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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jueus_de_M%C3%A8xic" title="Jueus de Mèxic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jueus de Mèxic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_los_jud%C3%ADos_en_M%C3%A9xico" title="Historia de los judíos en México – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de los judíos en México" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95" title="יהדות מקסיקו – Hebrew" lang="he" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mexican Jews</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Judíos mexicanos</i></span><br /><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהודים מקסיקניים</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Juda%C3%ADsmo_en_M%C3%A9xico.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Juda%C3%ADsmo_en_M%C3%A9xico.png/220px-Juda%C3%ADsmo_en_M%C3%A9xico.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Juda%C3%ADsmo_en_M%C3%A9xico.png/330px-Juda%C3%ADsmo_en_M%C3%A9xico.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Juda%C3%ADsmo_en_M%C3%A9xico.png/440px-Juda%C3%ADsmo_en_M%C3%A9xico.png 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="834" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of Jewish population by state in 2010</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>67,476</b> self-identified Jews<sup id="cite_ref-INEGI_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INEGI-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2010 census)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico City Metropolitan Area">Mexico City Metropolitan Area</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a 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<p>The <b>history of the Jews in Mexico</b> began in 1519 with the arrival of <i><a href="/wiki/Conversos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversos">Conversos</a></i>, often called <i><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></i> or "<a href="/wiki/Crypto-Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Jews">Crypto-Jews</a>", referring to those <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> forcibly converted to Catholicism and that then became subject to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>. </p><p>During the period of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (1521–1821), a number of Jews came to Mexico, especially during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> (1580–1640), when Spain and Portugal were ruled by the same monarch. That political circumstance allowed freer movement by Portuguese crypto-Jewish merchants into Spanish America. When the Portuguese regained their independence from Spain in 1640, Portuguese merchants in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> were prosecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Inquisition" title="Mexican Inquisition">Mexican Inquisition</a>. When the monopoly of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="History of the Catholic Church in Mexico">Roman Catholic Church in Mexico</a> was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">religious toleration</a> during the nineteenth-century <a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">Liberal reform</a>, Jews could openly immigrate to Mexico. They came from Europe and later from the crumbling <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, until the first half of the 20th century. </p><p>Today, most Jews in Mexico are descendants of this immigration and still divided by diasporic origin, principally <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardim">Sephardim</a>. It is an insular community with its own religious, social, and cultural institutions, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Source for claim should be listed here as well as next to fuller explanation in text. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Viceroyalty of New Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jews and Conversos were part of the conquest and colonization in Mexico, and key participants in the transatlantic and transpacific trade networks, as well as development of domestic trade.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversos accompanied <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> in 1519. These were members of Jewish families which had been forcibly converted to Christianity to avoid expulsion from Spain after the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reconquest was followed by the Spanish Inquisition, which made the Conversos one of their targets, with accusations of reverting to Judaic practice. During this time, there were two types of Conversos: Crypto-Jews and Jews who fully converted to Catholicism. The Jews who converted were used to report Crypto-Jews to the Catholic Church and consequently, they were awarded with high-power positions within the Catholic Church. Furthermore, during this time, the Catholic Church was in charge of social welfare and was the most powerful entity.<sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Converso migration to the new Spanish colony began in 1530 after most of the violence from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> had subsided and the Spanish Inquisition continued. For several decades, the families were able to live peacefully, integrating into Mexico's elite, with some becoming prominent Catholic clergy and some returning to Jewish practice.<sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_L._Nathan" title="David L. Nathan">David Nathan</a> proposed that the first coins minted in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a> by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Conquistadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Conquistadors">Spanish Conquistadors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> feature a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a> (א), suggesting evidence for a Jewish presence or influence in Mexico in 1536.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes that nearly all of the dies prepared under the tenure of the first assayer use the purported aleph symbol in place of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Cross_potent" title="Cross potent">cross potent</a> mark, found almost universally on medieval Spanish and Mexican coinage. Nathan goes on to consider possible Jewish family connections to the known early Mexican mint workers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg/220px-Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Execution of Mariana de Carabajal, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Francisca_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Carabajal" title="Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal">Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal</a>, in 1601</figcaption></figure> <p>The persecution of Jews came to New Spain along with the <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a> described in his writings various execution of soldiers during the conquest of Mexico because they were accused of being practicing Jews, including Hernando Alonzo, who built the boats Cortés used to assault <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenochtitlán">Tenochtitlán</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Inquisition" title="Mexican Inquisition">Mexican Inquisition</a> was not fully established until 1571, when it became a threat to Converso and Jewish communities with an initial purge of them from 1585 to 1601.<sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcarroll_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcarroll-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1606, Mexico received an order by the King of Spain to free Conversos in Inquisition prisons.<sup id="cite_ref-desde1519_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desde1519-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This relaxing of the Inquisition in Mexico, which was never as severe as in Spain, allowed more to come over in the first half of the 17th century. New Conversos settled in Mexico City, <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz, Veracruz">Veracruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campeche,_Campeche" class="mw-redirect" title="Campeche, Campeche">Campeche</a> as they provided the most opportunities for mercantile activity. Some did move to the more-outlying areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas,_Zacatecas" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacatecas, Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a>, but they still afforded more opportunities than places farther north.<sup id="cite_ref-mcarroll_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcarroll-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-liebman_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liebman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a second Inquisition persecution of Conversos from 1642 to 1649. Then, the focus shifted to matters such as blasphemy and moral infractions.<sup id="cite_ref-mcarroll_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcarroll-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during the entire colonial period, practicing Jews in Spain or elsewhere could not enter Spanish colonial territory.<sup id="cite_ref-liebman_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liebman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One notable episode during the colonial period was the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="New Kingdom of León">New Kingdom of León</a>. In 1567 the Carvajal family arrived to <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> under nobleman <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carabajal_y_Cueva" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Carabajal y Cueva">Luis de Carvajal</a>. With the exception of him and a cousin, the family was Crypto-Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-jmillman_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmillman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1579, Carvajal was granted land in what is now northeastern Mexico, just north of what was then considered New Spain. The area welcomed both Conversos and practicing Jews, with about 75% of the initial settlers being secretly Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some theories state that <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a> developed as a commercial center despite its colonial era remoteness because of Crypto-Jewish influence.<sup id="cite_ref-jmillman_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmillman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Luis de Carvajal and members of his family were persecuted in 1589 for practicing Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Carvajal's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_the_Younger" title="Luis de Carvajal the Younger">Luis de Carvajal the Younger</a>, kept memoirs detailing his life and persecution; these are now considered to be the earliest writings by a Jew in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">auto-da-fé</a> of Mariana Carvajal has become part of Mexican art and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-bokser_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1641, the colony had grown, and some of the settlers would later move to establish new settlements in <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Santander" class="mw-redirect" title="New Santander">New Santander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest number of prosecutions by the Mexican Inquisition occurred in the wake of the 1640 dissolution of the Iberian Union, when Spain and Portugal had been ruled by the same monarch. Portuguese merchants more easily entered Spanish America, and a complex community of crypto-Jews connected to transatlantic and trans-Pacific trade networks emerged. Evidence from individual cases prosecuted by the Mexican Inquisition indicates that most crypto-Jews in Mexico or their parents had been born in Portugal, primarily from the Portuguese capital, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, or from <a href="/wiki/Castelo_Branco,_Portugal" title="Castelo Branco, Portugal">Castelo Branco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were a few very wealthy Portuguese merchants, who were leaders of the community, but most were shopkeepers and craftsmen. A prominent merchant was Simón Váez, whom the Inquisition accused of letting his house serve as a synagogue in the 17th century until the 1642 persecutions began. He had risen from humble circumstances, but he and other wealthy merchants came to socialize with crown officials and play a prominent role among elites.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their wealth was based on <a href="/wiki/Asientos" title="Asientos">asientos</a> (licenses) for the black slave trade in Mexico since Portugal controlled the African coast, where they were sourced. Portuguese merchants also held contracts for tax farming and supplying the Spanish fleet and forts with stores and munitions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Independence_immigration">Post Independence immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post Independence immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Instituto_cultural_Mexico-Israel_DF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Instituto_cultural_Mexico-Israel_DF.jpg/250px-Instituto_cultural_Mexico-Israel_DF.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Instituto_cultural_Mexico-Israel_DF.jpg/375px-Instituto_cultural_Mexico-Israel_DF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Instituto_cultural_Mexico-Israel_DF.jpg/500px-Instituto_cultural_Mexico-Israel_DF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Cultural Institute Mexico-Israel</figcaption></figure> <p>After Mexico gained its Independence, it abolished the Inquisition, but the Catholic religion was declared official. Remaining Crypto-Jews still did not openly admit to such but began to observe various Jewish rituals, and from 1825 to 1860, a few European Jews from Germany and Eastern Europe arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The immigrants were not allowed to become Mexican citizens, but their main challenges to living in Mexico were economic, rather than social or religious.<sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1861, a group rented a hall to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>, the first recorded instance of public Jewish worship.<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1865, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Emperor Maximilian I</a> issued an edict of religious tolerance, with representatives from Jewish organizations in Europe and the United States coming to Mexico to explore the possibilities for immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-desde1519_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desde1519-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1864 to 1867, Maximilian invited some European Jews from France, Belgium, and Austria-Hungary to settle in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1867, only twenty Jewish families were living in Mexico, with about a dozen more elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a>, the Liberals under <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> reinforced freedom of religion, allowing those Jews who arrived after that time Mexican citizenship and full integration.<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1880s, a significant wave of Jewish immigration began as the Mexican government invited a number of Jewish bankers to operate in the country and the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Czar_Alexander_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Czar Alexander II">Czar Alexander II</a> in Russia pushed Jews to leave the country. The Jews settled both in Mexico City and various other areas in the country, including rural areas often as traveling salesmen. About half of Mexico's Jewish population can be linked to this wave of immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another group of Jews that came at this time were industrialists from France. However many of the French arrivals were not interested in staying permanently and went back after they had their fortunes in Mexico. However, a few married and stayed leaving behind in Mexico City last names such as Herzog, Scherer and Levy.<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bokser_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish immigrants in Mexico City eventually built businesses such as haberdashery on <a href="/wiki/Madero_Street" title="Madero Street">Madero Street</a> that was a center of European fashion and La Esmeralda jewelry store (now the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Estanquillo" title="Museo del Estanquillo">Museo del Estanquillo</a>) with a reputation similar to <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co." title="Tiffany & Co.">Tiffany's</a> on the corner of Isabel la Católica and Madero. The Jewish owner of El Salon Rojo, one of the capital's first movie houses, helped to develop the country's first Jewish cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-smurphy_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smurphy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the very late 19th century into the 20th, <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern Jews">Middle Eastern Jews</a> also began arriving from what is now <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and the rest of the crumbling <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, forming the Maguén David and Monte Sinaí communities.<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These with those still coming from Eastern Europe were poorer usually shoemakers, furriers, peddlers and tailors, which first lived in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> before migrating to Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-bokser_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Sephardic Jews similar language and culture made it easier for them to adapt.<sup id="cite_ref-palate_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palate-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1900, the Mexican census counted 134 Jews in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-desde1519_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desde1519-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From then until 1950, an estimated 7,300 Jewish people immigrated to Mexico from Eastern Europe, 2,640 from Spain or the former Ottoman Empire, and 1,620 from <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-traslas_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-traslas-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These various Jewish groups formed their own religious congregations and social institutions. Turkish Jews began holding open religious services in 1901 and founded the first Talmud Torah in 1905, as an educational institution for boys. Ashkenazi Jews began holding open services as early as 1904. The first formal Jewish organization in Mexico, the Monte Sinaí community was founded in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-bokser_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoja_de_registro_de_ingreso_de_inmigrantes_judios_a_Puebla_-_Expediente_9321.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hoja_de_registro_de_ingreso_de_inmigrantes_judios_a_Puebla_-_Expediente_9321.jpg/220px-Hoja_de_registro_de_ingreso_de_inmigrantes_judios_a_Puebla_-_Expediente_9321.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hoja_de_registro_de_ingreso_de_inmigrantes_judios_a_Puebla_-_Expediente_9321.jpg/330px-Hoja_de_registro_de_ingreso_de_inmigrantes_judios_a_Puebla_-_Expediente_9321.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hoja_de_registro_de_ingreso_de_inmigrantes_judios_a_Puebla_-_Expediente_9321.jpg/440px-Hoja_de_registro_de_ingreso_de_inmigrantes_judios_a_Puebla_-_Expediente_9321.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4579" data-file-height="6542" /></a><figcaption>Immigrant registration form of a Jewish Lithuanian woman who emigrated to Mexico in 1934</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> many foreigners, including Jews, left the country but immediately after Jews began to arrive in substantial numbers again. Between 1917 and 1920 they began to come from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="The Balkans">the Balkans</a> and the Middle East. The rate increased in 1921 when the United States imposed quotas on its immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten thousand arrived from Eastern Europe to the <a href="/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz, Veracruz">port of Veracruz</a> at the invitation of President <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish organizations such as the Comité de Damas and North American <a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith</a> were formed to help the new arrivals adapt.<sup id="cite_ref-bokser_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, the Jewish community grew and prospered in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The immigration rate slowed after 1929 because of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and new immigration policies which favored those with a more similar ethnic and religious background to that of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-bokser_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the Jewish communities’ social and religious organizations were formally founded in the first half of the 20th century. These include the Sociedad Beneficiencia Alianza Monte Sinaí (1912), the Young Men's Hebrew Association in Mexico City. (1917), the first K’tav or Jewish religious school (1917), the first federally recognized synagogue under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1917">Constitution of 1917</a> (1918), the Talmud Torá Hatihiá (1919), the Congregación Nidje Israel for Ashkenazi Jews (1922), the first <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> organization (1922), the first Ashkenazi religious school (1922), the Asociación Cultural IL Peretz Farein, later called the Idisher Kultur Guezelshaft (1922), the Har Sinaé synagogue for the <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> Jewish community, (1923), the first Keren Hayeson or campaign for the National Fund for Palestine (1923), the Centro Israelita and first <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in Monterrey (1923), the Colegio Israelita de México (1924), the Agudat Ajim community in <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a> (1923), the Bnej Kedem Sephardic community Center (1926), the Nidje Israel Ashkenazi cemetery (1929), the Cámara Israelita de Industria y Comerico in Méxicoand the Unión de Literatos y Artistas Judíos (1931), the Federación de Sociedades Israelitas de México (1932), the Colegio Israelita Hatikva in Monterrey (1932), B'nai B'rith (1934), the Sociedad de Beneficiencia Sdadá Umarpé for the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> Jewish community, today the Comunidad Maguén David (1938) and the first Zionist convention (1938) .<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-desde1519_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desde1519-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition various newspapers and other periodicals were established in various languages such as Mexicanisher Idish Leben (Yiddish, 1927), Der Veg (Yiddish with Spanish section, 1929), Di shtime (Yiddish, 1935) and La Verdad (Spanish, 1936). The first printing press for the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> was brought to Mexico in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-desde1519_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desde1519-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jewish population in Mexico was estimated at 21,000 in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-desde1519_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desde1519-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From then until the 1940s, the Jews that arrived were those fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> but this immigration was not as large as in previous decades as most of those who arrived were those who already had family and friends in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its strong Catholic identity and history of Inquisition, there has been little intolerance or resistance to Jewish immigration into Mexico. While the Catholic Church did not welcome Jewish immigration in the 19th century, it was still struggling against the government restrictions and saw <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Mexico" title="Protestantism in Mexico">growing Protestantism</a> as a greater threat than that of the Jewish community. Over the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Catholic Church">Mexican Catholic Church</a> lost its opposition to the Jewish presence.<sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2slenchek_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2slenchek-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only recorded incidents of significant <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> came in the 1930s during economic depression. Mexican labor unions pressured the government to restrict <a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Chinese</a> and Jewish immigration. In May 1931, 250 Jewish merchants were expelled from the <a href="/wiki/La_Lagunilla_Market,_Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="La Lagunilla Market, Mexico City">La Lagunilla Market in Mexico City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-desde1519_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desde1519-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1930s, some anti-Jewish demonstrations erupted, mostly by Nazi supporters financed by Berlin. In 1937, an immigrant quota system was initiated, which restricted immigration from certain countries such as Poland to 100 people per year, shutting out many Jewish would-be-immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-bh.org.il_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh.org.il-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at the same time the Mexican government allowed for some immigration of refugees, for example looking the other way when 200 Jews from Cuba entered the country illegally under the government of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_institutions_and_integration">20th century institutions and integration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century institutions and integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jud%C3%ADos_polacos_en_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico,_1961.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Jud%C3%ADos_polacos_en_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico%2C_1961.JPG/220px-Jud%C3%ADos_polacos_en_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico%2C_1961.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Jud%C3%ADos_polacos_en_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico%2C_1961.JPG/330px-Jud%C3%ADos_polacos_en_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico%2C_1961.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Jud%C3%ADos_polacos_en_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico%2C_1961.JPG/440px-Jud%C3%ADos_polacos_en_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico%2C_1961.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3352" data-file-height="2296" /></a><figcaption>Mexican Ashkenazi Jews of Polish origin in 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>Jewish religious and social institutions coalesced and grew in the mid 20th century with the Centro Cultural Israelita (1941), the Comité Central Israelita legally recognized to represent the Jewish community (1942), the Unión Sefaradí receiving official recognition (1943), the founding of the Comité Unido de Antidifamación (1943), the formation of the Comité Unido de Tribuna Israelita by the Comité Central Israelita and the Logia Mexicana del B'nai B'rith (1944), the founding of the Unión Israelita Maguén David in Tijuana (1946), the Centro Cultural México Israel (1947), the Colegio Israelita de Guadalajara (1949), the Centro Deportivo Israelita (1950), the Beth Israel Community Center for English speakers (1957) and the Nidje Israel Temple in Acapulco Street in Mexico City (1965).<sup id="cite_ref-desde1519_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desde1519-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987 the Tribuna Israelita along with <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico</a> (UNAM) began a series of cultural presentations about Judaism in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-desde1519_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desde1519-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, little attention was paid to the history of Jews in Mexico until the 1990s. In 1992, a study of Jewish communities in Mexico was published by UNAM in collaboration with the Tribuna Israelita and the Comite Central Israelita de Mexico, called Imágenes de un Encuentro: La Presencia Judía en México Durante La Primera Mitad del Siglo XX (Images of an Encounter: The Jewish Presence in Mexico during the First Half of the 20th Century) which received the CANIEM Prize in 1993. It depicts Mexican Jews as well integrated into Mexican society but with more observance of religion in everyday life than most other Jews of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a>. In 1995, Tribuna Israelita co sponsored Las Jornadas Contra del Racismo along with the <a href="/wiki/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Educaci%C3%B3n_P%C3%BAblica" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretaría de Educación Pública">Secretaría de Educación Pública</a> and other organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-desde1519_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desde1519-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2slenchek_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2slenchek-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century_and_modern_immigration">21st century and modern immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century and modern immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Anthropology_and_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Anthropology and History">National Institute of Anthropology and History</a> has achieved important recoveries of colonial Crypto-Jewish heritage. Including the identification and restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Juliantla" title="Juliantla">Juliantla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dated to the late 16th century, this is the oldest mikveh in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the Mexican Consulate in New York City recovered the Carvajal Manuscript, the oldest known work by a Jewish author in the Americas, after it was stolen from the <a href="/wiki/Archivo_General_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_(Mexico)" title="Archivo General de la Nación (Mexico)">National Archives</a> in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has not been a new wave of Jewish immigration from the Old World to Mexico in the 21st century, instead small numbers of Jews have arrived as part of larger general migrations from Latin American countries. In 2021, construction began on the <i>Ciudad de la Torá</i> in <a href="/wiki/Ixtapan_de_la_Sal" title="Ixtapan de la Sal">Ixtapan de la Sal</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">planned community</a> aimed at attracting <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi Jews">Haredi Jews</a> from within Mexico as well as immigrants from Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of the September 2019 deadline, there had been more than 33,000 Mexican applications for Spanish citizenship through <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationality_law#Sephardi_Jews" title="Spanish nationality law">a 2015 program</a> aimed at the descendants of the Jewish expulsions from Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Cueto_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cueto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By October 2019, only 8,128 applicants had been processed, of which 815 were granted Spanish citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-Cueto_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cueto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2021, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> (1988–1994) <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a> obtained Spanish citizenship through this program.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a> became the first Jewish person and first elected woman (second after interim <a href="/wiki/Rosario_Robles" title="Rosario Robles">Rosario Robles</a>) to be the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_Government_of_Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of Government of Mexico City">Head of Government of Mexico City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, she resigned her position in order to launch her candidacy for the presidency in the <a href="/wiki/2024_Mexican_general_election" title="2024 Mexican general election">2024 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2024, she was elected President of Mexico, becoming the first woman and the first person of predominantly Jewish heritage to hold the office.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-france24.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-france24.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_communities_in_Mexico">Jewish communities in Mexico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jewish communities in Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current Jewish population in Mexico mostly consists of those who have descended from immigrants from the 19th and early 20th centuries with nationwide totals estimated between 90,000 and 100,000, about 75% of whom are in Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-bokser_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2slenchek_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2slenchek-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact numbers are not known. One main source for figures is the Comité Central Israelita in Mexico City but its contact is limited to <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> congregations with no contact with Jews that may be affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> movement or those who consider themselves secular. The Mexican government census lists religion but its categories are confusing, confusing those of some Protestant sects which practice Judaic rituals with Jewish groups. There is also controversy as to whether to count those Crypto-Jews who have converted (back) to Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-2slenchek_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2slenchek-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sixty two percent of the population over fifteen is married, three percent divorced and four percent widowed. However, younger Jewish women are more likely to be employed outside the home (only 18% of women are housewives) and fertility rates are dropping from 3.5 children of women over 65 to 2.7 for the overall population now. There is a low level of intermarriage with the general Mexican population, with only 3.1% of marriages being mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-bokser_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Jewish community is less than one percent of Mexico's total population, Mexico is one of the few countries whose Jewish population is expected to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-palate_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palate-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mmedina_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmedina-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinagoga_Historica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sinagoga_Historica.jpg/220px-Sinagoga_Historica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sinagoga_Historica.jpg/330px-Sinagoga_Historica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sinagoga_Historica.jpg/440px-Sinagoga_Historica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Synagogue_Justo_Sierra_71" title="Historic Synagogue Justo Sierra 71">Historic Synagogue Justo Sierra 71</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Center_of_Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic Center of Mexico City">Historic Center of Mexico City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Mexican Jewish community has strong roots in Mexico and has few problems in its host country.<sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Openly Jewish people serve prominently in government positions and are found in most spheres of Mexico's business, intellectual and artistic communities.<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One U.S. born Jew by the name of <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Franklin_(bullfighter)" title="Sidney Franklin (bullfighter)">Sidney Franklin</a> became a popular bullfighter in the early 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-2slenchek_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2slenchek-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are occasional clashes between the Jewish community and others in Mexico but these are generally solved peacefully. There is an Interfaith Council to help with these issues. While the Catholic Church is dominant both religiously and culturally, it does not suppress the worship or other activities of other religious groups.<sup id="cite_ref-wtpculture_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wtpculture-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only challenges the community faces are intermarriage and migration out of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-2slenchek_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2slenchek-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Latin American popular culture can resent apparent Jewish economic success, with the community associated with international capital and international influence.<sup id="cite_ref-mmedina_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmedina-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jews in Mexico are less united than those in the United States and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-mmedina_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmedina-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those descended from immigrants, social divisions remain, based on place of origin despite unification efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-bokser_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tribunaeng_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribunaeng-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those from Aleppo, Damascus and the Balkans and Eastern Europe have their own synagogues and other institutions. However, the main split is between the Ashkenazim from Russia, Poland, Germany and other parts of Europe from the Sephardim, mostly from Italy and the former Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-2slenchek_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2slenchek-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tribunaeng_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribunaeng-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ashkenazim subdivide among political and ideological axes and tend to be more liberal and secular. They founded several newspapers and other publications such as Mexikaner Idish Lebn, Radikaler Arbeter Tzenter, Unzer Lebn and others to express these different views.<sup id="cite_ref-bokser_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sephardim tend to be more patriarchal, less well educated and more religiously observant.<sup id="cite_ref-mmedina_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmedina-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those from Syria are further subdivided into Halebis or Maguen David from Aleppo and the Shamis or Monte Sinai from Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-bokser_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite ethnic identification all identify as Mexican as well, seeing the two as complementary rather than conflicting.<sup id="cite_ref-mmedina_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmedina-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literature written by Mexican and other Latin American Jewish writers tend to explore the question of what it means to be a Jew in the region. These authors include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonia_Chocron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonia Chocron (page does not exist)">Sonia Chocron</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alicia_Freilich_de_Segal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alicia Freilich de Segal (page does not exist)">Alicia Freilich de Segal</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacqueline_Goldberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacqueline Goldberg (page does not exist)">Jacqueline Goldberg</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Kornblith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha Kornblith (page does not exist)">Martha Kornblith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elisa_Lerner" title="Elisa Lerner">Elisa Lerner</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blanca_Strepponi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blanca Strepponi (page does not exist)">Blanca Strepponi</a>. Author <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosa_Nissan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosa Nissan (page does not exist)">Rosa Nissan</a> has written a number of books related to growing up Jewish in Mexico include Novia que te vea and its sequel Hisho que te Nazca.<sup id="cite_ref-mmedina_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmedina-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zacatecas_121_-_Archivo_Hist%C3%B3rico_Universidad_de_la_Comunicaci%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Zacatecas_121_-_Archivo_Hist%C3%B3rico_Universidad_de_la_Comunicaci%C3%B3n.jpg/250px-Zacatecas_121_-_Archivo_Hist%C3%B3rico_Universidad_de_la_Comunicaci%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Zacatecas_121_-_Archivo_Hist%C3%B3rico_Universidad_de_la_Comunicaci%C3%B3n.jpg/375px-Zacatecas_121_-_Archivo_Hist%C3%B3rico_Universidad_de_la_Comunicaci%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Zacatecas_121_-_Archivo_Hist%C3%B3rico_Universidad_de_la_Comunicaci%C3%B3n.jpg/500px-Zacatecas_121_-_Archivo_Hist%C3%B3rico_Universidad_de_la_Comunicaci%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Colegio_Hebreo_Monte_Sina%C3%AD" title="Colegio Hebreo Monte Sinaí">Hebreo Monte Sinaí School</a> at its former location on 120 Zacatecas Street, <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Roma" title="Colonia Roma">Colonia Roma</a>, Mexico City (the building now houses the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_la_Comunicaci%C3%B3n_(M%C3%A9xico)" title="Universidad de la Comunicación (México)">University of Communication</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the early 20th century, Jewish immigrants started a large number of religious and social organizations to help the community adapt to life in Mexico and conserve their heritage. On Tacuba Street in the <a href="/wiki/Historic_center_of_Mexico_City" title="Historic center of Mexico City">historic center of Mexico City</a> there is a building called the Palacio de Mármol (Marble Palace). The site was originally part of a convent, but later it was subdivided and a French style mansion built in the late 19th century. After World War I, it became an important Jewish community center, active for nearly two decades. At first, it worked to help newly arrived Jews settle in Mexico, but it was also a social and educational center.<sup id="cite_ref-smurphy_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smurphy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, there are ten main organizations to which most of Mexican Jewry is affiliated. The Beth Israel Community Center is an organization that caters to the English-speaking community that practices Conservative Judaism. The Jewish Sport Center is a neutral meeting place open to all sectors of the Jewish community as sports, culture and social institution with a membership of about 19,000. The Monterrey Community Center is the main organization for this northern city. The North Baja California Community Center served the Tijuana Jewish community. The Ashkenazai Community served the descendants of those who immigrated from Eastern Europe. The Bet El Community is a Conservative organization. The Guadalajara Community Center is for those who live in that city. The Maguen David Community was formed by descendants of immigrants from Aleppo, Syria. The Alianza Monte Sinaí was formed by descendants from Damascus, Syria and the Sephardic Community was formed by descendants of immigrants from the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-mmedina_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmedina-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tribunaeng_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribunaeng-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bharris_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bharris-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of women's organizations, which mostly focus on humanitarian issues both inside and outside the Jewish community. Women also run most of the educational institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-bokser_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jewish Central Committee of Mexico was formed in 1938 as a response to the situation for European Jews at that time. At first, its function was to help Jews escape from the Nazis but later became an umbrella organization for the various Jewish communities in Mexico. It also acts as a representative body for all Jews in Mexico with the Mexican government and other Jewish communities outside of Mexico such as the World Jewish Congress. The Tribuna Israelita is a part of this organization, whose purpose is to work with other agencies to promote understanding of Jewry in Mexico including publications and also works to influence public opinion about anti-Semitism. Another sub organization is the Mexican Council of Jewish Women, which mostly works on projects related to education and health.<sup id="cite_ref-tribunaeng_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribunaeng-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quienes_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quienes-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mexican Jewish immigrant community has been described as closed and separate from the rest of Mexican society.<sup id="cite_ref-bokser_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About ninety percent of Mexican Jews attend Jewish schools and marry within the faith.<sup id="cite_ref-tribunaeng_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribunaeng-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bharris_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bharris-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are Scouting and Zionist organizations for Jewish youth. Most who attend Mexican universities belong to the Mexican Federation of Jewish Students (FEMUJ) .<sup id="cite_ref-tribunaeng_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribunaeng-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there have been outreach efforts. In 2009, Alan Grabinsky and Paul Feldmen established a <a href="/wiki/Moishe_House" title="Moishe House">Moishe House</a> in the Condesa neighborhood, one of only two in Latin America. The idea is to create a social center for young Jews outside of the western suburbs of Mexico City to make the Jewish community less isolated from the rest of Mexican society. The Mexico International Jewish Film Festival attracts a mostly non-Jewish audience and has expanded from Mexico City to Guadalajara, Monterrey and Cancún. A radio show on Jewish topics called El Aleph has a mostly non Jewish following. Tribuna Israelita organizes programs at private universities to increase public understanding of Israel and Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-bharris_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bharris-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Jewish social organizations include the Mexican Association of Friends for academic projects, ORT which works to implement technologies in Mexican high schools, Retorno to combat alcohol and drug abuse and Kadima, which works on issues related to the disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-tribunaeng_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribunaeng-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_neighborhoods_of_Mexico_City">Jewish neighborhoods of Mexico City</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jewish neighborhoods of Mexico City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinagoga_en_M%C3%A9xico_DF.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sinagoga_en_M%C3%A9xico_DF.JPG/200px-Sinagoga_en_M%C3%A9xico_DF.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sinagoga_en_M%C3%A9xico_DF.JPG/300px-Sinagoga_en_M%C3%A9xico_DF.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sinagoga_en_M%C3%A9xico_DF.JPG/400px-Sinagoga_en_M%C3%A9xico_DF.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Synagogue in Polanco</figcaption></figure> <p>In Greater Mexico City, notable communities exist in <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Hip%C3%B3dromo_Condesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonia Hipódromo Condesa">Colonia Hipódromo Condesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polanco,_Mexico_City" title="Polanco, Mexico City">Polanco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lomas_de_Chapultepec" title="Lomas de Chapultepec">Lomas de Chapultepec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Mexico_City" title="Santa Fe, Mexico City">Santa Fe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huixquilucan_de_Degollado" class="mw-redirect" title="Huixquilucan de Degollado">Huixquilucan</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the sixteen Jewish schools, about a dozen of those are in Mexico City, which also has over two dozen synagogues.<sup id="cite_ref-bokser_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bokser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bharris_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bharris-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s, the Jewish community in Mexico City still centered in the <a href="/wiki/Historic_center_of_Mexico_City" title="Historic center of Mexico City">Historic Downtown</a> northeast of the <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo" title="Zócalo">Zócalo</a> around Jesús María street, "the equivalent of Delancey Street" in New York, according to author Ilan Stavans.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s and 1940s many Jewish residents moved to the leafy <a href="/wiki/Streetcar_suburb" title="Streetcar suburb">streetcar suburbs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Roma" title="Colonia Roma">Roma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condesa" title="Condesa">Condesa</a>, where Yiddish was the unofficial language of <a href="/wiki/Parque_M%C3%A9xico" title="Parque México">Parque México</a>, the local park. Today, in the area, there is a Jewish museum, archives, synagogue, and kosher deli at Acapulco Street #70, several more small orthodox synagogues hidden inside houses on <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenida_Amsterdam" class="extiw" title="es:Avenida Amsterdam">Amsterdam Avenue</a>, and another synagogue at the corner of Montes de Oca and Parral streets.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, Jews moved further west to Polanco, Lomas de Chapultepec, <a href="/wiki/Interlomas" title="Interlomas">Interlomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosques_de_las_Lomas" title="Bosques de las Lomas">Bosques de las Lomas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tecamachalco,_State_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecamachalco, State of Mexico">Tecamachalco</a>, where the majority are now based.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crypto-Jewish_resurgence">Crypto-Jewish resurgence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Crypto-Jewish resurgence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pambazo_de_Tequixquiac_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pambazo_de_Tequixquiac_%281%29.jpg/220px-Pambazo_de_Tequixquiac_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pambazo_de_Tequixquiac_%281%29.jpg/330px-Pambazo_de_Tequixquiac_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pambazo_de_Tequixquiac_%281%29.jpg/440px-Pambazo_de_Tequixquiac_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3544" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption>A <i>pambazo de <a href="/wiki/Tequixquiac" title="Tequixquiac">Tequixquiac</a></i> (<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/pambazo_de_pita" class="extiw" title="es:pambazo de pita">es</a>), a type of sandwich using <a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">pita</a>, has colonial Crypto-Jewish origins.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Inquisition in Mexico succeeded in eliminating all practices of colonial-era <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> in Mexico, however cultural vestiges remain in the forms of <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> religious rituals and blended cuisine. </p><p>Additionally, some <a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Mexico" title="Mestizos in Mexico">Mexican Mestizos</a> have significant <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genetic contribution</a> from Sephardic Jews. A 2018 study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> found that 297 Mexicans (from the 1288 Mexican individuals studied) had more than 5% genetic markers matching the "Sephardic/East/South Mediterranean" grouping.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically for markers matching likely Sephardic ancestry, the median for the 297 individuals was around 3% and the <a href="/wiki/Third_quartile" class="mw-redirect" title="Third quartile">third quartile</a> was around 11%.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average contribution of "Sephardic/East/South Mediterranean" ancestry in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> is higher than the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, suggesting a larger migration of Christian converts (from Judaism and Islam) than indicated by historical records.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> were assimilated into the general populace, there are families in Mexico and the southwest United States that practice what appear to be Jewish rituals and customs, knowing or not knowing where these come from.<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1slenchek_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1slenchek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-palate_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palate-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those claiming direct Crypto-Jewish heritage one or more of three lines of evidence are usually presented: the existence of Jewish rituals in the family, the existence of Inquisition records with Jewish family names and the oral history of the family. It also generally includes strong secrecy about family history and rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-jjacobs_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jjacobs-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some descendants, the discovery of Crypto-Jewish heritage leads them to reclaiming all or some of the Sephardic Jewish faith, often by adopting a number of rituals and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-jjacobs_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jjacobs-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1880, Bonifacio Laureano Moyar worked to find and organize the descendants of Conversos or Crypto-Jews with the aim of restoring full Jewish worship among them. These efforts led to the establishment in 1920 of the Kahal Kadosh Bnej Elohim in Venta Prieta, Hidalgo<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-desde1519_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desde1519-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (since 1930 the location of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_of_Venta_Prieta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Community of Venta Prieta">Jewish Community of Venta Prieta</a>). There is also a small community of Conversos practicing Judaism in the Vallejo neighborhood of Mexico City, but the main immigrant Jewish organizations do not recognize them.<sup id="cite_ref-presencia_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presencia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2slenchek_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2slenchek-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts to find Jewish descendants have continued. Texas Rabbi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_S._Lerer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel S. Lerer (page does not exist)">Samuel S. Lerer</a>, influenced by the Venta Prieta experience, began working with those of Jewish heritage starting in 1968, mostly working in <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>. A number of these converts have migrated to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-jmillman_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmillman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the 1990s, a group called <a href="/wiki/Kulanu_(organization)" title="Kulanu (organization)">Kulanu</a>, a Hebrew word meaning "all of us", began exploring other aspects of Judaism, such as Jewish ancestry in Mexico, especially that of the Conversos. They have sought out descendants of Conversos, without permission of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Rabbinate</a>, and converted them to Judaism. They have not only worked with those who know of their Jewish ancestry, but also have reached out to families who observe certain Jewish rituals, such as separating meat and dairy, without knowing why. Although Kulanu is based in the United States, it has worked in Mexico to have these converts recognized by other Jewish communities in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-2slenchek_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2slenchek-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there has been resistance to these efforts for various reasons. First is that many of those descended from Jewish ancestry do not want to abandon the Catholic faith. The goal of finding and converting Crypto-Jews is controversial. Established immigrant Jewish communities are resistant because they do not want problems from the Catholic majority and because Orthodox Jews, the dominant group in Mexico, do not proselytize. They insist only those of a Jewish mother are Jewish. The Jewish committee's numbers do not include converts of Crypto-Jews as the two groups do not have contact.<sup id="cite_ref-jmillman_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmillman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2slenchek_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2slenchek-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to Crypto-Jews in modern Mexico, the history of colonial Mexico extends to the claims of families in the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest United States">Southwest United States</a> to be descended from Sephardic Jews escaping the Mexican Inquisition with some making a connection to the Crypto-Jewish settlers of the New Kingdom of León.<sup id="cite_ref-mcarroll_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcarroll-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" 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Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Christian" title="Old Christian">Old Christian</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a>, president of Mexico from 1988 to 1994, is of partial colonial-era Sephardic Jewish descent.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-INEGI-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INEGI_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151021230003/http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/2010/panora_religion/religiones_2010.pdf">"Panorama de las religiones en México 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/INEGI" class="mw-redirect" title="INEGI">INEGI</a>. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.org.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/2010/panora_religion/religiones_2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panorama+de+las+religiones+en+M%C3%A9xico+2010&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=INEGI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.org.mx%2Fprod_serv%2Fcontenidos%2Fespanol%2Fbvinegi%2Fproductos%2Fcensos%2Fpoblacion%2F2010%2Fpanora_religion%2Freligiones_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eva Alexandra Ushmany. 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Mexconnect newsletter. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1028-9089">1028-9089</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190611065253/http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/677-jews-in-mexico-a-struggle-for-survival-part-one">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. XXXIX, No. 1, January-February 2006, pp. 8-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://numismatics.org/collection/2006.13.1">http://numismatics.org/collection/2006.13.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109133344/http://numismatics.org/collection/2006.13.1">Archived</a> 2020-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoge, Robert Wilson, Current Cabinet Activities, <i>ANS Magazine</i>, Spring 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://numismatics.org/magazine/cabinetspring07/">http://numismatics.org/magazine/cabinetspring07/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109133359/http://numismatics.org/magazine/cabinetspring07/">Archived</a> 2020-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcarroll-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcarroll_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcarroll_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcarroll_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcarroll_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2002" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, Michael P (Spring 2002). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qui%C3%A9nes+Somos&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pub=Tribuna+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuna.org.mx%2Fcalendario%2Fquienes_somos.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlan_Stavans2011" class="citation book cs1">Ilan Stavans (30 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7jdzOmpbicC&pg=PA108"><i>Return to Centro Histórico: A Mexican Jew Looks for His Roots</i></a>. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813552262" title="Special:BookSources/9780813552262"><bdi>9780813552262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Return+to+Centro+Hist%C3%B3rico%3A+A+Mexican+Jew+Looks+for+His+Roots&rft.pages=108&rft.date=2011-12-30&rft.isbn=9780813552262&rft.au=Ilan+Stavans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA7jdzOmpbicC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivienne_Stanton2009" class="citation cs2">Vivienne Stanton (April 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017001253/http://insidemex.com/people/lifestyle/out-of-sight?page=0%2C1"><i>Out of sight: The many faces of Jewish Mexico</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insidemex.com/people/lifestyle/out-of-sight?page=0%2C1">the original</a> on 2013-10-17</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+sight%3A+The+many+faces+of+Jewish+Mexico&rft.date=2009-04&rft.au=Vivienne+Stanton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finsidemex.com%2Fpeople%2Flifestyle%2Fout-of-sight%3Fpage%3D0%252C1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVivienne_Stanton2010" class="citation cs2">Vivienne Stanton (September 13, 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diariojudio.com/opinion/the-many-faces-of-jewish-mexico/6217/"><i>The many faces of Jewish Mexico</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016195403/http://diariojudio.com/opinion/the-many-faces-of-jewish-mexico/6217/">archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+many+faces+of+Jewish+Mexico&rft.date=2010-09-13&rft.au=Vivienne+Stanton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiariojudio.com%2Fopinion%2Fthe-many-faces-of-jewish-mexico%2F6217%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nature_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChacón-DuqueAdhikariFuentes-GuajardoMendoza-Revilla2018" class="citation web cs1">Chacón-Duque, Juan-Camilo; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Fuentes-Guajardo, Macarena; et al. 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Nature. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fig+1.+d%29+East%2FSouth+Mediterranean&rft.pub=Nature&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41467-018-07748-z%2Ffigures%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jjacobs-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jjacobs_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jjacobs_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, Janet L (October 31, 1999). "Conversa Heritage, Crypto-Jewish Practice and Women's Rituals". <i>Shofar</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsho.1999.0089">10.1353/sho.1999.0089</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144843432">144843432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shofar&rft.atitle=Conversa+Heritage%2C+Crypto-Jewish+Practice+and+Women%27s+Rituals&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101&rft.date=1999-10-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsho.1999.0089&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144843432%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Janet+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Acevedo-Field, Rafaela. "Denunciation of Faith and Family: Crypto-Jews and the Inquisition in Seventeenth-Century Mexico." PhD diss. University of California, Santa Barbara 2012.</li> <li>Alberro, Solange. <i>Inquisición y sociedad en México, 1571-1700</i>. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1993.</li> <li>Beinart, Haim. <i>Conversos ante la inquisición</i>. Jerusalem: Hebrew University 1965.</li> <li>Bocanegra, Matias de and Seymour Liebman, <i>Jews and the Inquisition of Mexico: The Great Auto de Fe of 1649</i>. Lawrence, Kansas: Coronado Press 1974.</li> <li>Bokser de Liwerant, Paloma Cung Sulkin, Silvia Cherem-Shabot, Ariela Katz Gugenheim, Esther Shabot Cohen, Frida Staropolsky Shwartz. Imágenes de un Encuentro. La presencia judía en México durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. México, UNAM-Tribuna Israelita-Multibanco Mercantil, 1992.</li> <li>Chuchiak, John F. IV. <i>The Inquisition in New Spain, 1536-1820: A Documentary History</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2012.</li> <li>Corteguera, Luis R. <i>Death by Effigy: A Case from the Mexican Inquisition</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 2012.</li> <li>Giles, Mary E. <i>Women in the Inquisition: Spain and the New World</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1999.</li> <li>Gojman Goldberg, Alicia. <i>Los conversos en la Nueva España</i>. Mexico City: Enep-Acatlan, UNAM 1984.</li> <li>Gojman de Backal, Alicia. "Conversos" in <i>Encyclopedia of Mexico</i>, vol. 1, pp.340-344. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.</li> <li>Greenleaf, Richard E. <i>The Mexican Inquisition in the Sixteenth Century</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1969.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHordes1982" class="citation journal cs1">Hordes, Stanley M. (July 1982). "The Inquisition as Economic and Political Agent: The Campaign of the Mexican Holy Office Against the Crypto-Jews in the Mid-Seventeenth Century". <i>The Americas</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 23–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F981268">10.2307/981268</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/981268">981268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Americas&rft.atitle=The+Inquisition+as+Economic+and+Political+Agent%3A+The+Campaign+of+the+Mexican+Holy+Office+Against+the+Crypto-Jews+in+the+Mid-Seventeenth+Century&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-38&rft.date=1982-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F981268&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F981268%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hordes&rft.aufirst=Stanley+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hordes, Stanley. <i>To the End of the Earth: A History of the Crypto-Jews of New Mexico</i>. New York: Columbia University Press 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_I._Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan I. Israel">Israel, Jonathan I.</a>, "Portuguese Crypto-Judaism in New Spain, 1569-1649" (chapter 3), <i>Diasporas within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews and the World Maritime Empires (1540–1740)</i>. Leiden: Brill 2002.</li> <li>Kamen, Henry. <i>The Spanish Inquisition</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1965.</li> <li>Katz Gugenheim, Ariela. Boicot. El pleito de Echeverría con Israel. México, Universidad Iberoamericana-Ediciones cal y arena, 2019.</li> <li>Krause, Corinne A. Los judíos en México. Una historia con énfasis especial en el periodo de 1857 a 1930. Traducción, presentación y notas de Ariela Katz de Gugenheim. México, Universidad Iberoamericana, 1987.</li> <li>Lafaye, Jacques. <i>Cruzadas y Utopias: El judeocristianismo en las sociedades Ibéricas</i>. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1984.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tate_Lanning" title="John Tate Lanning">Lanning, John Tate</a>. "Legitimacy and <i>Limpieza de Sangre</i> in the Practice of Medicine in the Spanish Empire." <i>Jahrbuch für Geschicte 4</i> (1967)</li> <li>Lea, Henry Charles. <i>The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies: Sicily, Naples, Sardinia, Milan, the Canaries, Mexico, Peru, and New Granada</i>. New York: Macmillan 1908.</li> <li>Liebman, Seymour. <i>The Jews in New Spain: Faith, Flame, and the Inquisition</i>. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press 1970.</li> <li>Liebman, Seymour. <i>Los Judíos en México y en América Central</i>. Mexico city: Siglo XXI 1971.</li> <li>Martínez, Maria Elena. "Limpieza de Sangre" in <i>Encyclopedia of Mexico</i>, vol. 1, pp. 749–752. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.</li> <li>Martínez, Maria Elena. "Interrogating Blood Line: 'Purity of Blood,' the Inquisition, and Casta Categories" in <i>Religion in New Spain</i>, Susan Schroeder and Stafford Poole, eds. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2007.</li> <li>Martínrez, Maria Elena. <i>Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de sangre, religion, and gender in colonial Mexico</i>. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 2008.</li> <li>Medina, José Toribio. <i>Historia del tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición en México.</i> 2nd edition. Mexico City 1954.</li> <li>Seed, Patricia. <i>To Love, Honor, and Obey in Colonial Mexico: Conflicts over Marriage Choices, 1574-1821</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1988.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicroff,_Albert_A.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sicroff, Albert A. (page does not exist)">Sicroff, Albert A.</a> <i>Los estatutos de limpieza de sangre</i>. Translated by Mauro Armiño. Madrid: Tauros 1985.</li> <li>Ushmany, Eva Alexandra. <i>La vida entre el judismo y el cristianismo en la Nueva España, 1580-1606</i>. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económico 1992.</li> <li>Ushmany, Eva Alexandra. "The Participation of New Christians and Crypto-Jews in the Conquest, Colonization, and Trade of Spanish America, 1521-1660," in <i>The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800</i>, Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, eds. New York: Berghahn Books 1991, pp. 186–202.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarshawsky2008" class="citation journal cs1">Warshawsky, Matthew D. (June 2008). "Inquisitorial Prosecution of Tomás Treviño de Sobremonte, a Crypto-Jew in Colonial Mexico". <i>Colonial Latin American Review</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 101–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10609160802025516">10.1080/10609160802025516</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162293133">162293133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colonial+Latin+American+Review&rft.atitle=Inquisitorial+Prosecution+of+Tom%C3%A1s+Trevi%C3%B1o+de+Sobremonte%2C+a+Crypto-Jew+in+Colonial+Mexico&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-123&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10609160802025516&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162293133%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Warshawsky&rft.aufirst=Matthew+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Mexico" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/israel/index.php/es/comunidad/comunidad-judia">Comunidad judía de México</a> from the Government of Mexico</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/MX">Community in Mexico</a> from the World Jewish Congress</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px_Jews_and_Judaism_in_Mexico_15px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Mexico" title="Template:Jews and Judaism in Mexico"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Mexico" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism in Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism in Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px_Jews_and_Judaism_in_Mexico_15px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Mexico" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in Mexico"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Jews and Judaism</span></a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Mexico</span></a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_Jews" title="List of Mexican Jews">Mexican Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Synagogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adat Israel Shul de Alamos</li> <li>Bet El, Mexico City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Neguev_Synagogue" title="El Neguev Synagogue">El Neguev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Synagogue_Justo_Sierra_71" title="Historic Synagogue Justo Sierra 71">Justo Sierra 71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Halevi_Synagogue" title="Yehuda Halevi Synagogue">Yehuda Halevi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Central_de_la_Comunidad_Jud%C3%ADa_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Comité Central de la Comunidad Judía de México">Comité Central de la Comunidad Judía de México</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folks-Ligue" title="Folks-Ligue">Folks-Ligue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuna_Israelita" title="Tribuna Israelita">Tribuna Israelita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Israel–Mexico relations">Israel–Mexico relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Mexico" title="Antisemitism in Mexico">Antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Foroys" title="Foroys">Foroys</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Hebreo_Maguen_David" title="Colegio Hebreo Maguen David">Maguen David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Hebreo_Monte_Sina%C3%AD" title="Colegio Hebreo Monte Sinaí">Monte Sinaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Olam%C3%AD_ORT" title="Colegio Olamí ORT">Olamí ORT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Hebreo_Sefarad%C3%AD" title="Colegio Hebreo Sefaradí">Sefaradí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Hebreo_Tarbut" title="Colegio Hebreo Tarbut">Tarbut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_Jews" title="List of Mexican Jews"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">List of Mexican Jews</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Synagogues_in_Mexico" title="Category:Synagogues in Mexico"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">List of synagogues</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of the Jews in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Barbados" title="History of the Jews in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Costa_Rica" title="History of the Jews in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Honduras" title="History of the Jews in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nicaragua" title="History of the Jews in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Panama" title="History of the Jews in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Aruba" title="History of the Jews in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="History of the Jews in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sint_Maarten" title="History of the Jews in Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Caribbean (page does not exist)">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in South America (page does not exist)">South America</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Jews_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Jews_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of the Jews in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Barbados" title="History of the Jews in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Costa_Rica" title="History of the Jews in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Honduras" title="History of the Jews in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nicaragua" title="History of the Jews in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Panama" title="History of the Jews in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Aruba" title="History of the Jews in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="History of the Jews in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sint_Maarten" title="History of the Jews in Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Mexico" title="Template:Religion in Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Mexico" title="Template talk:Religion in Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Religion in Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abrahamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-size:85%;">Christianity</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="Catholic Church in Mexico">Catholic</a> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="History of the Catholic Church in Mexico">History of the Catholic Church in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_del_Para%C3%ADso_in_Mexico_City" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Nuestra Señora del Paraíso in Mexico City">Melkite Greek Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church">Apostolic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_Mexico" title="Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Mexico">Greek Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America_Diocese_of_Mexico" title="Orthodox Church in America Diocese of Mexico">Russian Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Mexico,_Venezuela,_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Mexico, Venezuela, Central America and the Caribbean">Antiochian Orthodox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Mexico" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Mexico">Coptic Orthodox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Mexico" title="Protestantism in Mexico">Protestant</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-size:85%;">Adventist</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church in Mexico">Seventh-day Adventist Church in Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-size:85%;">Evangelical</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Presbyterian_Church_in_Mexico" title="National Presbyterian Church in Mexico">National Presbyterian Church in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Reformed_Church_of_Mexico" title="Presbyterian Reformed Church of Mexico">Presbyterian Reformed Church of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Presbyterian_Church_in_Mexico" title="National Conservative Presbyterian Church in Mexico">National Conservative Presbyterian Church in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_Mexico" title="Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church of Mexico">Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church of Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-size:85%;">Pentecostal</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_God_(Mexico)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of God (Mexico) (page does not exist)">Church of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-size:85%;">Historical</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Mexico" title="Anglican Church of Mexico">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Episcopal_Church_in_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Episcopal Church in Mexico (page does not exist)">Episcopal Church in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention_of_Mexico" title="National Baptist Convention of Mexico">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Methodist_Church" title="Congregational Methodist Church">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Church (Mexico)">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Mexico" title="Mennonites in Mexico">Mennonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Latin_America" title="Quakers in Latin America">Quaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-size:85%;">Nontrinitarian</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Mexico" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Mexico">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Firstborn_of_the_Fulness_of_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times">Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's Witnesses in Mexico">Jehovah's Witnesses in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Luz_del_Mundo" title="La Luz del Mundo">La Luz del Mundo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith in Mexico">Bahá'í Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mexico" title="Islam in Mexico">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Mexico">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/Folk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexicayotl" title="Mexicayotl">Mexicayotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Mexico" title="Hinduism in Mexico">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Mexico" title="Sikhism in Mexico">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Mexico" title="Holy Week in Mexico">Holy Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol_Route_to_Huiricuta" title="Huichol Route to Huiricuta">Huichol Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Mexico" title="Irreligion in Mexico">Irreligion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Mexico" title="List of cathedrals in Mexico">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:List_LDS_Temple_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:List LDS Temple Mexico (page does not exist)">LDS Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_saints" title="List of Mexican saints">Mexican saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_churches_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the oldest churches in Mexico">Oldest churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Mexico" title="List of synagogues in Mexico">Synagogues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Mexico" title="Template:Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Mexico" title="Template talk:Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mexico">Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexicans</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Amerindian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Mexico" title="Mestizos in Mexico">Mestizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">From Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_keniana_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración keniana en México">Kenyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From the Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_immigration_to_Mexico" title="American immigration to Mexico">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_colonies_in_Mexico" title="Mormon colonies in Mexico">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Mexicans" title="Argentine Mexicans">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_belice%C3%B1a_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración beliceña en México">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Mexicans" title="Brazilian Mexicans">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Mexicans" title="Canadian Mexicans">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Mexicans" title="Chilean Mexicans">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Mexicans" title="Colombian Mexicans">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_costarricense_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración costarricense en México">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Mexicans" title="Cuban Mexicans">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_dominicana_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración dominicana en México">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_ecuatoriana_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración ecuatoriana en México">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Mexicans" title="Guatemalan Mexicans">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Mexicans" title="Haitian Mexicans">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_hondure%C3%B1a_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración hondureña en México">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_nicarag%C3%BCense_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración nicaragüense en México">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Mexicans" title="Peruvian Mexicans">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Mexicans" title="Salvadoran Mexicans">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans_in_Mexico" title="Uruguayans in Mexico">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Mexicans" title="Venezuelan Mexicans">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Mexicans" title="Asian Mexicans">From South and East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Filipino immigration to Mexico">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mexicans" title="Indian Mexicans">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Mexicans" title="Japanese Mexicans">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Mexico_City" title="Japanese community of Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Mexico" title="Koreans in Mexico">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Mexicans" title="Romani Mexicans">Romani</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">From Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Mexicans" title="Austrian Mexicans">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Mexicans" title="Belgian Mexicans">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Mexico" title="Britons in Mexico">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora#Mexico" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_b%C3%BAlgara_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración búlgara en México">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Mexicans" title="Croatian Mexicans">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Mexicans" title="Czech Mexicans">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Mexicans" title="Dutch Mexicans">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Mexicans" title="French Mexicans">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Mexicans" title="German Mexicans">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Mexico" title="Mennonites in Mexico">Mennonite</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Mexicans" title="Greek Mexicans">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Mexicans" title="Hungarian Mexicans">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mexicans" title="Irish Mexicans">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Mexicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Mexicans">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Mexicans" title="Polish Mexicans">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mexicans" title="Portuguese Mexicans">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Mexicans" title="Romanian Mexicans">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mexicans" title="Russian Mexicans">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mexicans" title="Scandinavian Mexicans">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_noruega_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración noruega en México">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_sueca_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración sueca en México">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Mexico" title="Spaniards in Mexico">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Mexicans" title="Basque Mexicans">Basque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Mexicans" title="Swiss Mexicans">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Mexico" title="Ukrainians in Mexico">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Western Asia<br /> and North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Mexicans" title="Arab Mexicans">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Mexicans" title="Lebanese Mexicans">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Mexicans" title="Palestinian Mexicans">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Mexicans" title="Syrian Mexicans">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Mexicans" title="Armenian Mexicans">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Mexicans" title="Assyrian Mexicans">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jewish</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_iran%C3%AD_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración iraní en México">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Mexico" title="Turks in Mexico">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Amerindian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">More than 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinantec people">Chinantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_people" title="Chʼol people">Ch'ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_people" title="Mazahua people">Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatec" title="Mazatec">Mazatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_people" title="Mixe people">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi">Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha" title="Purépecha">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%A1muri" title="Rarámuri">Rarámuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_people" title="Tlapanec people">Tlapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_people" title="Tzeltal people">Tzeltal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil" title="Tzotzil">Tzotzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples#Yucatec_Maya" title="Maya peoples">Yucatec Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000–100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgos" title="Amuzgos">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatinos" title="Chatinos">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya" title="Chontal Maya">Chontal Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_people" title="Cora people">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatecs" title="Cuicatecs">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_people" title="Huave people">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol" title="Huichol">Huichol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popoluca" title="Popoluca">Popoluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolabal_people" title="Tojolabal people">Tojolabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triqui" title="Triqui">Triqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoque_people" title="Zoque people">Zoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000–20,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_people" title="Chocho people">Chocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_people" title="Chichimeca Jonaz people">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_people" title="Chuj people">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarijio_people" title="Guarijio people">Guarijio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_people" title="Jakaltek people">Jacaltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicaneros" title="Mexicaneros">Mexicanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocuiltec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocuiltec people">Ocuiltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_people" title="Pame people">Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_people" title="Pima Bajo people">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_people" title="Qʼanjobʼal people">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuate" title="Tacuate">Tacuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehuas" title="Tepehuas">Tepehua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fewer than 1,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_people" title="Awakatek people">Aguacatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatecos" title="Ixcatecos">Ixcatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_people" title="Ixil people">Ixil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">K'iche'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Kickapoo" title="Mexican Kickapoo">Kikapú</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_people" title="Lacandon people">Lacandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motozintlecos" title="Motozintlecos">Motozintlec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_people" title="Paipai people">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC" title="Qʼeqchiʼ">Qʼeqchiʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_people" title="Seri people">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/16px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/24px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Jews and Romani originate in the Middle East and South Asia respectively, with most arriving to Mexico via Europe</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Primarily arrived via Canada</li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Originated in what is now the United States</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico&oldid=1258606924">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico&oldid=1258606924</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Mexico" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Mexico">Ethnic groups in Mexico</a></li><li><a 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