books/puretheory.pdf">Archived</a> 10 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1941/2007 (Vol. 12 of the Collected Works): p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_170-1">b</a> Caldwell, Bruce. "Hayek, Friedrich August von (1899–1992)." The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 3rd ed., Eds. Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1952" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich (1952). The Counter-Revolution of Science.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Counter-Revolution+of+Science&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRöpke" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke, Wilhelm</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a_8g8eK-Q5kC&pg=PA59">The Moral Foundations of Civil Society</a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3785-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3785-9"><bdi>978-1-4128-3785-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023006/https://books.google.com/books?id=a_8g8eK-Q5kC&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2015 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moral+Foundations+of+Civil+Society&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-3785-9&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6pke&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da_8g8eK-Q5kC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a>, Neural Darwinism, 1987, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Joaquin Fuster (1995): Memory in the Cerebral Cortex: An Empirical Approach to Neural Networks in the Human and Nonhuman Primate. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 87–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Joaquin Fuster, "Network Memory", Trends in Neurosciences, 1997. Vol. 20, No. 10. (Oct.): 451–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_de_Haar" class="citation web cs1">van de Haar, Edwin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmosandtaxis.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/vandehaar_ct_vol10_iss11_12.pdf">"Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek: Federation as Last Resort"</a> (PDF). Cosmos + Taxis: Studies in Emergent Order. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015043806/https://cosmosandtaxis.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/vandehaar_ct_vol10_iss11_12.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cosmos+%2B+Taxis%3A+Studies+in+Emergent+Order&rft.atitle=Ludwig+von+Mises+and+Friedrich+Hayek%3A+Federation+as+Last+Resort&rft.aulast=van+de+Haar&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcosmosandtaxis.files.wordpress.com%2F2022%2F09%2Fvandehaar_ct_vol10_iss11_12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/R/bo4138549.html">The Road to Serfdom</a>. The Collected Works of F.A. Hayek. University of Chicago Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919092250/https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/R/bo4138549.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.series=The+Collected+Works+of+F.A.+Hayek&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fchicago%2FR%2Fbo4138549.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenboim2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenboim, Or (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/18396/10/Barbara%20Wootton%20for%20IHR%20special%20issue.pdf">"Barbara Wootton, Friedrich Hayek and the debate on democratic federalism in the 1940s"</a> (PDF). The International History Review. 36 (5): 894–918. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2013.871320">10.1080/07075332.2013.871320</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24703266">24703266</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154887466">154887466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Barbara+Wootton%2C+Friedrich+Hayek+and+the+debate+on+democratic+federalism+in+the+1940s&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E894-%3C%2Fspan%3E918&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154887466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24703266%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2013.871320&rft.aulast=Rosenboim&rft.aufirst=Or&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.city.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F18396%2F10%2FBarbara%2520Wootton%2520for%2520IHR%2520special%2520issue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_de_Haar" class="citation web cs1">van de Haar, Edwin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_16_01_6_vandehaar.pdf">"Hayekian Spontaneous Order and the International Balance of Power"</a> (PDF). The Independent Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921022716/https://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_16_01_6_vandehaar.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+Review&rft.atitle=Hayekian+Spontaneous+Order+and+the+International+Balance+of+Power&rft.aulast=van+de+Haar&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.org%2Fpdf%2Ftir%2Ftir_16_01_6_vandehaar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1939" class="citation journal cs1">Hayek, Friedrich (September 1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015043839/https://fee.org/articles/the-economic-conditions-of-interstate-federalism/">"The Economic Conditions of Interstate Federalism"</a>. New Commonwealth Quarterly. V (2): 131–149). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fee.org/articles/the-economic-conditions-of-interstate-federalism/">the original</a> on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022 – via Foundation for Economic Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Commonwealth+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Conditions+of+Interstate+Federalism&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-149%29&rft.date=1939-09&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffee.org%2Farticles%2Fthe-economic-conditions-of-interstate-federalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNientiedt" class="citation web cs1">Nientiedt, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmosandtaxis.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/nientiedt_ct_vol10_iss11_12.pdf">"F.A. Hayek and the World of Tomorrow: The Principles of International Federalism"</a> (PDF). Cosmos + Taxis: Studies in Emergent Order. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023752/https://cosmosandtaxis.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/nientiedt_ct_vol10_iss11_12.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cosmos+%2B+Taxis%3A+Studies+in+Emergent+Order&rft.atitle=F.A.+Hayek+and+the+World+of+Tomorrow%3A+The+Principles+of+International+Federalism&rft.aulast=Nientiedt&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcosmosandtaxis.files.wordpress.com%2F2022%2F09%2Fnientiedt_ct_vol10_iss11_12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasini" class="citation web cs1">Masini, Fabio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmosandtaxis.files.wordpress.com/2022/09/masini_ct_vol10_iss11_12.pdf">"Hayek's Federalism and the Making of European Integration"</a> (PDF). Cosmos + Taxis: Studies in Emergent Order. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023749/https://cosmosandtaxis.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/masini_ct_vol10_iss11_12.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cosmos+%2B+Taxis%3A+Studies+in+Emergent+Order&rft.atitle=Hayek%27s+Federalism+and+the+Making+of+European+Integration&rft.aulast=Masini&rft.aufirst=Fabio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcosmosandtaxis.files.wordpress.com%2F2022%2F09%2Fmasini_ct_vol10_iss11_12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen" class="citation web cs1">Christensen, Brandon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_26_3_08_christensen.pdf">""Reviving the Libertarian Interstate Federalist Tradition: The American Proposal""</a> (PDF). The Independent Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209221602/http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_26_3_08_christensen.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+Review&rft.atitle=%22Reviving+the+Libertarian+Interstate+Federalist+Tradition%3A+The+American+Proposal%22&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.org%2Fpdf%2Ftir%2Ftir_26_3_08_christensen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpieker2014" class="citation journal cs1">Spieker, Jorg (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07075332.2014.900814">"F.A. Hayek and the Reinvention of Liberal Internationalism"</a>. The International History Review. 36 (5): 919–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2014.900814">10.1080/07075332.2014.900814</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143713445">143713445</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023745/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07075332.2014.900814">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=F.A.+Hayek+and+the+Reinvention+of+Liberal+Internationalism&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E919-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2014.900814&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143713445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spieker&rft.aufirst=Jorg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2014.900814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Individualism_and_economic_order-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Individualism_and_economic_order_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Individualism_and_economic_order_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1980" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich August (1980). Individualism and economic order (Reprint ed.). Chicago; London: the University of Chicago press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-32093-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-32093-6"><bdi>0-226-32093-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Individualism+and+economic+order&rft.place=Chicago%3B+London&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=the+University+of+Chicago+press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-226-32093-6&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek2011" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich A. von (2011). The constitution of liberty: the definitive edition. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31539-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31539-3"><bdi>978-0-226-31539-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+constitution+of+liberty%3A+the+definitive+edition&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31539-3&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+A.+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek2012" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich A. von (2012). Law, legislation and liberty: a new statement of the liberal principles of justice and political economy. London (u.a.): Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-52229-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-52229-8"><bdi>978-0-415-52229-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law%2C+legislation+and+liberty%3A+a+new+statement+of+the+liberal+principles+of+justice+and+political+economy&rft.place=London+%28u.a.%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-52229-8&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+A.+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson1767-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson1767_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1767" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Adam (1767). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8646">An Essay on the History of Civil Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>: T. Cadell, London. p. 205. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240523061721/https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8646">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Essay+on+the+History+of+Civil+Society&rft.place=Project+Gutenberg&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=T.+Cadell%2C+London&rft.date=1767&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F8646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbeling2018" class="citation web cs1">Ebeling, Richard M. (6 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fee.org/articles/price-is-the-only-language-that-everyone-speaks/">"Price Is the Only Language that Everyone Speaks"</a>. fee.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240504040803/https://fee.org/articles/price-is-the-only-language-that-everyone-speaks/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fee.org&rft.atitle=Price+Is+the+Only+Language+that+Everyone+Speaks&rft.date=2018-01-06&rft.aulast=Ebeling&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffee.org%2Farticles%2Fprice-is-the-only-language-that-everyone-speaks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_190-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1988" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich (1988). The Fatal Conceit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatal+Conceit&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Benoist1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">de Benoist, Alain</a> (1998). "Hayek: A Critique". <a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a>. 1998 (110): 71–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3817%2F1298110071">10.3817/1298110071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219203705">219203705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=Hayek%3A+A+Critique&rft.volume=1998&rft.issue=110&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3817%2F1298110071&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219203705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=de+Benoist&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamey2014" class="citation ssrn cs1">Lamey, Andy (24 September 2014). "Ecosystems as Spontaneous Orders". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2501745">2501745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Ecosystems+as+Spontaneous+Orders&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2501745%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Lamey&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamey2014" class="citation ssrn cs1">Lamey, Andy (24 September 2014). "Ecosystems as Spontaneous Orders". pp. 2–11. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2501745">2501745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Ecosystems+as+Spontaneous+Orders&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2501745%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Lamey&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamey2014" class="citation ssrn cs1">Lamey, Andy (24 September 2014). "Ecosystems as Spontaneous Orders". pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2501745">2501745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Ecosystems+as+Spontaneous+Orders&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2501745%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Lamey&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428191206/https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/essential-hayek.pdf">"Essential Hayek"</a> (PDF). Fraser Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/essential-hayek.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fraser+Institute&rft.atitle=Essential+Hayek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraserinstitute.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fessential-hayek.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2014" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Ha-Joon (2014). "4". Economics: The User's Guide. London: Penguin Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-9703-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-9703-2"><bdi>978-0-7181-9703-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4&rft.btitle=Economics%3A+The+User%27s+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-9703-2&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Ha-Joon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-197"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_197-0">^</a> Hayek, F.A. The Road to Serfdom, Ch. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStringhamZywicki2011" class="citation ssrn cs1">Stringham, Edward; Zywicki, Todd (20 January 2011). "Hayekian Anarchism". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1744364">1744364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=Hayekian+Anarchism&rft.date=2011-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1744364%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Stringham&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Zywicki%2C+Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514092530/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2010/07/hayek_on_social_insurance.html">"Hayek on Social Insurance"</a>. The Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2010/07/hayek_on_social_insurance.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hayek+on+Social+Insurance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2Fezra-klein%2F2010%2F07%2Fhayek_on_social_insurance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuyama2011" class="citation news cs1">Fukuyama, Francis (6 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/08/books/review/f-a-hayek-big-government-skeptic.html">"Friedrich A. Hayek, Big-Government Skeptic"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023753/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/08/books/review/f-a-hayek-big-government-skeptic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Friedrich+A.+Hayek%2C+Big-Government+Skeptic&rft.date=2011-05-06&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Fukuyama&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F08%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Ff-a-hayek-big-government-skeptic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoettke1995" class="citation journal cs1">Boettke, Peter J. (1995). "Hayek's the Road to Serfdom Revisited: Government Failure in the Argument against Socialism". Eastern Economic Journal. 21 (1): 7–26. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-5056">0094-5056</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40325611">40325611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Hayek%27s+the+Road+to+Serfdom+Revisited%3A+Government+Failure+in+the+Argument+against+Socialism&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40325611%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0094-5056&rft.aulast=Boettke&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1976" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich (1976). The Denationalisation of Money.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Denationalisation+of+Money&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek2011" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich (2011) [1960]. <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Constitution_of_Liberty" title="The Constitution of Liberty">The Constitution of Liberty</a> (Definitive ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31539-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31539-3"><bdi>978-0-226-31539-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Liberty&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=405&rft.edition=Definitive&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31539-3&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWapshott2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wapshott" title="Nicholas Wapshott">Wapshott, Nicholas</a> (2011), Keynes Hayek: The Clash That Defined Modern Economics, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., p. 291</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keynes+Hayek%3A+The+Clash+That+Defined+Modern+Economics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wapshott&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarcourt2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Harcourt" title="Bernard Harcourt">Harcourt, Bernard</a> (12 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/sep/12/paul-ryan-enslaves-friedrich-hayek-road-serfdom">"How Paul Ryan enslaves Friedrich Hayek's The Road to Serfdom"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023955/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/sep/12/paul-ryan-enslaves-friedrich-hayek-road-serfdom">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+Paul+Ryan+enslaves+Friedrich+Hayek%27s+The+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.date=2012-09-12&rft.aulast=Harcourt&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Fsep%2F12%2Fpaul-ryan-enslaves-friedrich-hayek-road-serfdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek2007" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich (2007) [1944]. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Caldwell_(economist)" title="Bruce Caldwell (economist)">Caldwell, Bruce</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (Definitive ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadtoserfdom00frie/page/147">147–148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32055-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32055-7"><bdi>978-0-226-32055-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Serfdom&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=147-148&rft.edition=Definitive&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32055-7&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1976" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich (1976). <a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a>. Vol. 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32083-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32083-0"><bdi>978-0-226-32083-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law%2C+Legislation+and+Liberty&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32083-0&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTebble2009" class="citation journal cs1">Tebble, Adam James (2009). "Hayek and social justice: a critique". Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 12 (4): 581–604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13698230903471343">10.1080/13698230903471343</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145380847">145380847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Review+of+International+Social+and+Political+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Hayek+and+social+justice%3A+a+critique&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E581-%3C%2Fspan%3E604&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13698230903471343&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145380847%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tebble&rft.aufirst=Adam+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTebble2009" class="citation journal cs1">Tebble, Adam James (1 December 2009). "Hayek and social justice: a critique". Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 12 (4): 581–604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13698230903471343">10.1080/13698230903471343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1369-8230">1369-8230</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145380847">145380847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Review+of+International+Social+and+Political+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Hayek+and+social+justice%3A+a+critique&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E581-%3C%2Fspan%3E604&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145380847%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1369-8230&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13698230903471343&rft.aulast=Tebble&rft.aufirst=Adam+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> The Mirage of Social Justice, chap. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-hayek1948ch12-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hayek1948ch12_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hayek1948ch12_211-1">b</a> The Mirage of Social Justice, chap. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> The Constitution of Liberty, chap. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1980" class="citation journal cs1">Diamond, Arthur M. (Fall 1980). "F.A. Hayek on Constructivism and Ethics". The Journal of Libertarian Studies. IV/4: 353–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Libertarian+Studies&rft.atitle=F.A.+Hayek+on+Constructivism+and+Ethics&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=IV%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKukathas1990" class="citation book cs1">Kukathas, Chandran (1990). Hayek and Modern Liberalism. Oxford University Press. p. 215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayek+and+Modern+Liberalism&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Kukathas&rft.aufirst=Chandran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> N.P. Barry(1994), "The road to freedom – Hayek's social and economic philosophy," in Birner, J., and van Zijp, R. (eds) Hayek, Co-ordination and Evolution – His Legacy in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas, pp. 141–63. London: Routledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Milton Friedman and Anna J. Schwartz, "Has Government Any Role in Money?" (1986) </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> John Gray, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/07/john-gray-friedrich-hayek-i-knew-and-what-he-got-right-and-wrong">"The Friedrich Hayek I knew, and what he got right – and wrong"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910050445/http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/07/john-gray-friedrich-hayek-i-knew-and-what-he-got-right-and-wrong">Archived</a> 10 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (30 July 2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Bruce Caldwell, Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F.A. Hayek (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), pp. 347–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-Farrant,_Andrew_2012-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farrant,_Andrew_2012_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farrant,_Andrew_2012_219-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrantMcPhailBerger2012" class="citation journal cs1">Farrant, Andrew; McPhail, Edward; Berger, Sebastian (2012). "Preventing the 'Abuses' of Democracy: Hayek, the 'Military Usurper' and Transitional Dictatorship in Chile?". American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 71 (3): 513–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.2012.00824.x">10.1111/j.1536-7150.2012.00824.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Economics+and+Sociology&rft.atitle=Preventing+the+%27Abuses%27+of+Democracy%3A+Hayek%2C+the+%27Military+Usurper%27+and+Transitional+Dictatorship+in+Chile%3F.&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E513-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.2012.00824.x&rft.aulast=Farrant&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=McPhail%2C+Edward&rft.au=Berger%2C+Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Greg Grandin, professor of history, New York University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t5itdZ7oycUC&pg=PA172">Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023952/https://books.google.com/books?id=t5itdZ7oycUC&pg=PA172#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 21 September 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 172–73, Metropolitan, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7738-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7738-3">0-8050-7738-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Dan Avnôn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E6TmN-9qAmQC">Liberalism and its Practice</a>, p. 56, Routledge, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-19354-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-19354-0">0-415-19354-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coreyrobin.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/hayekchile.pdf">"Preventing the 'Abuses' of Democracy: Hayek, the 'Military Usurper' and Transitional Dictatorship in Chile?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Economics_and_Sociology" title="The American Journal of Economics and Sociology">The American Journal of Economics and Sociology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425203809/http://coreyrobin.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/hayekchile.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preventing+the+%27Abuses%27+of+Democracy%3A+Hayek%2C+the+%27Military+Usurper%27+and+Transitional+Dictatorship+in+Chile%3F&rft.pub=The+American+Journal+of+Economics+and+Sociology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoreyrobin.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2Fhayekchile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Hayek, Friedrich (1979) Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 3: The Political Order of a Free People. Routledge 1982. p. 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Hayek, Friedrich (1979) Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 3: The Political Order of a Free People. Routledge 1982. p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayek,_Friedrich_1976_p_58-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayek,_Friedrich_1976_p_58_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayek,_Friedrich_1976_p_58_225-1">b</a> Hayek, Friedrich (1976) Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 2: The Mirage of Social Justice. Routledge 1982. p 58) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001390-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001390_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001390_226-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 390. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001295-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001295_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Leeson, Robert (2015) Hayek: A Collaborative Biography: Part II, Austria, America and the Rise of Hitler, 1899–1933. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-Leeson,_Robert_2018_p._175-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leeson,_Robert_2018_p._175_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leeson,_Robert_2018_p._175_229-1">b</a> Leeson, Robert (2018) Hayek: A Collaborative Biography: Part XV: The Chicago School of Economics, Hayek's 'Luck' and the 1974 Nobel Prize for Economic Science. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. p. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001299-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001299_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Leeson, Robert (2015) Hayek: A Collaborative Biography: Part II, Austria, America and the Rise of Hitler, 1899–1933. Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Slobodian, Quinn (2018) Globalists: The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Hayek, Friedrich (1960): The Constitution of Liberty. Routledge, 2006. p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Hayek, Friedrich (1960) The Constitution of Liberty. Routledge, 2006. p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Hayek, Friedrich (1960) The Constitution of Liberty. Routledge, 2006. p. 270 </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Hayek, Friedrich (1960) The Constitution of Liberty. Routledge, 2006. p. 269 </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Hayek, Friedrich (1960) The Constitution of Liberty. Routledge, 2006. p. 273 </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkarbek2009" class="citation journal cs1">Skarbek, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/fa-hayeks-influence-on-nobel-prize-winners(46921883-b80f-4c4c-b0a3-6e840be7a3ee).html">"F.A. Hayek's Influence on Nobel Prize Winners"</a>. Review of Austrian Economics. 22 (1): 109–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11138-008-0069-x">10.1007/s11138-008-0069-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144970753">144970753</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921024008/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/fa-hayeks-influence-on-nobel-prize-winners">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Austrian+Economics&rft.atitle=F.A.+Hayek%27s+Influence+on+Nobel+Prize+Winners&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11138-008-0069-x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144970753%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Skarbek&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkclpure.kcl.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Ffa-hayeks-influence-on-nobel-prize-winners%2846921883-b80f-4c4c-b0a3-6e840be7a3ee%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Smith <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Vernon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/1999/11/cj19n2-1.pdf">"Reflections on Human Action after 50 years"</a> (PDF). Cato Journal. 19 (2). <q>Hayek, in my view, is the leading economic thinker of the 20th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cato+Journal&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+Human+Action+after+50+years&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobject.cato.org%2Fsites%2Fcato.org%2Ffiles%2Fserials%2Ffiles%2Fcato-journal%2F1999%2F11%2Fcj19n2-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Simon <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1981" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Herbert (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencesofartif00herb">The Sciences of the Artificial</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge: The MIT Press. <q>No one has characterized market mechanisms better than Friedrich von Hayek</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sciences+of+the+Artificial&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencesofartif00herb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988">: 41 </li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Paul A (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jebo.2008.07.001">"A few remembrances of Friedrich von Hayek (1899–1992)"</a>. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 69: 1–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jebo.2008.07.001">10.1016/j.jebo.2008.07.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Behavior+%26+Organization&rft.atitle=A+few+remembrances+of+Friedrich+von+Hayek+%281899%E2%80%931992%29&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jebo.2008.07.001&rft.aulast=Samuelson&rft.aufirst=Paul+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jebo.2008.07.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> The collected scientific papers of Paul A. Samuelson, Volume 5, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Fritz Machlup, Essays on Hayek, Routledge, 2003. p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Sylvia Nasar, Grand Pursuit: The Story of Economic Genius, Simon and Schuster, 2011, p. 402 </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Lawrence Summers, quoted in The Commanding Heights: The Battle Between Government and the Marketplace that Is Remaking the Modern World, by Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1998, pp. 150–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118151439/http://phillysoc.org/DistinguishedMembers.pdf">"Distinguished Members of The Philadelphia Society"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phillysoc.org/DistinguishedMembers.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distinguished+Members+of+The+Philadelphia+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphillysoc.org%2FDistinguishedMembers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> See Hacohen, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> See Weimer and Palermo, 1982 </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> See Birner, 2001, and for the mutual influence they had on each other's ideas on evolution, Birner 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Milton & Rose Friedman, Two Lucky People: Memoirs (U. of Chicago Press), 1998. p. 333 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001266-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001266_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001271-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001271_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001272-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001272_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200181-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein200181_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001275-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001275_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Berliner, M.S. (ed.), Letters of Ayn Rand. New York, Dutton, 1995. p. 299 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001274-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbenstein2001274_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbenstein2001">Ebenstein 2001</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123976347774119699">"Wikipedia's Model Follows Hayek"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. 15 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023242/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123976347774119699">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%27s+Model+Follows+Hayek&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB123976347774119699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhaneuf2023" class="citation web cs1">Phaneuf, Emile (17 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aier.org/article/hayek-and-bitcoin/">"Hayek and Bitcoin | AIER"</a>. www.aier.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328131425/https://www.aier.org/article/hayek-and-bitcoin/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aier.org&rft.atitle=Hayek+and+Bitcoin+%7C+AIER&rft.date=2023-04-17&rft.aulast=Phaneuf&rft.aufirst=Emile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aier.org%2Farticle%2Fhayek-and-bitcoin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2022" class="citation web cs1">Pollock, Alex J. (30 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawliberty.org/are-cryptocurrencies-the-great-hayekian-escape/">"Are Cryptocurrencies the Great Hayekian Escape?"</a>. Law & Liberty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328125924/https://lawliberty.org/are-cryptocurrencies-the-great-hayekian-escape/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law+%26+Liberty&rft.atitle=Are+Cryptocurrencies+the+Great+Hayekian+Escape%3F&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Alex+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawliberty.org%2Fare-cryptocurrencies-the-great-hayekian-escape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Kenneth R. Hoover, Economics as Ideology: Keynes, Laski, Hayek, and the Creation of Contemporary Politics (2003), p. 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSöderbaum2020" class="citation book cs1">Söderbaum, Jakob E:son (2020). Modern konservatism: Filosofi, bärande idéer och inriktningar i Burkes efterföljd. Borås: Recito. pp. 38, 116–17, 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7765-497-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7765-497-1"><bdi>978-91-7765-497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+konservatism%3A+Filosofi%2C+b%C3%A4rande+id%C3%A9er+och+inriktningar+i+Burkes+efterf%C3%B6ljd&rft.place=Bor%C3%A5s&rft.pages=38%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E17%2C+269&rft.pub=Recito&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-91-7765-497-1&rft.aulast=S%C3%B6derbaum&rft.aufirst=Jakob+E%3Ason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFawcett2018" class="citation book cs1">Fawcett, Edmund (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXOYDwAAQBAJ">Liberalism: The Life of an Idea</a> (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18038-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18038-0"><bdi>978-0-691-18038-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023959/https://books.google.com/books?id=TXOYDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberalism%3A+The+Life+of+an+Idea&rft.pages=327&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18038-0&rft.aulast=Fawcett&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXOYDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazlett1979" class="citation web cs1">Hazlett, Thomas W. (1 September 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fee.org/articles/f-a-hayek-classical-liberal/">"F.A. Hayek: Classical Liberal"</a>. Foundation for Economic Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+for+Economic+Education&rft.atitle=F.A.+Hayek%3A+Classical+Liberal&rft.date=1979-09-01&rft.aulast=Hazlett&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffee.org%2Farticles%2Ff-a-hayek-classical-liberal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogus2011" class="citation book cs1">Bogus, Carl (2011). Buckley. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-355-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60819-355-4"><bdi>978-1-60819-355-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buckley&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60819-355-4&rft.aulast=Bogus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> E.H.H. Green, Ideologies of Conservatism. Conservative Political Ideas in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-brittan-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brittan_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittan_266-1">b</a> Samuel Brittan, "The many faces of liberalism," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/529c55fe-06df-11df-b058-00144feabdc0.html">ft.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100129053312/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/529c55fe-06df-11df-b058-00144feabdc0.html">Archived</a> 29 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 22 January 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214110311/https://www.montpelerin.org/f-a-hayek/">"F.A. Hayek | MPS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montpelerin.org/f-a-hayek/">the original</a> on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F.A.+Hayek+%7C+MPS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.montpelerin.org%2Ff-a-hayek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoerber2019" class="citation cs2">Hoerber, Thomas (2019), Hoerber, Thomas; Anquetil, Alain (eds.), "The Roots of Neoliberalism in Friedrich von Hayek", Economic Theory and Globalization, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 169–194, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-23824-7_8">10.1007/978-3-030-23824-7_8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-23824-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-23824-7"><bdi>978-3-030-23824-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202307278">202307278</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Theory+and+Globalization&rft.atitle=The+Roots+of+Neoliberalism+in+Friedrich+von+Hayek&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202307278%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-23824-7_8&rft.isbn=978-3-030-23824-7&rft.aulast=Hoerber&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoettke2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boettke" title="Peter Boettke">Boettke, Peter J.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4y6IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Why Perestroika Failed: The Politics and Economics of Socialist Transformation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-88631-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-88631-9"><bdi>978-1-134-88631-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023237/https://books.google.com/books?id=4y6IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Perestroika+Failed%3A+The+Politics+and+Economics+of+Socialist+Transformation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-88631-9&rft.aulast=Boettke&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4y6IAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_McKinnon_(economist)" title="Ronald McKinnon (economist)">McKinnon, Ronald</a> (1992). "Spontaneous Order on the Road Back from Socialism: An Asian Perspective". <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Review" title="American Economic Review">American Economic Review</a>. 82 (2). <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a>: 31–36. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117371">2117371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Spontaneous+Order+on+the+Road+Back+from+Socialism%3A+An+Asian+Perspective&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2117371%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Easterly2006-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Easterly2006_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEasterly2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Easterly" title="William Easterly">Easterly, William</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whitemansburdenw00east">The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-21812-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-21812-9"><bdi>978-1-101-21812-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Man%27s+Burden%3A+Why+the+West%27s+Efforts+to+Aid+the+Rest+Have+Done+So+Much+Ill+and+So+Little+Good&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-101-21812-9&rft.aulast=Easterly&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhitemansburdenw00east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_White_(economist)" title="William White (economist)">White, William R.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2009/12/pdf/white.pdf">"Modern Macroeconomics is on the Wrong Track"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Finance_%26_Development" title="Finance & Development">Finance & Development</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921021641/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2009/12/pdf/white.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Finance+%26+Development&rft.atitle=Modern+Macroeconomics+is+on+the+Wrong+Track&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Ffandd%2F2009%2F12%2Fpdf%2Fwhite.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmannSchnabl2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffmann, Andreas; Schnabl, Gunther (2011). "A Vicious Cycle of Manias, Crises and Asymmetric Policy Responses – An Overinvestment View". <a href="/wiki/The_World_Economy_(journal)" title="The World Economy (journal)">The World Economy</a>. 34 (3). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>: 382–403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9701.2011.01334.x">10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01334.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153097003">153097003</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1513171">1513171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Economy&rft.atitle=A+Vicious+Cycle+of+Manias%2C+Crises+and+Asymmetric+Policy+Responses+%E2%80%93+An+Overinvestment+View&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E382-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153097003%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1513171%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9701.2011.01334.x&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Schnabl%2C+Gunther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnablHoffmann2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schnabl, Gunther; Hoffmann, Andreas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5201/1/MPRA_paper_5201.pdf">"Monetary Policy, Vagabonding Liquidity and Bursting Bubbles in New and Emerging Markets – An Overinvestment View"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_World_Economy_(journal)" title="The World Economy (journal)">The World Economy</a>. 31 (9). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>: 1226–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9701.2008.01126.x">10.1111/j.1467-9701.2008.01126.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154603748">154603748</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1018342">1018342</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023736/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/5201/1/MPRA_paper_5201.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Economy&rft.atitle=Monetary+Policy%2C+Vagabonding+Liquidity+and+Bursting+Bubbles+in+New+and+Emerging+Markets+%E2%80%93+An+Overinvestment+View&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1226-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154603748%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1018342%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9701.2008.01126.x&rft.aulast=Schnabl&rft.aufirst=Gunther&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F5201%2F1%2FMPRA_paper_5201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCachanosky2014" class="citation news cs1">Cachanosky, Nicolas (2014). "The Effects of U.S. Monetary Policy in Colombia and Panama (2002–2007)". The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance. Vol. 54, no. 3. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. pp. 428–36. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2170566">2170566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Economics+and+Finance&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+U.S.+Monetary+Policy+in+Colombia+and+Panama+%282002%E2%80%932007%29&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E428-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2170566%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Cachanosky&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunnermeierSchnabel2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Markus_Brunnermeier" title="Markus Brunnermeier">Brunnermeier, Markus K.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Schnabel" title="Isabel Schnabel">Schnabel, Isabel</a> (9 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.princeton.edu/markus/publications/bubbles-and-central-banks-historical-perspectives">"12. Bubbles and Central Banks: Historical Perspectives"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Bordo" title="Michael D. Bordo">Bordo, Michael D.</a>; Eitrheim, Øyvind; Flandreau, Marc; Qvigstad, Jan F. (eds.). Central Banks at a Crossroads: What Can We Learn from History?. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14966-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14966-3"><bdi>978-1-107-14966-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023237/https://markus.scholar.princeton.edu//publications/bubbles-and-central-banks-historical-perspectives">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12.+Bubbles+and+Central+Banks%3A+Historical+Perspectives&rft.btitle=Central+Banks+at+a+Crossroads%3A+What+Can+We+Learn+from+History%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-06-09&rft.isbn=978-1-107-14966-3&rft.aulast=Brunnermeier&rft.aufirst=Markus+K.&rft.au=Schnabel%2C+Isabel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.princeton.edu%2Fmarkus%2Fpublications%2Fbubbles-and-central-banks-historical-perspectives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2007" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_B._Taylor" title="John B. Taylor">Taylor, John B.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w13682.pdf">Housing and Monetary Policy</a> (PDF) (Report). NBER Working Papers. Vol. 13682. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007085818/https://www.nber.org/papers/w13682.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Housing+and+Monetary+Policy&rft.series=NBER+Working+Papers&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw13682.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mercatus.org/video/lawrence-h-white-monetary-policy-free-banking-and-financial-crisis">"Lawrence H. White on Monetary Policy, Free Banking and the Financial Crisis | Mercatus"</a>. mercatus.org. 13 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915123748/http://mercatus.org/video/lawrence-h-white-monetary-policy-free-banking-and-financial-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mercatus.org&rft.atitle=Lawrence+H.+White+on+Monetary+Policy%2C+Free+Banking+and+the+Financial+Crisis+%7C+Mercatus&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmercatus.org%2Fvideo%2Flawrence-h-white-monetary-policy-free-banking-and-financial-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Sumner" title="Scott Sumner">Sumner, Scott B.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2014/5/cato-journal-v34n2-7.pdf">"Nominal GDP Targeting: A Simple Rule to Improve Fed Performance"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Cato_Journal" title="Cato Journal">Cato Journal</a>. Vol. 34, no. 2. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 315–37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181210193514/https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2014/5/cato-journal-v34n2-7.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cato+Journal&rft.atitle=Nominal+GDP+Targeting%3A+A+Simple+Rule+to+Improve+Fed+Performance&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Scott+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobject.cato.org%2Fsites%2Fcato.org%2Ffiles%2Fserials%2Ffiles%2Fcato-journal%2F2014%2F5%2Fcato-journal-v34n2-7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek2008" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, Friedrich (2008). <a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Salerno" title="Joseph T. Salerno">Salerno, Joseph T.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731201800/https://www.hayek.sk/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/hayekcollection.pdf">Prices and Production and Other Works on Money, the Business Cycle, and the Gold Standard</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Alabama" title="Auburn, Alabama">Auburn, AL</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933550-22-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933550-22-0"><bdi>978-1-933550-22-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hayek.sk/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/hayekcollection.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prices+and+Production+and+Other+Works+on+Money%2C+the+Business+Cycle%2C+and+the+Gold+Standard&rft.place=Auburn%2C+AL&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Ludwig+von+Mises+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-933550-22-0&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hayek.sk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F12%2Fhayekcollection.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1975" class="citation interview cs1">Hayek, Friedrich (9 April 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Conversation01.pdf">"A Discussion with Friedrich A. von Hayek"</a> (PDF) (Interview). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8447-3190-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8447-3190-0"><bdi>0-8447-3190-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023736/http://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Conversation01.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Discussion+with+Friedrich+A.+von+Hayek&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=American+Enterprise+Institute&rft.date=1975-04-09&rft.isbn=0-8447-3190-0&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2FConversation01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmannSchnabl2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffmann, Andreas; Schnabl, Gunther (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2016/9/cj-v36n3-full.pdf">"Adverse Effects of Unconventional Monetary Policy"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Cato_Journal" title="Cato Journal">Cato Journal</a>. 36 (3). <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921023737/https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2016/9/cj-v36n3-full.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cato+Journal&rft.atitle=Adverse+Effects+of+Unconventional+Monetary+Policy&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Schnabl%2C+Gunther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobject.cato.org%2Fsites%2Fcato.org%2Ffiles%2Fserials%2Ffiles%2Fcato-journal%2F2016%2F9%2Fcj-v36n3-full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript726.html">"Transcript for: Friedrich Hayek"</a>. pbs.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921024151/https://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript726.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbs.org&rft.atitle=Transcript+for%3A+Friedrich+Hayek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fthinktank%2Ftranscript726.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Andrzy Walicki, "Liberalism in Poland", Critical Review, Winter, 1988, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Dick Armey, "Address at the Dedication of the Hayek Auditorium", <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, Washington, DC, 9 May 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Vaclav Klaus, "No Third Way Out: Creating a Capitalist Czechoslovakia", Reason, 1990, (June): 28–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lsesu.com/activities/societies/society/6664/">"Hayek"</a>. www.lsesu.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411025137/http://www.lsesu.com/activities/societies/society/6664/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lsesu.com&rft.atitle=Hayek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsesu.com%2Factivities%2Fsocieties%2Fsociety%2F6664%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis" class="citation web cs1">Ellis, Lydia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092636/http://oxfordhayek.org.uk/about/">"About the Oxford Hayek Society"</a>. Oxford Hayek Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordhayek.org.uk/about/">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Oxford+Hayek+Society&rft.pub=Oxford+Hayek+Society&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxfordhayek.org.uk%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/events/housing-crisis-should-urban-areas-grow-or-grow-out-keep-housing-affordable">"Housing Crisis: Should Urban Areas Grow Up or Grow Out to Keep Housing Affordable?"</a>. Cato Institute. 29 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428003308/https://www.cato.org/events/housing-crisis-should-urban-areas-grow-or-grow-out-keep-housing-affordable">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cato+Institute&rft.atitle=Housing+Crisis%3A+Should+Urban+Areas+Grow+Up+or+Grow+Out+to+Keep+Housing+Affordable%3F&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fevents%2Fhousing-crisis-should-urban-areas-grow-or-grow-out-keep-housing-affordable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090716142314/http://www.theihs.org/ContentDetails.aspx?id=516">"Hayek Fund for Scholars | Institute For Humane Studies"</a>. Theihs.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theihs.org/ContentDetails.aspx?id=516">the original</a> on 16 July 2009. Retrieved 14 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hayek+Fund+for+Scholars+%26%23124%3B+Institute+For+Humane+Studies&rft.pub=Theihs.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theihs.org%2FContentDetails.aspx%3Fid%3D516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economics.gmu.edu/awards/41">"Economics | F.A. Hayek Essay Awards"</a>. Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428003308/https://economics.gmu.edu/awards/41">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economics&rft.atitle=Economics+%7C+F.A.+Hayek+Essay+Awards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomics.gmu.edu%2Fawards%2F41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1974/hayek/biographical/">"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1974"</a>. NobelPrize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190812145119/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1974/hayek/biographical/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Sveriges+Riksbank+Prize+in+Economic+Sciences+in+Memory+of+Alfred+Nobel+1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Feconomic-sciences%2F1974%2Fhayek%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920005436/http://www.hayekfund.com/">"Hayekfund.com"</a>. Hayekfund.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hayekfund.com">the original</a> on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hayekfund.com&rft.pub=Hayekfund.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hayekfund.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1974/press-release/">"The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1974"</a>. NobelPrize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517131815/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1974/press.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Sveriges+Riksbank+Prize+in+Economic+Sciences+in+Memory+of+Alfred+Nobel+1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Feconomic-sciences%2F1974%2Fpress-release%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/mitglieder/friedrich-august-von-hayek">"Friedrich August von Hayek | Orden Pour le Mérite"</a>. www.orden-pourlemerite.de. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orden-pourlemerite.de&rft.atitle=Friedrich+August+von+Hayek+%7C+Orden+Pour+le+M%C3%A9rite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orden-pourlemerite.de%2Fmitglieder%2Ffriedrich-august-von-hayek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2019/friedrich-von-hayek-his-nobel-prize-and-family-collection/f4e367f2-f80d-45f8-a953-a3e41df93568">"Companion of Honour, 1984, Awarded by Queen Elizabeth II | Friedrich von Hayek: His Nobel Prize and Family Collection | Books & Manuscripts"</a>. Sotheby's.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sotheby%27s&rft.atitle=Companion+of+Honour%2C+1984%2C+Awarded+by+Queen+Elizabeth+II+%26%23124%3B+Friedrich+von+Hayek%3A+His+Nobel+Prize+and+Family+Collection+%26%23124%3B+Books+%26+Manuscripts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sothebys.com%2Fen%2Fbuy%2Fauction%2F2019%2Ffriedrich-von-hayek-his-nobel-prize-and-family-collection%2Ff4e367f2-f80d-45f8-a953-a3e41df93568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf">"Reply to a parliamentary question"</a> (PDF) (in German). p. 885. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108060130/https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reply+to+a+parliamentary+question&rft.pages=885&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlament.gv.at%2FPAKT%2FVHG%2FXXIV%2FAB%2FAB_10542%2Fimfname_251156.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/scholarshipsforms/regulations/F_A_Hayek_Scholarship_in_Economics_or_Political_Science.pdf">"F.A. Hayek Scholarship in Political Science or Economics"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428003310/https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/scholarshipsforms/regulations/F_A_Hayek_Scholarship_in_Economics_or_Political_Science.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F.A.+Hayek+Scholarship+in+Political+Science+or+Economics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canterbury.ac.nz%2Fscholarshipsforms%2Fregulations%2FF_A_Hayek_Scholarship_in_Economics_or_Political_Science.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517121207/http://lawandlibertyblog.com/about/">"About"</a>. NYU Journal of Law & Liberty. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawandlibertyblog.com/about">the original</a> on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NYU+Journal+of+Law+%26+Liberty&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawandlibertyblog.com%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1978" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, F.A. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UunDsFD25fYC">Law, Legislation and Liberty, Volume</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32086-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32086-1"><bdi>978-0-226-32086-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921024424/https://books.google.com/books?id=UunDsFD25fYC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2011 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law%2C+Legislation+and+Liberty%2C+Volume&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32086-1&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=F.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUunDsFD25fYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1978" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, F.A. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qq6p11NPdOoC">Law, Legislation and Liberty, Volume</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32083-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32083-0"><bdi>978-0-226-32083-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921024423/https://books.google.com/books?id=qq6p11NPdOoC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2011 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law%2C+Legislation+and+Liberty%2C+Volume&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32083-0&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=F.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqq6p11NPdOoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1981" class="citation book cs1">Hayek, F.A. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0HzIUyFkwlYC">Law, Legislation and Liberty, Volume 3: The Political Order of a Free People</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32090-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32090-8"><bdi>978-0-226-32090-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921024427/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HzIUyFkwlYC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law%2C+Legislation+and+Liberty%2C+Volume+3%3A+The+Political+Order+of+a+Free+People&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32090-8&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=F.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0HzIUyFkwlYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> Alan Ebenstein: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libertyunbound.com/archive/2005_03/ebenstein-deceit.html">Investigation: The Fatal Deceit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080212040658/http://libertyunbound.com/archive/2005_03/ebenstein-deceit.html">Archived</a> 12 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Liberty 19:3 (March 2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Jarvie" title="Ian Jarvie">Ian Jarvie</a> (Editor), Karl Milford (Editor), <a href="/wiki/David_Miller_(philosopher)" title="David Miller (philosopher)">David Miller</a> (Editor) (2006), <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>: a Centenary Assessment Vol. 1: Life and Times, and Values in a World of Facts, pp. 120, 295, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5375-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5375-2">978-0-7546-5375-2</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Birner, Jack (2001). "The mind-body problem and social evolution," CEEL Working Paper 1-02.</li> <li>Birner, Jack, and Rudy van Zijp, eds. (1994). Hayek: Co-ordination and Evolution: His legacy in philosophy, politics, economics and the history of ideas[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Birner, Jack (2009). "From group selection to ecological niches. Popper's rethinking of evolutionary theory in the light of Hayek's theory of culture", in S. Parusnikova & R.S. Cohen eds. (Spring 2009). "Rethinking Popper", Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 272</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoettke1995" class="citation journal cs1">Boettke, Peter J. (1995). "Hayek's the Road to Serfdom Revisited: Government Failure in the Argument against Socialism". Eastern Economic Journal. 21 (1): 7–26. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40325611">40325611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Hayek%27s+the+Road+to+Serfdom+Revisited%3A+Government+Failure+in+the+Argument+against+Socialism&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40325611%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Boettke&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittan2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brittan, Samuel (2004). "Hayek, Friedrich August (1899–1992)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F51095">10.1093/ref:odnb/51095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hayek%2C+Friedrich+August+%281899%E2%80%931992%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F51095&rft.aulast=Brittan&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li>Caldwell, Bruce (2005). Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F.A. Hayek[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell1997" class="citation journal cs1">Caldwell, Bruce (1997). "Hayek and Socialism". Journal of Economic Literature. 35 (4): 1856–90. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2729881">2729881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Literature&rft.atitle=Hayek+and+Socialism&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1856-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2729881%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cohen, Avi J. (2003). "The Hayek/Knight Capital Controversy: the Irrelevance of Roundaboutness, or Purging Processes in Time?" History of Political Economy 35(3): 469–90. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0018-2702">0018-2702</a> Fulltext: online in Project Muse, Swetswise and Ebsco</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClavé2015" class="citation journal cs1">Clavé, Francis (2015). "Comparative Study of Lippmann's and Hayek's Liberalisms (or neo-liberalisms)". The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 22 (6): 978–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09672567.2015.1093522">10.1080/09672567.2015.1093522</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146137987">146137987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Journal+of+the+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.atitle=Comparative+Study+of+Lippmann%27s+and+Hayek%27s+Liberalisms+%28or+neo-liberalisms%29&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E978-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09672567.2015.1093522&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146137987%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Clav%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Doherty, Brian (2007). Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Douma, Sytse and Hein Schreuder, (2013). "Economic Approaches to Organizations". 5th edition. London: Pearson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-273-73529-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-273-73529-8">978-0-273-73529-8</a></li> <li>Ebeling, Richard M. (March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110114212523/http://www.thefreemanonline.org/from-the-president/f-a-hayek-and-the-road-to-serfdom-a-sixtieth-anniversary-appreciation/">"F.A. Hayek and The Road to Serfdom: A Sixtieth Anniversary Appreciation"</a> (The Freeman</li> <li>Ebeling, Richard M. (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/638/FA-Hayek-A-Biography">"F.A. Hayek: A Biography"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914004249/https://mises.org/daily/638/FA-Hayek-A-Biography">Archived</a> 14 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ludwig von Mises Institute</li> <li>Ebeling, Richard M. (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415224932/http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/friedrich-a-hayek-a-centenary-appreciation/">"Friedrich A. Hayek: A Centenary Appreciation"</a> The Freeman</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbenstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Ebenstein, Alan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/friedrichhayekbi00eben">Friedrich Hayek: A Biography</a>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Trade. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23344-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23344-0"><bdi>978-0-312-23344-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich+Hayek%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+Trade&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-312-23344-0&rft.aulast=Ebenstein&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffriedrichhayekbi00eben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1999" class="citation journal cs1">Feldman, Jean-Philippe (1999). "Hayek's Critique of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Journal des Économistes et des Études Humaines. 9 (4): 1145–6396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2202%2F1145-6396.1172">10.2202/1145-6396.1172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+des+%C3%89conomistes+et+des+%C3%89tudes+Humaines&rft.atitle=Hayek%27s+Critique+of+the+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1145-%3C%2Fspan%3E6396&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2202%2F1145-6396.1172&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Jean-Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Frowen, S. ed. (1997). Hayek: economist and social philosopher</li> <li>Gamble, Andrew (1996). The Iron Cage of Liberty, an analysis of Hayek's ideas[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Goldsworthy, J.D. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/SydLawRw/1986/3.html">"Hayek's Political and Legal Philosophy: An Introduction"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112125008/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/SydLawRw/1986/3.html">Archived</a> 12 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [1986] SydLawRw 3; 11(1) Sydney Law Review 44</li> <li>Gray, John (1998). Hayek on Liberty[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Hacohen, Malach (2000). Karl Popper: The Formative Years, 1902–1945[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamowy2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Hayek, Friedrich A. (1899–1992)"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 218–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n131">10.4135/9781412965811.n131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109234738/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hayek%2C+Friedrich+A.+%281899%E2%80%931992%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n131&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Hamowy&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Horwitz, Steven (2005). "Friedrich Hayek, Austrian Economist". Journal of the History of Economic Thought 27(1): 71–85. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1042-7716">1042-7716</a> Fulltext: in Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco</li> <li>Issing, O. (1999). Hayek, currency competition and European monetary union[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Jones, Daniel Stedman. (2012) Masters of the Universe: Hayek, Friedman, and the Birth of Neoliberal Politics (Princeton University Press; 424 pages)</li> <li>Kasper, Sherryl (2002). The Revival of Laissez-Faire in American Macroeconomic Theory: A Case Study of Its Pioneers. Chpt. 4</li> <li>Kley, Roland (1994). Hayek's Social and Political Thought. Oxford Univ. Press.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Leeson, Robert, ed. Hayek: A Collaborative Biography, Part I: Influences, from Mises to Bartley (Palgrave MacMillan, 2013), 241 pages[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Muller, Jerry Z. (2002). The Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Western Thought. Anchor Books.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Marsh, Leslie (Ed.) (2011). Hayek in Mind: Hayek's Philosophical Psychology. Advances in Austrian Economics. Emerald[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>O'Shea, Jerry (2020). 'Hayek's Spiritual Science', Modern Intellectual History, First View, pp. 1–26, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1479244320000517">10.1017/S1479244320000517</a></li> <li>Pavlík, Ján (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nb.vse.cz/kfil/pavlik.htm">nb.vse.cz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216064316/http://nb.vse.cz/kfil/pavlik.htm">Archived</a> 16 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. F.A. von Hayek and The Theory of Spontaneous Order. Professional Publishing 2004, Prague, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profespubl.cz/index_soubory/hayek.htm">profespubl.cz</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130201004230/http://www.profespubl.cz/index_soubory/hayek.htm">Archived</a> 1 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2022" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Michael A. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00131857.2019.1696303">"Hayek as classical liberal public intellectual: Neoliberalism, the privatization of public discourse and the future of democracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Educational_Philosophy_and_Theory" title="Educational Philosophy and Theory">Educational Philosophy and Theory</a>. 54 (5): 443–449. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00131857.2019.1696303">10.1080/00131857.2019.1696303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Philosophy+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Hayek+as+classical+liberal+public+intellectual%3A+Neoliberalism%2C+the+privatization+of+public+discourse+and+the+future+of+democracy&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E443-%3C%2Fspan%3E449&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00131857.2019.1696303&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00131857.2019.1696303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Plant, Raymond (2009). The Neo-liberal State Oxford University Press, 312 pages[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPressman2006" class="citation book cs1">Pressman, Steven (2006). Fifty major economists (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+major+economists&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pressman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rosenof, Theodore (1974). "Freedom, Planning, and Totalitarianism: The Reception of F.A. Hayek's Road to Serfdom", Canadian Review of American Studies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson, Paul A.</a> (2009). "A Few Remembrances of Friedrich von Hayek (1899–1992)", Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 69(1), pp. 1–4. Reprinted at J. Bradford DeLong <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delong.typepad.com/egregious_moderation/2009/01/paul-samuelson-2009-a-few-remembrances-of-friedrich-von-hayek-18991992.html"><eblog</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614234717/http://delong.typepad.com/egregious_moderation/2009/01/paul-samuelson-2009-a-few-remembrances-of-friedrich-von-hayek-18991992.html">Archived</a> 14 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Samuelson, Richard A. (1999). "Reaction to the Road to Serfdom." Modern Age 41(4): 309–17. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0026-7457">0026-7457</a> Fulltext: in Ebsco</li> <li>Schreuder, Hein (1993). "Coase, Hayek and Hierarchy", In: S. Lindenberg & <a href="/wiki/Hein_Schreuder" title="Hein Schreuder">Hein Schreuder</a>, eds., Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Organization Studies, Oxford: Pergamon Press[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Shearmur, Jeremy (1996). Hayek and after: Hayekian Liberalism as a Research Programme. Routledge.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTebble2009" class="citation journal cs1">Tebble, Adam James (2009). "Hayek and social justice: a critique". Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy. 12 (4): 581–604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13698230903471343">10.1080/13698230903471343</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145380847">145380847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Review+of+International+Social+and+Political+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Hayek+and+social+justice%3A+a+critique&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E581-%3C%2Fspan%3E604&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13698230903471343&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145380847%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tebble&rft.aufirst=Adam+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Tebble, Adam James (2013). F A Hayek. Bloomsbury Academic. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0906-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0906-4">978-1-4411-0906-4</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/853506722">853506722</a></li> <li>Touchie, John (2005). Hayek and Human Rights: Foundations for a Minimalist Approach to Law. Edward Elgar[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Vanberg, V. (2001). "Hayek, Friedrich A von (1899–1992)," <a href="/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_%26_Behavioral_Sciences" title="International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences">International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</a>, pp. 6482–86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-043076-7%2F00254-0">10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/00254-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernon1976" class="citation journal cs1">Vernon, Richard (1976). "The 'Great Society' and the 'Open Society': Liberalism in Hayek and Popper". Canadian Journal of Political Science. 9 (2): 261–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0008423900043717">10.1017/s0008423900043717</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146616606">146616606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+%27Great+Society%27+and+the+%27Open+Society%27%3A+Liberalism+in+Hayek+and+Popper&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0008423900043717&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146616606%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vernon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wapshott" title="Nicholas Wapshott">Wapshott, Nicholas</a> (2011). Keynes Hayek: The Clash That Defined Modern Economics, (W.W. Norton & Company) 382 pages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07748-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07748-3">978-0-393-07748-3</a>; covers the debate with Keynes in letters, articles, conversation, and by the two economists' disciples</li> <li>Weimer, W., and Palermo, D., eds. (1982). Cognition and the Symbolic Processes. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Contains Hayek's essay, "The Sensory Order after 25 Years" with "Discussion"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Introductions">Introductions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Introductions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Boudreaux" title="Donald J. Boudreaux">Boudreaux, Donald J.</a> (2014). The Essential Hayek[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Butler, Eamonn (2012). Friedrich Hayek: The Ideas and Influence of the Libertarian Economist[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Hayek, Friedrich. The Collected Works of F.A. Hayek, ed. W.W. Bartley, III and others (University of Chicago Press, 1988–); "Plan of the Collected Works of F.A. Hayek" for 19 volumes; vol. 2 excerpt and text search; vol. 7 2012 excerpt.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Friedrich_Hayek" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_von_Hayek" class="extiw" title="commons:Friedrich von Hayek">Friedrich von Hayek</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/685">Friedrich Hayek</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> with the Nobel lecture 11 December 1974 The Pretence of Knowledge</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt3v19n8zw/">Register of the Friedrich A. von Hayek Papers</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives">Hoover Institution Archives</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ln3SfRcAAAAJ">Friedrich Hayek</a> publications indexed by <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Hayek.html">"Friedrich August Hayek (1899–1992)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a>. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Friedrich+August+Hayek+%281899%E2%80%931992%29&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Economics&rft.series=Library+of+Economics+and+Liberty&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econlib.org%2Flibrary%2FEnc%2Fbios%2FHayek.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriedrich+Hayek" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp05388">Portraits of Friedrich Hayek</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediathek.at/nc/type/8000/searchQuery/1621/hash/v42GdE3R//">Friedrich von Hayek</a> (in German) from the online-archive of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Mediathek" title="Österreichische Mediathek">Österreichische Mediathek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Hayek%2C%20Friedrich%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Friedrich%20Hayek%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hayek%2C%20Friedrich%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Friedrich%20Hayek%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hayek%2C%20F%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Friedrich%20Hayek%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hayek%2C%20Friedrich%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Friedrich%20Hayek%22%29%20OR%20%28%221899-1992%22%20AND%20Hayek%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Friedrich Hayek</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/18214">Works by Friedrich Hayek</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/21px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/42px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Austria" title="Portal:Austria">Austria</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/18px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/27px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/35px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/19px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/29px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/38px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Friedrich_Hayek94" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Friedrich_Hayek" title="Template:Friedrich Hayek"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Friedrich_Hayek" title="Template talk:Friedrich Hayek"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Friedrich_Hayek" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Friedrich Hayek"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Friedrich_Hayek94" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Friedrich Hayek</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_business_cycle_theory" title="Austrian business cycle theory">Austrian business cycle theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catallactics" title="Catallactics">Catallactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersed_knowledge" title="Dispersed knowledge">Dispersed knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_order" title="Extended order">Extended order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sraffa%E2%80%93Hayek_debate" title="Sraffa–Hayek debate">Sraffa–Hayek debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek_bibliography" title="Friedrich Hayek bibliography">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Use_of_Knowledge_in_Society" title="The Use of Knowledge in Society">The Use of Knowledge in Society</a>" (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism_and_Economic_Order" title="Individualism and Economic Order">Individualism and Economic Order</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Counter-Revolution_of_Science" title="The Counter-Revolution of Science">The Counter-Revolution of Science</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Constitution_of_Liberty" title="The Constitution of Liberty">The Constitution of Liberty</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law,_Legislation_and_Liberty" title="Law, Legislation and Liberty">Law, Legislation and Liberty</a> (1973; 1976; 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Conceit" title="The Fatal Conceit">The Fatal Conceit</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_von_Hayek" title="August von Hayek">August von Hayek</a> (father)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bibliography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek_bibliography" title="Friedrich Hayek bibliography">Friedrich Hayek bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences207" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1969–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul A. Samuelson</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John R. Hicks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth J. Arrow</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Wassily Leontief</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Friedrich August von Hayek</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kantorovich" title="Leonid Kantorovich">Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Tjalling C. Koopmans</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James E. Meade</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Theodore W. Schultz</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Arthur_Lewis" title="W. Arthur Lewis">Sir Arthur Lewis</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence R. Klein</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George J. Stigler</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan Jr.</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert M. Solow</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Markowitz" title="Harry Markowitz">Harry M. Markowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Merton_Miller" title="Merton Miller">Merton H. Miller</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_F._Sharpe" title="William F. Sharpe">William F. Sharpe</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald H. Coase</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary S. Becker</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Robert W. Fogel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">Douglass C. North</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">John C. Harsanyi</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John F. Nash Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert E. Lucas Jr.</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/James_Mirrlees" title="James Mirrlees">James A. Mirrlees</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert C. Merton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Myron S. Scholes</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert A. Mundell</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James J. Heckman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel L. McFadden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/George_Akerlof" title="George Akerlof">George A. Akerlof</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Spence" title="Michael Spence">A. Michael Spence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vernon_L._Smith" title="Vernon L. Smith">Vernon L. Smith</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Engle" title="Robert F. Engle">Robert F. Engle III</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clive_Granger" title="Clive Granger">Clive W.J. Granger</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Finn E. Kydland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aumann" title="Robert Aumann">Robert J. Aumann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schelling" title="Thomas Schelling">Thomas C. Schelling</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund S. Phelps</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Hurwicz" title="Leonid Hurwicz">Leonid Hurwicz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Maskin" title="Eric Maskin">Eric S. Maskin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Myerson" title="Roger Myerson">Roger B. Myerson</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Oliver E. Williamson</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter A. Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dale_T._Mortensen" title="Dale T. Mortensen">Dale T. Mortensen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Pissarides" title="Christopher A. Pissarides">Christopher A. Pissarides</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims" title="Christopher A. Sims">Christopher A. Sims</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_E._Roth" title="Alvin E. Roth">Alvin E. Roth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Shapley" title="Lloyd Shapley">Lloyd S. Shapley</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene F. Fama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lars_Peter_Hansen" title="Lars Peter Hansen">Lars Peter Hansen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Shiller" title="Robert J. Shiller">Robert J. Shiller</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Angus Deaton</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hart_(economist)" title="Oliver Hart (economist)">Oliver Hart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m" title="Bengt Holmström">Bengt Holmström</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Richard H. Thaler</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer">Michael Kremer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Milgrom" title="Paul Milgrom">Paul Milgrom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Robert B. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2021 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card">David Card</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Angrist" title="Joshua Angrist">Joshua Angrist</a> / <a href="/wiki/Guido_Imbens" title="Guido Imbens">Guido Imbens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2022 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Diamond" title="Douglas Diamond">Douglas Diamond</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Dybvig" title="Philip H. Dybvig">Philip H. Dybvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2023 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_Johnson_(economist)" title="Simon Johnson (economist)">Simon Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_A._Robinson" title="James A. Robinson">James A. Robinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1974_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1974_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1974 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1974_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1974 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1974_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1974 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1974_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1974 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1974_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1974 Nobel Prize in Literature">1974</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a> (Japan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Emil Palade</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Friedrich Hayek</a> (Austria)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1969_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1969 Nobel Prize winners">1969</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1970_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1970 Nobel Prize winners">1970</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1971_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1971 Nobel Prize winners">1971</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1972_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1972 Nobel Prize winners">1972</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1973_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1973 Nobel Prize winners">1973</a></dd> <dd>1974 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1975_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1975 Nobel Prize winners">1975</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1976_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1976 Nobel Prize winners">1976</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1977_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1977 Nobel Prize winners">1977</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1978_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1978 Nobel Prize winners">1978</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1979_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1979 Nobel Prize winners">1979</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economics681" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics" title="Template:Economics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics" title="Template talk:Economics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economics681" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Theoretical_research" title="Economics">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Price theory">Price theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexity_economics" title="Complexity economics">Complexity economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics" title="Agent-based computational economics">Agent-based computational economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_in_economics" title="Pluralism in economics">Pluralism in economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economics#Empirical_research" title="Economics">Empirical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social choice">Social choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">history</a>) </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American (National)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_economic_thought" title="Ancient economic thought">Ancient thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory" title="Modern monetary theory">Modern monetary theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis" title="Neoclassical synthesis">neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxian economics">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_School" title="Lausanne School">Lausanne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_School_(economics)" title="Stockholm School (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">Economists</a> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economists" title="Category:Economists">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economists" title="List of economists">Economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_economics_journals" title="List of economics journals">journals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_lists" title="Category:Economics lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austrian_school_economics73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austrian_School_economics" title="Template:Austrian School economics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austrian_School_economics" title="Template talk:Austrian School economics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian_School_economics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian School economics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austrian_school_economics73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian school">Austrian school</a> economics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_liberal_school" title="French liberal school">French liberal school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Jean-Baptiste Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">Gustave de Molinari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">Friedrich von Wieser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other contributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_L._Benson" title="Bruce L. Benson">Bruce L. Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boettke" title="Peter Boettke">Peter Boettke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">Thomas DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fetter" title="Frank Fetter">Frank Fetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Garrison" title="Roger Garrison">Roger Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Henry Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Higgs" title="Robert Higgs">Robert Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Horwitz" title="Steven Horwitz">Steven Horwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Huerta_de_Soto" title="Jesús Huerta de Soto">Jesús Huerta de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Kirzner" title="Israel Kirzner">Israel Kirzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Lachmann" title="Ludwig Lachmann">Ludwig Lachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Leeson" title="Peter Leeson">Peter Leeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Machlup" title="Fritz Machlup">Fritz Machlup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Murphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert P. Murphy">Robert Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Peterson" title="William H. Peterson">William H. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Prychitko" title="David Prychitko">David Prychitko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Reed" title="Lawrence Reed">Larry Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reisman" title="George Reisman">George Reisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ritter_von_Strigl" title="Richard Ritter von Strigl">Richard Ritter von Strigl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Salerno" title="Joseph T. Salerno">Joseph Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Mark Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Tintner" title="Gerhard Tintner">Gerhard Tintner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrian-school_economists" title="List of Austrian-school economists">List of Austrian-school economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Use_of_Knowledge_in_Society" title="The Use of Knowledge in Society">The Use of Knowledge in Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberalism198" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism" title="Template talk:Liberalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberalism198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopaedist</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">Constitutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa#Anti-Chinilpa_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Anti-Chinilpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_reformism" title="Centrist reformism">Centrist reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Small-l</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li>Hayek</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism Portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4288" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4288" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121178244">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2471646">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/61567/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjtbHq3kXd4PgqXxYvfv3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118547364">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80126331">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119070534">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119070534">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00442762">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV009564">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35333649">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990003268&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX837554">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/41464">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068384777">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90068032">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000027761&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000100706&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000040556">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=133051">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199611854">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtv0bz1rwm5jl">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810542609905606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007262571805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000085625">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521383906706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14121665">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00413601?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=199660">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=16542684600">Scopus</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ln3SfRcAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500264363">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/915386">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118547364.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118547364">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02691669X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6988xvs">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&oldid=1274115519">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&oldid=1274115519</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Friedrich_Hayek" title="Category:Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1899_births" title="Category:1899 births">1899 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1992_deaths" title="Category:1992 deaths">1992 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Austrian_economists" title="Category:20th-century Austrian economists">20th-century Austrian economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Austrian_philosophers" title="Category:20th-century Austrian philosophers">20th-century Austrian philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Austrian_writers" title="Category:20th-century Austrian writers">20th-century Austrian writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_economists" title="Category:20th-century British economists">20th-century British economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_writers" title="Category:20th-century British writers">20th-century British writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_male_writers" title="Category:20th-century male writers">20th-century male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:20th-century Roman Catholics">20th-century Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academics_of_the_London_School_of_Economics" title="Category:Academics of the London School of Economics">Academics of the London School of Economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies" title="Category:Academic staff of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies">Academic staff of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Freiburg" title="Category:Academic staff of the University of Freiburg">Academic staff of the University of Freiburg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_academics" title="Category:Austrian academics">Austrian academics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_agnostics" title="Category:Austrian agnostics">Austrian agnostics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_anti-communists" title="Category:Austrian anti-communists">Austrian anti-communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_emigrants_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Austrian emigrants to the United Kingdom">Austrian emigrants to the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_expatriates_in_Germany" title="Category:Austrian expatriates in Germany">Austrian expatriates in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_expatriates_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Austrian expatriates in the United States">Austrian expatriates in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_libertarians" title="Category:Austrian libertarians">Austrian libertarians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_male_writers" title="Category:Austrian male writers">Austrian male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:Austrian Nobel laureates">Austrian Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_from_Austria-Hungary" title="Category:Nobel laureates from Austria-Hungary">Nobel laureates from Austria-Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_people_of_Moravian-German_descent" title="Category:Austrian people of Moravian-German descent">Austrian people of Moravian-German descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_philosophers" title="Category:Austrian philosophers">Austrian philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:Austrian Roman Catholics">Austrian Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_School_economists" title="Category:Austrian School economists">Austrian School economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austro-Hungarian_military_personnel_of_World_War_I" title="Category:Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I">Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Habsburg_Bohemian_nobility" title="Category:Habsburg Bohemian nobility">Habsburg Bohemian nobility</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_anti-communists" title="Category:British anti-communists">British anti-communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_classical_liberal_economists" title="Category:British classical liberal economists">British classical liberal economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_expatriate_academics_in_the_United_States" title="Category:British expatriate academics in the United States">British expatriate academics in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_expatriates_in_Germany" title="Category:British expatriates in Germany">British expatriates in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_libertarians" title="Category:British libertarians">British libertarians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:British Nobel laureates">British Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_philosophers" title="Category:British philosophers">British philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cato_Institute_people" title="Category:Cato Institute people">Cato Institute people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Earhart_Foundation" title="Category:Fellows of the Earhart Foundation">Fellows of the Earhart Foundation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:English Roman Catholics">English Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_British_Academy" title="Category:Fellows of the British Academy">Fellows of the British Academy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Econometric_Society" title="Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society">Fellows of the Econometric Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarian_economists" title="Category:Libertarian economists">Libertarian economists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarian_theorists" title="Category:Libertarian theorists">Libertarian theorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Economics" title="Category:Nobel laureates in Economics">Nobel laureates in Economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour">Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Microeconomists" title="Category:Microeconomists">Microeconomists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mises_Institute_people" title="Category:Mises Institute people">Mises Institute people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_of_the_Mont_Pelerin_Society" title="Category:Member of the Mont Pelerin Society">Member of the Mont Pelerin Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naturalised_citizens_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom">Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_York_University_faculty" title="Category:New York University faculty">New York University faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_London_School_of_Economics" title="Category:People associated with the London School of Economics">People associated with the London School of Economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_law" title="Category:Philosophers of law">Philosophers of law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_social_science" title="Category:Philosophers of social science">Philosophers of social science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_recipients" title="Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients">Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Austrian_Decoration_for_Science_and_Art" title="Category:Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art">Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Grand_Decoration_with_Star_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria" title="Category:Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria">Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg">Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_(civil_class)" title="Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)">Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Chicago_faculty" title="Category:University of Chicago faculty">University of Chicago faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Committee_on_Social_Thought" title="Category:Committee on Social Thought">Committee on Social Thought</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Vienna_alumni" title="Category:University of Vienna alumni">University of Vienna alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Vienna" title="Category:Writers from Vienna">Writers from Vienna</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_London_Gazette_template_with_parameter_supp_set_to_y" title="Category:Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y">Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_cite_ODNB_with_id_parameter" title="Category:Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter">Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_August_2014" title="Category:Use British English from August 2014">Use British English from August 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2022">Use dmy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_person_with_multiple_parents" title="Category:Pages using infobox person with multiple parents">Pages using infobox person with multiple parents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature" title="Category:Biography with signature">Biography with signature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with German IPA">Pages with German IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link is on Wikidata">Commons link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobelprize_template_using_Wikidata_property_P8024" title="Category:Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024">Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 February 2025, at 14:46 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Hayek&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Friedrich Hayek</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 81 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-52dbt","wgBackendResponseTime":170,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.581","walltime":"4.126","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26262,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":946470,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":151672,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":49,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":895626,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3419.385 1 -total"," 33.57% 1147.997 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.70% 365.795 1 Template:Infobox_economist"," 9.74% 333.048 39 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.33% 284.699 5 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.00% 273.457 1 Template:Navboxes"," 7.66% 262.048 53 Template:Cite_book"," 7.55% 258.256 59 Template:Cite_web"," 7.43% 254.026 58 Template:Sfn"," 7.18% 245.424 9 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.182","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":30753886,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF1938\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREF1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArrowBernheimFeldsteinMcFadden2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBackhaus2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBank_of_Sweden1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaxendale2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeam2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeck2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoettke1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBoettke2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogus2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrittan2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrunnermeierSchnabel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurczak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCachanosky2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaldwell1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaldwell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaldwell2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaldwellMontes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatlin1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristensen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClavé2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCliteur1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCompton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Gordon2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeirdre_N._McCloskey2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenord2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEasterly2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbeling1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbeling2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbenstein2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbenstein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErbacher\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrantMcPhailBerger2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFawcett2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson1767\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFukuyama2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalbraith1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamble1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_H.W._Bush1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamowy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarcourt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek,_Friedrich_August1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1976\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek2011\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHayek2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHazlett1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoerber2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmannSchnabl2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmannSchnabl2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanik\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlausinger,_H.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlausinger,_H.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKresgeWenar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKukathas1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamey2014\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLeeson1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasini\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinnon1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMises\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMises1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitch2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasar1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas_Kaldor1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas_Kaldor1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNientiedt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrmerod2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_G._Klein2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhaneuf2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollock2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPressman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_ArenaAgnès_FestréNathalie_Lazaric2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenboim2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss_B._Emmett2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothbard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRöpke\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuelson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidtzBoettke2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnablHoffmann2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrepel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkarbek2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpieker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStringhamZywicki2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSöderbaum2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTebble2009\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Horn2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVernon1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWapshott2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Benoist1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFkanopiadmin2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFvan_de_Haar\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Vossen2022\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"1974 Nobel Prize winners\"] = 1,\n [\"Austrian School sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Austrian economists\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 9,\n [\"Citation\"] = 8,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite SSRN\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 53,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite interview\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 59,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism UK\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Hayek, Friedrich\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"Economics\"] = 1,\n [\"Economics sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Friedrich Hayek\"] = 1,\n [\"Google Scholar id\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 9,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 17,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox economist\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage\"] = 2,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 2,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Liberalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Liberalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 3,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NPG name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Neoliberalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobel laureates in economics\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobelprize\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Postnominals\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 58,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 3,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 16,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n \"Gazette%d+\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","640","26.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","13.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","160","6.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","6.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","2.4"],["type","60","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","1.6"],["[others]","600","24.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-vggwn","timestamp":"20250221205724","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Friedrich Hayek","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Friedrich_Hayek","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1325","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1325","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-22T20:34:16Z","dateModified":"2025-02-05T14:46:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7f\/Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg","headline":"Austrian and British economist (1899\u20131992)"}</script> </body> </html>