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id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"debutante"_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"debutante"_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The "debutante" years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"debutante"_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1880s–1900s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1880s–1900s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1880s–1900s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1880s–1900s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travels_and_life_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels_and_life_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Travels and life abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travels_and_life_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Writing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novellas_and_novelette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novellas_and_novelette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Novellas and novelette</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novellas_and_novelette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_story_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_story_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Short story collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_story_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Non-fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_editor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_editor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>As editor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_editor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Theater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adaptations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theater_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theater_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Theater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theater_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ballet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archival_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Archival materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archival_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Online editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edith Wharton</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="إديث وارتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إديث وارتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edit_Varton" title="Edit Varton – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Edit Varton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ایدیت وارتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایدیت وارتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="এডিথ হোয়ার্টন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এডিথ হোয়ার্টন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Едит Уортън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едит Уортън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Whartonov%C3%A1" title="Edith Whartonová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Edith Whartonová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86" title="إيديث وارتن – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيديث وارتن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B8_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Ίντιθ Γουόρτον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίντιθ Γουόρτον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ایدیت وارتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایدیت وارتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9B%8C%ED%8A%BC" title="이디스 워튼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이디스 워튼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A9_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Էդիթ Ուորթոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդիթ Ուորթոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אדית וורטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדית וורטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ედით უორტონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ედით უორტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editha_Wharton" title="Editha Wharton – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Editha Wharton" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BA" title="എഡിത് വാർട്ടൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എഡിത് വാർട്ടൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%97_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ედით უორტონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ედით უორტონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="اديث وارتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اديث وارتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="イーディス・ウォートン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イーディス・ウォートン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A5%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D" title="ଏଡ଼ିଥ୍ ହାରଟନ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଏଡ଼ିଥ୍ ହାରଟନ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A5_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8" title="ਏਡਿਥ ਵਾਰਟਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਏਡਿਥ ਵਾਰਟਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Уортон, Эдит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уортон, Эдит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Идит Вортон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Идит Вортон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อีดิธ วอร์ทัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อีดิธ วอร์ทัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эдит Уортон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эдит Уортон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Едіт Вортон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едіт Вортон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%BF%AA%E4%B8%9D%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E9%A1%BF" title="伊迪丝·华顿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊迪丝·华顿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Edith Wharton" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%92%82%E8%8A%99%E8%8F%AF%E9%A0%93" title="伊蒂芙華頓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊蒂芙華頓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%BF%AA%E4%B8%9D%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E9%A1%BF" title="伊迪丝·华顿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊迪丝·华顿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q276032#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American writer and designer (1862–1937)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Edith Wharton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Edith_Newbold_Jones_Wharton_(cropped_02).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wharton, c. 1895"><img alt="Wharton, c. 1895" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Edith_Newbold_Jones_Wharton_%28cropped_02%29.jpg/220px-Edith_Newbold_Jones_Wharton_%28cropped_02%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Edith_Newbold_Jones_Wharton_%28cropped_02%29.jpg/330px-Edith_Newbold_Jones_Wharton_%28cropped_02%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Edith_Newbold_Jones_Wharton_%28cropped_02%29.jpg/440px-Edith_Newbold_Jones_Wharton_%28cropped_02%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="3132" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Wharton, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1895</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Edith Newbold Jones<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1862-01-24</span>)</span>January 24, 1862<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">August 11, 1937<span style="display:none">(1937-08-11)</span> (aged 75)<br /><a href="/wiki/Saint-Brice-sous-For%C3%AAt" title="Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt">Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_des_Gonards" title="Cimetière des Gonards">Cimetière des Gonards</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Novelist</li><li>short story writer</li><li>designer</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a> <br /> 1921 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence" title="The Age of Innocence">The Age of Innocence</a></i> <br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Edward Wharton</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1885; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1913)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Stevens" title="Ebenezer Stevens">Ebenezer Stevens</a> (maternal great-grandfather)<br /><a href="/wiki/John_Austin_Stevens" title="John Austin Stevens">John Austin Stevens</a> (great-uncle)<br /><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Henry_Stevens" title="Alexander Henry Stevens">Alexander Stevens</a> (great-uncle)<br /><a href="/wiki/Frederic_W._Rhinelander" title="Frederic W. Rhinelander">Frederic W. Rhinelander</a> (uncle)<br /><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Stevens_Sands" title="Samuel Stevens Sands">Samuel Stevens Sands</a> (cousin)<br /><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Schermerhorn_Astor" title="Caroline Schermerhorn Astor">Caroline Schermerhorn Astor</a> (cousin)<br /><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Rhinelander_King" title="Frederic Rhinelander King">Frederic Rhinelander King</a> (cousin)<br /><a href="/wiki/Byam_K._Stevens" title="Byam K. Stevens">Byam K. Stevens</a> (cousin)<br /><a href="/wiki/Frederic_W._Stevens" title="Frederic W. Stevens">Frederic W. Stevens</a> (cousin)<br /><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Henry_Stevens" title="Alexander Henry Stevens">Alexander Henry Stevens</a> (cousin)<br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newbold_(New_York_politician)" title="Thomas Newbold (New York politician)">Thomas Newbold</a> (cousin)<br /><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Mary_Ladenburg_Davie" title="Eugenie Mary Ladenburg Davie">Eugenie Mary Ladenburg Davie</a> (cousin)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cadwalader_Rawle_Jones" title="Mary Cadwalader Rawle Jones">Mary Cadwalader Rawle Jones</a> (sister-in-law)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edith_Wharton_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Edith_Wharton_signature.svg/150px-Edith_Wharton_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Edith_Wharton_signature.svg/225px-Edith_Wharton_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Edith_Wharton_signature.svg/300px-Edith_Wharton_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="149" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edith Newbold Wharton</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/hw/: 'wh' in 'why'">hw</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> <b>Jones</b></span>; January 24, 1862 – August 11, 1937) was an American writer and designer. Wharton drew upon her insider's knowledge of the upper-class New York "aristocracy" to portray, realistically, the lives and morals of the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>. In 1921, she became the first woman to win the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a> for her novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence" title="The Age of Innocence">The Age of Innocence</a></i>. She was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her other well-known works are <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Mirth" title="The House of Mirth">The House of Mirth</a></i>, the novella <i><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Frome" title="Ethan Frome">Ethan Frome</a></i>, and several notable ghost stories. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Harrison_May_-_Edith_Wharton_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Edward_Harrison_May_-_Edith_Wharton_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Edward_Harrison_May_-_Edith_Wharton_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Edward_Harrison_May_-_Edith_Wharton_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Edward_Harrison_May_-_Edith_Wharton_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Edward_Harrison_May_-_Edith_Wharton_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Edward_Harrison_May_-_Edith_Wharton_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6581" data-file-height="8024" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Wharton as a child by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Harrison_May" title="Edward Harrison May">Edward Harrison May</a> (1870)</figcaption></figure> <p>Edith Newbold Jones was born on January 24, 1862, to George Frederic Jones and Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander, at their brownstone at 14 West Twenty-third Street in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200816_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200816-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwight199412–13_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwight199412–13-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To her friends and family, she was known as "Pussy Jones".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinkel2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinkel2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had two elder brothers, Frederic Rhinelander and Henry Edward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200816_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200816-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frederic married <a href="/wiki/Mary_Cadwalader_Rawle_Jones" title="Mary Cadwalader Rawle Jones">Mary Cadwalader Rawle</a>; their daughter was landscape architect <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Farrand" title="Beatrix Farrand">Beatrix Farrand</a>. Edith was <a href="/wiki/Baptized" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptized">baptized</a> April 20, 1862, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Sunday">Easter Sunday</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Grace_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Grace Church (Manhattan)">Grace Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200816_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200816-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wharton's paternal family, the Joneses, were a very wealthy and socially prominent family, having made their money in real estate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200821_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200821-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The saying "<a href="/wiki/Keeping_up_with_the_Joneses" title="Keeping up with the Joneses">keeping up with the Joneses</a>" is said to refer to her father's family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200822_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200822-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994216_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994216-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was related to the <a href="/wiki/Manor_of_Rensselaerswyck" class="mw-redirect" title="Manor of Rensselaerswyck">Rensselaers</a>, the most prestigious of the old <a href="/wiki/Patroon" title="Patroon">patroon</a> families, who had received land grants from the former Dutch government of New York and New Jersey. Her father's first cousin was <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Schermerhorn_Astor" title="Caroline Schermerhorn Astor">Caroline Schermerhorn Astor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200834_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200834-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fort Stevens, in New York, was named for Wharton's maternal great-grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Stevens" title="Ebenezer Stevens">Ebenezer Stevens</a>, a <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> hero and general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200818_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200818-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wharton was born during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. However, in describing her family life, Wharton does not mention the war, except that their travels to Europe after the war were due to the depreciation of American currency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200816_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200816-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20087–8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20087–8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1866 to 1872, the Jones family visited <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chronology_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chronology-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her travels, the young Edith became fluent in <a href="/wiki/French_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="French (language)">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="German (language)">German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian (language)">Italian</a>. At the age of nine, she suffered from <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>, which nearly killed her, while the family was at a spa in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200816_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200816-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the family returned to the United States in 1872, they spent their winters in New York City and their summers in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chronology_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chronology-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Europe, she was educated by tutors and <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governesses</a>. She rejected the standards of fashion and <a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">etiquette</a> that were expected of young girls at the time, which were intended to allow women to marry well and to be put on display at balls and parties. She considered these fashions superficial and oppressive. Edith wanted more education than she received, so, she read from her father's library and from the libraries of her father's friends.<sup id="cite_ref-W._W._Norton_&_Company,_Inc_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W._W._Norton_&_Company,_Inc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mother forbade her to read novels until she was married, and Edith obeyed this command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_writing">Early writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edith_Wharton_by_Edward_Harrison_May.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Edith_Wharton_by_Edward_Harrison_May.jpg/170px-Edith_Wharton_by_Edward_Harrison_May.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Edith_Wharton_by_Edward_Harrison_May.jpg/255px-Edith_Wharton_by_Edward_Harrison_May.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Edith_Wharton_by_Edward_Harrison_May.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Edith Wharton by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Harrison_May" title="Edward Harrison May">Edward Harrison May</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Wharton wrote and told stories from an early age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200813–14_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200813–14-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When her family moved to Europe and she was just four or five, she started what she called "making up."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200813–14_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200813–14-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She invented stories for her family and walked with an open book, turning the pages as if reading while improvising a story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200813–14_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200813–14-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wharton began writing poetry and fiction as a young girl, and she attempted to write her first novel at the age of 11.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200836_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200836-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mother's criticism quashed her ambition, however, and she turned to poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200836_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200836-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was 15 years old when her first published work appeared, a translation of a German poem "Was die Steine Erzählen" ("What the Stones Tell") by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Karl_Brugsch" title="Heinrich Karl Brugsch">Heinrich Karl Brugsch</a>, for which she was paid $50. Her family did not want her name to appear in print, since writing was not considered a proper occupation for a society woman of her time. Consequently, the poem was published under the name of a friend's father, E. A. Washburn, a cousin of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>, who supported women's education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock199435_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock199435-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1877, at the age of 15, she secretly wrote a <a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">novella</a>, <i>Fast and Loose</i>. In 1878, her father arranged for a collection of two dozen original poems and five translations, <i>Verses,</i> to be privately published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200843_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200843-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wharton published a poem under a pseudonym in the <i>New York World,</i> in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200844_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200844-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880, she had five poems published anonymously in the <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a></i>, an important literary magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock199438_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock199438-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these early successes, she was not encouraged by her family or her social circle, and though she continued to write, she did not publish anything more until her poem "The Last Giustiniani" was published in <i>Scribner's Magazine</i> in October 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock199440_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock199440-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"debutante"_years"><span id="The_.22debutante.22_years"></span>The "debutante" years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The "debutante" years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1880 and 1890, Wharton put her writing aside to participate in the social rituals of the New York upper classes. She keenly observed the social changes happening around her, which she later used in her writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200847_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200847-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wharton officially came out as a <a href="/wiki/Debutante" title="Debutante">debutante</a> to society in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200858_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200858-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was allowed to bare her shoulders and wear her hair up for the first time at a December dance, which was given by a Society matron, Anna Morton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200858_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200858-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wharton began a courtship with Henry Leyden Stevens, the son of Paran Stevens, a wealthy hotelier and real estate investor from rural New Hampshire. His sister, Minnie, married <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Paget_(British_Army_officer)" title="Arthur Paget (British Army officer)">Arthur Paget</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200860_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200860-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jones family did not approve of Stevens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200860_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200860-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the middle of her debutante season, the Jones family returned to Europe in 1881 for her father's health.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200861_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200861-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of this, her father, George Frederic Jones, died of a stroke in Cannes in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200835_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200835-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stevens was with the Jones family in Europe during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200861_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200861-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After returning to the United States with her mother, Wharton continued her courtship with Stevens, announcing their engagement in August 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200861_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200861-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The month the two were to marry, the engagement ended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis197544–47_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis197544–47-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wharton's mother, Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander Jones, moved back to Paris in 1883, and she lived there until her death in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20087–8_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20087–8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1880s–1900s"><span id="1880s.E2.80.931900s"></span>1880s–1900s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1880s–1900s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mount_from_the_Flower_Garden_by_David_Dashiell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_Mount_from_the_Flower_Garden_by_David_Dashiell.jpg/220px-The_Mount_from_the_Flower_Garden_by_David_Dashiell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_Mount_from_the_Flower_Garden_by_David_Dashiell.jpg/330px-The_Mount_from_the_Flower_Garden_by_David_Dashiell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/The_Mount_from_the_Flower_Garden_by_David_Dashiell.jpg/440px-The_Mount_from_the_Flower_Garden_by_David_Dashiell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Mount_(Lenox,_Massachusetts)" title="The Mount (Lenox, Massachusetts)">The Mount</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>On April 29, 1885,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the age of 23, Wharton married Edward Robbins (Teddy) Wharton, who was 12 years her senior, at the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Chapel_Complex" title="Trinity Chapel Complex">Trinity Chapel Complex</a> in Manhattan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200874–75_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200874–75-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a well-established Boston family, he was a sportsman and a gentleman of the same social class and shared her love of travel. The Whartons set up house at Pencraig Cottage in Newport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200881_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200881-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1893, they bought a house named Land's End, on the other side of Newport, for $80,000, and moved into it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200881_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200881-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wharton decorated Land's End, with the help of designer <a href="/wiki/Ogden_Codman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogden Codman">Ogden Codman</a>. In 1897, the Whartons purchased their New York home, 884 <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue" title="Park Avenue">Park Avenue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200882_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200882-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1886 and 1897, they traveled overseas, in the period from February to June, mostly visiting Italy but also Paris and England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200882_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200882-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From her marriage onwards, three interests came to dominate Wharton's life: American houses, writing, and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200881_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200881-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the late 1880s until 1902, Teddy Wharton suffered from chronic depression. The couple, then, ceased their extensive travel.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, his depression became more debilitating, after which they lived almost exclusively at their estate, <a href="/wiki/The_Mount_(Lenox,_Massachusetts)" title="The Mount (Lenox, Massachusetts)">The Mount</a>, in Lenox, Massachusetts. During those same years, Wharton, herself, was said to suffer from asthma and periods of depression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200878–81_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200878–81-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1908, Teddy Wharton's mental condition was determined to be incurable. In that year, Wharton began an affair with <a href="/wiki/William_Morton_Fullerton" title="William Morton Fullerton">Morton Fullerton</a>, an author, and foreign correspondent for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> of London, in whom she found an intellectual partner.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She divorced Edward Wharton, in 1913, after 28 years of marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, she was beset with harsh literary criticism from the <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">naturalist</a> school of writers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edith_Wharton_as_a_young_woman,_ca._1889_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Edith_Wharton_as_a_young_woman%2C_ca._1889_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Edith_Wharton_as_a_young_woman%2C_ca._1889_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Edith_Wharton_as_a_young_woman%2C_ca._1889_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Edith_Wharton_as_a_young_woman%2C_ca._1889_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Edith_Wharton_as_a_young_woman%2C_ca._1889_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Edith_Wharton_as_a_young_woman%2C_ca._1889_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="1109" /></a><figcaption>Edith Wharton <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1889</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to novels, Wharton wrote at least 85 short stories.<sup id="cite_ref-W._W._Norton_&_Company,_Inc_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W._W._Norton_&_Company,_Inc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also a <a href="/wiki/Garden_designer" title="Garden designer">garden designer</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">interior designer</a>, and a taste-maker of her time. She wrote several design books, including her first major published work, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Decoration_of_Houses" title="The Decoration of Houses">The Decoration of Houses</a></i> (1897), co-authored by <a href="/wiki/Ogden_Codman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogden Codman">Ogden Codman</a>. Another of her "home and garden" books is the generously illustrated <i>Italian Villas and Their Gardens</i> of 1904, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Maxfield_Parrish" title="Maxfield Parrish">Maxfield Parrish</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels_and_life_abroad">Travels and life abroad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Travels and life abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the course of her life, she crossed the Atlantic 60 times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1995xvii–xviii_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1995xvii–xviii-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, her primary destinations were Italy, France, and England. She also went to Morocco. She wrote many books about her travels, including <i>Italian Backgrounds</i> and <i>A Motor-Flight through France</i>. </p><p>Her husband, Edward Wharton, shared her love of travel and for many years, they spent at least four months of each year abroad, mainly in Italy. Their friend, Egerton Winthrop, accompanied them, on many journeys there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright19953_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19953-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1888, the Whartons and their friend, James Van Alen, took a cruise through the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean islands">Aegean islands</a>. Wharton was 26. The trip cost the Whartons $10,000 and lasted four months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She kept a travel journal, during this trip, that was thought to be lost but was later published as <i>The Cruise of the Vanadis</i>, now considered her earliest known travel writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright199517_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright199517-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Land%E2%80%99s_End,_Newport,_RI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Land%E2%80%99s_End%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg/220px-Land%E2%80%99s_End%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Land%E2%80%99s_End%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg/330px-Land%E2%80%99s_End%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Land%E2%80%99s_End%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg/440px-Land%E2%80%99s_End%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3795" data-file-height="2541" /></a><figcaption>Land's End, Newport, Rhode Island</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1897, Edith Wharton purchased Land's End in Newport, Rhode Island, from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Livingston_Beeckman" title="Robert Livingston Beeckman">Robert Livingston Beeckman</a>, a former U.S. Open Tennis Championship runner-up who became governor of Rhode Island. At the time, Wharton described the main house as "incurably ugly.” Wharton agreed to pay $80,000 for the property, and she spent thousands more to alter the home's facade, decorate the interior, and landscape the grounds. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_House_of_Mirth_page_of_original_manuscript_Edith_Wharton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/The_House_of_Mirth_page_of_original_manuscript_Edith_Wharton.jpg/170px-The_House_of_Mirth_page_of_original_manuscript_Edith_Wharton.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/The_House_of_Mirth_page_of_original_manuscript_Edith_Wharton.jpg/255px-The_House_of_Mirth_page_of_original_manuscript_Edith_Wharton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/The_House_of_Mirth_page_of_original_manuscript_Edith_Wharton.jpg/340px-The_House_of_Mirth_page_of_original_manuscript_Edith_Wharton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Page from original <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Mirth" title="The House of Mirth">The House of Mirth</a></i>, in Edith Wharton's hand</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1902, Wharton designed <a href="/wiki/The_Mount_(Lenox,_Massachusetts)" title="The Mount (Lenox, Massachusetts)">The Mount</a>, her estate in <a href="/wiki/Lenox,_Massachusetts" title="Lenox, Massachusetts">Lenox, Massachusetts</a>, which survives, today, as an example of her design principles. She wrote several of her novels there, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Mirth" title="The House of Mirth">The House of Mirth</a></i> (1905), the first of many chronicles of life in old New York. At The Mount, she entertained the cream of American literary society, including her close friend, novelist <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, who described the estate as "a delicate French chateau mirrored in a Massachusetts pond".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994129–130_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994129–130-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although she spent many months traveling in Europe nearly every year, with her friend, Egerton Winthrop (a descendant of <a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">John Winthrop</a>), The Mount was her primary residence, until 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When living there and while traveling abroad, Wharton was usually driven to appointments by her longtime <a href="/wiki/Chauffeur" title="Chauffeur">chauffeur</a> and friend, Charles Cook, a native of nearby <a href="/wiki/South_Lee,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lee, Massachusetts">South Lee, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994143_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994143-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When her marriage deteriorated, she decided to move, permanently, to France, living, first, at 53 Rue de Varenne, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, in an apartment that belonged to <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Vanderbilt_II" title="George Washington Vanderbilt II">George Washington Vanderbilt II</a>. </p><p>Wharton was preparing to vacation for the summer, when <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out. Though many fled Paris, she moved back to her Paris apartment on the Rue de Varenne and for four years, she was a tireless and ardent supporter of the French war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwight1994183_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwight1994183-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first causes she undertook, in August 1914, was the opening of a workroom for unemployed women. Here, they were fed and paid one franc a day. What began, with 30 women, soon doubled, to 60 women, and their sewing business began to thrive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwight1994183–184_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwight1994183–184-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">Germans invaded Belgium in the fall of 1914</a> and Paris was flooded with Belgian refugees, she helped to set up the American Hostels for Refugees, which managed to get them shelter, meals, and clothes, and eventually created an employment agency to help them find work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwight1994188–189_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwight1994188–189-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She collected more than $100,000 on their behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1995253_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1995253-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1915, she organized the Children of Flanders Rescue Committee, which gave shelter to nearly 900 Belgian refugees who had fled, when their homes were bombed by the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwight1994190_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwight1994190-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aided by her influential connections in the French government, she and her long-time friend, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Van_Rensselaer_Berry" title="Walter Van Rensselaer Berry">Walter Berry</a> (then president of the American Chamber of Commerce in Paris), were among the few foreigners in France allowed to travel to the front lines, during World War I. She and Berry made five journeys, between February and August 1915, which Wharton described in a series of articles that were first published in <i>Scribner's Magazine</i> and later as <i><a href="/wiki/Fighting_France:_From_Dunkerque_to_Belfort" title="Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort">Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort</a></i>, which became an American bestseller.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2008486_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2008486-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Travelling by car, Wharton and Berry drove through the war zone, viewing one devastated French village after another. She visited the trenches and was within earshot of artillery fire. She wrote, "We woke to a noise of guns closer and more incessant, and when we went out into the streets, it seemed as if, overnight, a new army had sprung out of the ground".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the war, she worked in charitable efforts for refugees, the injured, the unemployed, and the displaced. She was a "heroic worker on behalf of her adopted country".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2008454_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2008454-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 18, 1916, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a>, the then-President of France, appointed her Chevalier of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, the country's highest award, in recognition of her dedication to the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1995253_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1995253-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20089_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20089-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her relief work included setting up workrooms for unemployed French women, organizing concerts to provide work for musicians, raising tens of thousands of dollars for the war effort, and opening <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> hospitals. In 1915, Wharton edited a charity benefit volume, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Homeless" title="The Book of the Homeless">The Book of the Homeless</a>,</i> which included essays, art, poetry, and musical scores by many major contemporary European and American artists, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Dean_Howells" title="William Dean Howells">William Dean Howells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_de_Noailles" title="Anna de Noailles">Anna de Noailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gay" title="Walter Gay">Walter Gay</a>, among others. Wharton proposed the book to her publisher, Scribner's, handled the business arrangements, lined up contributors, and translated the French entries into English. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> wrote a two-page introduction, in which he praised Wharton's effort and urged Americans to support the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwight1994202–203_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwight1994202–203-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also kept up her own work, continuing to write novels, short stories, and poems, as well as reporting for <i>The New York Times</i> and keeping up her enormous correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2008450_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2008450-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wharton urged Americans to support the war effort and encouraged America to enter the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwight1994201_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwight1994201-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She wrote the popular romantic novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a></i> in 1917, the war novella, <i>The Marne,</i> in 1918, and <i>A Son at the Front,</i> in 1919 (published 1923). When the war ended, she watched the Victory Parade from the Champs Elysees' balcony of a friend's apartment. After four years of intense effort, she decided to leave Paris for the quiet of the countryside. Wharton settled 10 mi (16 km) north of Paris in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Brice-sous-For%C3%AAt" title="Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt">Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt</a>, buying an 18th-century house on seven acres of land that she called Pavillon Colombe. She lived there, in summer and autumn, for the rest of her life, spending winters and springs on the French Riviera at Sainte Claire du Vieux Chateau in <a href="/wiki/Hy%C3%A8res" title="Hyères">Hyères</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwight1994210_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwight1994210-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wharton was a committed supporter of <a href="/wiki/French_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="French imperialism">French imperialism</a>, describing herself as a "rabid imperialist,” and the war solidified her political views.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, she traveled to Morocco, as the guest of Resident General <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a> and wrote the book <i>In Morocco</i>, full of praise for the French administration, Lyautey, and particularly, his wife. </p><p>During the post-war years, she divided her time between <a href="/wiki/Hy%C3%A8res" title="Hyères">Hyères</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, where she finished <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence" title="The Age of Innocence">The Age of Innocence</a>,</i> in 1920. She returned to the United States only once, after the war, to receive an honorary doctorate from Yale University in 1923. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence" title="The Age of Innocence">The Age of Innocence</a></i> (1920) won the <a href="/wiki/1921_Pulitzer_Prize" title="1921 Pulitzer Prize">1921 Pulitzer Prize</a> for Fiction,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making Wharton the first woman to win the award. The three fiction judges – literary critic <a href="/wiki/Stuart_P._Sherman" title="Stuart P. Sherman">Stuart Pratt Sherman</a>, literature professor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morss_Lovett" title="Robert Morss Lovett">Robert Morss Lovett</a>, and novelist <a href="/wiki/Hamlin_Garland" title="Hamlin Garland">Hamlin Garland</a> – voted to give the prize to <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a> for his satire <i>Main Street</i>, but Columbia University's advisory board, led by conservative university president <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a>, overturned their decision and awarded the prize to <i>The Age of Innocence</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wharton was also nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1927, 1928, and 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wharton was friend and confidante to many prominent intellectuals of her time: Henry James, <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a> were all her guests, at one time or another. Theodore Roosevelt, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Berenson" title="Bernard Berenson">Bernard Berenson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Kenneth Clark</a> were valued friends, as well. Particularly notable was her meeting with <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a>, described by the editors of her letters as "one of the better known failed encounters in the American literary annals.” She spoke fluent French, Italian, and German, and many of her books were published in both French and English. </p><p> In 1934, Wharton's <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a>, <i>A Backward Glance,</i> was published. In the view of Judith E. Funston, writing on Edith Wharton in <i>American National Biography</i>, </p><blockquote><p>What is most notable about <i>A Backward Glance,</i> however, is what it does not tell: her criticism of Lucretia Jones [her mother], her difficulties with Teddy, and her affair with Morton Fullerton, which did not come to light until her papers, deposited in Yale's <a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Rare_Book_and_Manuscript_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library">Beinecke Rare Book Room and Manuscript Library</a>, were opened in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gardens_at_Pavilion_Colombe_Edith_Wharton%27s_villa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gardens_at_Pavilion_Colombe_Edith_Wharton%27s_villa.jpg/220px-Gardens_at_Pavilion_Colombe_Edith_Wharton%27s_villa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gardens_at_Pavilion_Colombe_Edith_Wharton%27s_villa.jpg/330px-Gardens_at_Pavilion_Colombe_Edith_Wharton%27s_villa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Gardens_at_Pavilion_Colombe_Edith_Wharton%27s_villa.jpg/440px-Gardens_at_Pavilion_Colombe_Edith_Wharton%27s_villa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Wharton's <i>Le Pavillon Colombe</i>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Brice-sous-For%C3%AAt" title="Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt">Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombe_Edith_WHARTON,_cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Gonnards_%C3%A0_VERSAILLES.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tombe_Edith_WHARTON%2C_cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Gonnards_%C3%A0_VERSAILLES.jpg/220px-Tombe_Edith_WHARTON%2C_cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Gonnards_%C3%A0_VERSAILLES.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tombe_Edith_WHARTON%2C_cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Gonnards_%C3%A0_VERSAILLES.jpg/330px-Tombe_Edith_WHARTON%2C_cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Gonnards_%C3%A0_VERSAILLES.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Tombe_Edith_WHARTON%2C_cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Gonnards_%C3%A0_VERSAILLES.jpg/440px-Tombe_Edith_WHARTON%2C_cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Gonnards_%C3%A0_VERSAILLES.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Grave of Edith Wharton</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 1, 1937, Wharton was at her French country home (shared with architect and interior decorator <a href="/wiki/Ogden_Codman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogden Codman">Ogden Codman</a>), where she was at work on a revised edition of <i>The Decoration of Houses</i>, when she suffered a heart attack and collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock199486_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock199486-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She died of a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> on August 11, 1937, at <i>Le Pavillon Colombe</i>, her 18th-century house on <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Montmorency" title="Rue de Montmorency">Rue de Montmorency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Brice-sous-For%C3%AAt" title="Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt">Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt</a>. She died at 5:30 p.m., but her death was not known in Paris. At her bedside was her friend, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisina_Palamidessi_de_Castelvecchio_Tyler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisina Palamidessi de Castelvecchio Tyler (page does not exist)">Mrs. Royall Tyler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wharton was buried in the American Protestant section of the <a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_des_Gonards" title="Cimetière des Gonards">Cimetière des Gonards</a> in Versailles, "with all the honors owed a war hero and a chevalier of the Legion of Honor ... a group of some one hundred friends sang a verse of the hymn 'O Paradise'..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994456_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994456-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite not publishing her first novel until she was forty, Wharton became an extraordinarily productive writer. In addition to her 15 novels, seven novellas, and eighty-five short stories, she published poetry, books on design, travel, literary and cultural criticism, and a memoir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1873, Wharton wrote a <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> and gave it to her mother to read. Stinging from her mother's critique, Wharton decided to write only <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>. While she constantly sought her mother's approval and love, she rarely received either, and their relationship was a troubled one.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before she was 15, Wharton wrote <i>Fast and Loose</i> (1877). In her youth, she wrote about society. Her central <a href="/wiki/Theme_(narrative)" title="Theme (narrative)">themes</a> came from her experiences with her parents. She was very critical of her work and wrote public reviews criticizing it. She also wrote about her own experiences with life. "Intense Love's Utterance" is a poem written about Henry Stevens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1889, she sent out three poems for publication, to <i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Scribner's</a></i>, <i>Harper's</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Century_Magazine" title="The Century Magazine">Century</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Burlingame" title="Edward L. Burlingame">Edward L. Burlingame</a> published "The Last Giustiniani" for <i><a href="/wiki/Scribner%27s_Magazine" title="Scribner's Magazine">Scribner's</a></i>. It was not until Wharton was 29 that her first <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> was published: "Mrs. Manstey's View" had very little success, and it took her more than a year to publish another story. She completed "The Fullness of Life,” following her annual European trip with Teddy. Burlingame was critical of this story, but Wharton did not want to make edits to it. This story, along with many others, speaks about her marriage. She sent <i>Bunner Sisters</i> to Scribner's, in 1892. Burlingame wrote back that it was too long for Scribner's to publish. This story is believed to be based on an experience she had as a child. It did not see publication until 1916, and it is included in the collection called <i>Xingu</i>. After a visit with her friend, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bourget" title="Paul Bourget">Paul Bourget</a>, she wrote "The Good May Come" and "The Lamp of Psyche.” "The Lamp of Psyche" was a <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comical</a> story, with verbal wit and sorrow. After "Something Exquisite" was rejected by Burlingame, she lost confidence in herself. She started <a href="/wiki/Travel_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel writing">travel writing</a>, in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901, Wharton wrote a two-act play called <i>Man of Genius</i>. This play was about an English man who was having an affair with his secretary. The play was rehearsed but was never produced. Another 1901 play, <i>The Shadow of a Doubt</i>, which also came close to being staged but fell through, was thought to be lost, until it was discovered, in 2017. It had a radio adaptation broadcast on BBC Radio 3, in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It wouldn't be until 2023, over a century later, that the world stage premiere took place in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Festival" title="Shaw Festival">Shaw Festival</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> directed by Peter Hinton-Davis. </p><p>She collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Marie_Tempest" title="Marie Tempest">Marie Tempest</a> to write another play, but the two only completed four acts, before Marie decided she was no longer interested in costume plays. One of her earliest literary endeavors (1902) was the translation of the play <i>Es Lebe das Leben</i> ("The Joy of Living"), by Hermann Sudermann. <i>The Joy of Living</i> was criticized for its title, because the heroine swallows poison, at the end, and was a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> production. It was, however, a successful book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of Wharton's novels are characterized by subtle use of <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_irony" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatic irony">dramatic irony</a>. Having grown up in upper-class, late-19th-century society, Wharton became one of its most astute critics, in such works as <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Mirth" title="The House of Mirth">The House of Mirth</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence" title="The Age of Innocence">The Age of Innocence</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes">Themes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Versions of her mother, Lucretia Jones, often appeared in Wharton's fiction. Biographer <a href="/wiki/Hermione_Lee" title="Hermione Lee">Hermione Lee</a> described it as "one of the most lethal acts of revenge ever taken by a writing daughter."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200835_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200835-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her memoir, <i>A Backward Glance</i>, Wharton describes her mother as indolent, spendthrift, censorious, disapproving, superficial, icy, dry and ironic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200835_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200835-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wharton's writings often dealt with themes such as "social and individual fulfillment, repressed sexuality, and the manners of old families and the new elite."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Howard" title="Maureen Howard">Maureen Howard</a>, editor of <i>Edith Wharton: Collected Stories</i>, notes several recurring themes in Wharton's short stories, including confinement and attempts at freedom, the morality of the author, critiques of intellectual pretension, and the "unmasking" of the truth.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wharton's writing also explored themes of "social mores and social reform" as they relate to the "extremes and anxieties of the Gilded Age".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key recurring theme in Wharton's writing is the relationship between the house as a physical space and its relationship to its inhabitant's characteristics and emotions. Maureen Howard argues "Edith Wharton conceived of houses, dwelling places, in extended imagery of shelter and dispossession. Houses – their confinement and their theatrical possibilities ... they are never mere settings."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences">Influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American children's stories containing slang were forbidden in Wharton's childhood home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200831_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200831-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included such popular authors as <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bret_Harte" title="Bret Harte">Bret Harte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joel_Chandler_Harris" title="Joel Chandler Harris">Joel Chandler Harris</a>. She was allowed to read <a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a> but Wharton preferred <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Water-Babies,_A_Fairy_Tale_for_a_Land_Baby" class="mw-redirect" title="The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby">The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200831_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200831-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wharton's mother forbade her from reading many novels and Wharton said she "read everything else but novels until the day of my marriage."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200831_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200831-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead Wharton read the classics, philosophy, history, and poetry in her father's library including <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Alphonse de Lamartine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Jean Racine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moore" title="Thomas Moore">Thomas Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200831–34_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200831–34-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer Hermione Lee describes Wharton as having read herself "out of Old New York" and her influences included <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">T. H. Huxley</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Romanes" title="George Romanes">George Romanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James Frazer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200823_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200823-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These influenced her <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Novelization" title="Novelization">novelization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200823_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200823-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wharton developed a passion for <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200832_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200832-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Donna M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.wsu.edu/~campbelld/wharton/whartonworks.htm">"Works by Edith Wharton"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Works+by+Edith+Wharton&rft.pub=Washington+State+University&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Donna+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.wsu.edu%2F~campbelld%2Fwharton%2Fwhartonworks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 40%;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Valley of Decision</i>, 1902</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Mirth" title="The House of Mirth">The House of Mirth</a></i>, 1905</li> <li><i>The Fruit of the Tree</i>, 1907<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reef_(novel)" title="The Reef (novel)">The Reef</a></i>, 1912</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Custom_of_the_Country" title="The Custom of the Country">The Custom of the Country</a></i>, 1913</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summer_(Wharton_novel)" title="Summer (Wharton novel)">Summer</a></i>, 1917</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence" title="The Age of Innocence">The Age of Innocence</a></i>, 1920 (<a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> winner)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glimpses_of_the_Moon_(Wharton_novel)" title="The Glimpses of the Moon (Wharton novel)">The Glimpses of the Moon</a></i>, 1922</li> <li><i>A Son at the Front</i>, 1923</li> <li><i>The Mother's Recompense</i>, 1925</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_Sleep_(novel)" title="Twilight Sleep (novel)">Twilight Sleep</a></i>, 1927</li> <li><i>The Children</i>, 1928</li> <li><i>Hudson River Bracketed</i>, 1929</li> <li><i>The Gods Arrive</i>, 1932</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Buccaneers" title="The Buccaneers">The Buccaneers</a></i>, 1938 (unfinished)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novellas_and_novelette">Novellas and novelette</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Novellas and novelette"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Touchstone_(novella)" title="The Touchstone (novella)">The Touchstone</a></i>, 1900</li> <li><i>Sanctuary</i>, 1903</li> <li><i>Madame de Treymes</i>, 1907</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Frome" title="Ethan Frome">Ethan Frome</a></i>, 1911</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bunner_Sisters" title="Bunner Sisters">Bunner Sisters</a></i>, 1916</li> <li><i>The Marne</i>, 1918</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_New_York_(novellas)" title="Old New York (novellas)">Old New York</a></i>, 1924<br />1. False Dawn; 2. The Old Maid; 3. The Spark; 4. New Year's Day</li> <li><i>Fast and Loose: A Novelette</i>, 1938 (written in 1876–1877)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Verses</i>, 1878</li> <li><i>Artemis to Actaeon and Other Verse</i>, 1909</li> <li><i>Twelve Poems</i>, 1926</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_story_collections">Short story collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Short story collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greater_Inclination" title="The Greater Inclination">The Greater Inclination</a></i>, 1899, includes Souls Belated.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crucial_Instances" title="Crucial Instances">Crucial Instances</a></i>, 1901</li> <li><i>The Descent of Man and Other Stories</i>, 1904</li> <li><i>The Hermit and the Wild Woman and Other Stories</i>, 1908</li> <li><i>Tales of Men and Ghosts</i>, 1910</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 40%;"> <ul><li><i>Xingu and Other Stories</i>, 1916 <ul><li>"Xingu"; "Coming Home"; "Autres Temps ..."; "Kerfol"; "The Long Run"; "The Triumph of Night"; "The Choice"; "The Bunner Sisters"</li></ul></li> <li><i>Here and Beyond</i>, 1926</li> <li><i>Certain People</i>, 1930</li> <li><i>Human Nature</i>, 1933</li> <li><i>The World Over</i>, 1936</li> <li><i>Ghosts</i>, 1937 <ul><li>"All Souls'"; "The Eyes"; "Afterward"; "The Lady's Maid's Bell"; "Kerfol"; "The Triumph of Night"; "Miss Mary Pask"; "Bewitched"; "Mr. Jones"; "Pomegranate Seed"; "A Bottle of Perrier"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Fever" title="Roman Fever">Roman Fever</a> and Other Stories</i>, 1964 <ul><li>"Roman Fever"; "Xingu"; "The Other Two"; "Souls Belated"; "The Angel at the Grave"; "The Last Asset"; "After Holbein"; "Autres Temps"</li></ul></li> <li><i>Madame de Treymes and Others: Four Novelettes</i>, 1970 <ul><li>"The Touchstone"; "Sanctuary"; "Madame de Treymes"; "Bunner Sisters"</li></ul></li> <li><i>The Ghost Stories of Edith Wharton</i>, 1973 <ul><li>"The Lady's Maid's Bell"; "The Eyes"; "Afterward"; "Kerfol"; "The Triumph of Night"; "Miss Mary Pask"; "Bewitched"; "Mr Jones"; "Pomegranate Seed"; "The Looking Glass"; "All Souls"</li></ul></li> <li><i>The Collected Stories of Edith Wharton</i>, 1998 <small>(Carroll & Graf Publishers; paperback, 640 pages)</small> <ul><li>"The Pelican"; "The Other Two"; "The Mission of Jane"; "The Reckoning"; "The Last Asset"; "The Letters"; "Autres Temps ..."; "The Long Run"; "After Holbein"; "Atrophy"; "Pomegranate Seed"; "Her Son"; "Charm Incorporated"; "All Souls"; "The Lamp of Psyche"; "A Journey"; "The Line of Least Resistance"; "The Moving Finger"; "Expiation"; "Les Metteurs en Scene"; "Full Circle"; "The Daunt Diana"; "Afterward"; "The Bolted Door"; "The Temperate Zone"; "Diagnosis"; "The Day of the Funeral"; "Confession"</li></ul></li> <li><i>The New York Stories of Edith Wharton</i>, 2007 paperback 452 pages, NYREV publishers <ul><li>"Mrs. Manstey's View"; "That Good May Come"; "The Portrait"; "A Cup of Cold Water"; "A Journey"; "The Rembrandt"; "The Other Two"; "The Quicksand"; "The Dilettante"; "The Reckoning"; "Expiation"; "The Pot-Boiler"; "His Father's Son"; "Full Circle"; "Autres Temps"; "The Long Run"; "After Holbein"; "Diagnosis"; "Pomegranate Seed"; "Roman Fever"</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Non-fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decoration_of_Houses" title="The Decoration of Houses">The Decoration of Houses</a></i>, 1897</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Italian_Villas_and_Their_Gardens.html?id=KWUAAAAAYAAJ"><i>Italian Villas and Their Gardens</i></a>, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Maxfield_Parrish" title="Maxfield Parrish">Maxfield Parrish</a>, 1904</li> <li><i>Italian Backgrounds</i>, 1905</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=By82AAAAMAAJ"><i>A Motor-Flight Through France</i></a>, 1908</li> <li><i>The Cruise of the Vanadis</i>, 1910</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fighting_France:_From_Dunkerque_to_Belfort" title="Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort">Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort</a></i>, 1915</li> <li><i>French Ways and Their Meaning</i>, 1919</li> <li><i>In Morocco</i>, 1920 (travel)</li> <li><i>The Writing of Fiction</i>, 1925</li> <li><i>A Backward Glance</i>, 1934 (autobiography)</li> <li><i>Edith Wharton: The Uncollected Critical Writings</i>, Edited by Frederick Wegener, 1996</li> <li><i>Edith Wharton Abroad: Selected Travel Writings, 1888–1920</i>, 1995, Edited by Sarah Bird Wright</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_editor">As editor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: As editor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Homeless" title="The Book of the Homeless">The Book of the Homeless</a></i>, 1916</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theater">Theater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Shadow of a Doubt</i>, 1901<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source: (<a href="#CITEREFMarshall1996">Marshall 1996</a>, pp. 21–25) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Mirth_(1918_film)" title="The House of Mirth (1918 film)">The House of Mirth</a></i>, a 1918 silent film adaptation (6 reels) (of the 1905 novel) directed by French <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">film director</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Capellani" title="Albert Capellani">Albert Capellani</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Harris_Barrymore" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine Harris Barrymore">Katherine Harris Barrymore</a> as Lily Bart. It is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost film</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glimpses_of_the_Moon_(film)" title="The Glimpses of the Moon (film)">The Glimpses Of The Moon</a></i>, a 1923 silent film adaptation (7 reels) (of the 1922 novel) directed for <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Studios">Paramount Studios</a> by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Dwan" title="Allan Dwan">Allan Dwan</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Bebe_Daniels" title="Bebe Daniels">Bebe Daniels</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Powell_(actor)" title="David Powell (actor)">David Powell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nita_Naldi" title="Nita Naldi">Nita Naldi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Costello" title="Maurice Costello">Maurice Costello</a>. It is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost film</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence_(1924_film)" title="The Age of Innocence (1924 film)">The Age of Innocence</a></i>, a 1924 silent film adaptation (7 reels) (of the 1920 novel) directed for <a href="/wiki/Warner_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Brothers">Warner Brothers</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Ruggles" title="Wesley Ruggles">Wesley Ruggles</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Bayne" title="Beverly Bayne">Beverly Bayne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Dexter" title="Elliott Dexter">Elliott Dexter</a>. It is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost film</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_Playground" title="The Marriage Playground">The Marriage Playground</a></i>, a 1929 talking film adaptation (70 minutes) (of the 1928 novel <i>The Children</i>) directed for <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Studios">Paramount Studios</a> by Lothar Mendes, starring rising star <a href="/wiki/Fredric_March" title="Fredric March">Fredric March</a> in leading role (as Martin Boyne), Mary Brian (as Judith Wheater), and Kay Francis (as Lady Wrench).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence_(1934_film)" title="The Age of Innocence (1934 film)">The Age of Innocence</a></i>, a 1934 film adaptation (9 reels / circa 80–90 minutes) (of the 1920 novel) directed for <a href="/wiki/RKO_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="RKO Studios">RKO Studios</a> by Philip Moeller, starring <a href="/wiki/Irene_Dunne" title="Irene Dunne">Irene Dunne</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Boles_(actor)" title="John Boles (actor)">John Boles</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Wives" title="Strange Wives">Strange Wives</a></i>, a 1934 film adaptation (8 reels / 75 minutes) (of the 1934 short story <i>Bread Upon the Waters</i>) directed for <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thorpe" title="Richard Thorpe">Richard Thorpe</a>, starring Roger Pryor (as Jimmy King), June Clayworth (as Nadja), and Esther Ralston (as Olga). It is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost film</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Maid_(1939_film)" title="The Old Maid (1939 film)">The Old Maid</a>,</i> a 1939 film adaptation (95 minutes) (of the 1924 short novella) directed by Edmund Goulding starring <a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a>.</li> <li>A 1944 film version of the 1911 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Frome" title="Ethan Frome">Ethan Frome</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford">Joan Crawford</a> was proposed, but never came to fruition.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_(1990_film)" title="The Children (1990 film)">The Children</a></i> (115 minutes) directed by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Palmer_(director)" title="Tony Palmer (director)">Tony Palmer</a> and released in 1990, starring <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kingsley" title="Ben Kingsley">Ben Kingsley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Novak" title="Kim Novak">Kim Novak</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Frome_(film)" title="Ethan Frome (film)">Ethan Frome</a></i> (99 minutes) directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Madden_(director)" title="John Madden (director)">John Madden</a> and released in 1993, starring <a href="/wiki/Liam_Neeson" title="Liam Neeson">Liam Neeson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Arquette" title="Patricia Arquette">Patricia Arquette</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence_(1993_film)" title="The Age of Innocence (1993 film)">The Age of Innocence</a></i> (138 minutes) directed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> and released in 1993, starring <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis" title="Daniel Day-Lewis">Daniel Day-Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winona_Ryder" title="Winona Ryder">Winona Ryder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Pfeiffer" title="Michelle Pfeiffer">Michelle Pfeiffer</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reef_(1999_film)" title="The Reef (1999 film)">The Reef</a></i> (88 minutes) directed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Allan_Ackerman" title="Robert Allan Ackerman">Robert Allan Ackerman</a> and released in 1999.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Mirth_(2000_film)" title="The House of Mirth (2000 film)">The House of Mirth</a></i> (140 minutes) directed by <a href="/wiki/Terence_Davies" title="Terence Davies">Terence Davies</a> and released in 2000, starring <a href="/wiki/Gillian_Anderson" title="Gillian Anderson">Gillian Anderson</a> as Lily Bart.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Touchstone</i>, a live broadcast on CBS April 1951. First Wharton adaptation on television.</li> <li>"Grey Reminder"—the April 30, 1951 episode of <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lights_Out_(1949-1952_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lights Out (1949-1952 TV series)">Lights Out</a></i>—is an adaptation of Wharton's story, "The Pomegranate Seed," starring <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Straight" title="Beatrice Straight">Beatrice Straight</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Newland" title="John Newland">John Newland</a>, Helene Dumas and Parker McCormick.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ethan Frome</i>, a 1960 (CBS) TV US adaptation, directed by Alex Segal, starring <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Hayden" title="Sterling Hayden">Sterling Hayden</a> as Ethan Frome, <a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris_(American_actress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie Harris (American actress)">Julie Harris</a> as Mattie Silver and <a href="/wiki/Clarice_Blackburn" title="Clarice Blackburn">Clarice Blackburn</a> as Zenobia Frome.</li> <li><i>Looking Back</i>, a 1981 TV US loose adaptation of two biographies of Edith Wharton: <i>A Backward Glance</i>, Wharton's own 1934 autobiography & <i>Edith Wharton</i>, a 1975 biography by <a href="/wiki/R.W.B._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="R.W.B. Lewis">R.W.B. Lewis</a> (1976 <a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Prize" title="Bancroft Prize">Bancroft Prize</a>-winner).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Mirth_(1981_film)" title="The House of Mirth (1981 film)">The House of Mirth</a></i>, a 1981 TV US adaptation, directed by Adrian Hall, starring <a href="/wiki/William_Atherton" title="William Atherton">William Atherton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Chaplin" title="Geraldine Chaplin">Geraldine Chaplin</a> and Barbara Blossom</li> <li><i>The Buccaneers</i>, a 1995 BBC mini-series, starring <a href="/wiki/Carla_Gugino" title="Carla Gugino">Carla Gugino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greg_Wise" title="Greg Wise">Greg Wise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Buccaneers_(2023_TV_series)" title="The Buccaneers (2023 TV series)">The Buccaneers</a></i>, a 2023 Apple TV+ streaming series. Starring <a href="/wiki/Kristine_Fr%C3%B8seth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristine Frøseth">Kristine Frøseth</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theater_2">Theater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The House of Mirth</i> was adapted as a play in 1906 by Edith Wharton and <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Fitch" title="Clyde Fitch">Clyde Fitch</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Age of Innocence</i> was adapted as a play in 1928. <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Cornell" title="Katharine Cornell">Katharine Cornell</a> played the role of Ellen Olenska.</li> <li><i>The Old Maid</i> was adapted for the stage by <a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Akins" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoë Akins">Zoë Akins</a> in 1934. It was staged by <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_McClintic" title="Guthrie McClintic">Guthrie McClintic</a> and starred <a href="/wiki/Judith_Anderson" title="Judith Anderson">Judith Anderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Menken" title="Helen Menken">Helen Menken</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bde010835_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bde010835-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in May 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-dn050735_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dn050735-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When published, the play had both Akins and Wharton's names on the copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-za1951_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-za1951-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Shadow of a Doubt</i> made its world stage premiere in 2023 directed by Peter Hinton-Davis produced by the <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Festival" title="Shaw Festival">Shaw Festival</a>. The show was designed by Gillian Gallow (Set & Costume) Bonnie Beecher (Lighting) and HAUI (Live Video) and starred Katherine Gautier as Kate Derwent.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballet">Ballet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ballet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Ethan Frome</i> was adapted by <a href="/wiki/Cathy_Marston" title="Cathy Marston">Cathy Marston</a> as a one-act ballet titled <i>Snowblind</i> for the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Ballet" title="San Francisco Ballet">San Francisco Ballet</a>. The ballet premiered in 2018, with Ulrik Birkkjaer as Ethan, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Van_Patten" title="Sarah Van Patten">Sarah Van Patten</a> as Zeena and <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Froustey" title="Mathilde Froustey">Mathilde Froustey</a> as Mattie.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Edith Wharton was honored on a U.S. postage stamp issued on September 5, 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles" title="The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles">The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles</a></i>, Edith Wharton (<a href="/wiki/Clare_Higgins_(actress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clare Higgins (actress)">Clare Higgins</a>) travels across <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> with <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_(character)" title="Indiana Jones (character)">Indiana Jones</a> in Chapter 16, <i>Tales of Innocence</i>.</li> <li>Edith Wharton is mentioned in the HBO television series <i><a href="/wiki/Entourage_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entourage (U.S. TV series)">Entourage</a></i> in the 2007 third season's 13th episode: Vince is handed a screenplay for Wharton's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glimpses_of_the_Moon_(Wharton_novel)" title="The Glimpses of the Moon (Wharton novel)">The Glimpses of the Moon</a></i> by Amanda, his new agent, for a film to be directed by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Mendes" title="Sam Mendes">Sam Mendes</a>. In the same episode, period films of Wharton's work are lampooned by agent <a href="/wiki/Ari_Gold_(Entourage)" title="Ari Gold (Entourage)">Ari Gold</a>, who says that all her stories are "about a guy who likes a girl, but he can't have sex with her for five years, because those were the times!" <a href="/wiki/Carla_Gugino" title="Carla Gugino">Carla Gugino</a>, who plays Amanda, was the protagonist of the BBC-PBS adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Buccaneers" title="The Buccaneers">The Buccaneers</a></i> (1995), one of her early jobs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilmore_Girls" title="Gilmore Girls">Gilmore Girls</a> makes various witty references to Wharton throughout the series. In season 1, episode 6 called "Rory's Birthday Parties", Lorelei jokingly says, "Edith Wharton would be proud”, referring to Emily's extravagant birthday party for Rory. In <a href="/wiki/Gilmore_Girls:_A_Year_in_the_Life" title="Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life">Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life</a> the tradition continues as Lorelei quips Emily with a Wharton mention in the first episode.</li> <li>In a 2009 episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Gossip_Girl" title="Gossip Girl">Gossip Girl</a></i> called "The Age of Dissonance", characters put on a production of a play version of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence" title="The Age of Innocence">The Age of Innocence</a></i> and find their personal lives mirroring the play.</li> <li>"Edith Wharton's Journey" is a radio adaptation, for the NPR series <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Tales" title="Radio Tales">Radio Tales</a></i>, of the short story "A Journey" from Edith Wharton's collection <i>The Greater Inclination</i>.</li> <li>The American singer and songwriter <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Vega" title="Suzanne Vega">Suzanne Vega</a> paid homage to Edith Wharton in her song "Edith Wharton's Figurines" on her 2007 studio album <i><a href="/wiki/Beauty_%26_Crime" title="Beauty & Crime">Beauty & Crime</a></i>.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Dawson%27s_Creek" title="Dawson's Creek">Dawson's Creek</a></i>, Pacey reads and takes a verbal quiz on <i><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Frome" title="Ethan Frome">Ethan Frome</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magnetic_Fields" title="The Magnetic Fields">The Magnetic Fields</a> have a song which summarises the plot of <i><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Frome" title="Ethan Frome">Ethan Frome</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/edith-wharton/">"National Women's Hall of Fame, Edith Wharton"</a>. <i>womenofthehall.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=womenofthehall.org&rft.atitle=National+Women%27s+Hall+of+Fame%2C+Edith+Wharton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenofthehall.org%2Finductee%2Fedith-wharton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200816-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200816_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200816_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200816_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200816_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200816_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwight199412–13-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwight199412–13_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwight1994">Dwight 1994</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinkel2012-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinkel2012_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinkel2012">Minkel 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200821-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200821_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200822-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200822_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994216-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994216_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenstock1994">Benstock 1994</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200834-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200834_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200818-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200818_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee20087–8-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20087–8_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee20087–8_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chronology-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chronology_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chronology_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506085111/http://www.edithwharton.org/edith-wharton/chronology/">"Chronology"</a>. <i>The Mount: Edith Wharton's Home</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edithwharton.org/edith-wharton/chronology/">the original</a> on May 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mount%3A+Edith+Wharton%27s+Home&rft.atitle=Chronology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edithwharton.org%2Fedith-wharton%2Fchronology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W._W._Norton_&_Company,_Inc-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W._W._Norton_&_Company,_Inc_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W._W._Norton_&_Company,_Inc_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaym2013" class="citation book cs1">Baym, Nina (2013). <i>The Norton Anthology of American Literature</i> (8th ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-91885-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-91885-4"><bdi>978-0-393-91885-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Norton+Anthology+of+American+Literature&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-393-91885-4&rft.aulast=Baym&rft.aufirst=Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2008_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200813–14-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200813–14_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200813–14_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200813–14_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200836-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200836_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200836_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock199435-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock199435_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenstock1994">Benstock 1994</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200843-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200843_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200844-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200844_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock199438-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock199438_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenstock1994">Benstock 1994</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock199440-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock199440_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenstock1994">Benstock 1994</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200847-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200847_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li 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p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200835-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200835_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200835_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200835_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis197544–47-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis197544–47_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1975">Lewis 1975</a>, pp. 44–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York, New York, Marriage Index 1866–1937</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200874–75-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200874–75_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S., Newspaper Extractions from the Northeast, 1704–1930</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200881-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200881_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200881_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200881_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200882-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200882_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200882_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2007">Davis 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200878–81-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200878–81_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, pp. 78–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/wharton/whar3.htm">"Edith Wharton's World, Portrait of People and Places"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>: National Portrait Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edith+Wharton%27s+World%2C+Portrait+of+People+and+Places&rft.place=US&rft.pub=National+Portrait+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.si.edu%2Fexh%2Fwharton%2Fwhar3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1995xvii–xviii-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1995xvii–xviii_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1995">Wright 1995</a>, pp. xvii–xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright19953-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright19953_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1995">Wright 1995</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1975[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1975">Lewis 1975</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright199517-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright199517_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1995">Wright 1995</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994129–130-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994129–130_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenstock1994">Benstock 1994</a>, pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994143-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994143_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenstock1994">Benstock 1994</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingley2003" class="citation book cs1">Singley, Carol J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JYKs6vJG678C&pg=PA238"><i>A Historical Guide to Edith Wharton</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513591-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513591-1"><bdi>0-19-513591-1</bdi></a>. <q>Photograph of Edith Wharton, Teddy Wharton, Henry James and Chauffeur Charles Cook</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Guide+to+Edith+Wharton&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-513591-1&rft.aulast=Singley&rft.aufirst=Carol+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJYKs6vJG678C%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwight1994183-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwight1994183_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwight1994">Dwight 1994</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwight1994183–184-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwight1994183–184_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwight1994">Dwight 1994</a>, pp. 183–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwight1994188–189-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwight1994188–189_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwight1994">Dwight 1994</a>, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1995253-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1995253_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1995253_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff1995">Wolff 1995</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwight1994190-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwight1994190_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwight1994">Dwight 1994</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2008486-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2008486_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, p. 486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Edith Wharton</i> p. 486. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40004-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40004-9">978-0-375-40004-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In Argonne", Chapter 2 of <i>Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort</i>, published in <i>Edith Wharton Abroad: Selected Travel Writings, 1888–1920</i>, p. 150. 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Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/almanacofamerica00nels/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86576-008-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86576-008-X"><bdi>0-86576-008-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Almanac+of+American+Letters&rft.place=Los+Altos%2C+California&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=William+Kaufmann%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-86576-008-X&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Randy+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falmanacofamerica00nels%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Reader's Almanac: A Controversial Pulitzer Prize Brings Edith Wharton and Sinclair Lewis Together." Library of America, June 28, 2011. Web. March 11, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=10128">"Nomination Database – Literature"</a>. <i>www.nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Funston, "Edith Wharton", in <i>American National Biography</i>; New York: Oxford University Press, 1999; Vol. 23, pp. 111–112. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512802-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512802-8">0-19-512802-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock199486-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock199486_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenstock1994">Benstock 1994</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Edith Wharton, 75, Is Dead in France". <i>The New York Times</i>, August 13, 1937. Web. March 11, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994456-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994456_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenstock1994">Benstock 1994</a>, p. 456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenstock1994_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenstock1994">Benstock 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armitage, Robert. "Edith Wharton, A Writing Life: Childhood." New York Public Library, May 6, 2013. Web. March 11, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drama on 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0000xfl"><i>The Shadow of a Doubt</i></a>. BBC Radio 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-lost-edith-wharton-play-is-performed-for-the-first-time-180982795/">"A Lost Edith Wharton Play Is Performed for the First Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Magazine">Smithsonian Magazine</a></i>. Smithsonian. August 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Lost+Edith+Wharton+Play+Is+Performed+for+the+First+Time&rft.date=2023-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fa-lost-edith-wharton-play-is-performed-for-the-first-time-180982795%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulalic2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mulalic, Almasa (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301944958">"Material Details in Edith Wharton's Writings"</a>. <i>Epiphany: Journal of Transdisciplinary Studies</i>. <b>5</b>: 95–107 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epiphany%3A+Journal+of+Transdisciplinary+Studies&rft.atitle=Material+Details+in+Edith+Wharton%27s+Writings&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=95-107&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Mulalic&rft.aufirst=Almasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F301944958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2001" class="citation web cs1">Howard, Maureen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loa.org/news-and-views/141-remarks-on-edith-whartons-_collected-stories_-by-editor-maureen-howard">"Remarks on Edith Wharton's Collected Stories by editor Maureen Howard"</a>. <i>Library of America</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+America&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+Edith+Wharton%27s+Collected+Stories+by+editor+Maureen+Howard&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loa.org%2Fnews-and-views%2F141-remarks-on-edith-whartons-_collected-stories_-by-editor-maureen-howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200831-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200831_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200831_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200831_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200831–34-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200831–34_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, pp. 31–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200823-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200823_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200823_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee200832-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee200832_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2008">Lee 2008</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__I_PcOFSw8C&pg=PA762">"Review of <i>The Fruit of the Tree</i> by Edith Wharton"</a>. <i>The Athenaeum</i> (4181): 762. December 14, 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Athenaeum&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Fruit+of+the+Tree+by+Edith+Wharton&rft.issue=4181&rft.pages=762&rft.date=1907-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__I_PcOFSw8C%26pg%3DPA762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-lost-edith-wharton-play-is-performed-for-the-first-time-180982795/">"A Lost Edith Wharton Play Is Performed for the First Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Magazine">Smithsonian Magazine</a></i>. Smithsonian. August 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Lost+Edith+Wharton+Play+Is+Performed+for+the+First+Time&rft.date=2023-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fa-lost-edith-wharton-play-is-performed-for-the-first-time-180982795%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Crawford#Move_to_Warner_Bros." title="Joan Crawford">Wikipedia English / Joan_Crawford / Move to Warner Bros.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kansas-city-star/143688317/">"Television"</a>. <i>The Kansas City Star</i>. April 30, 1951. p. 25. Retrieved March 19, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Radio Ghost (July 14, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBcyulVueD0&t=1690s">"Lights Out TV Series: Grey Reminder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Retrieved March 19, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhartonLoneyFitch1981" class="citation book cs1">Wharton, Edith; Loney, Glenn; Fitch, Clyde (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2897041"><i>The house of mirth : the play of the novel / dramatized by Edith Wharton and Clyde Fitch, 1906; edited, with an introd., notes, and appendixes by Glenn Loney</i></a>. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press; Associated University Presses. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838624166" title="Special:BookSources/9780838624166"><bdi>9780838624166</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2017</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+house+of+mirth+%3A+the+play+of+the+novel+%2F+dramatized+by+Edith+Wharton+and+Clyde+Fitch%2C+1906%3B+edited%2C+with+an+introd.%2C+notes%2C+and+appendixes+by+Glenn+Loney&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press%3B+Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780838624166&rft.aulast=Wharton&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft.au=Loney%2C+Glenn&rft.au=Fitch%2C+Clyde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.nla.gov.au%2FRecord%2F2897041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWharton1980" class="citation web cs1">Wharton, Edith (September 14, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15000223W/The_play_of_the_novel_The_house_of_mirth">"The play of the novel The house of mirth: the play of the novel"</a>. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2017</span> – via The Open Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+play+of+the+novel+The+house+of+mirth%3A+the+play+of+the+novel&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1980-09-14&rft.aulast=Wharton&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL15000223W%2FThe_play_of_the_novel_The_house_of_mirth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bde010835-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bde010835_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1935" class="citation news cs1">Pollock, Arthur (January 8, 1935). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Old Maid'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>. Brooklyn, New York. p. 11 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=%27The+Old+Maid%27&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1935-01-08&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dn050735-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dn050735_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Old Maid' Steals Pulitzer Play Prize". <i>Daily News</i>. New York, New York. May 7, 1935. p. 177 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=%27The+Old+Maid%27+Steals+Pulitzer+Play+Prize&rft.pages=177&rft.date=1935-05-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-za1951-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-za1951_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoë_Akins1951" class="citation book cs1">Zoë Akins (1951). <i>The Old Maid</i>. Samuel French, Inc. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-573-61336-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-573-61336-4"><bdi>978-0-573-61336-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Maid&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Samuel+French%2C+Inc&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-573-61336-4&rft.au=Zo%C3%AB+Akins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Kat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre-and-performance/reviews/article-forgotten-for-a-century-rediscovered-play-the-shadow-of-a-doubt-mixes/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Forgotten for a century rediscovered play The Shadow of a Doubt'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=%27Forgotten+for+a+century+rediscovered+play+The+Shadow+of+a+Doubt%27&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Kat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Farts%2Ftheatre-and-performance%2Freviews%2Farticle-forgotten-for-a-century-rediscovered-play-the-shadow-of-a-doubt-mixes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesaulniers2018" class="citation news cs1">Desaulniers, Heather (April 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dancetabs.com/2018/04/san-francisco-ballet-unbound-festival-prog-b-myles-thatcher-cathy-marston-david-dawson-sf/">"San Francisco Ballet – Unbound Festival Program B: works by Myles Thatcher, Cathy Marston, David Dawson – San Francisco"</a>. <i>DanceTabs</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DanceTabs&rft.atitle=San+Francisco+Ballet+%E2%80%93+Unbound+Festival+Program+B%3A+works+by+Myles+Thatcher%2C+Cathy+Marston%2C+David+Dawson+%E2%80%93+San+Francisco&rft.date=2018-04-23&rft.aulast=Desaulniers&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdancetabs.com%2F2018%2F04%2Fsan-francisco-ballet-unbound-festival-prog-b-myles-thatcher-cathy-marston-david-dawson-sf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_1999.2004.142">"15c Edith Wharton single"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=15c+Edith+Wharton+single&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostalmuseum.si.edu%2Fobject%2Fnpm_1999.2004.142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenstock1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shari_Benstock" title="Shari Benstock">Benstock, Shari</a> (1994). <i>No Gifts from Chance: A Biography of Edith Wharton</i>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140172836" title="Special:BookSources/9780140172836"><bdi>9780140172836</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40336475">40336475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Gifts+from+Chance%3A+A+Biography+of+Edith+Wharton&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40336475&rft.isbn=9780140172836&rft.aulast=Benstock&rft.aufirst=Shari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Mary Virginia (2007). "Edith Wharton". <i>Magills Survey of American Literature</i>. Salem Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magills+Survey+of+American+Literature&rft.atitle=Edith+Wharton&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Mary+Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwight1994" class="citation book cs1">Dwight, Eleanor (1994). <i>Edith Wharton: An Extraordinary Life</i>. New York: Harry N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3971-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3971-4"><bdi>978-0-8109-3971-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28709502">28709502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edith+Wharton%3A+An+Extraordinary+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28709502&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-3971-4&rft.aulast=Dwight&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2008" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Hermione (2008). <i>Edith Wharton</i> (1st ed.). London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099763512" title="Special:BookSources/9780099763512"><bdi>9780099763512</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/254767936">254767936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edith+Wharton&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F254767936&rft.isbn=9780099763512&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Hermione&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1975" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, R. W. B. (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edithwhartonbiog00lewi"><i>Edith Wharton: A Biography</i></a></span> (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-935891-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-935891-6"><bdi>978-0-09-935891-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/476620731">476620731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edith+Wharton%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F476620731&rft.isbn=978-0-09-935891-6&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=R.+W.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedithwhartonbiog00lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinkel2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Minkel, Edith (February 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/double-take/nobody-likes-edith-wharton">"Nobody Likes Edith Wharton"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Nobody+Likes+Edith+Wharton&rft.date=2012-02-09&rft.aulast=Minkel&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fbooks%2Fdouble-take%2Fnobody-likes-edith-wharton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1996" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, Scott (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/wharton/marshalls.pdf">"Edith Wharton on Film and Television: A History and Filmography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Edith Wharton Review</i>. <b>13</b> (2). Washington State University: 15–25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edith+Wharton+Review&rft.atitle=Edith+Wharton+on+Film+and+Television%3A+A+History+and+Filmography&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=15-25&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%2F~campbelld%2Fwharton%2Fmarshalls.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1995" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, Cynthia Griffin (1995). <i>A Feast of Words: The Triumph of Edith Wharton</i> (2nd ed.). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-40918-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-40918-6"><bdi>0-201-40918-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Feast+of+Words%3A+The+Triumph+of+Edith+Wharton&rft.place=Reading%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-201-40918-6&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Griffin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1995" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Sarah Bird, ed. (1995). <i>Edith Wharton Abroad: Selected Travel Writings, 1888–1920</i>. New York: St. Martin's Griffin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edith+Wharton+Abroad%3A+Selected+Travel+Writings%2C+1888%E2%80%931920&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p>Olsen, Eric B. (2019) "Ethan Frome" Analysis In Context </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Armbruster, Elif S. (2011) "Domestic Biographies: Stowe, Howells, James, and Wharton at Home." New York: Peter Lang (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1433112492" title="Special:BookSources/978-1433112492">978-1433112492</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shari_Benstock" title="Shari Benstock">Benstock, Shari</a> (1994) <i>No Gifts From Chance: a biography of Edith Wharton</i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Collas" title="Philippe Collas">Collas, Philippe</a> and Eric Villedary, <i>Edith Wharton's French Riviera</i> (2002) Paris, New York : Flammarion/Rizzoli (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84110-161-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-84110-161-4">2-84110-161-4</a>)</li> <li>Drizou, Myrto, ed. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salempress.com/Critical-Insights-Edith-Wharton">Critical Insights: Edith Wharton</a></i> (2018) Salem Press.</li> <li>Dwight, Eleanor. (1994) <i>Edith Wharton: An Extraordinary Life, An Illustrated Biography</i> New York: Harry N. Abrams.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranzen2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Franzen, Jonathan (February 13–20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/02/13/a-rooting-interest">"A Critic at Large: A Rooting Interest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. Vol. 88, no. 1. pp. 60–65<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=A+Critic+at+Large%3A+A+Rooting+Interest&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-65&rft.date=2012-02-13%2F2012-02-20&rft.aulast=Franzen&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2F02%2F13%2Fa-rooting-interest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hutchinson, Hazel (2015). <i>The War That Used Up Words: American Writers and the First World War.</i> New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</li> <li>Lee, Hermione (2007) <i>Edith Wharton.</i> London: Chatto & Windus; New York: Knopf.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._W._B._Lewis" title="R. W. B. Lewis">Lewis, R. W. B.</a> (1975) <i>Edith Wharton: a biography</i> New York: Harper & Row <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-012603-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-012603-5">0-06-012603-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Lowry, Elizabeth (December 9, 2011). "What Edith Knew: Freeing Wharton from the Master's Shadow". <i>Harper's Magazine</i>. Vol. 317, no. 1903. pp. 96–100, 102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+Edith+Knew%3A+Freeing+Wharton+from+the+Master%27s+Shadow&rft.volume=317&rft.issue=1903&rft.pages=96-100%2C+102&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdith+Wharton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Montgomery, Maureen E. (1998) <i>Displaying Women: Spectacles of Leisure in Edith Wharton's New York</i> New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-90566-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-90566-4">0-415-90566-4</a></li> <li><i>Novellas and Other Writings</i> (Cynthia Griffin Wolff, ed.) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loa.org">The Library of America</a>, 1990) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940450-53-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940450-53-0">978-0-940450-53-0</a>, which contains her autobiography, <i>A Backward Glance</i>.</li> <li><i>The Letters of Edith Wharton</i> (R. W. B. Lewis and Nancy Lewis, eds.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-034400-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-034400-7">0-02-034400-7</a>, particularly the editorial introductions to the chronological sections, especially for 1902–07, 1911–14, 1919–27, and 1928–37, and the editorial footnotes to the letter to F. Scott Fitzgerald (June 8, 1925)</li> <li>Severi, Rita, Edith Wharton una scrittrice americana in Italia con poesie e testi inediti, Milano, Mursia, Nov. 2023 ISBN 978-88- 425 6538 -3</li> <li><i>Twilight Sleep</i> (R. F. Godfrey, ed.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83964-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83964-4">0-684-83964-4</a></li> <li>Vita-Finzi, Penelope. (1990) "Edith Wharton and the Art of Fiction." London: Continuum International Publishing</li> <li>Wolff, Cynthia Griffin (1977) <i>A Feast of Words: The Triumph of Edith Wharton</i> Oxford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-502117-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-502117-7">0-19-502117-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Edith_Wharton" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edith_Wharton" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edithwhartonsociety.org">Edith Wharton Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edithwharton.org/">The Mount: Estate and gardens designed by Edith Wharton</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?165364-1/writings-edith-wharton">"Writings of Edith Wharton"</a> from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/American_Writers:_A_Journey_Through_History" title="American Writers: A Journey Through History">American Writers: A Journey Through History</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/n79151500">Edith Wharton</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, with 345 library catalog records</li> <li>Anna Catherine Bahlmann Papers Relating to Edith Wharton. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_materials">Archival materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Archival materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/resources/1575">Edith Wharton Collection</a>. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/lilly/mss/html/wharton.html#xtocid2477739">The Edith Wharton Papers</a> at the Lilly Library, Indiana University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079606">Finding aid to Iola S. Haverstick collection of Edith Wharton materials at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_editions">Online editions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edith_Wharton&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Online editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/edith-wharton">Works by Edith Wharton in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/104">Works by Edith Wharton</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Wharton%2C%20Edith">Works by Edith Wharton</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Wharton%2C%20Edith%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Edith%20Wharton%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wharton%2C%20Edith%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edith%20Wharton%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wharton%2C%20E%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Edith%20Wharton%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wharton%2C%20Edith%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Edith%20Wharton%22%29%20OR%20%28%221862-1937%22%20AND%20Wharton%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Edith Wharton</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/514">Works by Edith Wharton</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edith_Wharton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edith_Wharton" title="Template:Edith Wharton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edith_Wharton" title="Template talk:Edith Wharton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edith_Wharton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edith Wharton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edith_Wharton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edith Wharton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Mirth" title="The House of Mirth">The House of Mirth</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reef_(novel)" title="The Reef (novel)">The Reef</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Custom_of_the_Country" title="The Custom of the Country">The Custom of the Country</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summer_(Wharton_novel)" title="Summer (Wharton novel)">Summer</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence" title="The Age of Innocence">The Age of Innocence</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glimpses_of_the_Moon_(Wharton_novel)" title="The Glimpses of the Moon (Wharton novel)">The Glimpses of the Moon</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_Sleep_(novel)" title="Twilight Sleep (novel)">Twilight Sleep</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Buccaneers" title="The Buccaneers">The Buccaneers</a></i> (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novellas<br />and novelette</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Touchstone_(novella)" title="The Touchstone (novella)">The Touchstone</a></i> (1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Frome" title="Ethan Frome">Ethan Frome</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bunner_Sisters" title="Bunner Sisters">Bunner Sisters</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_New_York_(novellas)" title="Old New York (novellas)">Old New York</a></i> (1924)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short story<br />collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Greater_Inclination" title="The Greater Inclination">The Greater Inclination</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crucial_Instances" title="Crucial Instances">Crucial Instances</a></i> (1901)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decoration_of_Houses" title="The Decoration of Houses">The Decoration of Houses</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fighting_France:_From_Dunkerque_to_Belfort" title="Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort">Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort</a></i> (1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As editor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Homeless" title="The Book of the Homeless">The Book of the Homeless</a></i> (1916)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Mirth_(1918_film)" title="The House of Mirth (1918 film)">The House of Mirth</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glimpses_of_the_Moon_(film)" title="The Glimpses of the Moon (film)">The Glimpses of the Moon</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence_(1924_film)" title="The Age of Innocence (1924 film)">The Age of Innocence</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_Playground" title="The Marriage Playground">The Marriage Playground</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence_(1934_film)" title="The Age of Innocence (1934 film)">The Age of Innocence</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Wives" title="Strange Wives">Strange Wives</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Maid_(1939_film)" title="The Old Maid (1939 film)">The Old Maid</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_(1990_film)" title="The Children (1990 film)">The Children</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Frome_(film)" title="Ethan Frome (film)">Ethan Frome</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence_(1993_film)" title="The Age of Innocence (1993 film)">The Age of Innocence</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reef_(1999_film)" title="The Reef (1999 film)">The Reef</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Mirth_(2000_film)" title="The House of Mirth (2000 film)">The House of Mirth</a></i> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Mirth_(1981_film)" title="The House of Mirth (1981 film)">The House of Mirth</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Buccaneers_(1995_TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Buccaneers (1995 TV series) (page does not exist)">The Buccaneers</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Buccaneers_(2023_TV_series)" title="The Buccaneers (2023 TV series)">The Buccaneers</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Mount_(Lenox,_Massachusetts)" title="The Mount (Lenox, Massachusetts)">The Mount (Lenox, Massachusetts)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Template:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Template talk:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Previously the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel from 1917–1947</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1918–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/His_Family" title="His Family">His Family</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Poole" title="Ernest Poole">Ernest Poole</a> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons" title="The Magnificent Ambersons">The Magnificent Ambersons</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Booth_Tarkington" title="Booth Tarkington">Booth Tarkington</a> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence" title="The Age of Innocence">The Age of Innocence</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edith Wharton</a> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alice_Adams_(novel)" title="Alice Adams (novel)">Alice Adams</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Booth_Tarkington" title="Booth Tarkington">Booth Tarkington</a> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_of_Ours" title="One of Ours">One of Ours</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Able_McLaughlins" title="The Able McLaughlins">The Able McLaughlins</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wilson_(novelist)" title="Margaret Wilson (novelist)">Margaret Wilson</a> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/So_Big_(novel)" title="So Big (novel)">So Big</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edna_Ferber" title="Edna Ferber">Edna Ferber</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrowsmith_(novel)" title="Arrowsmith (novel)">Arrowsmith</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a> (1926; declined)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Autumn" title="Early Autumn">Early Autumn</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bromfield" title="Louis Bromfield">Louis Bromfield</a> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_of_San_Luis_Rey" title="The Bridge of San Luis Rey">The Bridge of San Luis Rey</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Sister_Mary" title="Scarlet Sister Mary">Scarlet Sister Mary</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Julia_Peterkin" title="Julia Peterkin">Julia Peterkin</a> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laughing_Boy_(novel)" title="Laughing Boy (novel)">Laughing Boy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_La_Farge" title="Oliver La Farge">Oliver La Farge</a> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Grace" title="Years of Grace">Years of Grace</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ayer_Barnes" title="Margaret Ayer Barnes">Margaret Ayer Barnes</a> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Earth" title="The Good Earth">The Good Earth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Store_(novel)" title="The Store (novel)">The Store</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sigismund_Stribling" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Sigismund Stribling">Thomas Sigismund Stribling</a> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamb_in_His_Bosom" title="Lamb in His Bosom">Lamb in His Bosom</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Pafford_Miller" title="Caroline Pafford Miller">Caroline Pafford Miller</a> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Now_in_November" title="Now in November">Now in November</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Johnson" title="Josephine Johnson">Josephine Winslow Johnson</a> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey_in_the_Horn" title="Honey in the Horn">Honey in the Horn</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/H._L._Davis" title="H. L. Davis">Harold L. Davis</a> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)" title="Gone with the Wind (novel)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mitchell" title="Margaret Mitchell">Margaret Mitchell</a> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_George_Apley" title="The Late George Apley">The Late George Apley</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_P._Marquand" title="John P. Marquand">John Phillips Marquand</a> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Yearling" title="The Yearling">The Yearling</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Kinnan_Rawlings" title="Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings">Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings</a> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="The Grapes of Wrath">The Grapes of Wrath</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_This_Our_Life_(novel)" title="In This Our Life (novel)">In This Our Life</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Glasgow" title="Ellen Glasgow">Ellen Glasgow</a> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Teeth_(novel)" title="Dragon's Teeth (novel)">Dragon's Teeth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_in_the_Dark" title="Journey in the Dark">Journey in the Dark</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Flavin" title="Martin Flavin">Martin Flavin</a> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Bell_for_Adano_(novel)" title="A Bell for Adano (novel)">A Bell for Adano</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Hersey" title="John Hersey">John Hersey</a> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_King%27s_Men" title="All the King's Men">All the King's Men</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_South_Pacific" title="Tales of the South Pacific">Tales of the South Pacific</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Michener" title="James A. Michener">James A. Michener</a> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guard_of_Honor" title="Guard of Honor">Guard of Honor</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Gould_Cozzens" title="James Gould Cozzens">James Gould Cozzens</a> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_West" title="The Way West">The Way West</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/A._B._Guthrie_Jr." title="A. B. Guthrie Jr.">A. B. Guthrie Jr.</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Town_(Richter_novel)" title="The Town (Richter novel)">The Town</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Richter" title="Conrad Richter">Conrad Richter</a> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Caine_Mutiny" title="The Caine Mutiny">The Caine Mutiny</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wouk" title="Herman Wouk">Herman Wouk</a> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fable" title="A Fable">A Fable</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andersonville_(novel)" title="Andersonville (novel)">Andersonville</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/MacKinlay_Kantor" title="MacKinlay Kantor">MacKinlay Kantor</a> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Death_in_the_Family" title="A Death in the Family">A Death in the Family</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Agee" title="James Agee">James Agee</a> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Jaimie_McPheeters" title="The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters">The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lewis_Taylor" title="Robert Lewis Taylor">Robert Lewis Taylor</a> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advise_and_Consent" title="Advise and Consent">Advise and Consent</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Drury" title="Allen Drury">Allen Drury</a> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird" title="To Kill a Mockingbird">To Kill a Mockingbird</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Harper_Lee" title="Harper Lee">Harper Lee</a> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Edge_of_Sadness" title="The Edge of Sadness">The Edge of Sadness</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_O%27Connor" title="Edwin O'Connor">Edwin O'Connor</a> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reivers" title="The Reivers">The Reivers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keepers_of_the_House" title="The Keepers of the House">The Keepers of the House</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Grau" title="Shirley Ann Grau">Shirley Ann Grau</a> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter">The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Katherine Anne Porter</a> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fixer_(novel)" title="The Fixer (novel)">The Fixer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron">William Styron</a> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/House_Made_of_Dawn" title="House Made of Dawn">House Made of Dawn</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/N._Scott_Momaday" title="N. Scott Momaday">N. Scott Momaday</a> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Jean_Stafford" title="The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford">The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Stafford" title="Jean Stafford">Jean Stafford</a> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_Repose" title="Angle of Repose">Angle of Repose</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stegner" title="Wallace Stegner">Wallace Stegner</a> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Optimist%27s_Daughter" title="The Optimist's Daughter">The Optimist's Daughter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">No award given</a> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Killer_Angels" title="The Killer Angels">The Killer Angels</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shaara" title="Michael Shaara">Michael Shaara</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_Gift" title="Humboldt's Gift">Humboldt's Gift</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_River_Runs_Through_It_(novel)#Pulitzer_Prize" title="A River Runs Through It (novel)">No award given</a> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elbow_Room_(short_story_collection)" title="Elbow Room (short story collection)">Elbow Room</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Alan_McPherson" title="James Alan McPherson">James Alan McPherson</a> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stories_of_John_Cheever" title="The Stories of John Cheever">The Stories of John Cheever</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Cheever" title="John Cheever">John Cheever</a> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Executioner%27s_Song" title="The Executioner's Song">The Executioner's Song</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Confederacy_of_Dunces" title="A Confederacy of Dunces">A Confederacy of Dunces</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toole" title="John Kennedy Toole">John Kennedy Toole</a> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_Is_Rich" title="Rabbit Is Rich">Rabbit Is Rich</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple" title="The Color Purple">The Color Purple</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Walker" title="Alice Walker">Alice Walker</a> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ironweed_(novel)" title="Ironweed (novel)">Ironweed</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(author)" title="William Kennedy (author)">William Kennedy</a> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_(novel)" title="Foreign Affairs (novel)">Foreign Affairs</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alison_Lurie" title="Alison Lurie">Alison Lurie</a> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lonesome_Dove" title="Lonesome Dove">Lonesome Dove</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Larry_McMurtry" title="Larry McMurtry">Larry McMurtry</a> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Summons_to_Memphis" title="A Summons to Memphis">A Summons to Memphis</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthew_Hillsman_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Matthew Hillsman Taylor">Peter Taylor</a> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breathing_Lessons" title="Breathing Lessons">Breathing Lessons</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Tyler" title="Anne Tyler">Anne Tyler</a> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mambo_Kings_Play_Songs_of_Love" title="The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love">The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hijuelos" title="Oscar Hijuelos">Oscar Hijuelos</a> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_at_Rest" title="Rabbit at Rest">Rabbit at Rest</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Acres" title="A Thousand Acres">A Thousand Acres</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Smiley" title="Jane Smiley">Jane Smiley</a> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Good_Scent_from_a_Strange_Mountain" title="A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain">A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Olen_Butler" title="Robert Olen Butler">Robert Olen Butler</a> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shipping_News" title="The Shipping News">The Shipping News</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Proulx" title="Annie Proulx">E. Annie Proulx</a> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Diaries" title="The Stone Diaries">The Stone Diaries</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carol_Shields" title="Carol Shields">Carol Shields</a> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Ford_novel)" title="Independence Day (Ford novel)">Independence Day</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ford" title="Richard Ford">Richard Ford</a> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dressler:_The_Tale_of_an_American_Dreamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer">Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Millhauser" title="Steven Millhauser">Steven Millhauser</a> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Pastoral" title="American Pastoral">American Pastoral</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(novel)" title="The Hours (novel)">The Hours</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cunningham" title="Michael Cunningham">Michael Cunningham</a> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_of_Maladies" title="Interpreter of Maladies">Interpreter of Maladies</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jhumpa_Lahiri" title="Jhumpa Lahiri">Jhumpa Lahiri</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Adventures_of_Kavalier_%26_Clay" title="The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay">The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_Falls" title="Empire Falls">Empire Falls</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russo" title="Richard Russo">Richard Russo</a> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_(novel)" title="Middlesex (novel)">Middlesex</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Eugenides" title="Jeffrey Eugenides">Jeffrey Eugenides</a> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Known_World" title="The Known World">The Known World</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Jones" title="Edward P. Jones">Edward P. Jones</a> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilead_(novel)" title="Gilead (novel)">Gilead</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson" title="Marilynne Robinson">Marilynne Robinson</a> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/March_(novel)" title="March (novel)">March</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Brooks_(writer)" title="Geraldine Brooks (writer)">Geraldine Brooks</a> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road" title="The Road">The Road</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brief_Wondrous_Life_of_Oscar_Wao" title="The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao">The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Junot_D%C3%ADaz" title="Junot Díaz">Junot Díaz</a> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Olive_Kitteridge" title="Olive Kitteridge">Olive Kitteridge</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Strout" title="Elizabeth Strout">Elizabeth Strout</a> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tinkers_(novel)" title="Tinkers (novel)">Tinkers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Harding_(author)" title="Paul Harding (author)">Paul Harding</a> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_the_Goon_Squad" title="A Visit from the Goon Squad">A Visit from the Goon Squad</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Egan" title="Jennifer Egan">Jennifer Egan</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Pulitzer_Prize" title="2012 Pulitzer Prize">No award given</a> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Orphan_Master%27s_Son" title="The Orphan Master's Son">The Orphan Master's Son</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnson_(writer)" title="Adam Johnson (writer)">Adam Johnson</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Goldfinch_(novel)" title="The Goldfinch (novel)">The Goldfinch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Donna_Tartt" title="Donna Tartt">Donna Tartt</a> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Light_We_Cannot_See" title="All the Light We Cannot See">All the Light We Cannot See</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Doerr" title="Anthony Doerr">Anthony Doerr</a> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sympathizer" title="The Sympathizer">The Sympathizer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Viet_Thanh_Nguyen" title="Viet Thanh Nguyen">Viet Thanh Nguyen</a> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Less_(novel)" title="Less (novel)">Less</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sean_Greer" title="Andrew Sean Greer">Andrew Sean Greer</a> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Overstory" title="The Overstory">The Overstory</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Powers" title="Richard Powers">Richard Powers</a> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nickel_Boys" title="The Nickel Boys">The Nickel Boys</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_Watchman_(novel)" title="The Night Watchman (novel)">The Night Watchman</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Erdrich" title="Louise Erdrich">Louise Erdrich</a> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Netanyahus" title="The Netanyahus">The Netanyahus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Cohen_(writer)" title="Joshua Cohen (writer)">Joshua Cohen</a> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demon_Copperhead" title="Demon Copperhead">Demon Copperhead</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kingsolver" title="Barbara Kingsolver">Barbara Kingsolver</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Trust_(novel)" title="Trust (novel)">Trust</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Hernan_Diaz_(writer)" title="Hernan Diaz (writer)">Hernan Diaz</a> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Watch_(Phillips_novel)" title="Night Watch (Phillips novel)">Night Watch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jayne_Anne_Phillips" title="Jayne Anne Phillips">Jayne Anne Phillips</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q276032#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q276032#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q276032#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wharton, Edith"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012122241X">ISNI</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jones, Edith"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000036863837X">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/17230986">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/48127/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhRHcRgqXmytgvCpCwcT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118767585">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79151500">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11929115r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11929115r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00477102">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wharton, Edith"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV019601">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35602822">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990009089&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX974264">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/34555">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068254784">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90053145">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000027265&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000085813&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=68828">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199629779">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl02zx462ntcq2v">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810670104905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/115830">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269813105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521590806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14272098">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00639251?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500205484">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e3926aff-cb44-4c7c-bddd-c429b695058d">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1011023">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118767585.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118767585">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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