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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legal issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9" title="البرمجيات خدمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البرمجيات خدمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xidm%C9%99t_kimi_proqram_t%C9%99minat%C4%B1" title="Xidmət kimi proqram təminatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xidmət kimi proqram təminatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Service" title="Software as a Service – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Software as a Service" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Софтуер като услуга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Софтуер като услуга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softver_kao_usluga" title="Softver kao usluga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Softver kao usluga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programari_com_a_servei" title="Programari com a servei – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programari com a servei" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-as-a-Service" title="Software-as-a-Service – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Software-as-a-Service" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkvara_teenusena" title="Tarkvara teenusena – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tarkvara teenusena" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%89%CF%82_%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λογισμικό ως Υπηρεσία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λογισμικό ως Υπηρεσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_como_servicio" title="Software como servicio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Software como servicio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اجاره نرم‌افزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اجاره نرم‌افزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%98%95_%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4" title="서비스형 소프트웨어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서비스형 소프트웨어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תוכנה כשירות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנה כשירות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaaS" title="SaaS – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="SaaS" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Service" title="Software as a Service – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Software as a Service" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Service" title="Software as a Service – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Software as a Service" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programvare_som_tjeneste" title="Programvare som tjeneste – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Programvare som tjeneste" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprogramowanie_jako_us%C5%82uga" title="Oprogramowanie jako usługa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oprogramowanie jako usługa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_como_servi%C3%A7o" title="Software como serviço – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Software como serviço" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Программное обеспечение как услуга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Программное обеспечение как услуга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_Service" title="Software as a Service – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Software as a Service" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Software as a service" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சேவையாக மென்பொருள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சேவையாக மென்பொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="ซอฟต์แวร์บริการ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซอฟต์แวร์บริการ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizmet_olarak_yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m" title="Hizmet olarak yazılım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hizmet olarak yazılım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Програмне забезпечення як послуга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Програмне забезпечення як послуга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A7n_m%E1%BB%81m_d%E1%BA%A1ng_d%E1%BB%8Bch_v%E1%BB%A5" title="Phần mềm dạng dịch vụ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phần mềm dạng dịch vụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%8D%B3%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1" title="软件即服务 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="软件即服务" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1254596#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hosted software accessed by subscription</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"SaaS" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Security_as_a_service" title="Security as a service">Security as a service</a>.</div> <p><b>Software as a service</b> (<b>SaaS</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> service model where the provider offers use of <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> to a client and manages all needed physical and software resources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202414_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202414-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SaaS is usually accessed via a <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web application</a>. Unlike other <a href="/wiki/Software_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Software delivery">software delivery</a> models, it separates "the possession and ownership of software from its use".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher20182_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher20182-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SaaS use began around 2000, and by 2023 was the main form of software application deployment. </p><p>Unlike most self-hosted software products, only one version of the software exists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and only one <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> and configuration is supported. SaaS products typically run on rented <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_service" title="Infrastructure as a service">infrastructure as a service</a> (IaaS) or <a href="/wiki/Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">platform as a service</a> (PaaS) systems including <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a>, to accommodate rapid increases in usage while providing instant and continuous availability to customers. SaaS customers have the abstraction of limitless computing resources, while <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of scale">economy of scale</a> drives down the cost. SaaS architectures are typically <a href="/wiki/Multi-tenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-tenant">multi-tenant</a>; usually they share resources between clients for efficiency, but sometimes they offer a siloed environment for an additional fee. Common SaaS revenue models include <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">freemium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription">subscription</a>, and usage-based fees. Unlike traditional software, it is rarely possible to buy a perpetual license for a certain version of the software. </p><p>There are no specific <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> practices that distinguish SaaS from other application development, although there is often a focus on frequent <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">testing</a> and releases. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cloud_computing">Cloud computing</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_on-premise,_IaaS,_PaaS,_and_SaaS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Comparison_of_on-premise%2C_IaaS%2C_PaaS%2C_and_SaaS.png/530px-Comparison_of_on-premise%2C_IaaS%2C_PaaS%2C_and_SaaS.png" decoding="async" width="530" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Comparison_of_on-premise%2C_IaaS%2C_PaaS%2C_and_SaaS.png/795px-Comparison_of_on-premise%2C_IaaS%2C_PaaS%2C_and_SaaS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Comparison_of_on-premise%2C_IaaS%2C_PaaS%2C_and_SaaS.png/1060px-Comparison_of_on-premise%2C_IaaS%2C_PaaS%2C_and_SaaS.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of on-premise, IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_service" title="Infrastructure as a service">Infrastructure as a service</a> (IaaS) is the most basic form of <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, where infrastructure resources—such as physical computers—are not owned by the user but instead leased from a cloud provider. As a result, infrastructure resources can be increased rapidly, instead of waiting weeks for computers to ship and set up. IaaS requires time and expertise to make use of the infrastructure in the form of <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">Platform as a service</a> (PaaS) includes the operating system and <a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a>, but not the applications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202023_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbrahim_''et_al.''2023258_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbrahim_''et_al.''2023258-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SaaS providers typically use PaaS or IaaS services to run their applications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202023_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Without IaaS, it would be extremely difficult to make an SaaS product scalable for a variable number of users while providing the instant and continual availability that customers expect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201817_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201817-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most end users consume only the SaaS product and do not have to worry about the technical complexity of the physical hardware and operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201817–18_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201817–18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because cloud resources can be accessed without any human interactions, SaaS customers are provided with the abstraction of limitless computing resources, while <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of scale">economy of scale</a> drives down the cost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201819_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201819-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another key feature of cloud computing is that software updates can be rolled out and made available to all customers nearly instantaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201833_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201833-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, SaaS was estimated to make up the plurality, 43 percent, of the cloud computing market while IaaS and PaaS combined account for approximately 25 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202020_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">multitasking</a> was invented, enabling <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> to serve multiple users simultaneously. Over the next decade, <a href="/wiki/Timesharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Timesharing">timesharing</a> became the main business model for computing, and <a href="/wiki/Cluster_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster computing">cluster computing</a> enabled multiple computers to work together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201819_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201819-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cloud computing emerged in the late 1990s with companies like <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> (1994), <a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a> (1999), and Concur (1993) offering <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a> on a pay-per-use basis. All of these focused on a single product to seize a high <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201823,_31_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201823,_31-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> in 2004, email services were some of the first SaaS products to be mass-marketed to consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt20238_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt20238-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The market for SaaS grew rapidly throughout the early twenty-first century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201824,_32_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201824,_32-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202020_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202020-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially viewed as a technological innovation, SaaS has come to be perceived more as a business model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201835_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201835-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2023, SaaS had become the primary method that companies deliver applications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt20234_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt20234-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular consumer SaaS products include all <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> websites, email services like <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> and its associated <a href="/wiki/Google_Docs_Editors" title="Google Docs Editors">Google Docs Editors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt20234,_8_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt20234,_8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClohessy_''et_al.''202040_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClohessy_''et_al.''202040-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and entertainment products like <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt20239_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt20239-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enterprise SaaS products include <a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">customer relationship management</a> (CRM) software, <a href="/wiki/SAP_Cloud_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP Cloud Platform">SAP Cloud Platform</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Cloud_Enterprise_Resource_Planning" title="Oracle Cloud Enterprise Resource Planning">Oracle Cloud Enterprise Resource Planning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClohessy_''et_al.''202040_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClohessy_''et_al.''202040-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revenue_models">Revenue models</h2></div> <p>Some SaaS providers offer free services to consumers that are funded by means such as <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affiliate_marketing" title="Affiliate marketing">affiliate marketing</a>, or selling consumer data.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most popular models for Internet start-ups and mobile apps is <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">freemium</a>, where the company charges for continued use or a higher level of service. Even if the user never upgrades to the paid version, it helps the company capture a higher market share and displace customers from a rival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201861–63_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201861–63-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the company's hosting cost increases with the number of users, regardless of whether it is successful at enticing them to use the paid version.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201863–64_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201863–64-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another common model is where the free version only provides demonstration (<a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">crippleware</a>). Online marketplaces may charge a fee on transactions to cover the SaaS provider costs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It used to be more common for SaaS products to be offered for a one-time cost, but this model is declining in popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SaaS products have <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> code, called open SaaS. This model can provide advantages such as reduced deployment cost, less vendor commitment, and more <a href="/wiki/Portability_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portability (computer science)">portable</a> applications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhandariGupta201921_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhandariGupta201921-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common SaaS revenue models involve subscription and pay for usage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848,_57_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848,_57-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For customers, the advantages include reduced upfront cost, increased flexibility, and lower overall cost compared to traditional software with perpetual <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">software licenses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClohessy_''et_al.''202040–41_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClohessy_''et_al.''202040–41-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, the steep one-time cost demanded by sellers of traditional software were out of the reach of <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">smaller businesses</a>, but pay-per-use SaaS models makes the software affordable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher20182_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher20182-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usage may be charged based on the number of users, transactions, amount of storage spaced used, or other metrics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201857_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201857-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many buyers prefer pay-per-usage because they believe that they are relatively light users of the software, and the seller benefits by reaching occasional users who would otherwise not buy the software.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201857_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201857-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it can cause revenue uncertainty for the seller and increases the overhead for <a href="/wiki/Electronic_billing" title="Electronic billing">billing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201857–58_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201857–58-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subscription model of SaaS offers a continuing and renewable revenue stream to the provider, although vulnerable to cancellation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher20182_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher20182-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a significant number are cancelled, the viability of the business can be placed in jeopardy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher20182_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher20182-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ease of canceling a subscription and switching to a competitor leave customers with the leverage to get concessions from the seller.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201811_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201811-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While recurring revenues can help the business and attract investors, the need for <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">customer service</a> skills in convincing the customer to renew their subscription is a challenge for providers switching to subscription from other revenue models.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201866_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201866-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2></div> <p>SaaS products are typically accessed via a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> as a publicly available <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web application</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarbisChapman2021185_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarbisChapman2021185-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt20234_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt20234-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that customers can access the application anywhere from any device without needing to <a href="/wiki/Installation_(computer_programs)" title="Installation (computer programs)">install</a> or <a href="/wiki/Software_update" class="mw-redirect" title="Software update">update</a> it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt20234_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt20234-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinnunen2022123–124_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinnunen2022123–124-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SaaS providers often try to minimize the difficulty of signing up for the product.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202418_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202418-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many capitalize on the service-oriented structure to respond to customer feedback and evolve their product quickly to meet demands. This can enable customers to believe in the continued improvement of the product and help the SaaS provider get customers from an established traditional software company that likely can offer a deeper feature set.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202420_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202420-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt202315_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt202315-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although on-premises software is often less secure than SaaS alternatives,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt20236,_16_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt20236,_16-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> security and privacy are among the main reasons cited by companies that do not adopt SaaS products.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbrahim_''et_al.''2023264,_266,_268_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbrahim_''et_al.''2023264,_266,_268-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SaaS companies have to protect their publicly available offerings from abuse, including <a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial-of-service">denial-of-service</a> attacks and hacking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarbisChapman2021186_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarbisChapman2021186-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often use technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Access_control" title="Access control">access control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a> to protect <a href="/wiki/Data_confidentiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Data confidentiality">data confidentiality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbrahim_''et_al.''2023264,_266,_268_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbrahim_''et_al.''2023264,_266,_268-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, not all companies trust SaaS providers to keep sensitive data secured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbrahim_''et_al.''2023264,_266,_268_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbrahim_''et_al.''2023264,_266,_268-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vendor is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Software_update" class="mw-redirect" title="Software update">software updates</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Software_patch" class="mw-redirect" title="Software patch">security patches</a>, and for protecting the customers' data.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinnunen2022123–124_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinnunen2022123–124-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SaaS systems inherently have a greater <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a> than software run on-premises due to the time for network packets to be delivered to the cloud facility. This can be prohibitive for some uses, such as time-sensitive industrial processes or warehousing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinnunen2022137,_139_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinnunen2022137,_139-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of SaaS products is one factor leading many companies switched from budgeting for <a href="/wiki/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="IT">IT</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Capital_expenditure" title="Capital expenditure">capital expenditure</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Operating_expenditure" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating expenditure">operating expenditure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETallon_''et_al.''20202_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETallon_''et_al.''20202-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of migration to SaaS and supporting it can also be a significant cost that must be accounted for.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinnunen2022124_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinnunen2022124-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201866_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201866-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaaS_architecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/SaaS_architecture.jpg/220px-SaaS_architecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/SaaS_architecture.jpg/330px-SaaS_architecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/SaaS_architecture.jpg/440px-SaaS_architecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>A SaaS architecture. All customers are running the same version of the software on the same platform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202425_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202425-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A challenge for SaaS providers is that demand is not known in advance. Their system must have enough slack to be able to handle all users without turning any away, but without paying for too many resources that will be unnecessary. If resources are static, they are guaranteed to be wasted during non-peak time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201836_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201836-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes cheaper off-peak rates are offered to balance the load and reduce waste.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201837_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201837-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expectation for continuous service is so high that outages in SaaS software are often reported in the news.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201839_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201839-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are not specific <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> practices that differentiate SaaS from other application development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt202311_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt202311-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SaaS products are often released early and often to take advantage of the flexibility of the SaaS delivery model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt202316_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt202316-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile software development</a> is commonly used to support this release schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYounas_''et_al.''2018142_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYounas_''et_al.''2018142-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many SaaS developers use <a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">test-driven development</a>, or otherwise emphasize frequent <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">software testing</a>, because of the need to ensure availability of their service and rapid deployment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt202311–12,_16_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt202311–12,_16-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">Domain-driven design</a>, in which business goals drive development, is popular because SaaS products must sell themselves to the customer by being useful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt202312_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt202312-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SaaS developers do not know in advance which devices customers will try to access the product from—such as a desktop computer, tablet, or smartphone—and supporting a wide range of devices is often an important concern for the <a href="/wiki/Front-end_web_development" title="Front-end web development">front-end development</a> team.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt202313–14_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt202313–14-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_web_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive web application">Progressive web applications</a> allow some functionality to be available even if the device is offline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt202313_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt202313-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SaaS applications predominantly offer integration protocols and <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interfaces</a> (APIs) that operate over a <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">wide area network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManviShyam2021105_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManviShyam2021105-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <p>SaaS architecture varies significantly from product to product.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202447_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202447-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, most SaaS providers offer a <a href="/wiki/Multitenancy" title="Multitenancy">multi-tenant</a> architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarbisChapman2021185_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarbisChapman2021185-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this model, a single <a href="/wiki/Software_versioning" title="Software versioning">version</a> of the application, with a single <a href="/wiki/Computer_configuration" title="Computer configuration">configuration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>), is used for all customers ("tenants").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202425–26_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202425–26-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that the company does not need to support multiple versions and configurations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt20234_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt20234-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The architectural shift from each customer running their own version of the software on their own hardware affects many aspects of the application's design and security features.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202425–26_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202425–26-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a multi-tenant architecture, many <a href="/wiki/System_resource" title="System resource">resources</a> can be used by different tenants or shared between multiple tenants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202426_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202426-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Application_and_control_planes_of_a_SaaS_product.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Application_and_control_planes_of_a_SaaS_product.png/440px-Application_and_control_planes_of_a_SaaS_product.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Application_and_control_planes_of_a_SaaS_product.png/660px-Application_and_control_planes_of_a_SaaS_product.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Application_and_control_planes_of_a_SaaS_product.png/880px-Application_and_control_planes_of_a_SaaS_product.png 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Application and control planes of a SaaS product</figcaption></figure> <p>The structure of a typical SaaS application can be separated into application and control planes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202427_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202427-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SaaS products differ in how these planes are separated, which might be closely integrated or loosely coupled in an event- or message-driven model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202444_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202444-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The control plane is in charge of directing the system and covers functionality such as tenant onboarding, billing, and metrics, as well as the system used by the SaaS provider to configure, manage, and operate the service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202427_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202427-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many SaaS products are offered at different levels of service for different prices, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiering (page does not exist)">tiering</a>. This can also affect the architecture for both planes, although it is commonly placed in the control plane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202440_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202440-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the application plane, the services in the control plane are not designed for multitenancy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202428_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202428-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenant_routing_for_SaaS_example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tenant_routing_for_SaaS_example.png/440px-Tenant_routing_for_SaaS_example.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tenant_routing_for_SaaS_example.png/660px-Tenant_routing_for_SaaS_example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tenant_routing_for_SaaS_example.png/880px-Tenant_routing_for_SaaS_example.png 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>An example architecture where some services are shared, while others are allocated on a per-tenant basis<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202438_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202438-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The application plane—which varies a great deal depending on the nature of the product—implements the core functionality of the SaaS product.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202428_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202428-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key design issues include separating different tenants so they cannot view or change other tenants' data or resources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202436–37_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202436–37-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except for the simplest SaaS applications, some <a href="/wiki/Microservices" title="Microservices">microservices</a> and other resources are allocated on a per-tenant basis, rather than shared between all tenants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202437_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202437-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Routing functionality is necessary to direct tenant requests to the appropriate services.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202438_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202438-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_SaaS_deployment_architecture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Example_SaaS_deployment_architecture.png/440px-Example_SaaS_deployment_architecture.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Example_SaaS_deployment_architecture.png/660px-Example_SaaS_deployment_architecture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Example_SaaS_deployment_architecture.png/880px-Example_SaaS_deployment_architecture.png 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>Example SaaS deployment architecture that offers complete siloing on a premium tier and mixed <a href="/wiki/Microservice" class="mw-redirect" title="Microservice">microservice</a> deployment to other tenants<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202476_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202476-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Some SaaS products do not share any resources between tenants—called siloing. Although this negates many of the efficiency benefits of SaaS, it makes it easier to migrate <a href="/wiki/Legacy_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Legacy software">legacy software</a> to SaaS<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202455_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202455-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is sometimes offered as a premium offering at a higher price.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202455,_74–75_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202455,_74–75-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pooling all resources might make it possible to achieve higher efficiency,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202469_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202469-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but an outage affects all customers so availability must be prioritized to a greater extent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202470_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202470-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many systems use a combination of both approaches, pooling some resources and siloing others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202475–76_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202475–76-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other companies group multiple tenants into pods and share resources between them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202478_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202478-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h2></div> <p>In the United States, constitutional <a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">search warrant</a> laws do not protect all forms of SaaS dynamically stored data. The result is that governments may be able to request data from SaaS providers without the owner's consent.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open-source licenses</a> such as <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL-2.0</a> do not explicitly grant rights permitting distribution as a SaaS product in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallhausen201461_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallhausen201461-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPankerLewisFaheyVasquez2007" class="citation web cs1">Panker, Jon; Lewis, Mark; Fahey, Evan; Vasquez, Melvin Jafet (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searchservervirtualization.techtarget.com/definition/How-do-you-pronounce-IT">"How do you pronounce IT?"</a>. <i>TechTarget</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128222956/http://searchservervirtualization.techtarget.com/definition/How-do-you-pronounce-IT">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechTarget&rft.atitle=How+do+you+pronounce+IT%3F&rft.date=2007-08&rft.aulast=Panker&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Mark&rft.au=Fahey%2C+Evan&rft.au=Vasquez%2C+Melvin+Jafet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchservervirtualization.techtarget.com%2Fdefinition%2FHow-do-you-pronounce-IT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202414-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202414_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolding2024">Golding 2024</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher20182-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher20182_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher20182_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher20182_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher20182_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDempseyKelliher2018">Dempsey & Kelliher 2018</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202022-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202022_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosatiLynn2020">Rosati & Lynn 2020</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202023-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202023_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202023_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosatiLynn2020">Rosati & Lynn 2020</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIbrahim_''et_al.''2023258-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIbrahim_''et_al.''2023258_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIbrahim_et_al.2023">Ibrahim <i>et al.</i> 2023</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201817-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201817_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDempseyKelliher2018">Dempsey & Kelliher 2018</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201817–18-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201817–18_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDempseyKelliher2018">Dempsey & Kelliher 2018</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201819-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201819_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201819_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDempseyKelliher2018">Dempsey & Kelliher 2018</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201833-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201833_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDempseyKelliher2018">Dempsey & Kelliher 2018</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202020-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202020_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosatiLynn202020_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosatiLynn2020">Rosati & Lynn 2020</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201823,_31-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201823,_31_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDempseyKelliher2018">Dempsey & Kelliher 2018</a>, pp. 23, 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt20238-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt20238_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt2023">Watt 2023</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201824,_32-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201824,_32_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDempseyKelliher2018">Dempsey & Kelliher 2018</a>, pp. 24, 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201835-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201835_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDempseyKelliher2018">Dempsey & Kelliher 2018</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt20234-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt20234_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt20234_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt20234_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt20234_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt2023">Watt 2023</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt20234,_8-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt20234,_8_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt2023">Watt 2023</a>, pp. 4, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClohessy_''et_al.''202040-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClohessy_''et_al.''202040_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClohessy_''et_al.''202040_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClohessy_et_al.2020">Clohessy <i>et al.</i> 2020</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt20239-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt20239_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt2023">Watt 2023</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDempseyKelliher2018">Dempsey & Kelliher 2018</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201861–63-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201861–63_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDempseyKelliher2018">Dempsey & Kelliher 2018</a>, pp. 61–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201863–64-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201863–64_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDempseyKelliher2018">Dempsey & Kelliher 2018</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhandariGupta201921-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhandariGupta201921_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhandariGupta2019">Bhandari & Gupta 2019</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848,_57-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201848,_57_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDempseyKelliher2018">Dempsey & Kelliher 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201811-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201811_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDempseyKelliher2018">Dempsey & Kelliher 2018</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201866-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201866_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempseyKelliher201866_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDempseyKelliher2018">Dempsey & Kelliher 2018</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarbisChapman2021185-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarbisChapman2021185_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarbisChapman2021185_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarbisChapman2021">Garbis & Chapman 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href="#CITEREFDempseyKelliher2018">Dempsey & Kelliher 2018</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt202311-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt202311_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt2023">Watt 2023</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt202316-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt202316_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt2023">Watt 2023</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYounas_''et_al.''2018142-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYounas_''et_al.''2018142_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYounas_et_al.2018">Younas <i>et al.</i> 2018</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt202311–12,_16-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt202311–12,_16_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202427_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202427_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolding2024">Golding 2024</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202444-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202444_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolding2024">Golding 2024</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202440-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202440_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolding2024">Golding 2024</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolding202428-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202428_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolding202428_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span 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IGI Global. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5225-7149-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5225-7149-0"><bdi>978-1-5225-7149-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+Cloud+and+Edge+Computing+Architecture+and+Its+Current+Issues+and+Challenges&rft.btitle=Advancing+Consumer-Centric+Fog+Computing+Architectures&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5225-7149-0&rft.aulast=Bhandari&rft.aufirst=Guru+Prasad&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Ratneshwer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempseyKelliher2018" class="citation book cs1">Dempsey, David; Kelliher, Felicity (2018). <i>Industry Trends in Cloud Computing: Alternative Business-to-Business Revenue Models</i>. Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-87693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-87693-1"><bdi>978-3-319-87693-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industry+Trends+in+Cloud+Computing%3A+Alternative+Business-to-Business+Revenue+Models&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-87693-1&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Kelliher%2C+Felicity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarbisChapman2021" class="citation book cs1">Garbis, Jason; Chapman, Jerry W. (2021). <i>Zero Trust Security: An Enterprise Guide</i>. Apress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-6703-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-6703-5"><bdi>978-1-4842-6703-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zero+Trust+Security%3A+An+Enterprise+Guide&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4842-6703-5&rft.aulast=Garbis&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Chapman%2C+Jerry+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolding2024" class="citation book cs1">Golding, Tod (2024). <i>Building Multi-Tenant SaaS Architectures</i>. O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-0981-4061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-0981-4061-8"><bdi>978-1-0981-4061-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Multi-Tenant+SaaS+Architectures&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-0981-4061-8&rft.aulast=Golding&rft.aufirst=Tod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim_et_al.2023" class="citation book cs1">Ibrahim, Ahmed Mamdouh Abdelfatah; Abdullah, Norris Syed; Bahari, Mahadi (2023). <i>Software as a Service Challenges: A Systematic Literature Review</i>. Springer International Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">257–</span>272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-18344-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-18344-7"><bdi>978-3-031-18344-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+as+a+Service+Challenges%3A+A+Systematic+Literature+Review&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E272&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-031-18344-7&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Ahmed+Mamdouh+Abdelfatah&rft.au=Abdullah%2C+Norris+Syed&rft.au=Bahari%2C+Mahadi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinnunen2022" class="citation book cs1">Kinnunen, Juha (2022). <i>ERP as Software-as-a-Service: Factors Depicting Large Enterprises Cloud Adoption</i>. Springer International Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">123–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-99191-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-99191-3"><bdi>978-3-030-99191-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ERP+as+Software-as-a-Service%3A+Factors+Depicting+Large+Enterprises+Cloud+Adoption&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-030-99191-3&rft.aulast=Kinnunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynnMooneyRosatiFox2020" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, Theo; Mooney, John G.; Rosati, Pierangelo; Fox, Grace (2020). <i>Measuring the Business Value of Cloud Computing</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-43198-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-43198-3"><bdi>978-3-030-43198-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Measuring+the+Business+Value+of+Cloud+Computing&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-43198-3&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft.au=Mooney%2C+John+G.&rft.au=Rosati%2C+Pierangelo&rft.au=Fox%2C+Grace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallon_et_al.2020" class="citation book cs1">Tallon, Paul P.; Mooney, John G.; Duddek, Marvin (2020). "Measuring the Business Value of IT". <i>Measuring the Business Value of Cloud Computing</i>. Springer International Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-43198-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-43198-3"><bdi>978-3-030-43198-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Measuring+the+Business+Value+of+IT&rft.btitle=Measuring+the+Business+Value+of+Cloud+Computing&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-43198-3&rft.aulast=Tallon&rft.aufirst=Paul+P.&rft.au=Mooney%2C+John+G.&rft.au=Duddek%2C+Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosatiLynn2020" class="citation book cs1">Rosati, Pierangelo; Lynn, Theo (2020). "Measuring the Business Value of Infrastructure Migration to the Cloud". <i>Measuring the Business Value of Cloud Computing</i>. Springer International Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-43198-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-43198-3"><bdi>978-3-030-43198-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Measuring+the+Business+Value+of+Infrastructure+Migration+to+the+Cloud&rft.btitle=Measuring+the+Business+Value+of+Cloud+Computing&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-43198-3&rft.aulast=Rosati&rft.aufirst=Pierangelo&rft.au=Lynn%2C+Theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClohessy_et_al.2020" class="citation book cs1">Clohessy, Trevor; Acton, Thomas; Morgan, Lorraine (2020). "The SaaS Payoff: Measuring the Business Value of Provisioning Software-as-a-Service Technologies". <i>Measuring the Business Value of Cloud Computing</i>. Springer International Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-43198-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-43198-3"><bdi>978-3-030-43198-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+SaaS+Payoff%3A+Measuring+the+Business+Value+of+Provisioning+Software-as-a-Service+Technologies&rft.btitle=Measuring+the+Business+Value+of+Cloud+Computing&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-43198-3&rft.aulast=Clohessy&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft.au=Acton%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Lorraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManviShyam2021" class="citation book cs1">Manvi, Sunilkumar; Shyam, Gopal (2021). <i>Cloud Computing: Concepts and Technologies</i>. CRC Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000337952" title="Special:BookSources/9781000337952"><bdi>9781000337952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cloud+Computing%3A+Concepts+and+Technologies&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781000337952&rft.aulast=Manvi&rft.aufirst=Sunilkumar&rft.au=Shyam%2C+Gopal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2023" class="citation book cs1">Watt, Andy (2023). <i>Building Modern SaaS Applications with C# And . NET: Build, Deploy, and Maintain Professional SaaS Applications</i>. Packt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80461-087-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80461-087-9"><bdi>978-1-80461-087-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Modern+SaaS+Applications+with+C%23+And+.+NET%3A+Build%2C+Deploy%2C+and+Maintain+Professional+SaaS+Applications&rft.pub=Packt&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-80461-087-9&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounas_et_al.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Younas, Muhammad; Jawawi, Dayang N. A.; Ghani, Imran; Fries, Terrence; Kazmi, Rafaqut (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0950584918301319">"Agile development in the cloud computing environment: A systematic review"</a>. <i>Information and Software Technology</i>. <b>103</b>: <span class="nowrap">142–</span>158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.infsof.2018.06.014">10.1016/j.infsof.2018.06.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-5849">0950-5849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+and+Software+Technology&rft.atitle=Agile+development+in+the+cloud+computing+environment%3A+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=103&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.infsof.2018.06.014&rft.issn=0950-5849&rft.aulast=Younas&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft.au=Jawawi%2C+Dayang+N.+A.&rft.au=Ghani%2C+Imran&rft.au=Fries%2C+Terrence&rft.au=Kazmi%2C+Rafaqut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0950584918301319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoxPatterson2020" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Armando; Patterson, David A. (2020). <i>Engineering Software As a Service: An Agile Approach Using Cloud Computing</i>. Pogo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7352338-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7352338-0-2"><bdi>978-1-7352338-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Software+As+a+Service%3A+An+Agile+Approach+Using+Cloud+Computing&rft.pub=Pogo+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-7352338-0-2&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Armando&rft.au=Patterson%2C+David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+as+a+service" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_licensing" title="Floating licensing">Floating licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freely_redistributable_software" title="Freely redistributable software">Freely redistributable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License-free_software" title="License-free software">License-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compensation models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">Crippleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_what_you_want" title="Pay what you want">Pay what you want</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Careware" title="Careware">Careware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donationware" title="Donationware">Donationware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcardware">Postcardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">Shareware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagware" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagware">Nagware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialware" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialware">Trialware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Digital distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-premises_software" title="On-premises software">On-premises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-installed_software" title="Pre-installed software">Pre-installed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_bundling" title="Product bundling">Product bundling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneakernet" title="Sneakernet">Sneakernet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Software as a service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deceptive and/or illicit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unwanted_software_bundling" class="mw-redirect" title="Unwanted software bundling">Unwanted software bundling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">Worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scareware" title="Scareware">Scareware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shovelware" title="Shovelware">Shovelware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Software release life cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_product" title="End-of-life product">End-of-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintainer" title="Software maintainer">Software maintainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_publisher" title="Software publisher">Software publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware">Vaporware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaporware" title="List of vaporware">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_protection_dongle" title="Software protection dongle">Software protection dongle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="License manager">License manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_activation" title="Product activation">Product activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_key" title="Product key">Product key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_copyright" title="Software copyright">Software copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_license_server" title="Software license server">Software license server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">Software patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrent_poisoning" title="Torrent poisoning">Torrent poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cloud_computing413" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cloud_computing" title="Template:Cloud computing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cloud_computing" title="Template talk:Cloud computing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cloud_computing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cloud computing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cloud_computing413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Content_as_a_service" title="Content as a service">Content as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_as_a_service" title="Data as a service">Data as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_as_a_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop as a service">Desktop as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_as_a_service" title="Function as a service">Function as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_service" title="Infrastructure as a service">Infrastructure as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-based_integration" title="Cloud-based integration">Integration platform as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backend_as_a_service" title="Backend as a service">Backend as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_as_a_service" title="Network as a service">Network as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">Platform as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_as_a_service" title="Security as a service">Security as a service</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Software as a service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_database" title="Cloud database">Cloud database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-native_computing" title="Cloud-native computing">Cloud-native computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">Cloud storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage_gateway" title="Cloud storage gateway">Cloud storage gateways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">Data centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_computing" title="Dew computing">Dew computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_file_system_for_cloud" title="Distributed file system for cloud">Distributed file system for cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_virtualization" title="Hardware virtualization">Hardware virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Mobile cloud computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cloud_application" title="Native cloud application">Native cloud application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_cloud" title="Personal cloud">Personal cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing_security" title="Cloud computing security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing">Serverless computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_structured_storage_software" title="Comparison of structured storage software">Structured storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_appliance" title="Virtual appliance">Virtual appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_API" title="Web API">Web APIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_cloud" title="Virtual private cloud">Virtual private cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Box (company)">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Workspace" title="Google Workspace">Workspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Drive" title="Google Drive">Drive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Cloud" title="HP Cloud">HP Cloud</a> (closed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lark_(software)" title="Lark (software)">Lark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Office 365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneDrive" title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nextcloud" title="Nextcloud">Nextcloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owncloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Owncloud">Owncloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_Drive" title="Proton Drive">Proton Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rackspace_Technology" title="Rackspace Technology">Rackspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafile" title="Seafile">Seafile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlateSpin" class="mw-redirect" title="PlateSpin">PlateSpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workday,_Inc." title="Workday, Inc.">Workday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoho_Corporation" title="Zoho Corporation">Zoho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">Platforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Cloud" title="Alibaba Cloud">Alibaba Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppScale" title="AppScale">AppScale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Box (company)">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CloudBolt" title="CloudBolt">CloudBolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Foundry" title="Cloud Foundry">Cloud Foundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_(PaaS)" title="Cocaine (PaaS)">Cocaine (PaaS)</a></li> <li>Creatio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_Yard" title="Engine Yard">Engine Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPE_Helion" title="HPE Helion">Helion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predix_(software)" title="Predix (software)">GE Predix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">Google App Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenQloud" title="GreenQloud">GreenQloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroku" title="Heroku">Heroku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inktank_Storage" title="Inktank Storage">Inktank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelastic" title="Jelastic">Jelastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MindSphere" title="MindSphere">MindSphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlify" title="Netlify">Netlify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OutSystems" title="OutSystems">OutSystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenQRM" title="OpenQRM">openQRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenShift" title="OpenShift">OpenShift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PythonAnywhere" title="PythonAnywhere">PythonAnywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RightScale" title="RightScale">RightScale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalr" title="Scalr">Scalr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesforce#Force.com" title="Salesforce">Force.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAP_BTP" title="SAP BTP">SAP Business Technology Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splunk" title="Splunk">Splunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vercel" title="Vercel">Vercel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VCloud_Air" title="VCloud Air">vCloud Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveMaker" title="WaveMaker">WaveMaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_service" title="Infrastructure as a service">Infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Cloud" title="Alibaba Cloud">Alibaba Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiquo_Enterprise_Edition" title="Abiquo Enterprise Edition">Abiquo Enterprise Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_CloudStack" title="Apache CloudStack">CloudStack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrix_Cloud" title="Citrix Cloud">Citrix Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deft_(company)" title="Deft (company)">Deft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigitalOcean" title="DigitalOcean">DigitalOcean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMC_Atmos" title="EMC Atmos">EMC Atmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_(software)" title="Eucalyptus (software)">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUJITSU_Cloud_IaaS_Trusted_Public_S5" title="FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenButton" title="GreenButton">GreenButton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenQloud" title="GreenQloud">GreenQloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iland" title="Iland">iland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyent" title="Joyent">Joyent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linode" title="Linode">Linode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunacloud" title="Lunacloud">Lunacloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirantis" title="Mirantis">Mirantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlify" title="Netlify">Netlify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbula" title="Nimbula">Nimbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbus_(cloud_computing)" title="Nimbus (cloud computing)">Nimbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenIO" title="OpenIO">OpenIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenNebula" title="OpenNebula">OpenNebula</a></li> <li><a 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