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<span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_Wessex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_Wessex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>King of Wessex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_of_Wessex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_threat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_threat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Viking threat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viking_threat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decimation_Charters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decimation_Charters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Decimation Charters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decimation_Charters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilgrimage_to_Rome_and_later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgrimage_to_Rome_and_later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pilgrimage to Rome and later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgrimage_to_Rome_and_later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_Æthelwulf's_ring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_Æthelwulf's_ring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>King Æthelwulf's ring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_Æthelwulf's_ring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Æthelwulf's_will" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Æthelwulf's_will"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Æthelwulf's will</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Æthelwulf's_will-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Death and succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Æthelwulf, King of Wessex</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethelwulf_van_Wessex" title="Aethelwulf van Wessex – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aethelwulf van Wessex" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%C3%BEelwulf_West_Seaxna_Cyning" title="Æþelwulf West Seaxna Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Æþelwulf West Seaxna Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_(%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B3)" title="ايثلوولف (ملك وسكس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ايثلوولف (ملك وسكس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etelvulf" title="Etelvulf – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Etelvulf" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="اتلولف وسکس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اتلولف وسکس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf" title="Æthelwulf – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Æthelwulf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf" title="Æthelwulf – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Æthelwulf" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong_%C3%86thelwulf_af_Wessex" title="Kong Æthelwulf af Wessex – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kong Æthelwulf af Wessex" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf" title="Æthelwulf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Æthelwulf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%86_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BE" title="Έθελγουλφ του Ουέσσεξ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έθελγουλφ του Ουέσσεξ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelwulfo_de_Wessex" title="Ethelwulfo de Wessex – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ethelwulfo de Wessex" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethelwulf_(Wessex)" title="Aethelwulf (Wessex) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aethelwulf (Wessex)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="اتلولف وسکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتلولف وسکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf_(roi_du_Wessex)" title="Æthelwulf (roi du Wessex) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Æthelwulf (roi du Wessex)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethelwulf_de_Wessex" title="Aethelwulf de Wessex – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aethelwulf de Wessex" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A0%EC%84%A4%EC%9A%B8%ED%94%84" title="애설울프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="애설울프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D6%86" title="Էյթելվուլֆ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էյթելվուլֆ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf_dari_Wessex" title="Æthelwulf dari Wessex – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Æthelwulf dari Wessex" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etelvulfo_del_Wessex" title="Etelvulfo del Wessex – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etelvulfo del Wessex" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A3,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="אתלוולף, מלך וסקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אתלוולף, מלך וסקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98)" title="ეთელვულფი (უესექსი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეთელვულფი (უესექსი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf_%C5%9Fah%C3%AA_Wessex%C3%AA" title="Æthelwulf şahê Wessexê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Æthelwulf şahê Wessexê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelwulf_vu_Wessex" title="Ethelwulf vu Wessex – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ethelwulf vu Wessex" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etelvulfas" title="Etelvulfas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Etelvulfas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf_wessexi_kir%C3%A1ly" title="Æthelwulf wessexi király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Æthelwulf wessexi király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B3" title="ايثلوولف ملك وسكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايثلوولف ملك وسكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf" title="Æthelwulf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Æthelwulf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95" title="エゼルウルフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エゼルウルフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf_av_Wessex" title="Æthelwulf av Wessex – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Æthelwulf av Wessex" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf_(Wessex)" title="Æthelwulf (Wessex) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Æthelwulf (Wessex)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelwulf" title="Ethelwulf – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ethelwulf" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etelvulfo_de_Wessex" title="Etelvulfo de Wessex – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Etelvulfo de Wessex" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelwulf" title="Ethelwulf – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ethelwulf" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Этельвульф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Этельвульф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athelwulf_of_Wessex" title="Athelwulf of Wessex – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Athelwulf of Wessex" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelwulf" title="Ethelwulf – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ethelwulf" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethelwulf_od_Wessexa" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of Wessex from 839 to 858</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Æthelwulf (disambiguation)">Æthelwulf (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Æthelwulf</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Æthelwulf in the Roll of the Kings of England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg/220px-%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg/330px-%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg/440px-%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="601" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Æthelwulf in the early fourteenth-century <i>Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England</i></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Wessex">King of Wessex</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">839–858</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelbald of Wessex">Æthelbald</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 January 858</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Steyning" title="Steyning">Steyning</a> then <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osburh" title="Osburh">Osburh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Flanders" title="Judith of Flanders">Judith of Flanders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan,_King_of_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelstan, King of Kent">Æthelstan, King of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelswith,_Queen_of_Mercia" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelswith, Queen of Mercia">Æthelswith, Queen of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelbald, King of Wessex">Æthelbald, King of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelberht, King of Wessex">Æthelberht, King of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_I,_King_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred I, King of Wessex">Æthelred I, King of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht, King of Wessex</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Æthelwulf</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Old English:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ang-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">[ˈæðelwuɫf]</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2011171_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2011171-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> for "Noble Wolf";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2013288_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2013288-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> died 13 January 858) was King of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> from 839 to 858.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 825, his father, King <a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a>, defeated King <a href="/wiki/Beornwulf_of_Mercia" title="Beornwulf of Mercia">Beornwulf of Mercia</a>, ending a long <a href="/wiki/Mercian_Supremacy" title="Mercian Supremacy">Mercian dominance</a> over <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a>. Ecgberht sent Æthelwulf with an army to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a>, where he expelled the Mercian sub-king and was himself appointed sub-king. After 830, Ecgberht maintained good relations with Mercia, and this was continued by Æthelwulf when he became king in 839, the first son to succeed his father as West Saxon king since 641. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> were not a major threat to Wessex during Æthelwulf's reign. In 843, he was defeated in a battle against the Vikings at <a href="/wiki/Carhampton" title="Carhampton">Carhampton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, but he achieved a major victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a> in 851. In 853, he joined a successful Mercian expedition to Wales to restore the traditional Mercian hegemony, and in the same year, his daughter <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelswith" title="Æthelswith">Æthelswith</a> married King <a href="/wiki/Burgred_of_Mercia" title="Burgred of Mercia">Burgred of Mercia</a>. In 855, Æthelwulf went on a pilgrimage to Rome. In preparation he gave a "decimation", donating a tenth of his personal property to his subjects; he appointed his eldest surviving son <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelbald of Wessex">Æthelbald</a> to act as King of Wessex in his absence, and his next son <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelberht of Wessex">Æthelberht</a> to rule Kent and the south-east. Æthelwulf spent a year in Rome, and on his way back he married <a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Flanders" title="Judith of Flanders">Judith</a>, the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/West_Frankish" class="mw-redirect" title="West Frankish">West Frankish</a> king <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>. </p><p>When Æthelwulf returned to England, Æthelbald refused to surrender the West Saxon throne, and Æthelwulf agreed to divide the kingdom, taking the east and leaving the west in Æthelbald's hands. On Æthelwulf's death in 858, he left Wessex to Æthelbald and Kent to Æthelberht, but Æthelbald's death only two years later led to the reunification of the kingdom. In the 20th century, Æthelwulf's reputation among historians was poor: he was seen as excessively pious and impractical, and his pilgrimage was viewed as a desertion of his duties. Historians in the 21st century see him very differently, as a king who consolidated and extended the power of his dynasty, commanded respect on the continent, and dealt more effectively than most of his contemporaries with Viking attacks. He is regarded as one of the most successful West Saxon kings, who laid the foundations for the success of his youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_British_Isles_9th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Southern_British_Isles_9th_century.svg/400px-Southern_British_Isles_9th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Southern_British_Isles_9th_century.svg/600px-Southern_British_Isles_9th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Southern_British_Isles_9th_century.svg/800px-Southern_British_Isles_9th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Southern Britain in the middle of the ninth century</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 9th century, England was almost completely under the control of the Anglo-Saxons, with <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> the most important southern kingdoms. Mercia was dominant until the 820s, and it exercised overlordship over <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a>, but Wessex was able to maintain its independence from its more powerful neighbour. <a href="/wiki/Offa" class="mw-redirect" title="Offa">Offa</a>, king of Mercia from 757 to 796, was the dominant figure of the second half of the 8th century. King <a href="/wiki/Beorhtric_of_Wessex" title="Beorhtric of Wessex">Beorhtric of Wessex</a> (786–802), married Offa's daughter in 789. Beorhtric and Offa drove Æthelwulf's father <a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a> into exile, and he spent several years at the court of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>. Ecgberht was the son of <a href="/wiki/Ealhmund_of_Kent" title="Ealhmund of Kent">Ealhmund</a>, who had briefly been King of Kent in 784. Following Offa's death, King <a href="/wiki/Coenwulf_of_Mercia" title="Coenwulf of Mercia">Coenwulf of Mercia</a> (796–821) maintained Mercian dominance, but it is uncertain whether Beorhtric ever accepted political subordination, and when he died in 802 Ecgberht became king, perhaps with the support of Charlemagne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes199522,_30–37Williams1991bKirby2000152_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199522,_30–37Williams1991bKirby2000152-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For two hundred years three kindreds had fought for the West Saxon throne, and no son had followed his father as king. Ecgberht's best claim was that he was the great-great-grandson of Ingild, brother of King <a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex" title="Ine of Wessex">Ine</a> (688–726), and in 802 it would have seemed very unlikely that he would establish a lasting dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels200285_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels200285-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost nothing is recorded of the first twenty years of Ecgberht's reign, apart from campaigns against the Cornish in the 810s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Abels" title="Richard Abels">Richard Abels</a> argues that the silence of the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i> was probably intentional, concealing Ecgberht's purge of Beorhtric's magnates and suppression of rival royal lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels200286–87_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels200286–87-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations between Mercian kings and their Kentish subjects were distant. Kentish <a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">ealdormen</a> did not attend the court of King Coenwulf, who quarrelled with Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Wulfred" title="Wulfred">Wulfred</a> of Canterbury (805–832) over the control of Kentish monasteries; Coenwulf's primary concern seems to have been to gain access to the wealth of Kent. His successors <a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_I_of_Mercia" title="Ceolwulf I of Mercia">Ceolwulf I</a> (821–823) and Beornwulf (823–826) restored relations with Archbishop Wulfred, and Beornwulf appointed a sub-king of Kent, <a href="/wiki/Baldred_of_Kent" title="Baldred of Kent">Baldred</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993113–19Brooks1984132–36_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993113–19Brooks1984132–36-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>England had suffered <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> raids in the late 8th century, but no attacks were recorded between 794 and 835 when the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey" title="Isle of Sheppey">Isle of Sheppey</a> in Kent was ravaged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2013258Stenton1971241_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2013258Stenton1971241-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 836, Ecgberht was defeated by the Vikings at Carhampton in Somerset,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 838, he was victorious over an alliance of Cornishmen and Vikings at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a>, reducing Cornwall to the status of a client kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971235Charles-Edwards2013431_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971235Charles-Edwards2013431-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Æthelwulf's father Ecgberht was king of Wessex from 802 to 839. His mother's name is unknown, and he had no recorded siblings. He is known to have had two wives in succession, and so far as is known, <a href="/wiki/Osburh" title="Osburh">Osburh</a>, the senior of the two, was the mother of all his children. She was the daughter of Oslac, described by <a href="/wiki/Asser" title="Asser">Asser</a>, biographer of their son Alfred the Great, as "King Æthelwulf's famous butler",<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a man who was descended from <a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a> who had ruled the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004b_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Æthelwulf had six known children. His eldest son, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_of_Kent" title="Æthelstan of Kent">Æthelstan</a>, was old enough to be appointed King of Kent in 839, so he must have been born by the early 820s, and he died in the early 850s.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second son, Æthelbald, is first recorded as a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_charters" title="Anglo-Saxon charters">charter</a> witness in 841, and if, like Alfred, he began to attest when he was around six, he would have been born around 835; he was King of Wessex from 858 to 860. Æthelwulf's third son, Æthelberht, was probably born around 839 and was king from 860 to 865. The only daughter, Æthelswith, married Burgred, King of Mercia, in 853.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199850_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199850-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other two sons were much younger: <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred of Wessex">Æthelred</a> was born around 848 and was king from 865 to 871, and Alfred was born around 849 and was king from 871 to 899.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 856, Æthelwulf married Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, King of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> and future <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Emperor</a>, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Ermentrude_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Ermentrude of Orléans">Ermentrude</a>. Osburh had probably died, although it is possible that she had been repudiated.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no children from Æthelwulf's marriage to Judith, and after his death, she married his eldest surviving son and successor, Æthelbald.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Æthelwulf was first recorded in 825, when Ecgberht won the crucial <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ellandun" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ellandun">Battle of Ellandun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a> against King Beornwulf of Mercia, ending the long Mercian ascendancy over southern England. Ecgberht followed it up by sending Æthelwulf with <a href="/wiki/Eahlstan" title="Eahlstan">Eahlstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Sherborne" title="Bishop of Sherborne">Bishop of Sherborne</a>, and Wulfheard, Ealdorman of <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>, with a large army into Kent to expel sub-king Baldred.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Æthelwulf was descended from kings of Kent, and he was sub-king of Kent, and of <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Sussex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Essex</a>, which were then included in the sub-kingdom, until he inherited the throne of Wessex in 839.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991aStenton1971231Kirby2000155–56_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991aStenton1971231Kirby2000155–56-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sub-kingship is recorded in charters, in some of which King Ecgberht acted with his son's permission,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as a grant in 838 to Bishop <a href="/wiki/Beornmod" title="Beornmod">Beornmod</a> of Rochester, and Æthelwulf himself issued a charter as King of Kent in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth1995673,_n._63_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1995673,_n._63-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike their Mercian predecessors, who alienated the Kentish people by ruling from a distance, Æthelwulf and his father successfully cultivated local support by governing through Kentish ealdormen and promoting their interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993112–20_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993112–20-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Abels' view, Ecgberht and Æthelwulf rewarded their friends and purged Mercian supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels200288_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels200288-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians take differing views on the attitude of the new regime to the Kentish church. At Canterbury in 828, Ecgberht granted privileges to the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rochester" title="Bishop of Rochester">bishopric of Rochester</a>, and according to the historian <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Simon Keynes</a>, Ecgberht and Æthelwulf took steps to secure the support of Archbishop Wulfred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993120–21Keynes199540_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993120–21Keynes199540-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brooks_(historian)" title="Nicholas Brooks (historian)">Nicholas Brooks</a> argues that Wulfred's Mercian origin and connections proved a liability. Æthelwulf seized an estate in <a href="/wiki/East_Malling" title="East Malling">East Malling</a> from the Canterbury church on the ground that it had only been granted by Baldred when he was in flight from the West Saxon forces; the issue of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archiepiscopal</a> coinage was suspended for several years; and the only estate Wulfred was granted after 825 he received from King <a href="/wiki/Wiglaf_of_Mercia" title="Wiglaf of Mercia">Wiglaf of Mercia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984136–37_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984136–37-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 829, Ecgberht conquered Mercia, only for Wiglaf to recover his kingdom a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971232–33_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971232–33-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholar David Kirby sees Wiglaf's restoration in 830 as a dramatic reversal for Ecgberht, which was probably followed by his loss of control of the London mint and the Mercian recovery of Essex and Berkshire,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000157_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000157-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the historian Heather Edwards states that his "immense conquest could not be maintained".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the view of Keynes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is interesting ... that both Ecgberht and his son Æthelwulf appear to have respected the separate identity of Kent and its associated provinces, as if there appears to have been no plan at this stage to absorb the southeast into an enlarged kingdom stretching across the whole of southern England. Nor does it seem to have been the intention of Ecgberht and his successors to maintain the supremacy of any kind over the kingdom of Mercia ... It is quite possible that Ecgberht had relinquished Mercia of his own volition; and there is no suggestion that any residual antagonism affected relations between the rulers of Wessex and Mercia thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes199540–41_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199540–41-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 838, King Ecgberht held an assembly at <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames" title="Kingston upon Thames">Kingston</a> in Surrey, where Æthelwulf may have been consecrated as king by the archbishop. Ecgberht restored the East Malling estate to Wulfred's successor as Archbishop of Canterbury, <a href="/wiki/Ceolnoth" title="Ceolnoth">Ceolnoth</a>, in return for a promise of "firm and unbroken friendship" for himself and Æthelwulf and their heirs, and the same condition is specified in a grant to the see of Winchester.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ecgberht thus ensured support for Æthelwulf, who became the first son to succeed his father as West Saxon king since 641.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald1982140Keynes19941112–13_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald1982140Keynes19941112–13-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same meeting, Kentish monasteries chose Æthelwulf as their lord, and he undertook that, after his death, they would have freedom to elect their heads. Wulfred had devoted his archiepiscopate to fighting against secular power over Kentish monasteries, but Ceolnoth now surrendered effective control to Æthelwulf, whose offer of freedom from control after his death was unlikely to be honoured by his successors. Kentish ecclesiastics and laymen now looked for protection against Viking attacks to West Saxon rather than Mercian royal power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004aKeynes1993124Brooks1984197–201Story2003223Blair2005124_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004aKeynes1993124Brooks1984197–201Story2003223Blair2005124-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ecgberht's conquests brought him wealth far greater than his predecessors had enjoyed and enabled him to purchase the support which secured the West Saxon throne for his descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke1990148–49_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke1990148–49-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stability brought by the dynastic succession of Ecgberht and Æthelwulf led to an expansion of commercial and agrarian resources, and to an expansion of royal income.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPratt200717_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt200717-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wealth of the West Saxon kings was also increased by the agreement in 838–839 with Archbishop Ceolnoth for the previously independent West Saxon minsters to accept the king as their secular lord in return for his protection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200589_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200589-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there was no certainty that the hegemony of Wessex would prove more permanent than that of Mercia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199828_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199828-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_Wessex">King of Wessex</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: King of Wessex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_V.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_V.jpg/220px-%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_V.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_V.jpg/330px-%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_V.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_V.jpg/440px-%C3%86thelwulf_-_MS_Royal_14_B_V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Æthelwulf in the late-13th-century <i>Genealogical Chronicle of the English Kings</i></figcaption></figure> <p>When Æthelwulf succeeded to the throne of Wessex in 839, his experience as sub-king of Kent had given him valuable training in kingship, and he in turn made his own sons sub-kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke1990168–69_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke1990168–69-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, on his accession "he gave to his son Æthelstan the kingdom of the people of Kent, and the kingdom of the East Saxons [Essex] and of the people of Surrey and the South Saxons [Sussex]". However, Æthelwulf did not give Æthelstan the same power as his father had given him, and although Æthelstan attested his father's charters<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As king, he does not appear to have been given the power to issue his own charters. Æthelwulf exercised authority in the south-east and made regular visits there. He governed Wessex and Kent as separate spheres, and assemblies in each kingdom were only attended by the nobility of that country. The historian <a href="/wiki/Janet_Nelson" title="Janet Nelson">Janet Nelson</a> says that "Æthelwulf ran a <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a>-style family firm of plural realms, held together by his own authority as father-king, and by the consent of distinct élites." He maintained his father's policy of governing Kent through ealdormen appointed from the local nobility and advancing their interests, but gave less support to the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993124–27Nelson2004a_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993124–27Nelson2004a-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 843, Æthelwulf granted ten hides at <a href="/wiki/Little_Chart" title="Little Chart">Little Chart</a> to Æthelmod, the brother of the leading Kentish ealdorman Ealhere, and Æthelmod succeeded to the post on his brother's death in 853.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984147–49_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984147–49-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 844, Æthelwulf granted land at <a href="/wiki/Chartham#Horton" title="Chartham">Horton</a> in Kent to Ealdorman Eadred, with permission to transfer parts of it to local landowners; in a culture of reciprocity, this created a network of mutual friendships and obligations between the beneficiaries and the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199832–33S_319_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199832–33S_319-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archbishops of Canterbury were firmly in the West Saxon king's sphere. His ealdormen enjoyed a high status and were sometimes placed higher than the king's sons in lists of witnesses to charters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels1998271_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998271-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reign is the first for which there is evidence of royal priests,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPratt200764_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt200764-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury_Abbey" title="Malmesbury Abbey">Malmesbury Abbey</a> regarded him as an important benefactor, who is said to have been the donor of a shrine for the relics of <a href="/wiki/Aldhelm" title="Aldhelm">Saint Aldhelm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200513,_102_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200513,_102-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 830, Ecgberht followed a policy of maintaining good relations with Mercia, and this was continued by Æthelwulf when he became king. London was traditionally a Mercian town, but in the 830s it was under West Saxon control; soon after Æthelwulf's accession, it reverted to Mercian control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993127–28_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993127–28-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Wiglaf of Mercia died in 839 and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Beorhtwulf_of_Mercia" title="Beorhtwulf of Mercia">Berhtwulf</a>, revived the Mercian mint in London; the two kingdoms appear to have struck a joint issue in the mid-840s, possibly indicating West Saxon help in reviving Mercian coinage, and showing the friendly relations between the two powers. Berkshire was still Mercian in 844, but by 849 it was part of Wessex, as Alfred was born in that year at the West Saxon royal estate in <a href="/wiki/Wantage" title="Wantage">Wantage</a>, then in Berkshire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000160–61Keynes19986Booth199865_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000160–61Keynes19986Booth199865-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the local Mercian ealdorman, also called <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf_of_Berkshire" title="Æthelwulf of Berkshire">Æthelwulf</a>, retained his position under the West Saxon kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199829_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199829-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berhtwulf died in 852 and cooperation with Wessex continued under Burgred, his successor as King of Mercia, who married Æthelwulf's daughter Æthelswith in 853. In the same year, Æthelwulf assisted Burgred in a successful attack on Wales to restore the traditional Mercian hegemony over the Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000161_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000161-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 9th-century Mercia and Kent, royal charters were produced by religious houses, each with its own style, but in Wessex, there was a single royal diplomatic tradition, probably by a single agency acting for the king. This may have originated in Ecgberht's reign, and it becomes clear in the 840s when Æthelwulf had a Frankish secretary called Felix.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941109–23Nelson2004a_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941109–23Nelson2004a-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were strong contacts between the West Saxon and Carolingian courts. The <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_Bertiniani" title="Annales Bertiniani">Annals of St Bertin</a></i> took particular interest in Viking attacks on Britain, and in 852 <a href="/wiki/Lupus_Servatus" title="Lupus Servatus">Lupus</a>, the Abbot of <a href="/wiki/Ferri%C3%A8res_Abbey" title="Ferrières Abbey">Ferrières</a> and a protégé of Charles the Bald, wrote to Æthelwulf congratulating him on his victory over the Vikings and requesting a gift of lead to cover his church roof. Lupus also wrote to his "most beloved friend" Felix, asking him to manage the transport of the lead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2013236–38Stafford1981137_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2013236–38Stafford1981137-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Canterbury and the south-east, Wessex did not see a sharp decline in the standard of Latin in charters in the mid-9th century, and this may have been partly due to Felix and his continental contacts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2013252_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2013252-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lupus thought that Felix had great influence over the King.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charters were mainly issued from royal estates in counties which were the heartland of ancient Wessex, namely Hampshire, Somerset, Wiltshire, and <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, with a few in Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199852_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199852-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An ancient division between east and west Wessex continued to be important in the 9th century; the boundary was <a href="/wiki/Selwood_Forest" title="Selwood Forest">Selwood Forest</a> on the borders of Somerset, Dorset and Wiltshire. The two bishoprics of Wessex were Sherborne in the west and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester" title="Bishop of Winchester">Winchester</a> in the east. Æthelwulf's family connections seem to have been west of Selwood, but his patronage was concentrated further east, particularly on Winchester, where his father was buried, and where he appointed <a href="/wiki/Swithun" title="Swithun">Swithun</a> to succeed <a href="/wiki/Helmstan" title="Helmstan">Helmstan</a> as bishop in 852–853. However, he made a grant of land in Somerset to his leading ealdorman, Eanwulf, and on 26 December 846, he granted a large estate to himself in <a href="/wiki/South_Hams" title="South Hams">South Hams</a> in west Devon. He thus changed it from <a href="/wiki/Royal_demesne" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal demesne">royal demesne</a>, which he was obliged to pass on to his successor as king, to <a href="/wiki/Bookland_(law)" title="Bookland (law)">bookland</a>, which could be transferred as the owner pleased, so he could make land grants to followers to improve security in a frontier zone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke199523–24,_98–99Nelson2004aFinberg1964189_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke199523–24,_98–99Nelson2004aFinberg1964189-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viking_threat">Viking threat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Viking threat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viking raids increased in the early 840s on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, and in 843 Æthelwulf was defeated by the companies of 35 Danish ships at Carhampton in Somerset. In 850 sub-king Æthelstan and Ealdorman <a href="/wiki/Ealhhere" title="Ealhhere">Ealhhere</a> of Kent won a naval victory over a large Viking fleet off <a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Kent" title="Sandwich, Kent">Sandwich</a> in Kent, capturing nine ships and driving off the rest. Æthelwulf granted Ealhhere a large estate in Kent, but Æthelstan is not heard of again and probably died soon afterwards. The following year the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> records five different attacks on southern England. A Danish fleet of 350 Viking ships took London and Canterbury, and when King Berhtwulf of Mercia went to their relief he was defeated. The Vikings then moved on to Surrey, where they were defeated by Æthelwulf and his son Æthelbald at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a>. According to the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> the West Saxon levies, "there made the greatest slaughter of a heathen that we have heard tell of up to the present day". The <i>Chronicle</i> frequently reported victories during Æthelwulf's reign won by levies led by ealdormen, unlike the 870s when a royal command was emphasised, reflecting a more consensual style of leadership in the earlier period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004aStory2003227_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004aStory2003227-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 850, a Danish army wintered on <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Thanet" title="Isle of Thanet">Thanet</a>, and in 853, ealdormen Ealhhere of Kent and Huda of Surrey were killed in a battle against the Vikings, also on Thanet. In 855, Danish Vikings stayed over the winter on Sheppey, before carrying on their pillaging of eastern England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971243Abels199888_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971243Abels199888-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during Æthelwulf's reign, Viking attacks were contained and did not present a major threat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2013258_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2013258-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coinage">Coinage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%86thelwulf_penny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%C3%86thelwulf_penny.jpg/220px-%C3%86thelwulf_penny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%C3%86thelwulf_penny.jpg/330px-%C3%86thelwulf_penny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%C3%86thelwulf_penny.jpg/440px-%C3%86thelwulf_penny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>Coin of King Æthelwulf: "EĐELVVLF REX", moneyer Manna, Canterbury<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrueberKeary18939,_17_no._19,_Plate_III.4Early_Medieval_CoinsFitzwilliam_Museum_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrueberKeary18939,_17_no._19,_Plate_III.4Early_Medieval_CoinsFitzwilliam_Museum-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Silver_penny" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver penny">silver penny</a> was almost the only coin used in middle and later Anglo-Saxon England. Æthelwulf's coinage came from a main mint in Canterbury and a secondary one at Rochester; both had been used by Ecgberht for his own coinage after he gained control of Kent. During Æthelwulf's reign, there were four main phases of the coinage distinguishable at both mints, though they are not exactly parallel and it is uncertain when the transitions took place. The first issue at Canterbury carried a design known as <i>Saxoniorum</i>, which had been used by Ecgberht for one of his own issues. This was replaced by a portrait design in about 843, which can be subdivided further; the earliest coins have cruder designs than the later ones. At the Rochester mint, the sequence was reversed, with an initial portrait design replaced, also in about 843, by a non-portrait design carrying a cross-and-wedges pattern on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriersonBlackburn2006270,_287–91_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriersonBlackburn2006270,_287–91-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In about 848, both mints switched to a common design known as Dor¯b¯/Cant – the characters "Dor¯b¯" on the obverse of these coins indicate either <i>Dorobernia</i> (Canterbury) or <i>Dorobrevia</i> (Rochester), and "Cant", referring to Kent, appeared on the reverse. It is possible that the Canterbury mint continued to produce portrait coins at the same time. The Canterbury issue seems to have been ended in 850–851 by Viking raids, though it is possible that Rochester was spared, and the issue may have continued there. The final issue, again at both mints, was introduced in about 852; it has an inscribed cross on the reverse and a portrait on the obverse. Æthelwulf's coinage became <a href="/wiki/Debasement" title="Debasement">debased</a> by the end of his reign, and though the problem became worse after his death it is possible that the debasement prompted the changes in coin type from as early as 850.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriersonBlackburn2006287–91,_307–08_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriersonBlackburn2006287–91,_307–08-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Æthelwulf's first Rochester coinage may have begun when he was still sub-king of Kent, under Ecgberht. A hoard of coins deposited at the beginning of Æthelwulf's reign in about 840, found in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a> in London, contained 22 coins from Rochester and two from Canterbury of the first issue of each mint. Some <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatists</a> argue that the high proportion of Rochester coins means that the issue must have commenced before Ecgberht's death, but an alternative explanation is that whoever hoarded the coins simply happened to have access to more Rochester coins. No coins were issued by Æthelwulf's sons during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriersonBlackburn2006271,_287–91_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriersonBlackburn2006271,_287–91-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ceolnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury throughout Æthelwulf's reign, also minted coins of his own at Canterbury: there were three different portrait designs, thought to be contemporary with each of the first three of Æthelwulf's Canterbury issues. These were followed by an inscribed cross design that was uniform with Æthelwulf's final coinage. At Rochester, Bishop Beornmod produced only one issue, a cross-and-wedges design which was contemporary with Æthelwulf's <i>Saxoniorum</i> issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriersonBlackburn2006287–91_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriersonBlackburn2006287–91-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the view of the numismatists <a href="/wiki/Philip_Grierson" title="Philip Grierson">Philip Grierson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Blackburn_(numismatist)" title="Mark Blackburn (numismatist)">Mark Blackburn</a>, the mints of Wessex, Mercia and East Anglia were not greatly affected by changes in political control: "the remarkable continuity of moneyers which can be seen at each of these mints suggests that the actual mint organisation was largely independent of the royal administration and was founded in the stable trading communities of each city".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriersonBlackburn2006275_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriersonBlackburn2006275-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decimation_Charters">Decimation Charters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decimation Charters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charter_S_316,_dated_855_of_King_%C3%86thelwulf_of_Wessex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Charter_S_316%2C_dated_855_of_King_%C3%86thelwulf_of_Wessex.jpg/220px-Charter_S_316%2C_dated_855_of_King_%C3%86thelwulf_of_Wessex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Charter_S_316%2C_dated_855_of_King_%C3%86thelwulf_of_Wessex.jpg/330px-Charter_S_316%2C_dated_855_of_King_%C3%86thelwulf_of_Wessex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Charter_S_316%2C_dated_855_of_King_%C3%86thelwulf_of_Wessex.jpg/440px-Charter_S_316%2C_dated_855_of_King_%C3%86thelwulf_of_Wessex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2522" data-file-height="1716" /></a><figcaption>Charter S 316 dated 855, in which Æthelwulf granted land at <a href="/wiki/Elham,_Kent" title="Elham, Kent">Ulaham</a> in Kent to his minister Ealdhere<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES_316_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES_316-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The early 20th-century historian <a href="/wiki/W._H._Stevenson" title="W. H. Stevenson">W. H. Stevenson</a> observed that: "Few things in our early history have led to so much discussion" as Æthelwulf's Decimation Charters;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson1904186_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson1904186-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a hundred years later the charter expert Susan Kelly described them as "one of the most controversial groups of Anglo-Saxon diplomas".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200565_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Asser and the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> say that Æthelwulf gave a decimation,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 855, shortly before leaving on pilgrimage to Rome. According to the <i>Chronicle</i> "King Æthelwulf conveyed by charter the tenth part of his land throughout all his kingdom to the praise of God and to his own eternal salvation". However, Asser states that "Æthelwulf, the esteemed king, freed the tenth part of his whole kingdom from royal service and tribute, and as an everlasting inheritance he made it over on the cross of Christ to the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">triune</a> God, for the redemption of his soul and those of his predecessors."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200565–66_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565–66-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Keynes, Asser's version may just be a "loose translation" of the <i>Chronicle</i>, and his implication that Æthelwulf released a tenth of all land from secular burdens was probably not intended. All land could be regarded as the king's land, so the <i>Chronicle</i> reference to "his land" does not necessarily refer to royal property, and since the booking of land – conveying it by charter – was always regarded as a pious act, Asser's statement that he made it over to God does not necessarily mean that the charters were in favour of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941119–20_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941119–20-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Decimation Charters are divided by Susan Kelly into four groups: </p> <ol><li>Two dated at <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a> on 5 November 844. In a charter in the Malmesbury archive, Æthelwulf refers in the <a href="/wiki/Proem" class="mw-redirect" title="Proem">proem</a> to the perilous state of his kingdom as the result of the assaults of pagans and barbarians. For the sake of his soul and in return for masses for the king and ealdormen each Wednesday, "I have decided to give in perpetual liberty some portion of hereditary lands to all those ranks previously in possession, both to God's servants and handmaidens serving God and to laymen, always the tenth hide, and where it is less, then the tenth part."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Six dated at <a href="/wiki/Wilton,_Wiltshire" title="Wilton, Wiltshire">Wilton</a> on Easter Day, 22 April 854. In the common text of these charters, Æthelwulf states that "for the sake of his soul and the prosperity of the kingdom and [the salvation of] the people assigned to him by God, he has acted upon the advice given to him by his bishops, <i><a href="/wiki/Comites" class="mw-redirect" title="Comites">comites</a></i>, and all his nobles. He has granted the tenth part of the lands throughout his kingdom, not only to the churches but also to his <a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">thegns</a>. The land is granted in perpetual liberty so that it will remain free of royal services and all secular burdens. In return, there will be a liturgical commemoration of the king and his bishops and ealdormen."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Five from <a href="/wiki/Old_Minster,_Winchester" title="Old Minster, Winchester">Old Minster, Winchester</a>, connected with the Wilton meeting but generally considered spurious.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>One from Kent dated 855, the only one to have the same date as the decimation according to <i>Chronicle</i> and Asser. The king grants to his thegn Dunn property in Rochester "on account of the decimation of lands which by God's gift I have decided to do". Dunn left the land to his wife with a reversion to <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Cathedral" title="Rochester Cathedral">Rochester Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200565–67,_73–74,_80–81_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565–67,_73–74,_80–81-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>None of the charters are original, and Stevenson dismissed all of them as fraudulent apart from the Kentish one of 855. Stevenson saw the decimation as a donation of royal demesne to churches and laymen, with those grants which were made to laymen being on the understanding that there would be reversion to a religious institution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200565Stevenson1904186–91_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565Stevenson1904186–91-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to the 1990s, his view on the authenticity of the charters was generally accepted by scholars, except the historian <a href="/wiki/H._P._R._Finberg" title="H. P. R. Finberg">H. P. R. Finberg</a>, who argued in 1964 that most are based on authentic diplomas. Finberg coined the terms the 'First Decimation' of 844, which he saw as the removal of public dues on a tenth of all bookland, and the 'Second Decimation' of 854, the donation of a tenth of "the private domain of the royal house" to the churches. He considered it unlikely that the First Decimation had been carried into effect, probably due to the threat from the Vikings. Finberg's terminology has been adopted, but his defence of the First Decimation is generally rejected. In 1994, Keynes defended the Wilton charters in group 2, and his arguments have been widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200565–67Finberg1964187–206Keynes19941102–22Nelson2004c15Pratt200766_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565–67Finberg1964187–206Keynes19941102–22Nelson2004c15Pratt200766-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians have been divided on how to interpret the Second Decimation, and in 1994, Keynes described it as "one of the most perplexing problems" in the study of 9th-century charters. He set out three alternatives: </p> <ol><li>It conveyed a tenth of the royal demesne – the lands of the crown as opposed to the personal property of the sovereign – into the hands of churches, ecclesiastics and laymen. In Anglo-Saxon England property was either folkland or bookland. The transmission of folkland was governed by the customary rights of kinsmen, subject to the king's approval, whereas bookland was established by the grant of a royal charter, and could be disposed of freely by the owner. Booking land thus converted it by charter from folkland to bookland. The royal demesne was the crown's folkland, whereas the king's bookland was his own personal property which he could leave by will as he chose. In the decimation, Æthelwulf may have conveyed royal folkland by charter to become bookland, in some cases to laymen who already leased the land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941119–21Williams2014Wormald2001267Keynes2009467Nelson2004c3_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941119–21Williams2014Wormald2001267Keynes2009467Nelson2004c3-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It was the booking of a tenth of folkland to its owners, who would then be free to convey it to a church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941119–21_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941119–21-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It was a reduction of one tenth in the secular burdens on lands already in the possession of landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941119–21_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941119–21-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secular burdens would have included the provision of supplies for the king and his officials and payment of various taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983232_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983232-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Some scholars, for example <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Frank Stenton</a>, author of the standard history of Anglo-Saxon England, along with Keynes and Abels, see the Second Decimation as a donation of royal demesne. In Abels' view, Æthelwulf sought loyalty from the aristocracy and church during the king's forthcoming absence from Wessex, and displayed a sense of dynastic insecurity also evident in his father's generosity towards the Kentish church in 838, and an "avid attention" in this period to compiling and revising royal genealogies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971308Abels200288–89Keynes2009467_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971308Abels200288–89Keynes2009467-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keynes suggests that "Æthelwulf's purpose was presumably to earn divine assistance in his struggles against the Vikings",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2009467_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2009467-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the mid-20th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_John" title="Eric John">Eric John</a> observes that "a lifetime of medieval studies teaches one that an early medieval king was never so political as when he was on his knees".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn199671–72_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn199671–72-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The view that the decimation was a donation of the king's own personal estate is supported by the Anglo-Saxonist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Smyth" title="Alfred P. Smyth">Alfred P. Smyth</a>, who argues that these were the only lands the king was entitled to alienate by book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth1995403_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1995403-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Martin Ryan prefers the view that Æthelwulf freed a tenth part of the land owned by laymen from secular obligations, who could now endow churches under their own patronage. Ryan sees it as part of a campaign of religious devotion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2013255_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2013255-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the historian David Pratt, it "is best interpreted as a strategic 'tax cut', designed to encourage cooperation in defensive measures through a partial remission of royal dues".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPratt200768_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt200768-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nelson states that the decimation took place in two phases, in Wessex in 854 and Kent in 855, reflecting that they remained separate kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004c15–16_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004c15–16-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kelly argues that most charters were based on genuine originals, including the First Decimation of 844. She says: "Commentators have been unkind [and] the 844 version has not been given the benefit of the doubt". In her view, Æthelwulf then gave a 10% tax reduction on bookland, and ten years later he took the more generous step of "a widespread distribution of royal lands". Unlike Finberg, she believes that both decimations were carried out, although the second one may not have been completed due to opposition from Æthelwulf's son Æthelbald. She thinks that the grants of bookland to laymen in the Second Decimation were unconditional, not with reversion to religious houses as Stevenson had argued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200567–91_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200567–91-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Keynes is not convinced by Kelly's arguments, and thinks that the First Decimation charters were 11th or early 12th century fabrications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2009464–67_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2009464–67-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pilgrimage_to_Rome_and_later_life">Pilgrimage to Rome and later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pilgrimage to Rome and later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 855, Æthelwulf went on a pilgrimage to Rome. According to Abels: "Æthelwulf was at the height of his power and prestige. It was a propitious time for the West Saxon king to claim a place of honour among the kings and emperors of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">christendom</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199862_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199862-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His eldest surviving sons Æthelbald and Æthelberht were then adults, while Æthelred and Alfred were still young children. In 853 Æthelwulf sent his younger sons to Rome, perhaps accompanying envoys in connection with his own forthcoming visit. Alfred, and probably Æthelred as well, were invested with the "belt of consulship". Æthelred's part in the journey is only known from a contemporary record in the <i><a href="/wiki/Confraternity_book" title="Confraternity book">liber vitae</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/San_Salvatore,_Brescia" title="San Salvatore, Brescia">San Salvatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, as later records such as the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> were only interested in recording the honour paid to Alfred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abels see the embassy as paving the way for Æthelwulf's pilgrimage, and the presence of Alfred, his youngest and therefore most expendable son, as a gesture of goodwill to the papacy; <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Pope Leo IV</a> made Alfred his spiritual son, and thus created a spiritual link between the two "fathers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199862,_67_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199862,_67-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirby argues that the journey may indicate that Alfred was intended for the church,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000164–65_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000164–65-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Nelson, on the contrary, sees Æthelwulf's purpose as affirming his younger sons' throneworthiness, thus protecting them against being <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsured</a> by their elder brothers, which would have rendered them ineligible for kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1997144–46Nelson2004a_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1997144–46Nelson2004a-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Æthelwulf set out for Rome in the spring of 855, accompanied by Alfred and a large retinue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199872_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199872-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King left Wessex in the care of his oldest surviving son, Æthelbald, and the sub-kingdom of Kent to the rule of Æthelberht, and thereby confirmed that they were to succeed to the two kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels200288_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels200288-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the way the party stayed with Charles the Bald in Francia, where there were the usual banquets and exchange of gifts. Æthelwulf stayed a year in Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199873,_75_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199873,_75-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his gifts to the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a> included a gold crown weighing 4 pounds (1.8 kg), two gold goblets, a sword bound with gold, four silver-gilt bowls, two silk tunics and two gold-interwoven veils. He also gave gold to the clergy and leading men and silver to the people of Rome. According to the historian Joanna Story, his gifts rivalled those of Carolingian donors and the Byzantine emperor and "were clearly chosen to reflect the personal generosity and spiritual wealth of the West Saxon king; here was no Germanic "hillbilly" from the backwoods of the Christian world but, rather, a sophisticated, wealthy and utterly contemporary monarch".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStory2003238–39_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStory2003238–39-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The post-Conquest chronicler <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> stated that he helped to pay for the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Schola_Saxonum" class="mw-redirect" title="Schola Saxonum">Saxon quarter</a>, which had recently been destroyed by fire, for English pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199877_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199877-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pilgrimage puzzles historians and Kelly comments that "it is extraordinary that an early medieval king could consider his position safe enough to abandon his kingdom in a time of extreme crisis". She suggests that Æthelwulf may have been motivated by a personal religious impulse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200591_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200591-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryan sees it as an attempt to placate the divine wrath displayed by Viking attacks,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2013255_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2013255-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Nelson thinks he aimed to enhance his prestige in dealing with the demands of his adult sons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2013240_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2013240-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kirby's view: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Æthelwulf's journey to Rome is of great interest for it did not signify abdication and a retreat from the world as their journeys to Rome had for <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dwalla" title="Cædwalla">Cædwalla</a> and Ine and other Anglo-Saxon kings. It was more a display of the king's international standing and a demonstration of the prestige his dynasty enjoyed in Frankish and papal circles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000164_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000164-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>On his way back from Rome Æthelwulf again stayed with King Charles the Bald, and may have joined him on a campaign against a Viking warband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199879_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199879-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 October 856, Æthelwulf married Charles's daughter, Judith, aged 12 or 13, at <a href="/wiki/Verberie" title="Verberie">Verberie</a>. The marriage was considered extraordinary by contemporaries and by modern historians. Carolingian princesses rarely married and were usually sent to nunneries, and it was almost unknown for them to marry foreigners. Judith was crowned queen and <a href="/wiki/Anoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Anoint">anointed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hincmar" title="Hincmar">Hincmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rheims" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Rheims">Archbishop of Rheims</a>. Although empresses had been anointed before, this is the first definitely known anointing of a Carolingian queen. In addition, West Saxon custom, described by Asser as "perverse and detestable", was that the wife of a king of Wessex could not be called queen or sit on the throne with her husband – she was just the king's wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStafford1981139–42Story2003240–42_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStafford1981139–42Story2003240–42-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Æthelwulf returned to Wessex to face a revolt by Æthelbald, who attempted to prevent his father from recovering his throne. Historians give varying explanations for both the rebellion and the marriage. In Nelson's view, Æthelwulf's marriage to Judith added the West Saxon king to the family of kings and princely allies which Charles was creating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1997143_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1997143-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles was under attack both from Vikings and from a rising among his own nobility, and Æthelwulf had great prestige due to his victories over the Vikings; some historians such as Kirby and <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Stafford" title="Pauline Stafford">Pauline Stafford</a> see the marriage as sealing an anti-Viking alliance. The marriage gave Æthelwulf a share in Carolingian prestige, and Kirby describes the anointing of Judith as "a charismatic sanctification which enhanced her status, blessed her womb and conferred additional throne-worthiness on her male offspring." These marks of a special status implied that a son of hers would succeed to at least part of Æthelwulf's kingdom, and explain Æthelbald's decision to rebel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000165–66Stafford1981139_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000165–66Stafford1981139-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Michael Enright denies that an anti-Viking alliance between two such distant kingdoms could serve any useful purpose, and argues that the marriage was Æthelwulf's response to news that his son was planning to rebel; his son by an anointed Carolingian queen would be in a strong position to succeed as king of Wessex instead of the rebellious Æthelbald.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnright1979291–301_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnright1979291–301-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abels suggests that Æthelwulf sought Judith's hand because he needed her father's money and support to overcome his son's rebellion,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199880–82Enright1979291–302_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199880–82Enright1979291–302-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Kirby and Smyth argue that it is extremely unlikely that Charles the Bald would have agreed to marry his daughter to a ruler who was known to be in serious political difficulty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000166Smyth1995191–92_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000166Smyth1995191–92-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Æthelbald may also have acted out of resentment at the loss of patrimony he suffered as a result of the decimation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200591_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200591-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Æthelbald's rebellion was supported by Ealhstan, Bishop of Sherborne, and Eanwulf, ealdorman of Somerset, even though they appear to have been two of the king's most trusted advisers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199881_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199881-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Asser, the plot was concerted "in the western part of Selwood", and western nobles may have backed Æthelbald because they resented the patronage Æthelwulf gave to eastern Wessex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke199598–99_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke199598–99-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asser also stated that Æthelwulf agreed to give up the western part of his kingdom in order to avoid a civil war. Some historians such as Keynes and Abels think that his rule was then confined to the south-east,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes19987Abels200289_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes19987Abels200289-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others such as Kirby think it is more likely that it was Wessex itself which was divided, with Æthelbald keeping Wessex west of Selwood, Æthelwulf holding the centre and east, and Æthelberht keeping the south-east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000166–67_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000166–67-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Æthelwulf insisted that Judith should sit beside him on the throne until the end of his life, and according to Asser, this was "without any disagreement or dissatisfaction on the part of his nobles".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198371,_235–36,_n._28Nelson200670–71_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198371,_235–36,_n._28Nelson200670–71-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_Æthelwulf's_ring"><span id="King_.C3.86thelwulf.27s_ring"></span>King Æthelwulf's ring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: King Æthelwulf's ring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethelwulf%27s_Ring_-_Illustration_from_Cassell%27s_History_of_England_-_Century_Edition_-_published_circa_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ethelwulf%27s_Ring_-_Illustration_from_Cassell%27s_History_of_England_-_Century_Edition_-_published_circa_1902.jpg/120px-Ethelwulf%27s_Ring_-_Illustration_from_Cassell%27s_History_of_England_-_Century_Edition_-_published_circa_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ethelwulf%27s_Ring_-_Illustration_from_Cassell%27s_History_of_England_-_Century_Edition_-_published_circa_1902.jpg/180px-Ethelwulf%27s_Ring_-_Illustration_from_Cassell%27s_History_of_England_-_Century_Edition_-_published_circa_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ethelwulf%27s_Ring_-_Illustration_from_Cassell%27s_History_of_England_-_Century_Edition_-_published_circa_1902.jpg/240px-Ethelwulf%27s_Ring_-_Illustration_from_Cassell%27s_History_of_England_-_Century_Edition_-_published_circa_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>King Æthelwulf's ring</figcaption></figure> <p>King Æthelwulf's ring was found in a cart rut in <a href="/wiki/Laverstock" title="Laverstock">Laverstock</a> in Wiltshire in about August 1780 by one William Petty, who sold it to a silversmith in <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>. The silversmith sold it to the <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Pleydell-Bouverie,_2nd_Earl_of_Radnor" title="Jacob Pleydell-Bouverie, 2nd Earl of Radnor">Earl of Radnor</a>, and the earl's son, <a href="/wiki/William_Pleydell-Bouverie,_3rd_Earl_of_Radnor" title="William Pleydell-Bouverie, 3rd Earl of Radnor">William</a>, donated it to the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in 1829. The ring, together with a similar ring of Æthelwulf's daughter Æthelswith, is one of two key examples of <a href="/wiki/Niello" title="Niello">nielloed</a> 9th-century metalwork. They appear to represent the emergence of a "court style" of West Saxon metalwork, characterised by an unusual Christian iconography, such as a pair of peacocks at the <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Life" title="Fountain of Life">Fountain of Life</a> on the Æthelwulf ring, associated with Christian immortality. The ring is inscribed "Æthelwulf Rex", firmly associating it with the King, and the inscription forms part of the design, so it cannot have been added later. Many of its features are typical of 9th-century metalwork, such as the design of two birds, beaded and speckled borders, and a <a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">saltire</a> with arrow-like terminals on the back. It was probably manufactured in Wessex but was typical of the uniformity of animal ornament in England in the 9th century. In the view of <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Webster_(art_historian)" title="Leslie Webster (art historian)">Leslie Webster</a>, an expert on medieval art: "Its fine <a href="/wiki/Trewhiddle_style" title="Trewhiddle style">Trewhiddle style</a> ornament would certainly fit a mid ninth-century date."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson19642,_22,_34,_142Webster1991268–69Pratt200765_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson19642,_22,_34,_142Webster1991268–69Pratt200765-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nelson's view, "it was surely made to be a gift from this royal lord to a brawny follower: the sign of a successful ninth-century kingship".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The art historian <a href="/wiki/David_M._Wilson" title="David M. Wilson">David Wilson</a> sees it as a survival of the pagan tradition of the generous king as the "<a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">ring-giver</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson196422_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson196422-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Æthelwulf's_will"><span id=".C3.86thelwulf.27s_will"></span>Æthelwulf's will</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Æthelwulf's will"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg/220px-Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg/330px-Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg/440px-Alfred_the_Great%27s_will.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="2453" /></a><figcaption>A page from King Alfred's will</figcaption></figure> <p>Æthelwulf's will has not survived, but Alfred's has and it provides some information about his father's intentions. He left a bequest to be inherited by whichever of Æthelbald, Æthelred, and Alfred lived longest. Abels and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Yorke</a> argue that this meant the whole of his personal property in Wessex, and probably that the survivor was to inherit the throne of Wessex as well, while Æthelberht and his heirs ruled Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels200289–91Yorke1990149–50_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels200289–91Yorke1990149–50-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other historians disagree. Nelson states that the provision regarding the personal property had nothing to do with the kingship,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kirby comments: "Such an arrangement would have led to fratricidal strife. With three older brothers, Alfred's chances of reaching adulthood would, one feels, have been minimal."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000167_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000167-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smyth describes the bequest as a provision for his youngest sons when they reached manhood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth1995416–17_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1995416–17-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Æthelwulf's moveable wealth, such as gold and silver, was to be divided among "children, nobles and the needs of the king's soul".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the latter, he left one tenth of his hereditary land to be set aside to feed the poor, and he ordered that three hundred <a href="/wiki/Mancus" title="Mancus">mancuses</a> be sent to Rome each year, one hundred to be spent on lighting the lamps in <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">St Peter's</a> at Easter, one hundred for the lights of <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">St Paul's</a>, and one hundred for the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199887_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199887-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_succession">Death and succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Æthelwulf died on 13 January 858. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_St_Neots" title="Annals of St Neots">Annals of St Neots</a></i>, he was buried at <a href="/wiki/Steyning" title="Steyning">Steyning</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>, but his body was later transferred to Winchester, probably by Alfred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth1995674,_n._81_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1995674,_n._81-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Æthelwulf had intended, he was succeeded by Æthelbald in Wessex and Æthelberht in Kent and the south-east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198372_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198372-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prestige conferred by a Frankish marriage was so great that Æthelbald then wedded his step-mother, Judith, to Asser's retrospective horror; he described the marriage as a "great disgrace", and "against God's prohibition and Christian dignity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Æthelbald died only two years later, Æthelberht became King of Wessex as well as Kent, and Æthelwulf's intention of dividing his kingdoms between his sons was thus set aside. In the view of Yorke and Abels, this was because Æthelred and Alfred were too young to rule, and Æthelberht agreed in return that his younger brothers would inherit the whole kingdom on his death,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke1990149–50Abels200290–91_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke1990149–50Abels200290–91-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Kirby and Nelson think that Æthelberht just became the trustee for his younger brothers' share of their father's bequest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000167–69Nelson2004a_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000167–69Nelson2004a-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Æthelbald's death, Judith sold her possessions and returned to her father, but two years later she eloped with <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I,_Count_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin I, Count of Flanders">Baldwin, Count of Flanders</a>. In the 890s their son, also called <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Count_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin II, Count of Flanders">Baldwin</a>, married Alfred's daughter, <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth,_Countess_of_Flanders" title="Ælfthryth, Countess of Flanders">Ælfthryth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Æthelwulf's reputation among historians was poor in the twentieth century. In 1935, the historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Howard_Hodgkin" title="Robert Howard Hodgkin">R. H. Hodgkin</a> attributed his pilgrimage to Rome to "the unpractical piety which had led him to desert his kingdom at a time of great danger", and described his marriage to Judith as "the folly of a man senile before his time".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1935514–15_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1935514–15-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Stenton in the 1960s, he was "a religious and unambitious man, for whom engagement in war and politics was an unwelcome consequence of rank".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971245_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971245-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One dissenter was Finberg, who in 1964 described him as "a king whose valour in war and princely munificence recalled the figures of the heroic age",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinberg1964193_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinberg1964193-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in 1979, Enright said: "More than anything else he appears to have been an impractical religious enthusiast."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnright1979295_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnright1979295-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early medieval writers, especially Asser, emphasise his religiosity and his preference for consensus, seen in the concessions made to avert a civil war on his return from Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Story's view, "his legacy has been clouded by accusations of excessive piety which (to modern sensibilities at least) has seemed at odds with the demands of early medieval kingship". In 839, an unnamed Anglo-Saxon king wrote to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> asking for permission to travel through his territory on the way to Rome and relating an English priest's dream which foretold disaster unless Christians abandoned their sins. This is now believed to have been an unrealised project of Ecgberht at the end of his life, but it was formerly attributed to Æthelwulf, and seen as exhibiting what Story calls his reputation for "dramatic piety", and irresponsibility for planning to abandon his kingdom at the beginning of his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStory2003218–28Dutton1994107–09_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStory2003218–28Dutton1994107–09-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the twenty-first century, he is seen very differently by historians. Æthelwulf is not listed in the index of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hunter_Blair" title="Peter Hunter Blair">Peter Hunter Blair</a>'s <i>An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England</i>, first published in 1956, but in a new introduction to the 2003 edition, Keynes listed him among people "who have not always been accorded the attention they might be thought to deserve  ... for it was he, more than any other, who secured the political fortune of his people in the ninth century, and who opened up channels of communication which led through Frankish realms and across the Alps to Rome".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2003xxxiii_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2003xxxiii-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Story: "Æthelwulf acquired and cultivated a reputation both in Francia and Rome which is unparalleled in the sources since the height of Offa's and Coenwulf's power at the turn of the ninth century".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStory2003225_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStory2003225-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nelson describes him as "one of the great underrated among Anglo-Saxons", and complains that she was only allowed 2,500 words for him in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>, compared with 15,000 for <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a> and 35,000 for <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004c_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004c-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Æthelwulf's reign has been relatively under-appreciated in modern scholarship. Yet he laid the foundations for Alfred's success. To the perennial problems of husbanding the kingdom's resources, containing conflicts within the royal family, and managing relations with neighbouring kingdoms, Æthelwulf found new as well as traditional answers. He consolidated old Wessex and extended his reach over what is now Devon and Cornwall. He ruled Kent, working with the grain of its political community. He borrowed ideological props from Mercians and Franks alike, and went to Rome, not to die there, like his predecessor Ine, ... but to return, as Charlemagne had, with enhanced prestige. Æthelwulf coped more effectively with Scandinavian attacks than did most contemporary rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ecgberht's death and Æthelwulf's accession are dated by historians to 839. According to <a href="/wiki/Susan_E._Kelly" title="Susan E. Kelly">Susan Kelly</a>, "there may be grounds for arguing that Æthelwulf's succession actually took place late in 838",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2005178_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2005178-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Story" title="Joanna Story">Joanna Story</a> argues that the West Saxon regnal lists show the length of Ecgberht's reign as 37 years and 7 months, and as he acceded in 802 he is unlikely to have died before July 839.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStory2003222,_n._39_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStory2003222,_n._39-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keynes and Lapidge comment: "The office of the butler (<i>pincerna</i>) was a distinguished one, and its holders were likely to have been important figures in the royal court and household".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983229–30_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983229–30-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Æthelstan was sub-king of Kent ten years before Alfred was born, and some late versions of the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> make him the brother of Æthelwulf rather than his son. This has been accepted by some historians but is now generally rejected. It has also been suggested that Æthelstan was born of an unrecorded first marriage, but historians generally assume that he was Osburh's son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1935497,_721Stenton1971236,_n._1Abels199850Nelson2004b_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1935497,_721Stenton1971236,_n._1Abels199850Nelson2004b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson states that it is uncertain whether Osburh died or had been repudiated,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Abels argues that it is "extremely unlikely" that she was repudiated, as <a href="/wiki/Hincmar" title="Hincmar">Hincmar</a> of Rheims, who played a prominent role in Æthelwulf's and Judith's marriage ceremony, was a strong advocate of the indissolubility of marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199871,_n._69_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199871,_n._69-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The historians <a href="/wiki/Janet_Nelson" title="Janet Nelson">Janet Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ann_Williams_(historian)" title="Ann Williams (historian)">Ann Williams</a> date Baldred's removal and the start of Æthelwulf's sub-kingship to 825,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004aWilliams1991a_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004aWilliams1991a-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but David Kirby states that Baldred was probably not driven out until 826.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000155–56_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000155–56-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Simon Keynes</a> cites the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> as stating that Æthelwulf expelled Baldred in 825, and secured the submission of the people of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Essex; however, charter evidence suggests that Beornwulf was recognised as overlord of Kent until he was killed in battle while attempting to put down a rebellion in East Anglia in 826. His successor as king of Mercia, <a href="/wiki/Ludeca_of_Mercia" title="Ludeca of Mercia">Ludeca</a>, never seems to have been recognised in Kent. In a charter of 828 Ecgberht refers to his son Æthelwulf "whom we have made king in Kent" as if the appointment was fairly new.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993120–21_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993120–21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Christ Church, Canterbury</a> kept lists of patrons who had made donations to the church, and late 8th and early 9th century patrons who had been supporters of Mercian power were expunged from the lists towards the end of the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming199575_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming199575-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The authenticity of the Winchester charter is accepted by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wormald" title="Patrick Wormald">Patrick Wormald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brooks_(historian)" title="Nicholas Brooks (historian)">Nicholas Brooks</a> but disputed by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Simon Keynes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald1982140Brooks1984200Keynes19941114_n._3S_281_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald1982140Brooks1984200Keynes19941114_n._3S_281-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To attest a charter was to witness a grant of land by the king. The attesters were listed by the scribe at the end of the charter, although usually only the most high-ranking witnesses were included.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The scholar James Booth suggests that the part of Berkshire where Alfred was born may have been West Saxon territory throughout the period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth199866_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth199866-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Decimation" is used here in the sense of a donation of a tenth part. This usually means a payment to the ruler or church (<a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithe</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxford_English_Dictionary1933_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford_English_Dictionary1933-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is used here to mean a donation of a tenth part by the king. Historians do not agree what it was a tenth of.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The charters are S 294, 294a and 294b. Kelly treats 294a and b, which are both from <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury_Abbey" title="Malmesbury Abbey">Malmesbury Abbey</a>, as one text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200565,_180_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565,_180-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The six charters are S 302, 303, 304, 305, 307 and 308.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200565,_188_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565,_188-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The five Old Minster charters are S 309–313. Kelly states that there are six charters, but she only lists five and she states that there are fourteen in total, whereas there would be fifteen if there were six Old Minster charters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200565_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Kent charter is S 315.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200565_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200565-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smyth dismisses all the Decimation Charters as spurious,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth1995376–78,_382–83_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1995376–78,_382–83-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with what the scholar David Pratt describes as "unwarranted scepticism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPratt200766,_n._20_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt200766,_n._20-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abels is sceptical whether Æthelred accompanied Alfred to Rome as he is not mentioned in a letter from Leo to Æthelwulf reporting Alfred's reception,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199867,_n._57_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199867,_n._57-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Nelson argues that only a fragment of the letter survives in an 11th-century copy, and the scribe who selected excerpts from Leo's letters, like the editors of the <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>, was only interested in Alfred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some of Æthelwulf's bones may be in Winchester Cathedral. One of six mortuary chests near the altar has his name, but the bones were mixed up when they were thrown around by parliamentary soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENotes_&_Queries_about_the_Mortuary_Chests_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENotes_&_Queries_about_the_Mortuary_Chests-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The historian Richard North argues that the Old English poem "<a href="/wiki/Deor" title="Deor">Deor</a>" was written in about 856 as a satire on Æthelwulf and a "mocking reflection" on Æthelbald's attitude towards him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Keeffe199635–36_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Keeffe199635–36-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2011171-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2011171_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2011">Jones 2011</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2013288-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2013288_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalsall2013">Halsall 2013</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2005178-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2005178_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStory2003222,_n._39-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStory2003222,_n._39_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStory2003">Story 2003</a>, p. 222, n. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199522,_30–37Williams1991bKirby2000152-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes199522,_30–37Williams1991bKirby2000152_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1995">Keynes 1995</a>, pp. 22, 30–37; <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1991b">Williams 1991b</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels200285-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels200285_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbels2002">Abels 2002</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2004_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2004">Edwards 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels200286–87-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels200286–87_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbels2002">Abels 2002</a>, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993113–19Brooks1984132–36-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993113–19Brooks1984132–36_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1993">Keynes 1993</a>, pp. 113–19; <a href="#CITEREFBrooks1984">Brooks 1984</a>, pp. 132–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan2013258Stenton1971241-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan2013258Stenton1971241_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2013">Ryan 2013</a>, p. 258; <a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971235Charles-Edwards2013431-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971235Charles-Edwards2013431_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, p. 235; <a href="#CITEREFCharles-Edwards2013">Charles-Edwards 2013</a>, p. 431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983229–30-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge1983229–30_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983">Keynes & Lapidge 1983</a>, pp. 229–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004a-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004a_15-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2004a">Nelson 2004a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004b-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004b_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2004b">Nelson 2004b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1935497,_721Stenton1971236,_n._1Abels199850Nelson2004b-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1935497,_721Stenton1971236,_n._1Abels199850Nelson2004b_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgkin1935">Hodgkin 1935</a>, pp. 497, 721; <a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, p. 236, n. 1; <a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, p. 50; <a href="#CITEREFNelson2004b">Nelson 2004b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199850-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199850_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2004-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2004_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2004">Miller 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199871,_n._69-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199871,_n._69_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, p. 71, n. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004aWilliams1991a-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004aWilliams1991a_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2004a">Nelson 2004a</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1991a">Williams 1991a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000155–56-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000155–56_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, pp. 155–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993120–21-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993120–21_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1993">Keynes 1993</a>, pp. 120–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991aStenton1971231Kirby2000155–56-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991aStenton1971231Kirby2000155–56_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1991a">Williams 1991a</a>; <a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, p. 231; <a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, pp. 155–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1995673,_n._63-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth1995673,_n._63_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmyth1995">Smyth 1995</a>, p. 673, n. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993112–20-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993112–20_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1993">Keynes 1993</a>, pp. 112–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels200288-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels200288_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels200288_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbels2002">Abels 2002</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming199575-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming199575_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFleming1995">Fleming 1995</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993120–21Keynes199540-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993120–21Keynes199540_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1993">Keynes 1993</a>, pp. 120–21; <a href="#CITEREFKeynes1995">Keynes 1995</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984136–37-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984136–37_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks1984">Brooks 1984</a>, pp. 136–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971232–33-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971232–33_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, pp. 232–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000157-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000157_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes199540–41-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes199540–41_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1995">Keynes 1995</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald1982140Brooks1984200Keynes19941114_n._3S_281-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald1982140Brooks1984200Keynes19941114_n._3S_281_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWormald1982">Wormald 1982</a>, p. 140; <a href="#CITEREFBrooks1984">Brooks 1984</a>, p. 200; <a href="#CITEREFKeynes1994">Keynes 1994</a>, p. 1114 n. 3; <a href="#CITEREFS_281">S 281</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormald1982140Keynes19941112–13-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWormald1982140Keynes19941112–13_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWormald1982">Wormald 1982</a>, p. 140; <a href="#CITEREFKeynes1994">Keynes 1994</a>, pp. 1112–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004aKeynes1993124Brooks1984197–201Story2003223Blair2005124-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004aKeynes1993124Brooks1984197–201Story2003223Blair2005124_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2004a">Nelson 2004a</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKeynes1993">Keynes 1993</a>, p. 124; <a href="#CITEREFBrooks1984">Brooks 1984</a>, pp. 197–201; <a href="#CITEREFStory2003">Story 2003</a>, p. 223; <a href="#CITEREFBlair2005">Blair 2005</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke1990148–49-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke1990148–49_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke1990">Yorke 1990</a>, pp. 148–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt200717-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPratt200717_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratt2007">Pratt 2007</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200589-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200589_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199828-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199828_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke1990168–69-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke1990168–69_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke1990">Yorke 1990</a>, pp. 168–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993124–27Nelson2004a-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993124–27Nelson2004a_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1993">Keynes 1993</a>, pp. 124–27; <a href="#CITEREFNelson2004a">Nelson 2004a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984147–49-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1984147–49_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooks1984">Brooks 1984</a>, pp. 147–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199832–33S_319-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199832–33S_319_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, pp. 32–33; <a href="#CITEREFS_319">S 319</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels1998271-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels1998271_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt200764-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPratt200764_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPratt2007">Pratt 2007</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200513,_102-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200513,_102_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2005">Kelly 2005</a>, pp. 13, 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993127–28-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes1993127–28_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1993">Keynes 1993</a>, pp. 127–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000160–61Keynes19986Booth199865-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000160–61Keynes19986Booth199865_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, pp. 160–61; <a href="#CITEREFKeynes1998">Keynes 1998</a>, p. 6; <a href="#CITEREFBooth1998">Booth 1998</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooth199866-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooth199866_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooth1998">Booth 1998</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199829-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199829_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000161-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000161_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941109–23Nelson2004a-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes19941109–23Nelson2004a_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1994">Keynes 1994</a>, pp. 1109–23; 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<a href="#CITEREFStory2003">Story 2003</a>, pp. 240–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1997143-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1997143_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson1997">Nelson 1997</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000165–66Stafford1981139-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000165–66Stafford1981139_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, pp. 165–66; <a href="#CITEREFStafford1981">Stafford 1981</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnright1979291–301-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnright1979291–301_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnright1979">Enright 1979</a>, pp. 291–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199880–82Enright1979291–302-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199880–82Enright1979291–302_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, pp. 80–82; <a href="#CITEREFEnright1979">Enright 1979</a>, pp. 291–302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000166Smyth1995191–92-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000166Smyth1995191–92_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, p. 166; <a href="#CITEREFSmyth1995">Smyth 1995</a>, pp. 191–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199881-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199881_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke199598–99-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke199598–99_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke1995">Yorke 1995</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes19987Abels200289-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes19987Abels200289_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes1998">Keynes 1998</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFAbels2002">Abels 2002</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000166–67-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000166–67_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, pp. 166–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198371,_235–36,_n._28Nelson200670–71-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198371,_235–36,_n._28Nelson200670–71_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983">Keynes & Lapidge 1983</a>, pp. 71, 235–36, n. 28; <a href="#CITEREFNelson2006">Nelson 2006</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson19642,_22,_34,_142Webster1991268–69Pratt200765-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson19642,_22,_34,_142Webster1991268–69Pratt200765_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1964">Wilson 1964</a>, pp. 2, 22, 34, 142; <a href="#CITEREFWebster1991">Webster 1991</a>, pp. 268–69; <a href="#CITEREFPratt2007">Pratt 2007</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson196422-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson196422_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1964">Wilson 1964</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels200289–91Yorke1990149–50-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels200289–91Yorke1990149–50_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbels2002">Abels 2002</a>, pp. 89–91; <a href="#CITEREFYorke1990">Yorke 1990</a>, pp. 149–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000167-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000167_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1995416–17-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth1995416–17_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmyth1995">Smyth 1995</a>, pp. 416–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbels199887-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbels199887_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbels1998">Abels 1998</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmyth1995674,_n._81-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmyth1995674,_n._81_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmyth1995">Smyth 1995</a>, p. 674, n. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENotes_&_Queries_about_the_Mortuary_Chests-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENotes_&_Queries_about_the_Mortuary_Chests_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNotes_&_Queries_about_the_Mortuary_Chests">Notes & Queries about the Mortuary Chests</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198372-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynesLapidge198372_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983">Keynes & Lapidge 1983</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYorke1990149–50Abels200290–91-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYorke1990149–50Abels200290–91_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYorke1990">Yorke 1990</a>, pp. 149–50; <a href="#CITEREFAbels2002">Abels 2002</a>, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby2000167–69Nelson2004a-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby2000167–69Nelson2004a_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirby2000">Kirby 2000</a>, pp. 167–69; <a href="#CITEREFNelson2004a">Nelson 2004a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1935514–15-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkin1935514–15_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodgkin1935">Hodgkin 1935</a>, pp. 514–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton1971245-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton1971245_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStenton1971">Stenton 1971</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinberg1964193-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinberg1964193_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinberg1964">Finberg 1964</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnright1979295-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnright1979295_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnright1979">Enright 1979</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Keeffe199635–36-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Keeffe199635–36_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Keeffe1996">O'Keeffe 1996</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStory2003218–28Dutton1994107–09-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStory2003218–28Dutton1994107–09_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStory2003">Story 2003</a>, pp. 218–28; <a href="#CITEREFDutton1994">Dutton 1994</a>, pp. 107–09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2003xxxiii-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2003xxxiii_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2003">Keynes 2003</a>, p. xxxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStory2003225-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStory2003225_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStory2003">Story 2003</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2004c-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2004c_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2004c">Nelson 2004c</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbels1998" class="citation book cs1">Abels, Richard (1998). <i>Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Harlow, UK: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-04047-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-04047-7"><bdi>0-582-04047-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great%3A+War%2C+Kingship+and+Culture+in+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Harlow%2C+UK&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-582-04047-7&rft.aulast=Abels&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbels2002" class="citation journal cs1">Abels, Richard (2002). Morillo, Stephen (ed.). "Royal Succession and the Growth of Political Stability in Ninth-Century Wessex". <i>The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History</i>. <b>12</b>. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer: 83–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-008-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-008-6"><bdi>1-84383-008-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt81qkc">10.7722/j.ctt81qkc</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Haskins+Society+Journal%3A+Studies+in+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=Royal+Succession+and+the+Growth+of+Political+Stability+in+Ninth-Century+Wessex&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=83-97&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7722%2Fj.ctt81qkc%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=1-84383-008-6&rft.aulast=Abels&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_(historian)" title="John Blair (historian)">Blair, John</a> (2005). <i>The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921117-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921117-3"><bdi>978-0-19-921117-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+in+Anglo-Saxon+Society&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921117-3&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth1998" class="citation book cs1">Booth, James (1998). "Monetary Alliance or Technical Cooperation? The Coinage of Berhtwulf of Mercia (840–852)". In Blackburn, Mark A. S.; Dumville, David N. (eds.). <i>Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the Ninth Century</i>. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 63–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-598-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-598-7"><bdi>0-85115-598-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monetary+Alliance+or+Technical+Cooperation%3F+The+Coinage+of+Berhtwulf+of+Mercia+%28840%E2%80%93852%29&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+Currency+and+Alliances%3A+History+and+Coinage+of+Southern+England+in+the+Ninth+Century&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=63-103&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-85115-598-7&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brooks_(historian)" title="Nicholas Brooks (historian)">Brooks, Nicholas</a> (1984). <i>The Early History of the Church of Canterbury</i>. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7185-1182-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7185-1182-4"><bdi>0-7185-1182-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+the+Church+of+Canterbury&rft.place=Leicester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-7185-1182-4&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles-Edwards2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Charles-Edwards" title="Thomas Charles-Edwards">Charles-Edwards, T. M.</a> (2013). <i>Wales and the Britons 350–1064</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821731-2"><bdi>978-0-19-821731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wales+and+the+Britons+350%E2%80%931064&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821731-2&rft.aulast=Charles-Edwards&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_English_Dictionary1933" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Decimation". <i>The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 1971 [1933]. p. 661. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67218777">67218777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Decimation&rft.btitle=The+Compact+Edition+of+the+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=661&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67218777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton1994" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, Paul Edward (1994). <i>The Politics of Dreaming in the Carolingian Empire</i>. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1653-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1653-X"><bdi>0-8032-1653-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Dreaming+in+the+Carolingian+Empire&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8032-1653-X&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Paul+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarly_Medieval_CoinsFitzwilliam_Museum" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712121151/http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/coins/emc/fullpage.php?from=list&which=12">"Early Medieval Coins: EMC number 2001.0016"</a>. Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/coins/emc/fullpage.php?from=list&which=12">the original</a> on 12 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+Coins%3A+EMC+number+2001.0016&rft.pub=Fitzwilliam+Museum%2C+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk%2Fcoins%2Femc%2Ffullpage.php%3Ffrom%3Dlist%26which%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Edwards, Heather (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8581/8581?back=,8921,8581,8921">"Ecgberht [Egbert] (d. 839), king of the West Saxons"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8581">10.1093/ref:odnb/8581</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecgberht+%5BEgbert%5D+%28d.+839%29%2C+king+of+the+West+Saxons&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8581&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F8581%2F8581%3Fback%3D%2C8921%2C8581%2C8921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnright1979" class="citation journal cs1">Enright, Michael J. (1979). "Charles the Bald and Æthelwulf of Wessex: Alliance of 856 and Strategies of Royal Succession". <i>Journal of Medieval History</i>. <b>5</b> (1). Amsterdam, Netherlands: North Holland: 291–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-4181%2879%2990003-4">10.1016/0304-4181(79)90003-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4181">0304-4181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=Charles+the+Bald+and+%C3%86thelwulf+of+Wessex%3A+Alliance+of+856+and+Strategies+of+Royal+Succession&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=291-302&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0304-4181%2879%2990003-4&rft.issn=0304-4181&rft.aulast=Enright&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinberg1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._P._R._Finberg" title="H. P. R. Finberg">Finberg, H. P. R.</a> (1964). <i>The Early Charters of Wessex</i>. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3977243">3977243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Charters+of+Wessex&rft.place=Leicester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3977243&rft.aulast=Finberg&rft.aufirst=H.+P.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Fleming" title="Robin Fleming">Fleming, Robin</a> (1995). "History and Liturgy at Pre-Conquest Christ Church". <i>The Haskins Society Journal: Studies in Medieval History</i>. <b>6</b>. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press: 67–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-604-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-604-5"><bdi>0-85115-604-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Haskins+Society+Journal%3A+Studies+in+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=History+and+Liturgy+at+Pre-Conquest+Christ+Church&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=67-83&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-85115-604-5&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriersonBlackburn2006" class="citation book cs1">Grierson, Philip; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Blackburn_(numismatist)" title="Mark Blackburn (numismatist)">Blackburn, Mark</a> (2006) [1986]. <i>Medieval European Coinage, With A Catalogue of the Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge: 1: The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th Centuries)</i> (corr. ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-03177-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-03177-X"><bdi>0-521-03177-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+European+Coinage%2C+With+A+Catalogue+of+the+Coins+in+the+Fitzwilliam+Museum%2C+Cambridge%3A+1%3A+The+Early+Middle+Ages+%285th%E2%80%9310th+Centuries%29&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=corr.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-03177-X&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Blackburn%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrueberKeary1893" class="citation book cs1">Grueber, Herbert A.; Keary, Charles Francis (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/dannyjones/British%20Museum%20Books/Catalog%20of%20English%20Coins%20in%20the%20British%20Museum%20-%20Anglo-Saxon%20Vol%202.pdf"><i>A Catalogue of English Coins in the British Museum: Anglo-Saxon Series</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 2. London, UK: Printed by Order of the Trustees. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/650118125">650118125</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322053255/http://forumancientcoins.com/dannyjones/British%20Museum%20Books/Catalog%20of%20English%20Coins%20in%20the%20British%20Museum%20-%20Anglo-Saxon%20Vol%202.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catalogue+of+English+Coins+in+the+British+Museum%3A+Anglo-Saxon+Series&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Printed+by+Order+of+the+Trustees&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F650118125&rft.aulast=Grueber&rft.aufirst=Herbert+A.&rft.au=Keary%2C+Charles+Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forumancientcoins.com%2Fdannyjones%2FBritish%2520Museum%2520Books%2FCatalog%2520of%2520English%2520Coins%2520in%2520the%2520British%2520Museum%2520-%2520Anglo-Saxon%2520Vol%25202.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall2013" class="citation book cs1">Halsall, Guy (2013). <i>Worlds of Arthur: Facts & Fictions in the Dark Ages</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870084-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870084-5"><bdi>978-0-19-870084-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worlds+of+Arthur%3A+Facts+%26+Fictions+in+the+Dark+Ages&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870084-5&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgkin1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Howard_Hodgkin" title="Robert Howard Hodgkin">Hodgkin, R. H.</a> (1935). <i>A History of the Anglo-Saxons</i>. Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1350966">1350966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Anglo-Saxons&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1350966&rft.aulast=Hodgkin&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_John" title="Eric John">John, Eric</a> (1996). <i>Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England</i>. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5053-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5053-7"><bdi>0-7190-5053-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reassessing+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Manchester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7190-5053-7&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). <i>Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</i> (18th ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2005" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Susan (2005). <i>Charters of Malmesbury Abbey</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726317-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726317-4"><bdi>978-0-19-726317-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charters+of+Malmesbury+Abbey&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726317-4&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynesLapidge1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Keynes" title="Simon Keynes">Keynes, Simon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lapidge" title="Michael Lapidge">Lapidge, Michael</a>, eds. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alfredgreatasser0000asse"><i>Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources</i></a></span>. London, UK: Penguin Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044409-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044409-4"><bdi>978-0-14-044409-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+the+Great%3A+Asser%27s+Life+of+King+Alfred+and+Other+Contemporary+Sources&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044409-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falfredgreatasser0000asse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1993" class="citation journal cs1">Keynes, Simon (1993). "The Control of Kent in the Ninth Century". <i>Early Medieval Europe</i>. <b>2</b> (2). Oxford, UK: Blackwell: 111–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0254.1993.tb00013.x">10.1111/j.1468-0254.1993.tb00013.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-0254">1468-0254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Medieval+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Control+of+Kent+in+the+Ninth+Century&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-31&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0254.1993.tb00013.x&rft.issn=1468-0254&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1994" class="citation journal cs1">Keynes, Simon (November 1994). "The West Saxon Charters of King Æthelwulf and his sons". <i>English Historical Review</i>. <b>109</b> (434). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press: 1109–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcix.434.1109">10.1093/ehr/cix.434.1109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+West+Saxon+Charters+of+King+%C3%86thelwulf+and+his+sons&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=434&rft.pages=1109-49&rft.date=1994-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcix.434.1109&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1995" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (1995). "England, 700–900". In <a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">McKitterick, Rosamond</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521362924"><i>The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 2, c.700–c.900</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcambridgemedi900mcki_599/page/n49">18</a>–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13905571-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13905571-0"><bdi>978-1-13905571-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=England%2C+700%E2%80%93900&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%2C+Volume+2%2C+c.700%E2%80%93c.900&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=18-42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-13905571-0&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521362924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes1998" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (1998). "King Alfred and the Mercians". In Blackburn, Mark A. S.; Dumville, David N. (eds.). <i>Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the Ninth Century</i>. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 1–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-598-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-598-7"><bdi>0-85115-598-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=King+Alfred+and+the+Mercians&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+Currency+and+Alliances%3A+History+and+Coinage+of+Southern+England+in+the+Ninth+Century&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=1-45&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-85115-598-7&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2003" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (2003) [1955]. "Introduction: Changing Perceptions of Anglo-Saxon History". In Blair, Peter Hunter (ed.). <i>An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England</i> (Third ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. xvii–xxxv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83085-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83085-0"><bdi>0-521-83085-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Changing+Perceptions+of+Anglo-Saxon+History&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=xvii-xxxv&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-83085-0&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2009" class="citation book cs1">Keynes, Simon (2009). "King Æthelred's Charter for Eynsham Abbey (1005)". In Baxter, Stephen; Karkov, Catherine; Nelson, Janet L.; Pelteret, David (eds.). <i>Early Medieval Studies in Memory of Patrick Wormald</i>. Farnham, UK: Ashgate. pp. 451–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6331-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6331-7"><bdi>978-0-7546-6331-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=King+%C3%86thelred%27s+Charter+for+Eynsham+Abbey+%281005%29&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+Studies+in+Memory+of+Patrick+Wormald&rft.place=Farnham%2C+UK&rft.pages=451-73&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6331-7&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Peter_Kirby" title="David Peter Kirby">Kirby, D. P.</a> (2000). <i>The Earliest English Kings</i> (Revised ed.). London, UK: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24211-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-24211-8"><bdi>0-415-24211-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+English+Kings&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-24211-8&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=D.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, Sean (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8913?docPos=2">"Æthelred I [Ethelred I] (d. 871), King of the West Saxons"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8913">10.1093/ref:odnb/8913</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelred+I+%5BEthelred+I%5D+%28d.+871%29%2C+King+of+the+West+Saxons&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8913&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F8913%3FdocPos%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Nelson" title="Janet Nelson">Nelson, Janet L.</a> (1997). "The Franks and the English in the Ninth Century Reconsidered". In Szarmach, Paul E.; Rosenthal, Joel T. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/b/b073553.pdf"><i>The Preservation and Transmission of Anglo-Saxon Culture: Selected Papers from the 1991 Meeting of the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. pp. 141–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-879288-90-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-879288-90-7"><bdi>1-879288-90-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003630/http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/b/b073553.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Franks+and+the+English+in+the+Ninth+Century+Reconsidered&rft.btitle=The+Preservation+and+Transmission+of+Anglo-Saxon+Culture%3A+Selected+Papers+from+the+1991+Meeting+of+the+International+Society+of+Anglo-Saxonists&rft.place=Kalamazoo%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=141-58&rft.pub=Medieval+Institute+Publications%2C+Western+Michigan+University&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-879288-90-7&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgh-bibliothek.de%2Fdokumente%2Fb%2Fb073553.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2004a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nelson, Janet L. (2004a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8921?docPos=1">"Æthelwulf (d. 858), king of the West Saxons"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F39264">10.1093/ref:odnb/39264</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelwulf+%28d.+858%29%2C+king+of+the+West+Saxons&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F39264&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F8921%3FdocPos%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2004b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nelson, Janet L. (2004b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/20887/?back=,8921">"Osburh [Osburga] (fl. 839)"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F20887">10.1093/ref:odnb/20887</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Osburh+%5BOsburga%5D+%28fl.+839%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F20887&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F20887%2F%3Fback%3D%2C8921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2004c" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Janet L. (2004c). "England and the Continent in the Ninth Century: III, Rights and Rituals". <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i> (14). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 1–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=England+and+the+Continent+in+the+Ninth+Century%3A+III%2C+Rights+and+Rituals&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2006" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Janet L. (2006). "The Queen in Ninth-Century Wessex". In Keynes, Simon; Smyth, Alfred P. (eds.). <i>Anglo-Saxons: Studies Presented to Cyril Roy Hart</i>. Dublin, Ireland: Four Courts Press. pp. 69–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85182-932-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85182-932-6"><bdi>1-85182-932-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Queen+in+Ninth-Century+Wessex&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxons%3A+Studies+Presented+to+Cyril+Roy+Hart&rft.place=Dublin%2C+Ireland&rft.pages=69-77&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85182-932-6&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2013" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Janet L. (2013). "Britain, Ireland, and Europe, c. 750–c.900". In Stafford, Pauline (ed.). <i>A Companion to the Early Middle Ages: Britain and Ireland c.500–c.1100</i> (paperback ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 231–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-42513-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-42513-8"><bdi>978-1-118-42513-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Britain%2C+Ireland%2C+and+Europe%2C+c.+750%E2%80%93c.900&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Early+Middle+Ages%3A+Britain+and+Ireland+c.500%E2%80%93c.1100&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=231-47&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-118-42513-8&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotes_&_Queries_about_the_Mortuary_Chests" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchmonumentsgazetteer.co.uk/Hampshire_Winchester_Mortuary_Chests.html">"Notes & Queries about the Mortuary Chests"</a>. Winchester Cathedral. Church Monuments Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+%26+Queries+about+the+Mortuary+Chests&rft.series=Winchester+Cathedral&rft.pub=Church+Monuments+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchmonumentsgazetteer.co.uk%2FHampshire_Winchester_Mortuary_Chests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Keeffe1996" class="citation journal cs1">O'Keeffe, Katherine O'Brien (Winter 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oenewsletter.org/OEN/archive/OEN29_2.pdf">"Deor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Old English Newsletter</i>. <b>29</b> (2). Kalamazoo, Michigan: Western Michigan University: 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-1973">0030-1973</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529202216/http://www.oenewsletter.org/OEN/archive/OEN29_2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Old+English+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Deor&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=35-36&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0030-1973&rft.aulast=O%27Keeffe&rft.aufirst=Katherine+O%27Brien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oenewsletter.org%2FOEN%2Farchive%2FOEN29_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt2007" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, David (2007). <i>The Political Thought of King Alfred the Great</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12644-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12644-1"><bdi>978-0-521-12644-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Thought+of+King+Alfred+the+Great&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-12644-1&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2013" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Martin J. (2013). "The Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings, c. 825–900". In Higham, Nicholas J.; Ryan, Martin J. (eds.). <i>The Anglo-Saxon World</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 232–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12534-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12534-4"><bdi>978-0-300-12534-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-Saxons+and+the+Vikings%2C+c.+825%E2%80%93900&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+World&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=232-70&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12534-4&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS_281" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808034107/http://esawyer.org.uk/charter/281.html">"S 281"</a>. The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/281.html">the original</a> on 8 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S+281&rft.pub=The+Electronic+Sawyer%3A+Online+Catalogue+of+Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esawyer.org.uk%2Fcharter%2F281.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS_316" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/316.html">"S 316"</a>. The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S+316&rft.pub=The+Electronic+Sawyer%3A+Online+Catalogue+of+Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esawyer.org.uk%2Fcharter%2F316.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS_319" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180831211857/http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/319.html">"S 319"</a>. The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/319.html">the original</a> on 31 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S+319&rft.pub=The+Electronic+Sawyer%3A+Online+Catalogue+of+Anglo-Saxon+Charters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esawyer.org.uk%2Fcharter%2F319.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Smyth" title="Alfred P. Smyth">Smyth, Alfred P.</a> (1995). <i>King Alfred the Great</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822989-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822989-5"><bdi>0-19-822989-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Alfred+the+Great&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-822989-5&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Alfred+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Stafford" title="Pauline Stafford">Stafford, Pauline</a> (1981). "Charles the Bald, Judith and England". In Gibson, Margaret; Nelson, Janet L. (eds.). <i>Charles the Bald: Court and Kingdom</i>. Oxford, UK: B A R. pp. 137–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86054-115-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86054-115-0"><bdi>0-86054-115-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+the+Bald%2C+Judith+and+England&rft.btitle=Charles+the+Bald%3A+Court+and+Kingdom&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=137-51&rft.pub=B+A+R&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-86054-115-0&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Stenton, Frank M.</a> (1971). <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280139-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280139-5&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1904" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, William Henry (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gri_33125000734208"><i>Asser's Life of King Alfred</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1354216">1354216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asser%27s+Life+of+King+Alfred&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1354216&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgri_33125000734208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStory2003" class="citation book cs1">Story, Joanna (2003). <i>Carolingian Connections: Anglo-Saxon England and Carolingian Francia, c. 750–870</i>. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-0124-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-0124-2"><bdi>0-7546-0124-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carolingian+Connections%3A+Anglo-Saxon+England+and+Carolingian+Francia%2C+c.+750%E2%80%93870&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+UK&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7546-0124-2&rft.aulast=Story&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Webster_(art_historian)" title="Leslie Webster (art historian)">Webster, Leslie</a> (1991). "The Age of Alfred: Metalwork, Wood and Bone". In Webster, Leslie; <a href="/wiki/Janet_Backhouse" title="Janet Backhouse">Backhouse, Janet</a> (eds.). <i>The Making of England: Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture AD 600–900</i>. London, UK: The Trustees of the British Museum. pp. 268–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-0555-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-0555-4"><bdi>0-7141-0555-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Age+of+Alfred%3A+Metalwork%2C+Wood+and+Bone&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+England%3A+Anglo-Saxon+Art+and+Culture+AD+600%E2%80%93900&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=268-83&rft.pub=The+Trustees+of+the+British+Museum&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7141-0555-4&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1991a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Williams_(historian)" title="Ann Williams (historian)">Williams, Ann</a> (1991a). 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London, UK: Seaby. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85264-047-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85264-047-7"><bdi>978-1-85264-047-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%86thelwulf+King+of+Wessex+839-58&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Dark+Age+Britain&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Seaby&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85264-047-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1991b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Williams, Ann (1991b). "Ecgberht King of Wessex 802–39". In Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, D. P. (eds.). <i>A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain</i>. London, UK: Seaby. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85264-047-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85264-047-7"><bdi>978-1-85264-047-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecgberht+King+of+Wessex+802%E2%80%9339&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Dark+Age+Britain&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Seaby&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85264-047-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Williams, Ann (2014). "Land Tenure". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i> (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 282–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22492-1"><bdi>978-0-631-22492-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Land+Tenure&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=282-83&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22492-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Wilson" title="David M. Wilson">Wilson, David M.</a> (1964). <i>Anglo-Saxon Ornamental Metalwork 700–1100 in the British Museum</i>. London, UK: The Trustees of the British Museum. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/183495">183495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+Ornamental+Metalwork+700%E2%80%931100+in+the+British+Museum&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+Trustees+of+the+British+Museum&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F183495&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wormald" title="Patrick Wormald">Wormald, Patrick</a> (1982). "The Ninth Century". In Campbell, James (ed.). <i>The Anglo-Saxons</i>. London, UK: Penguin Books. pp. 132–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-2149-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-2149-8"><bdi>978-0-7148-2149-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ninth+Century&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxons&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=132-59&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-2149-8&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormald2001" class="citation book cs1">Wormald, Patrick (2001). "Kingship and Royal Property from Æthelwulf to Edward the Elder". In Higham, N. J.; Hill, D. H. (eds.). <i>Edward the Elder 899–924</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 264–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21497-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21497-1"><bdi>0-415-21497-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kingship+and+Royal+Property+from+%C3%86thelwulf+to+Edward+the+Elder&rft.btitle=Edward+the+Elder+899%E2%80%93924&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pages=264-79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-21497-1&rft.aulast=Wormald&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Yorke" title="Barbara Yorke">Yorke, Barbara</a> (1990). <i>Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England</i>. London, UK: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16639-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16639-X"><bdi>0-415-16639-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Kingdoms+of+Early+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-415-16639-X&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorke1995" class="citation book cs1">Yorke, Barbara (1995). <i>Wessex in the Early Middle Ages</i>. London, UK: Leicester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7185-1856-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7185-1856-X"><bdi>0-7185-1856-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wessex+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7185-1856-X&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%86thelwulf%2C+King+of+Wessex" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:%C3%86thelwulf_of_Wessex" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Æthelwulf of Wessex">Æthelwulf</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=15">Æthelwulf 1</a> at <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp86606">Portraits of Ethelwulf, King of the West Saxons</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272326#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Wessex" title="List of monarchs of Wessex">King of Wessex</a> </b><br />839–858 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelbald of Wessex">Æthelbald</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_of_Wessex" title="Ceolwulf of Wessex">Ceolwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynegils" title="Cynegils">Cynegils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cwichelm_of_Wessex" title="Cwichelm of Wessex">Cwichelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenwalh_of_Wessex" title="Cenwalh of Wessex">Cenwalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxburh_of_Wessex" title="Seaxburh of Wessex">Seaxburh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cenfus_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenfus of Wessex">Cenfus</a> <small>(disputed)</small></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86scwine_of_Wessex" title="Æscwine of Wessex">Æscwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centwine_of_Wessex" title="Centwine of Wessex">Centwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dwalla_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cædwalla of Wessex">Cædwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex" title="Ine of Wessex">Ine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelheard_of_Wessex" title="Æthelheard of Wessex">Æthelheard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthred_of_Wessex" title="Cuthred of Wessex">Cuthred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigeberht_of_Wessex" title="Sigeberht of Wessex">Sigeberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynewulf_of_Wessex" title="Cynewulf of Wessex">Cynewulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beorhtric_of_Wessex" title="Beorhtric of Wessex">Beorhtric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Æthelwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbald,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelbald, King of Wessex">Æthelbald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelberht, King of Wessex">Æthelberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelred I">Æthelred I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> (until c. 886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Kent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kentish_monarchs" title="Template:Kentish monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kentish_monarchs" title="Template talk:Kentish monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kentish_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kentish monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Kent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Kent" title="List of monarchs of Kent">Monarchs of Kent</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsa">Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oisc_of_Kent" title="Oisc of Kent">Oisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octa_of_Kent" title="Octa of Kent">Octa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eormenric_of_Kent" title="Eormenric of Kent">Eormenric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadbald_of_Kent" title="Eadbald of Kent">Eadbald</a></li> <li>Æðelwald <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eorcenberht_of_Kent" title="Eorcenberht of Kent">Eorcenberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eormenred_of_Kent" title="Eormenred of Kent">Eormenred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_of_Kent" title="Ecgberht of Kent">Ecgberht I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlothhere_of_Kent" title="Hlothhere of Kent">Hlothhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadric_of_Kent" title="Eadric of Kent">Eadric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_of_Kent" title="Mul of Kent">Mul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sw%C3%A6fheard" title="Swæfheard">Swæfheard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sw%C3%A6fberht" title="Swæfberht">Swæfberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswine_of_Kent" title="Oswine of Kent">Oswine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wihtred_of_Kent" title="Wihtred of Kent">Wihtred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alric_of_Kent" title="Alric of Kent">Alric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadbert_I_of_Kent" title="Eadbert I of Kent">Eadbert I </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelbert_II_of_Kent" title="Æthelbert II of Kent">Æthelbert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eardwulf_of_Kent" title="Eardwulf of Kent">Eardwulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadberht_II" title="Eadberht II">Eadberht II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigered_of_Kent" title="Sigered of Kent">Sigered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eanmund_of_Kent" title="Eanmund of Kent">Eanmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaberht_of_Kent" title="Heaberht of Kent">Heaberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_II_of_Kent" title="Ecgberht II of Kent">Ecgberht II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealhmund_of_Kent" title="Ealhmund of Kent">Ealhmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadberht_III_Pr%C3%A6n" title="Eadberht III Præn">Eadberht III Præn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuthred_of_Kent" title="Cuthred of Kent">Cuthred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenwulf_of_Mercia" title="Coenwulf of Mercia">Coenwulf</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_I_of_Mercia" title="Ceolwulf I of Mercia">Ceolwulf I</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldred_of_Kent" title="Baldred of Kent">Baldred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelwulf">Æthelwulf</a> <sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_of_Kent" title="Æthelstan of Kent">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Æthelberht, King of Wessex">Æthelberht</a> <sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Existence uncertain (See <a href="/wiki/Eadbald_of_Kent#Ancestry_and_immediate_family" title="Eadbald of Kent">Eadbald</a>)</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Also monarch of Mercia</li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Also monarch of East Anglia and Mercia</li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Also monarch of Wessex, Essex, Sussex and Mercia</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Also monarch of Wessex</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Template:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Template talk:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viking activity in Great Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">Viking activity in Great Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anglo-Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a> (757–796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lla_of_Northumbria" title="Ælla of Northumbria">Ælla of Northumbria</a> (unk–867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund the Martyr</a> of East Anglia (855–869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a> (978–1013, 1014–1016)</li> <li>Wessex: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex" title="Ecgberht, King of Wessex">Ecgberht</a> (802–839)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Æthelwulf</a> (839–858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> (871–899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> (899–924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> (924–939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a> (946–954</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians" title="Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians">Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 881</span>–911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d" title="Æthelflæd">Æthelflæd</a>, Lady of the Mercians (911–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odda,_Ealdorman_of_Devon" title="Odda, Ealdorman of Devon">Odda, Ealdorman of Devon</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere,_Ealdorman_of_Wiltshire" title="Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire">Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire</a> (855–?877)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a> (1035–1042)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a> (1016–1035)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a> (1035–1040)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svein_Knutsson" title="Svein Knutsson">Svein Knutsson</a> (1030–1035)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthred</a> (883–895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a> (947–948, 952–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a> (941–944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gofraid_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Gofraid ua Ímair">Gofraid ua Ímair</a> (921–934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson" title="Olaf Guthfrithson">Olaf Guthfrithson</a> (939–941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair" title="Ragnall ua Ímair">Ragnall ua Ímair</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 914</span>–921)</li></ul></li> <li>England <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a> (1013–1014)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgberht_I_of_Northumbria" title="Ecgberht I of Northumbria">Ecgberht I of Northumbria</a> (867–872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgred_of_Mercia" title="Burgred of Mercia">Burgred of Mercia</a> (852–874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceolwulf_II_of_Mercia" title="Ceolwulf II of Mercia">Ceolwulf II of Mercia</a> (874–880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a> (917–927)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a> (865–870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a> (865–877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubba" title="Ubba">Ubba</a> (865–878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a> (865–870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a> (874–890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastein#"Hastein"_in_England" title="Hastein">Hastein</a> (892–896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 970</span>–1024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking raids: 793–850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne#Vikings" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> (793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey#Vikings" title="Isle of Sheppey">Isle of Sheppey</a> (835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a> (838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_Kent#Saxon" title="History of Rochester, Kent">Battle of Rochester</a> (842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carhampton#History" title="Carhampton">Carhampton</a> (843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a> (851)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First invasion 865–896</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Heathen_Army(865–78)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a><br />(865–78)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">Battle of York</a> (867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nottingham#Anglo-Saxon_era" title="History of Nottingham">Siege of Nottingham</a> (867)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a> (870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Battle of Meretun</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading</a> (871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanage#History" title="Swanage">Sea Battle near Swanage</a> (877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Battle of Chippenham</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a> (878)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a> (878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London#Anglo-Saxon_and_Viking_period_London" title="London">Battle of London</a> (886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter#Medieval_times" title="Exeter">Siege of Exeter</a> (893, 1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnham#The_Anglo-Saxon_period" title="Farnham">Battle of Fearnhamme</a> (893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a> (894)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">The Danelaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Buttington</a> (893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">First Stamford</a> (894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">The Holme</a> (902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Tettenhall</a> (910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Tempsford</a> (917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Derby</a> (917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Second Stamford</a> (918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Corbridge</a> (918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Brunanburh</a> (937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Stainmore</a> (954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second invasion: 980–1012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">The Danelaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Maldon</a> (991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a> (1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Alton</a> (1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Brice%27s_Day_massacre" title="St Brice's Day massacre">St Brice's Day</a> (1002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Ringmere</a> (1010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cnut%27s_invasion_of_England" title="Cnut's invasion of England">Cnut's invasion</a> (1015–1016)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Brentford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Assandun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada#Invasion_of_England" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald's invasion</a> (1066)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Fulford</a> (1066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Stamford Bridge</a> (1066)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viking settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a> (865–896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">Jorvik</a> (866–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">English <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">petty kingdoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a> (519–927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a> (410–825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> (653–954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> (527–918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wedmore" title="Treaty of Wedmore">Treaty of Wedmore</a> (886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum" title="Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum">Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 890</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh_(poem)" title="Battle of Brunanburh (poem)">"Battle of Brunanburh" (poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerdale_Hoard" title="Cuerdale Hoard">Cuerdale Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furness_Hoard" title="Furness Hoard">Furness Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Old_Norse_origin" title="List of English words of Old Norse origin">List of English words of Old Norse origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels" title="Norse–Gaels">Norse–Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_diaspora_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom">Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverdale_Hoard" title="Silverdale Hoard">Silverdale Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_York_Hoard" title="Vale of York Hoard">Vale of York Hoard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272326#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks 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