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Canon law - Wikipedia

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</div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Canon law</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Canon_law" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Canon_law" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet 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minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> <!-- version 1.0.2 (change every time you update a partial) --> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Christian law" and "Ecclesiastical law" redirect here. For other types of religious law in Christianity, see <a href="/wiki/Religious_law#Christianity" title="Religious law">Religious law § Christianity</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the canon law of the Catholic Church, see <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law of the Catholic Church</a>.</div> <p><b>Canon law</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">κανών</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kanon</i></span>, a 'straight measuring rod, <a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">ruler</a>') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_jurisdiction" title="Ecclesiastical jurisdiction">ecclesiastical authority</a> (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canon law includes the internal <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> law, or operational policy, governing the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (both the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a> churches, and the individual national churches within the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The way that such church law is <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">legislated</a>, interpreted and at times <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">adjudicated</a> varies widely among these four bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a <a href="/wiki/Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">canon</a> was originally<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a rule adopted by a <a href="/wiki/Church_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Church council">church council</a>; these canons formed the foundation of canon law. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Apostolic_Canons"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Apostolic Canons</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Catholic_Church"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Catholic Church</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#History,_sources_of_law,_and_codifications"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">History, sources of law, and codifications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Catholic_canon_law_as_legal_system"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Catholic canon law as legal system</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Code_for_the_Eastern_Churches"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Code for the Eastern Churches</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Eastern_Orthodox_Church"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Eastern Orthodox Church</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Anglican_Communion"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Anglican Communion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Presbyterian_and_Reformed_churches"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Presbyterian and Reformed churches</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Lutheranism"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Lutheranism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#United_Methodist_Church"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">United Methodist Church</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_law&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">Canon (canon law)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">kanon</i></span> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">κανών</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qaanoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaanoon">qaanoon</a></i></span> / <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قانون</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">kaneh</i></span> / <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קָנֶה</span></span>, 'straight'; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is 'reed'; see also the Romance-language ancestors of the English word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cane" class="extiw" title="wikt:cane">cane</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the fourth century, the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the church and the legislative measures taken by the state called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">leges</i></span>, Latin for laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Metz_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Apostolic_Canons">Apostolic Canons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_law&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Apostolic Canons" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Canons" title="Apostolic Canons">Apostolic Canons</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Church Orders">Ancient Church Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Canons" title="Apostolic Canons">Apostolic Canons</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern</a>, fifty in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Western</a> Church) concerning the government and discipline of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">Early Christian</a> Church, incorporated with the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a> which are part of the <a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene Fathers">Ante-Nicene Fathers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metz_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_law&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Catholic Church" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law of the Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canon law</a> is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">church's hierarchical authorities</a> to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramstein_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramstein-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first modern Western <a href="/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system">legal system</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-clinfomain_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clinfomain-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, positive ecclesiastical laws, based directly or indirectly upon immutable divine law or <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>, derive formal authority in the case of universal laws from the supreme legislator (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Pontiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Pontiff">Supreme Pontiff</a>), who possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while particular laws derive formal authority from a legislator inferior to the supreme legislator. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore extending beyond <a href="/wiki/Revelation#Christianity" title="Revelation">what is taken as revealed truth</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the Latin Church: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a> Churches which include the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean Catholic Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian Catholic Church</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a> which includes the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a> Church which includes the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> Churches which include the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian Greek Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian Greek Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek Byzantine Catholic Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian Greek Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian Greek Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian Greek Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian Greek Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak Greek Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a> Churches which includes the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a>.</li></ol> <p>All of these church groups are in full communion with the Supreme Pontiff and are subject to the <i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History,_sources_of_law,_and_codifications"><span id="History.2C_sources_of_law.2C_and_codifications"></span>History, sources of law, and codifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_law&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: History, sources of law, and codifications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extract_from_Burchard_of_Worms%27_Decretum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Extract_from_Burchard_of_Worms%27_Decretum.jpg/300px-Extract_from_Burchard_of_Worms%27_Decretum.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="460"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 226px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Extract_from_Burchard_of_Worms%27_Decretum.jpg/300px-Extract_from_Burchard_of_Worms%27_Decretum.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Extract_from_Burchard_of_Worms%27_Decretum.jpg/450px-Extract_from_Burchard_of_Worms%27_Decretum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Extract_from_Burchard_of_Worms%27_Decretum.jpg/600px-Extract_from_Burchard_of_Worms%27_Decretum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Image of pages from the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Decretum</i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Burchard_of_Worms" title="Burchard of Worms">Burchard of Worms</a>, an 11th-century book of canon law</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal history of the Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western Europe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-White_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> much later than <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> but predating the evolution of modern European <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> traditions. </p><p>The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the <i>jus antiquum</i>, the <i>jus novum</i>, the <i>jus novissimum</i> and the <i>Code of Canon Law</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manual113_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual113-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the <i>jus vetus</i> (all law before the Code) and the <i>jus novum</i> (the law of the Code, or <i>jus codicis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Manual113_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual113-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The canon law of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a> promulgated in 1990 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_canon_law_as_legal_system">Catholic canon law as legal system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_law&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Catholic canon law as legal system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Jurisprudence of Catholic canon law">Jurisprudence of Catholic canon law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law</a></div> <p>Roman Catholic canon law is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. One example where conflict between secular and canon law occurred was in the English legal system, as well as systems, such as the U.S., that <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">derived from it</a>. Here criminals could apply for the <a href="/wiki/Benefit_of_clergy" title="Benefit of clergy">benefit of clergy</a>. Being in holy orders, or fraudulently claiming to be, meant that criminals could opt to be tried by <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">ecclesiastical</a> rather than secular courts. The ecclesiastical courts were generally more lenient. Under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudors</a>, the scope of clerical benefit was steadily reduced by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>. The papacy disputed secular authority over priests' criminal offenses. The benefit of clergy was systematically removed from English legal systems over the next 200 years, although it still occurred in South Carolina in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English Law, the use of this mechanism, which by that point was a <a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">legal fiction</a> used for first offenders, was abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Act_1827" title="Criminal Law Act 1827">Criminal Law Act 1827</a>. </p><p>The academic degrees in Catholic canon law are the J.C.B. (<i>Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus</i>, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (<i>Juris Canonici Licentiatus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Canon_Law" title="Licentiate of Canon Law">Licentiate of Canon Law</a>) and the J.C.D. (<i>Juris Canonici Doctor</i>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Canon Law">Doctor of Canon Law</a>). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law. </p><p>Much of Catholic canon law's legislative style was adapted from the Roman <a href="/wiki/Codex_iuris_civilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex iuris civilis">Code of Justinian</a>. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Law">Roman Law</a> style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called "<a href="/wiki/Inquisitorial_system" title="Inquisitorial system">inquisitorial</a>", from the Latin "inquirere", to enquire. This is in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_system" title="Adversarial system">adversarial</a> form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges. </p><p>The institutions and practices of Catholic canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently, both modern <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_law_(legal_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common law (legal system)">common law</a> bear the influences of canon law. As Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in Catholic canon law, says, canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Indirectly, canon law has significant influence in contemporary society.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Jurisprudence of Catholic canon law">Catholic Canonical jurisprudential theory</a> generally follows the principles of <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">legal philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-White_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the term "law" is never explicitly defined in the Catholic Code of Canon Law,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> cites <a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Aquinas in defining law</a> as "an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reformulates it as "a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_for_the_Eastern_Churches">Code for the Eastern Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_law&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Code for the Eastern Churches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_canon_law" title="Eastern Catholic canon law">Eastern Catholic canon law</a></div> <p>The law of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> in full communion with the Roman papacy was in much the same state as that of the Latin Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. One major difference in Eastern Europe however, specifically in the Eastern Orthodox Christian churches, was in regards to divorce. Divorce started to slowly be allowed in specific instances such as adultery being committed, abuse, abandonment, impotence, and barrenness being the primary justifications for divorce. Eventually, the church began to allow remarriage to occur (for both spouses) post-divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_canonical_reforms_of_Pius_XII" title="Eastern canonical reforms of Pius XII">publication of these Codes</a> for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but finalized nearly 30 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Metz_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">Code of Canon Law (1917)</a> was exclusively for the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, with application to the Eastern Churches only "in cases which pertain to their very nature".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> (1962 - 1965), the Vatican produced the <i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></i> which became the first code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_law&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox Church" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, principally through the work of 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Athonite</a> monastic scholar <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_the_Hagiorite" title="Nicodemus the Hagiorite">Nicodemus the Hagiorite</a>, has compiled canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Pēdálion</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Πηδάλιον</span>, 'Rudder'), so named because it is meant to "steer" the church in her discipline. The dogmatic determinations of the Councils are to be applied rigorously since they are considered to be essential for the church's unity and the faithful preservation of the Gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-Pastavos_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pastavos-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Anglican_Communion">Anglican Communion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_law&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Anglican Communion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Canon law of the Anglican Communion">Canon law of the Anglican Communion</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">ecclesiastical courts</a> that formerly decided many matters such as disputes relating to marriage, divorce, wills, and defamation, still have jurisdiction of certain church-related matters (e.g. discipline of clergy, alteration of church property, and issues related to churchyards). Their separate status dates back to the 12th century when the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> split them off from the mixed secular/religious county and local courts used by the Saxons. In contrast to the other courts of England, the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> system, not <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes. Since the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a>, ecclesiastical courts in England have been royal courts. The teaching of canon law at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was abrogated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>; thereafter practitioners in the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical courts">ecclesiastical courts</a> were trained in <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>, receiving a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law" title="Doctor of Civil Law">Doctor of Civil Law</a> (D.C.L.) degree from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, or a Doctor of Laws (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">LL.D.</a>) degree from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>. Such lawyers (called "doctors" and "civilians") were centered at "<a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Commons" title="Doctors' Commons">Doctors Commons</a>", a few streets south of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> in London, where they monopolized <a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">probate</a>, matrimonial, and <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">admiralty</a> cases until their jurisdiction was removed to the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> courts in the mid-19th century. </p><p>Other churches in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> around the world (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States">Episcopal Church in the United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church of Canada</a>) still function under their own private systems of canon law. </p><p> In 2002 a Legal Advisors Consultation meeting at Canterbury concluded:</p><blockquote><p>(1) There are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion; (2) Their existence can be factually established; (3) Each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion; (4) these principles have strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the member churches; (5) These principles have a living force, and contain within themselves the possibility for further development; and (6) The existence of the principles both demonstrates and promotes unity in the Communion.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Presbyterian_and_Reformed_churches">Presbyterian and Reformed churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_law&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Presbyterian and Reformed churches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian polity</a></div> <p>In Presbyterian and Reformed churches, canon law is known as "practice and procedure" or "church order", and includes the church's laws respecting its government, discipline, legal practice, and worship. </p><p>Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the <a href="/wiki/Admonition_to_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Admonition to Parliament">Admonition to Parliament</a>. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed church government refuted this, claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_law&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Lutheranism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a> is the historic <a href="/wiki/Doctrinal_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrinal statement">doctrinal statement</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran Church</a>, consisting of ten <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">credal</a> documents recognized as authoritative in <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> since the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Book of Concord is a confessional document (stating orthodox belief) rather than a book of ecclesiastical rules or discipline, like canon law. Each Lutheran national church establishes its own system of church order and discipline, though these are referred to as "canons". </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="United_Methodist_Church">United Methodist Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_law&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: United Methodist Church" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(United_Methodist)" title="Book of Discipline (United Methodist)">Book of Discipline (United Methodist)</a></div> <p>The Book of Discipline contains the laws, rules, policies, and guidelines for The United Methodist Church. Its latest edition was published in 2016. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_law&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Episcopal Church in the United States)">Canon law (Episcopal Church in the United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical Inquisition">Canonical Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_of_ancient_canons" title="Collections of ancient canons">Collections of ancient canons</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_both_laws" title="Doctor of both laws">Doctor of both laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Economy (religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetha_Nagast" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetha Nagast">Fetha Nagast</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius_remonstrandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius remonstrandi">Ius remonstrandi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canon_lawyers" title="List of canon lawyers">List of canon lawyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_according_to_higher_law" title="Rule according to higher law">Rule according to higher law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_law&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09056a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Canon Law"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CanonLaw.info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Home+Page&amp;rft.pub=CanonLaw.info&amp;rft.aulast=Peters&amp;rft.aufirst=Dr.+Edward%2C+JD%2C+JCD%2C+Ref.+Sig.+Ap.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanonlaw.info&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanon+law" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manual113-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manual113_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manual113_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramstein, pg. 13, #8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlessed_John_Paul_II,_Ap._Const.1990" class="citation web cs1">Blessed John Paul II, Ap. 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(1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ApostolicConstitutionSacriCanonesJohnPaulIi1990/Sacri_Canones_Apostolic_Constitution_John_Paul_II_1990#page/n7/mode/2up">"Apostolic Constitution Sacri Canones John Paul II 1990"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Apostolic+Constitution+Sacri+Canones+John+Paul+II+1990&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.au=Blessed+John+Paul+II%2C+Ap.+Const.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FApostolicConstitutionSacriCanonesJohnPaulIi1990%2FSacri_Canones_Apostolic_Constitution_John_Paul_II_1990%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanon+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramstein, pg. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lsd.law/define/clericale-privilegium">"Clericale privilegium"</a>. <i>LSD Law</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=LSD+Law&amp;rft.atitle=Clericale+privilegium&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsd.law%2Fdefine%2Fclericale-privilegium&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanon+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/canon-law">"canon law."</a> Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 9 August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Msgr. Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jgray.org/comps/book1.html">"Home Page"</a>. JGray.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Home+Page&amp;rft.pub=JGray.org&amp;rft.aulast=Gray&amp;rft.aufirst=Msgr.+Jason&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jgray.org%2Fcomps%2Fbook1.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanon+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P6X.HTM"><i>In Brief §1976</i></a>. USCCB Publishing. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781574557251" title="Special:BookSources/9781574557251"><bdi>9781574557251</bdi></a>. <q><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i> I-II, 90, 4</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=In+Brief+%C2%A71976&amp;rft.pub=USCCB+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=9781574557251&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P6X.HTM&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanon+law" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, The Moral Law§1951</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In 1959, John XXIII, announced for the first time his decision to reform the existing corpus of canonical legislation"<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/cic_index_en.html">https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/cic_index_en.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canon 1, <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 Code of Canon Law</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2007" class="citation web cs1">Ford, Don (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Canon_Law.html">"Canon Law Research Guide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GlobaLex" title="GlobaLex">GlobaLex</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=GlobaLex&amp;rft.atitle=Canon+Law+Research+Guide&amp;rft.date=2007-06&amp;rft.aulast=Ford&amp;rft.aufirst=Don&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyulawglobal.org%2Fglobalex%2FCanon_Law.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanon+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pastavos-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pastavos_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatsavos2013" class="citation web cs1">Patsavos, Lewis J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goarch.org/-/the-canonical-tradition-of-the-orthodox-church">"The Canonical Tradition of the Orthodox Church"</a>. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Canonical+Tradition+of+the+Orthodox+Church&amp;rft.pub=Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.aulast=Patsavos&amp;rft.aufirst=Lewis+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2F-%2Fthe-canonical-tradition-of-the-orthodox-church&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanon+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doe, Norman, "The Contribution of Common Principles of Canon to Ecclesial Communion in Anglicanism", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anglicancommunion.org/media/124862/AC-Principles-of-Canon-Law.pdf"><i>The Principles of Canon Law Common to the Churches of the Anglican Communion</i></a>, London: The Anglican Communion Office, 2008, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHa2010" class="citation book cs1">Ha, Polly (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JWDMb0sW-hoC&amp;pg=PA34"><i>English Presbyterianism, 1590-1640</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804759878" title="Special:BookSources/9780804759878"><bdi>9780804759878</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=English+Presbyterianism%2C+1590-1640&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=9780804759878&amp;rft.aulast=Ha&amp;rft.aufirst=Polly&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJWDMb0sW-hoC%26pg%3DPA34&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanon+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bente, Friedrich., ed. and trans., <i>Concordia Triglotta</i>, (St. Louis: <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Publishing_House" title="Concordia Publishing House">Concordia Publishing House</a>, 1921), p. i</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_law&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(legal_historian)" title="John Baker (legal historian)">Baker, J.H.</a> <i>An Introduction to English Legal History</i>, 4th edn. London: Butterworths, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-406-93053-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-406-93053-8">0-406-93053-8</a></li> <li>Beal, John P., James A. Coriden, &amp; Thomas J. Green. <i>New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law</i>. New York: Paulist Press, 2000.</li> <li>Brundage, James A. <i>The Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession: Canonists, Civilians, and Courts</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, c2008.</li> <li>Brundage, James A. <i>Medieval Canon Law</i>. London/New York: Longman, 1995.</li> <li>Coriden, James A. <i>An Introduction to Canon Law</i>, 3rd edn., revised &amp; updated. New York: Paulist Press, 2019.</li> <li>Coriden, James A., Thomas J. Green, &amp; Donald E. Heintschel, eds. <i>The Code of Canon Law: A Text and Commentary</i>. New York: Paulist Press, 1985.</li> <li>Coughlin, John J., O.F.M. <i>Canon Law: A Comparative Study with Anglo-American Legal Theory</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.</li> <li>Della Rocca, Fernando. <i>Manual of Canon Law</i>. Trans. by Rev. Anselm Thatcher, O.S.B. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1959.</li> <li>The Episcopal Church. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135711/https://www.churchpublishing.org/general_convention/pdf_const_2006/Constitution.pdf">Constitution and Canons</a>, together with the Rules of Order for the Government of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, otherwise known as The Episcopal Church</i>. New York: Church Publishing, Inc., 2006.</li> <li>Hartmann, Wilfried &amp; Kenneth Pennington, eds. <i>The History of Medieval Canon Law in the Classical Period, 1140-1234: From Gratian to the Decretals of Pope Gregory IX</i>. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2008.</li> <li>Hartmann, Wilfried &amp; Kenneth Penningon, eds. <i>The History of Byzantine and Eastern Canon Law to 1500</i>. Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2011.</li> <li>R. C. Mortimer. <i>Western Canon Law</i>. London: A. and C. Black, 1953.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNedungatt2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Nedungatt" title="George Nedungatt">Nedungatt, George</a>, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1fEkAQAAIAAJ"><i>A Guide to the Eastern Code: A Commentary on the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</i></a>. Rome: Oriental Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788872103364" title="Special:BookSources/9788872103364"><bdi>9788872103364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Eastern+Code%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Code+of+Canons+of+the+Eastern+Churches&amp;rft.place=Rome&amp;rft.pub=Oriental+Institute+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=9788872103364&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1fEkAQAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanon+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivia_F._Robinson" title="Olivia F. Robinson">Robinson, O.F.</a>, T.D. Fergus, &amp; W.M. Gordon. <i>European Legal History</i>, 3rd edn. London: Butterworths, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-406-91360-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-406-91360-9">0-406-91360-9</a></li> <li>Ulanov, M. S., Badmaev, V. N., Holland, E. C. Buddhism and Kalmyk Secular Law in the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries. <i>Inner Asia.</i> no. 19. P. 297–314.</li> <li>Wagschal, David. <i>Law and Legality in the Greek East: The Byzantine Canonical Tradition, 381–883</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.</li> <li>Witte, John Jr. &amp; Frank S. Alexander, eds. <i>Christianity and Law: An Introduction</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovhannes2010" class="citation book cs1">Hovhannes, Otsnetsi (2010). Hakobyan, Vasken (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wdacna.com/pdf/publications_1483659415.pdf"><i>The book of canon law</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Burbank: Western Diocese of the Armenian Church.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+book+of+canon+law&amp;rft.place=Burbank&amp;rft.pub=Western+Diocese+of+the+Armenian+Church&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.aulast=Hovhannes&amp;rft.aufirst=Otsnetsi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwdacna.com%2Fpdf%2Fpublications_1483659415.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanon+law" class="Z3988"></span> On Armenian Oriental canon law.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_law&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canon_law" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Canon law">Canon law</a></span>.</div></div> </div><p><b>Catholic</b> </p><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intratext.com/X/LAT0010.HTM">Codex Iuris Canonici (1983)</a>, original text in Latin (the only official text)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/cic_index_en.html">Code of Canon Law (1983)</a> but with the 1998 modification of canons 750 and 1371, English translation by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clsa.org">Canon Law Society of America</a>, on the Vatican website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_INDEX.HTM">Code of Canon Law (1983)</a>, English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland, assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intratext.com/X/LAT0758.HTM">Codex canonum ecclesiarum orientalium (1990)</a>, original text in Latin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intratext.com/X/ENG1199.HTM">"Code of canons of Oriental Churchs" (1990)</a>, English translation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intratext.com/X/LAT0813.HTM">Codex Iuris Canonici (1917)</a>, original text in Latin</li></ul> <p><b>Anglican</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/about/leadership-and-governance/legal-resources/canons-church-england">"Canons of the Church of England"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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<span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="HeyElliott" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1737152755"> <span>Last edited on 17 January 2025, at 22:25</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanonisches_Recht" title="Kanonisches Recht – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kanonisches Recht" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="قانون كنسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون كنسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreito_Canonico" title="Dreito Canonico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dreito Canonico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="যাজকীয় অনুশাসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যাজকীয় অনুশাসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кананічнае права – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кананічнае права" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Канонично право – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Канонично право" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanonsko_pravo" title="Kanonsko pravo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kanonsko pravo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwir_kanonek" title="Gwir kanonek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwir kanonek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dret_can%C3%B2nic" title="Dret canònic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dret canònic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanonick%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Kanonické právo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kanonické právo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dango_la_Kunyoloska" title="Dango la Kunyoloska – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Dango la Kunyoloska" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfraith_ganonaidd" title="Cyfraith ganonaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfraith ganonaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanonisches_Recht" title="Kanonisches Recht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanonisches Recht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanooniline_%C3%B5igus" title="Kanooniline õigus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kanooniline õigus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%94%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Κανονικό Δίκαιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κανονικό Δίκαιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_can%C3%B3nico" title="Derecho canónico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derecho canónico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanona_juro" title="Kanona juro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kanona juro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzenbide_kanoniko" title="Zuzenbide kanoniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zuzenbide kanoniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="قانون کلیسایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون کلیسایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_canonique" title="Droit canonique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit canonique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereito_can%C3%B3nico" title="Dereito canónico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dereito canónico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C%EB%B2%95" title="교회법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교회법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Կանոնական իրավունք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանոնական իրավունք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="चर्च कानून – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चर्च कानून" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanonsko_pravo" title="Kanonsko pravo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kanonsko pravo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanonala_yuro" title="Kanonala yuro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kanonala yuro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_kanonik" title="Hukum kanonik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukum kanonik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritto_canonico" title="Diritto canonico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritto canonico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="משפט קאנוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משפט קאנוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheria_za_Kanisa" title="Sheria za Kanisa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sheria za Kanisa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovaroka" title="Lovaroka – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Lovaroka" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ius_canonicum" title="Ius canonicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ius canonicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanonisk%C4%81s_ties%C4%ABbas" title="Kanoniskās tiesības – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kanoniskās tiesības" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanon%C5%B3_teis%C4%97" title="Kanonų teisė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kanonų teisė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyh%C3%A1zjog" title="Egyházjog – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyházjog" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal%C3%A0na_Kan%C3%B4nika" title="Lalàna Kanônika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lalàna Kanônika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="കാനോൻ നിയമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാനോൻ നിയമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoniek_recht" title="Canoniek recht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Canoniek recht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E6%B3%95" title="教会法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="教会法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drech_canonic" title="Drech canonic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Drech canonic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawo_kanoniczne" title="Prawo kanoniczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prawo kanoniczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direito_can%C3%B3nico" title="Direito canónico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direito canónico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drept_canonic" title="Drept canonic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drept canonic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Каноническое право – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каноническое право" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Canon law" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1nonick%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Kánonické právo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kánonické právo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanonsko_pravo" title="Kanonsko pravo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kanonsko pravo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Канонско право – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Канонско право" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanonsko_pravo" title="Kanonsko pravo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kanonsko pravo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanoninen_oikeus" title="Kanoninen oikeus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanoninen oikeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanonisk_r%C3%A4tt" title="Kanonisk rätt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanonisk rätt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batas_Kanoniko" title="Batas Kanoniko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Batas Kanoniko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="திருச்சபைச் சட்டத் தொகுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருச்சபைச் சட்டத் தொகுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="กฎหมายศาสนจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎหมายศาสนจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilise_hukuku" title="Kilise hukuku – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kilise hukuku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Канонічне право – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Канонічне право" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="قانون کلیسیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قانون کلیسیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaud_Kanoniko" title="Balaud Kanoniko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Balaud Kanoniko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%B1quq%C3%AA_k%C4%B1lise" title="Hıquqê kılise – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hıquqê kılise" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E6%B3%95" title="教会法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="教会法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_kanun_ger%C3%A8ja" title="Hukum kanun gerèja – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Hukum kanun gerèja" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> 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