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fields - compile-time class fields - metacpan.org
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<div> <a class="display-all" href="/author/KES"><img src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/e8530f00b43b4f6a056f8ad4ee52ea47?d=identicon&s=20" title="KES" alt="KES"></a> <a class="display-all" href="/author/PINGAN"><img src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/a02222e5e0e4fd24d52fc29a08ac6bcb?d=identicon&s=20" title="PINGAN" alt="PINGAN"></a> </div> <!-- Display counts of plussers--> <div> <a href="/dist/base/plussers">2 PAUSE users</a> </div> </div> </li> <li> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div class="content-navigation"> <div class="breadcrumbs"> <span> <a data-keyboard-shortcut="g a" rel="author" href="/author/RJBS" class="author-name">Ricardo SIGNES 🙂</a> </span> <span> / </span> <div class="release dist-release status-latest maturity-released"> <span class="dropdown"><b class="caret"></b></span> <select class="select-navigator "> <option selected value="/release/RJBS/base-2.23/view/lib/fields.pm" >2.23 (RJBS on 2015-11-21)</option> <option 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value="/release/MSCHWERN/base-2.01/view/lib/fields.pm" >2.01 (MSCHWERN on 2003-08-28)</option> <option value="/release/MSCHWERN/base-2.0/view/lib/fields.pm" >2.0 (MSCHWERN on 2003-08-28)</option> </optgroup> </select> <a data-keyboard-shortcut="g d" class="release-name" href="/dist/base">base-2.23</a> </div> <span class="river-gauge-gauge"> <svg width="24px" height="15px" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <g> <title> River stage five • 1096 direct dependents • 24803 total dependents </title> <rect x="0" y="0" width="4" height="15" fill="#7ea3f2" /> <rect x="5" y="0" width="4" height="15" fill="#7ea3f2" /> <rect x="10" y="0" width="4" height="15" fill="#7ea3f2" /> <rect x="15" y="0" width="4" height="15" fill="#7ea3f2" /> <rect x="20" y="0" width="4" height="15" fill="#7ea3f2" /> </g> </svg> </span> <div id="base-fav" class="show-logged-in"> <form action="/account/favorite/add" style="display: inline" method="POST"> <input type="hidden" name="remove" value="0"> <input type="hidden" name="release" value="base-2.23"> <input type="hidden" name="author" value="RJBS"> <input type="hidden" name="distribution" value="base"> <button type="submit" class="favorite highlight"><span>2</span> ++</button> </form> </div> <div class="show-logged-out"> <button class="fav-not-logged-in favorite highlight"><span>2</span> ++</button> </div> / <span>fields</span> </div> </div> <main class="content"> <nav class="toc"> <div class="toc-header"><strong>Contents</strong></div> <ul> <li><a href="#NAME">NAME</a></li> <li><a href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a></li> <li><a href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a></li> <li><a href="#SEE-ALSO">SEE ALSO</a></li> </ul></nav> <div class="pod anchors"> <h1 id="NAME">NAME</h1> <p>fields - compile-time class fields</p> <h1 id="SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</h1> <pre><code>{ package Foo; use fields qw(foo bar _Foo_private); sub new { my Foo $self = shift; unless (ref $self) { $self = fields::new($self); $self->{_Foo_private} = "this is Foo's secret"; } $self->{foo} = 10; $self->{bar} = 20; return $self; } } my $var = Foo->new; $var->{foo} = 42; # this will generate a run-time error $var->{zap} = 42; # this will generate a compile-time error my Foo $foo = Foo->new; $foo->{zap} = 24; # subclassing { package Bar; use base 'Foo'; use fields qw(baz _Bar_private); # not shared with Foo sub new { my $class = shift; my $self = fields::new($class); $self->SUPER::new(); # init base fields $self->{baz} = 10; # init own fields $self->{_Bar_private} = "this is Bar's secret"; return $self; } }</code></pre> <h1 id="DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</h1> <p>The <code>fields</code> pragma enables compile-time and run-time verified class fields.</p> <p>NOTE: The current implementation keeps the declared fields in the %FIELDS hash of the calling package, but this may change in future versions. Do <b>not</b> update the %FIELDS hash directly, because it must be created at compile-time for it to be fully useful, as is done by this pragma.</p> <p>If a typed lexical variable (<code>my Class $var</code>) holding a reference is used to access a hash element and a package with the same name as the type has declared class fields using this pragma, then the hash key is verified at compile time. If the variables are not typed, access is only checked at run time.</p> <p>The related <code>base</code> pragma will combine fields from base classes and any fields declared using the <code>fields</code> pragma. This enables field inheritance to work properly. Inherited fields can be overridden but will generate a warning if warnings are enabled.</p> <p><b>Only valid for Perl 5.8.x and earlier:</b> Field names that start with an underscore character are made private to the class and are not visible to subclasses.</p> <p>Also, <b>in Perl 5.8.x and earlier</b>, this pragma uses pseudo-hashes, the effect being that you can have objects with named fields which are as compact and as fast arrays to access, as long as the objects are accessed through properly typed variables.</p> <p>The following functions are supported:</p> <dl> <dt id="new">new</dt> <dd> <p>fields::new() creates and blesses a hash comprised of the fields declared using the <code>fields</code> pragma into the specified class. It is the recommended way to construct a fields-based object.</p> <p>This makes it possible to write a constructor like this:</p> <pre><code>package Critter::Sounds; use fields qw(cat dog bird); sub new { my $self = shift; $self = fields::new($self) unless ref $self; $self->{cat} = 'meow'; # scalar element @$self{'dog','bird'} = ('bark','tweet'); # slice return $self; }</code></pre> </dd> <dt id="phash">phash</dt> <dd> <p><b>This function only works in Perl 5.8.x and earlier.</b> Pseudo-hashes were removed from Perl as of 5.10. Consider using restricted hashes or fields::new() instead (which itself uses restricted hashes under 5.10+). See <a href="/pod/Hash::Util">Hash::Util</a>. Using fields::phash() under 5.10 or higher will cause an error.</p> <p>fields::phash() can be used to create and initialize a plain (unblessed) pseudo-hash. This function should always be used instead of creating pseudo-hashes directly.</p> <p>If the first argument is a reference to an array, the pseudo-hash will be created with keys from that array. If a second argument is supplied, it must also be a reference to an array whose elements will be used as the values. If the second array contains less elements than the first, the trailing elements of the pseudo-hash will not be initialized. This makes it particularly useful for creating a pseudo-hash from subroutine arguments:</p> <pre><code>sub dogtag { my $tag = fields::phash([qw(name rank ser_num)], [@_]); }</code></pre> <p>fields::phash() also accepts a list of key-value pairs that will be used to construct the pseudo hash. Examples:</p> <pre><code>my $tag = fields::phash(name => "Joe", rank => "captain", ser_num => 42); my $pseudohash = fields::phash(%args);</code></pre> </dd> </dl> <h1 id="SEE-ALSO"><a id="SEE"></a>SEE ALSO</h1> <p><a href="/pod/base">base</a>, <a href="/pod/Hash::Util">Hash::Util</a></p></div> <div id="metacpan_install-instructions-dialog" class="modal fade"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">×</button> <h4 class="modal-title">Module Install Instructions</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <p>To install base, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.</p> <p><a href="/dist/App-cpanminus/view/bin/cpanm">cpanm</a></p> <pre><code>cpanm base</code></pre> <p><a href="/pod/CPAN">CPAN shell</a></p> <pre><code>perl -MCPAN -e shell install base</code></pre> <p>For more information on module installation, please visit <a 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