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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Imaging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_biopsy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_biopsy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Culture and biopsy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_biopsy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differential_diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential_diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Differential diagnosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential_diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Treatment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treatment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Medication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Surgery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Other considerations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Prognosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Epidemiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Epidemiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-COVID-19–associated_mucormycosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19–associated_mucormycosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 COVID-19–associated mucormycosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19–associated_mucormycosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recurrence_of_mucormycosis_during_COVID-19_second_wave_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recurrence_of_mucormycosis_during_COVID-19_second_wave_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Recurrence of mucormycosis during COVID-19 second wave in India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recurrence_of_mucormycosis_during_COVID-19_second_wave_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Naming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-COVID-19–associated_mucormycosis_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COVID-19–associated_mucormycosis_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 COVID-19–associated mucormycosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COVID-19–associated_mucormycosis_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Society and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Other animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mucormycosis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A" title="فطار عفني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فطار عفني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="মিউকরমাইকোসিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিউকরমাইকোসিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucormicosi" title="Mucormicosi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mucormicosi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukormykose" title="Mukormykose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mukormykose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Μουκορμυκητίαση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουκορμυκητίαση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucormicosis" title="Mucormicosis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mucormicosis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="موکورمایکوزیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موکورمایکوزیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucormycose" title="Mucormycose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mucormycose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6" title="काला फफूंद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काला फफूंद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukormikosis" title="Mukormikosis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mukormikosis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucormicosi" title="Mucormicosi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mucormicosi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಕಪ್ಪು ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಪ್ಪು ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മ്യൂക്കോർമൈക്കോസിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മ്യൂക്കോർമൈക്കോസിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukormikosis" title="Mukormikosis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mukormikosis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucormycose" title="Mucormycose – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mucormycose" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E7%97%87" title="ムコール症 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムコール症" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D" title="ମ୍ୟୁକୋର୍‌ମାଇକୋସିସ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମ୍ୟୁକୋର୍‌ମାଇକୋସିସ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukormikoz" title="Mukormikoz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mukormikoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%87" title="توره ګوبلکه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توره ګوبلکه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukormykoza" title="Mukormykoza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mukormykoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucormicose" title="Mucormicose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mucormicose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Мукормикоз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мукормикоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Мукормикоз – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мукормикоз" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucormycosis" title="Mucormycosis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mucormycosis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukormykoosi" title="Mukormykoosi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mukormykoosi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucormycosis" title="Mucormycosis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mucormycosis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="மியூகோமிகோசிசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மியூகோமிகோசிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Мукоромикоз – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мукоромикоз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="మ్యుకోర్మైకోసిస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మ్యుకోర్మైకోసిస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fungal infection</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Mucormycosis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Zygomycosis,<a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Orphan2021-2">[2]</a> black fungus<a href="#cite_note-Dyer2021-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-QC2020-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Zygomycosis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Zygomycosis.jpg/220px-Zygomycosis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Zygomycosis.jpg/330px-Zygomycosis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Zygomycosis.jpg/440px-Zygomycosis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3792" data-file-height="2412" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Periorbital mucormycosis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">Infectious disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Depends on location: runny nose, black area of skin, facial swelling, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, cough, blurred vision<a href="#cite_note-Gros2012-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2021Sym-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Blindness, <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a><a href="#cite_note-Spel2005-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Rapid<a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranasal sinus">Sinuses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">stomach and intestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, disseminated, miscellaneous<a href="#cite_note-NORD2021-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mucorales" title="Mucorales">Mucorales</a> type<a href="#cite_note-NORD2021-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_overload" title="Iron overload">iron overload</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutropenia" title="Neutropenia">low white cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">kidney problems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunosuppressants">immunosuppressants</a>, long-term <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">steroids</a><a href="#cite_note-Spel2005-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_biopsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue biopsy">Biopsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a><a href="#cite_note-Gros2012-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_cellulitis" title="Orbital cellulitis">Orbital cellulitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavernous_sinus_thrombosis" title="Cavernous sinus thrombosis">cavernous sinus thrombosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspergillosis" title="Aspergillosis">aspergillosis</a><a href="#cite_note-Stat2021-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dust_mask" title="Dust mask">Face masks</a>, avoiding contact with soil or water-damaged buildings, good diabetic control<a href="#cite_note-Spel2005-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2021Prev-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antifungals" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungals">Antifungals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgical_debridement" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical debridement">surgical debridement</a>, treat <a href="/wiki/Co-morbidities" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-morbidities">underlying medical conditions</a><a href="#cite_note-Spel2005-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amphotericin_B" title="Amphotericin B">Amphotericin B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isavuconazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Isavuconazole">isavuconazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Posaconazole" title="Posaconazole">posaconazole</a><a href="#cite_note-NORD2021-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Poor<a href="#cite_note-Stat2021-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Rare<a href="#cite_note-NORD2021-8">[8]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Mucormycosis, also known as black fungus,<a href="#cite_note-Dyer2021-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-QC2020-4">[4]</a> is a severe <a href="/wiki/Mycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">fungal infection</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> that comes under fulminant fungal sinusitis,<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> usually in people who are <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunocompromised</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stat2021-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-John2017-13">[13]</a> It is curable only when diagnosed early.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> Symptoms depend on where in the body the infection occurs.<a href="#cite_note-ICD-11-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2021About-15">[15]</a> It most commonly infects the <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranasal sinus">sinuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eyes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Rhinorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinorrhoea">runny nose</a>, one-sided facial swelling and pain, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplopia" title="Diplopia">blurred vision</a>, bulging or displacement of the eye (proptosis), and <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">tissue death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2021Sym-6">[6]</a> Other forms of disease may infect the <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">stomach and intestines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021Sym-6">[6]</a> The fatality rate is about 54%. It is spread by spores of <a href="/wiki/Mucoromycotina" title="Mucoromycotina">molds</a> of the order <a href="/wiki/Mucorales" title="Mucorales">Mucorales</a>, most often through <a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a>, contaminated food, or contamination of open <a href="/wiki/Wounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Wounds">wounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reid2020-16">[16]</a> These fungi are common in soils, decomposing organic matter (such as rotting fruit and vegetables), and <a href="/wiki/Animal_manure" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal manure">animal manure</a>, but usually do not affect people.<a href="#cite_note-CDCOrigin-17">[17]</a> It is not transmitted between people.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021About-15">[15]</a> Risk factors include <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> with persistently high blood sugar levels or <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_ketoacidosis" title="Diabetic ketoacidosis">diabetic ketoacidosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutropenia" title="Neutropenia">low white blood cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_overload" title="Iron overload">iron overload</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">kidney problems</a>, long-term <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">steroids</a> or use of <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunosuppressant">immunosuppressants</a>, and to a lesser extent in <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spel2005-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stat2021-9">[9]</a> Diagnosis is by <a href="/wiki/Tissue_biopsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissue biopsy">biopsy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">culture</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> to help determine the extent of disease.<a href="#cite_note-Gros2012-5">[5]</a> It may appear similar to <a href="/wiki/Aspergillosis" title="Aspergillosis">aspergillosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thornton2020-18">[18]</a> Treatment is generally with <a href="/wiki/Amphotericin_B" title="Amphotericin B">amphotericin B</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debridement" title="Debridement">surgical debridement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NORD2021-8">[8]</a> Preventive measures include wearing a face mask in dusty areas, avoiding contact with water-damaged buildings, and protecting the skin from exposure to soil such as when gardening or certain outdoor work.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021Prev-10">[10]</a> It tends to progress rapidly and is fatal in about half of sinus cases and almost all cases of the widespread type.<a href="#cite_note-Orphan2021-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2021Stat-19">[19]</a> Mucormycosis is usually rare,<a href="#cite_note-NORD2021-8">[8]</a> but is now ~80 times more common in India.<a href="#cite_note-Ski2020-20">[20]</a> People of any age may be affected, including <a href="/wiki/Premature_infants" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature infants">premature infants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NORD2021-8">[8]</a> The first known case of mucormycosis was possibly the one described by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_K%C3%BCchenmeister" title="Friedrich Küchenmeister">Friedrich Küchenmeister</a> in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a> The disease has been reported in <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean tsunami</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2011_Joplin_tornado" title="2011 Joplin tornado">2011 Joplin tornado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dan2020-21">[21]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, an association between mucormycosis and <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> has been reported. This association is thought to relate to reduced immune function during the course of the illness and may also be related to <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoid</a> therapy for COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-QC2020-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garg2021-22">[22]</a> A rise in cases was particularly noted in India.<a href="#cite_note-Singh2021-23">[23]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Generally, mucormycosis is classified into five main types according to the part of the body affected.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021About-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riley2016-24">[24]</a> A sixth type has been described as mucormycosis of the kidney,<a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a> or miscellaneous, i.e., mucormycosis at other sites, although less commonly affected.<a href="#cite_note-Riley2016-24">[24]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranasal sinus">Sinuses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> (rhinocerebral); most common in people with poorly controlled <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> and in people who have had a <a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney transplant">kidney transplant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021About-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">Lungs</a> (pulmonary); the most common type of mucormycosis in people with <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> and in people who have had an <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplant</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell_transplantation" title="Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation">stem cell transplant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021About-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Stomach and intestine</a> (gastrointestinal); more common among young, premature, and low birth weight infants, who have had antibiotics, surgery, or medications that lower the body's ability to fight infection.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021About-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">Skin</a> (cutaneous); after a burn, or other skin injury, in people with <a href="/wiki/Leukaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukaemia">leukaemia</a>, poorly controlled diabetes, <a href="/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease" title="Graft-versus-host disease">graft-versus-host disease</a>, HIV and <a href="/wiki/Drug_injection" title="Drug injection">intravenous drug use</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gros2012-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2021About-15">[15]</a></li> <li>Widespread (disseminated); when the infection spreads to other organs via the blood.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021About-15">[15]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periorbital_fungal_infection_known_as_mucormycosis,_or_phycomycosis_PHIL_2831_lores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Periorbital_fungal_infection_known_as_mucormycosis%2C_or_phycomycosis_PHIL_2831_lores.jpg/200px-Periorbital_fungal_infection_known_as_mucormycosis%2C_or_phycomycosis_PHIL_2831_lores.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Periorbital_fungal_infection_known_as_mucormycosis%2C_or_phycomycosis_PHIL_2831_lores.jpg/300px-Periorbital_fungal_infection_known_as_mucormycosis%2C_or_phycomycosis_PHIL_2831_lores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Periorbital_fungal_infection_known_as_mucormycosis%2C_or_phycomycosis_PHIL_2831_lores.jpg/400px-Periorbital_fungal_infection_known_as_mucormycosis%2C_or_phycomycosis_PHIL_2831_lores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Early stages of periorbital mucormycosis</figcaption></figure> Signs and symptoms of mucormycosis depend on the location in the body of the infection.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021Sym-6">[6]</a> Infection usually begins in the mouth or nose and enters the central nervous system via the eyes.<a href="#cite_note-Gros2012-5">[5]</a> If the fungal infection begins in the nose or sinus and extends to brain, symptoms and signs may include one-sided eye pain or <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, and may be accompanied by pain in the face, numbness, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyposmia" title="Hyposmia">loss of smell</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_congestion" title="Nasal congestion">blocked nose</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coryza" class="mw-redirect" title="Coryza">runny nose</a>. The person may appear to have <a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">sinusitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldClinical-25">[25]</a> The face may look swollen on one side, with rapidly progressing "black lesions" across the nose or upper inside of mouth. One eye may look <a href="/wiki/Chemosis" title="Chemosis">swollen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Proptosis">bulging</a>, and vision may be blurred.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021Sym-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDonaldClinical-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lee2001-26">[26]</a> Fever, cough, chest pain, and <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">difficulty breathing</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hemoptysis" title="Hemoptysis">coughing up blood</a>, can occur when the lungs are involved.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021Sym-6">[6]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">stomach ache</a>, nausea, vomiting and bleeding can occur when the gastrointestinal tract is involved.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021Sym-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-medplus-27">[27]</a> Affected skin may appear as a dusky reddish tender patch with a <a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">darkening centre</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">tissue death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-John2017-13">[13]</a> There may be an <a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">ulcer</a>, and it can be very painful.<a href="#cite_note-Gros2012-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spel2005-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-John2017-13">[13]</a> Invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Vascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular">blood vessels</a> can result in <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">death of surrounding tissue</a> due to a <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">loss of blood supply</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spel2005-7">[7]</a> Widespread (disseminated) mucormycosis typically occurs in people who are already sick from other medical conditions, so it can be difficult to know which symptoms are related to mucormycosis. People with disseminated infection in the brain can develop <a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">changes in mental status</a> or lapse into a <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Novel_perspectives_on_mucormycosis-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cause">edit</a>]</div> Mucormycosis is a <a href="/wiki/Mycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">fungal infection</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> in the order <a href="/wiki/Mucorales" title="Mucorales">Mucorales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gros2012-5">[5]</a> In most cases it is due to an invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhizopus" title="Rhizopus">Rhizopus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mucor" title="Mucor">Mucor</a>, common bread molds.<a href="#cite_note-Lee2018-30">[30]</a> Most fatal infections are caused by <a href="/wiki/Rhizopus_oryzae" title="Rhizopus oryzae">Rhizopus oryzae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thornton2020-18">[18]</a> It is less likely due to <a href="/wiki/Lichtheimia" title="Lichtheimia">Lichtheimia</a>, and rarely due to <a href="/wiki/Apophysomyces" title="Apophysomyces">Apophysomyces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martínez2020-31">[31]</a> Others include <a href="/wiki/Cunninghamella" title="Cunninghamella">Cunninghamella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortierella" title="Mortierella">Mortierella</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saksenaea" title="Saksenaea">Saksenaea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gros2012-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDonaldBackground-32">[32]</a> The fungal spores are present in the environment, can be found on items such as moldy bread and fruit, and are breathed in frequently, but cause disease only in some people.<a href="#cite_note-Gros2012-5">[5]</a> In addition to being breathed in and deposited in the nose, sinuses, and lungs, the spores can also enter the skin via blood or directly through a cut or open wound, and can also grow in the intestine if eaten.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021About-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDonaldBackground-32">[32]</a> Once deposited, the fungus grows <a href="/wiki/Hyphae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyphae">branch-like filaments</a> which invade <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">clots to form</a> and surrounding <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">tissues to die</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gros2012-5">[5]</a> Other reported causes include contaminated wound dressings.<a href="#cite_note-Gros2012-5">[5]</a> Mucormycosis has been reported following the use of <a href="/wiki/Elastoplast" title="Elastoplast">elastoplast</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/Tongue_depressor" title="Tongue depressor">tongue depressors</a> for holding in place intravenous catheters.<a href="#cite_note-Gros2012-5">[5]</a> Outbreaks have also been linked to hospital bed sheets, negative-pressure rooms, water leaks, poor ventilation, contaminated medical equipment, and building works.<a href="#cite_note-CDCInfo-33">[33]</a> One hypothesis suggests that the spread of fungal spores in India could be due to fumes generated from the burning of Mucorales-rich biomass, like cow dung and crop stubble.<a href="#cite_note-pmid35357212-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Risk factors">edit</a>]</div> Predisposing factors for mucormycosis include <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immune deficiencies</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neutropenia" title="Neutropenia">low neutrophil count</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_acidosis" title="Metabolic acidosis">metabolic acidosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-John2017-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stat2021-9">[9]</a> Risk factors include poorly controlled <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_ketoacidosis" title="Diabetic ketoacidosis">DKA</a>), <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_overload" title="Iron overload">iron overload</a>, such <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">liver disease</a>, severe <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, and long term <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunosuppressant">immunosuppressive therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldBackground-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2021Prev-10">[10]</a> Other risk factors include <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> (TB),<a href="#cite_note-Dan2020-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deferoxamine" title="Deferoxamine">deferoxamine</a><a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a> and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spel2005-7">[7]</a> Cases of mucormycosis in fit and healthy people are less common.<a href="#cite_note-Spel2005-7">[7]</a> Corticosteroids are commonly used in the treatment of COVID-19 and reduce damage caused by the body's own immune response to the virus. They are immunosuppressant and increase blood sugar levels in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. It is thought that both these effects may contribute to cases of mucormycosis.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-black-fungus-covid19-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koehler-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garg2021-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanism">edit</a>]</div> Most people are frequently exposed to Mucorales without developing the disease.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldBackground-32">[32]</a> Mucormycosis is generally spread by <a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">breathing in</a>, eating food contaminated by, or getting spores of molds of the <a href="/wiki/Mucorales" title="Mucorales">Mucorales</a> type in an open <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">wound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reid2020-16">[16]</a> It is not transmitted between people.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021About-15">[15]</a> The precise mechanism by which diabetics become susceptible is unclear. <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">In vivo</a>, a high sugar level alone does not permit the growth of the fungus, but <a href="/wiki/Acidosis" title="Acidosis">acidosis</a> alone does.<a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spel2005-7">[7]</a> People with high sugar levels frequently have high iron levels, also known to be a risk factor for developing mucormycosis.<a href="#cite_note-Spel2005-7">[7]</a> In people taking deferoxamine, the iron removed is captured by <a href="/wiki/Siderophore" title="Siderophore">siderophores</a> on Rhizopus species, which then use the iron to grow.<a href="#cite_note-Prakash2019-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> There is no blood test that can confirm the diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldWork-38">[38]</a> Diagnosis requires identifying the mold in the affected tissue by <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> and confirming it with a fungal culture.<a href="#cite_note-NORD2021-8">[8]</a> Because the causative fungi occur all around and may therefore contaminate cultures underway, a culture alone is not decisive.<a href="#cite_note-Gros2012-5">[5]</a> Tests may also include culture and direct detection of the fungus in <a href="/wiki/Bronchoalveolar_lavage" title="Bronchoalveolar lavage">lung fluid</a>, blood, serum, plasma and urine.<a href="#cite_note-Dan2020-21">[21]</a> Blood tests include a <a href="/wiki/Complete_blood_count" title="Complete blood count">complete blood count</a> to look specifically for neutropenia.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldWork-38">[38]</a> Other blood tests include <a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">iron levels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood glucose">blood glucose</a>, bicarbonate, and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney function">electrolytes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldWork-38">[38]</a> Endoscopic examination of the nasal passages may be needed.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldWork-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imaging">Imaging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Imaging">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Imaging</a> is often performed, such as <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> of lungs and sinuses.<a href="#cite_note-CDCImag-39">[39]</a> Signs on chest CT scans, such as nodules, cavities, halo signs, pleural effusion and wedge-shaped shadows, showing invasion of blood vessels, may suggest a fungal infection, but do not confirm mucormycosis.<a href="#cite_note-Thornton2020-18">[18]</a> A reverse halo sign in a person with a blood cancer and low neutrophil count is highly suggestive of mucormycosis.<a href="#cite_note-Thornton2020-18">[18]</a> CT scan images of mucormycosis can be useful to distinguish mucormycosis of the orbit and cellulitis of the orbit, but images may appear identical to those of aspergillosis.<a href="#cite_note-Thornton2020-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> may also be useful.<a href="#cite_note-Sen2021-40">[40]</a> Currently,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] MRI with gadolinium contrast is the investigation of choice in rhinoorbito-cerebral mucormycosis.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_and_biopsy">Culture and biopsy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture and biopsy">edit</a>]</div> To confirm the diagnosis, <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> samples can be <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">cultured</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICD-11-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDonaldWork-38">[38]</a> Culture from biopsy samples does not always give a result as the organism is very fragile.<a href="#cite_note-Thornton2020-18">[18]</a> Microscopy can usually determine the genus and sometimes the species, but may require an expert mycologist.<a href="#cite_note-Thornton2020-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">appearance</a> of the fungus <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">under the microscope</a> can vary but generally shows wide (10–20 micron), ribbon-like filaments that generally do not have septa and that—unlike in aspergillosis—branch at <a href="/wiki/Right_angle" title="Right angle">right angles</a>, resembling antlers of a <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, which may be seen to be invading <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-John2017-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDonaldWork-38">[38]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 295.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 293.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zygomycosis,_mucormycosis_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ribbon-like hyphae which branch at 90°"><img alt="Ribbon-like hyphae which branch at 90°" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Zygomycosis%2C_mucormycosis_2.jpg/440px-Zygomycosis%2C_mucormycosis_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Zygomycosis%2C_mucormycosis_2.jpg/660px-Zygomycosis%2C_mucormycosis_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Zygomycosis%2C_mucormycosis_2.jpg/880px-Zygomycosis%2C_mucormycosis_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ribbon-like hyphae which branch at 90°</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 338px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 336px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zygomycosis_Mucormycosis_(13430751363).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hyphae in blood vessel"><img alt="Hyphae in blood vessel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Zygomycosis_Mucormycosis_%2813430751363%29.jpg/504px-Zygomycosis_Mucormycosis_%2813430751363%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="336" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Zygomycosis_Mucormycosis_%2813430751363%29.jpg/756px-Zygomycosis_Mucormycosis_%2813430751363%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Zygomycosis_Mucormycosis_%2813430751363%29.jpg/1008px-Zygomycosis_Mucormycosis_%2813430751363%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3570" data-file-height="2338" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hyphae in blood vessel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 324px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 322px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mature_sporangium_of_a_Mucor_sp._fungus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mature sporangium of a Mucor[41]"><img alt="Mature sporangium of a Mucor[41]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mature_sporangium_of_a_Mucor_sp._fungus.jpg/483px-Mature_sporangium_of_a_Mucor_sp._fungus.jpg" decoding="async" width="322" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mature_sporangium_of_a_Mucor_sp._fungus.jpg/725px-Mature_sporangium_of_a_Mucor_sp._fungus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mature_sporangium_of_a_Mucor_sp._fungus.jpg/966px-Mature_sporangium_of_a_Mucor_sp._fungus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="1911" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mature sporangium of a Mucor<a href="#cite_note-cdcimage-41">[41]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization</a> may be used to identify the species.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldWork-38">[38]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Arterial_blood_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial blood gas">blood sample from an artery</a> may be useful to assess for metabolic acidosis.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldWork-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Differential diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> Other filamentous fungi may however look similar.<a href="#cite_note-CDCInfo-33">[33]</a> It may be difficult to differentiate from <a href="/wiki/Aspergillosis" title="Aspergillosis">aspergillosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cornely2021-42">[42]</a> Other possible diagnoses include <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellulitis" title="Cellulitis">cellulitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_obstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal obstruction">bowel obstruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecthyma_gangrenosum" title="Ecthyma gangrenosum">ecthyma gangrenosum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">clot in lungs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">sinusitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fusariosis" title="Fusariosis">fusariosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldDiff-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> Preventive measures include wearing a face mask in dusty areas, washing hands, avoiding direct contact with water-damaged buildings, and protecting skin, feet, and hands where there is exposure to soil or manure, such as gardening or certain outdoor work.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021Prev-10">[10]</a> In high risk groups, such as organ transplant patients, <a href="/wiki/Antifungal_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal drug">antifungal drugs</a> may be given as a preventative.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021Prev-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> Treatment involves a combination of <a href="/wiki/Antifungal_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal drugs">antifungal drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debridement" title="Debridement">surgically removing infecting tissue</a> and correcting underlying medical problems, such as diabetic ketoacidosis.<a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medication">Medication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Medication">edit</a>]</div> Once mucormycosis is suspected, <a href="/wiki/Amphotericin_B" title="Amphotericin B">amphotericin B</a> at an initial dose of 1 mg is initially given slowly over 10–15 minutes into a vein, then given as a once daily dose according to body weight for the next 14 days.<a href="#cite_note-BNF80-44">[44]</a> It may need to be continued for longer.<a href="#cite_note-Cornely2021-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isavuconazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Isavuconazole">Isavuconazole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posaconazole" title="Posaconazole">Posaconazole</a> are alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-Dan2020-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-McDonaldTreat-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Surgery">edit</a>]</div> Surgery can be very drastic, and, in some cases of disease involving the nasal cavity and the brain, removal of infected brain tissue may be required. Removal of the <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">palate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal cavity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Human_eye#Three_layers" title="Human eye">eye structures</a> can be very disfiguring.<a href="#cite_note-medplus-27">[27]</a> Sometimes more than one operation is required.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldBackground-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_considerations">Other considerations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other considerations">edit</a>]</div> The disease must be monitored carefully for any signs of reemergence.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldBackground-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-HealthAtoZ-46">[46]</a> Treatment also requires correcting sugar levels and improving neutrophil counts.<a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spel2005-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric oxygen">Hyperbaric oxygen</a> may be considered as an adjunctive therapy, because higher oxygen <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> increases the ability of <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil_granulocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrophil granulocyte">neutrophils</a> to kill the fungus.<a href="#cite_note-Spel2005-7">[7]</a> The efficacy of this therapy is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-CDCInfo-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Prognosis">edit</a>]</div> It tends to progress rapidly and is fatal in about half of sinus cases, two thirds of lung cases, and almost all cases of the widespread type.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2021Stat-19">[19]</a> Skin involvement carries the lowest mortality rate of around 15%.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldBackground-32">[32]</a> Possible complications of mucormycosis include the partial loss of neurological function, <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">clotting</a> of blood vessels in the <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">brain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">lung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-medplus-27">[27]</a> As treatment usually requires extensive and often disfiguring facial surgery, the <a href="/wiki/Morbidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbidity">effect on life</a> after surviving, particularly sinus and brain involvement, is significant.<a href="#cite_note-McDonaldBackground-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> The true incidence and prevalence of mucormycosis may be higher than appears.<a href="#cite_note-Prakash2019-37">[37]</a> Mucormycosis is rare, affecting fewer than 1.7 people per million population each year in San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-NORD2021-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDCStats-47">[47]</a> It is around 80 times more prevalent in India, where it is estimated that there are around 0.14 cases per 1000 population,<a href="#cite_note-Ski2020-20">[20]</a> and where its incidence has been rising.<a href="#cite_note-Vallab2016-48">[48]</a> Causative fungi are highly dependent on location. <a href="/wiki/Apophysomyces_variabilis" title="Apophysomyces variabilis">Apophysomyces variabilis</a> has its highest prevalence in Asia and <a href="/wiki/Lichtheimia" title="Lichtheimia">Lichtheimia spp.</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Dan2020-21">[21]</a> It is the third most common serious fungal infection to infect people, after <a href="/wiki/Aspergillosis" title="Aspergillosis">aspergillosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">candidiasis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Petrikkos-49">[49]</a> Diabetes is the main underlying disease in low and middle-income countries, whereas, blood cancers and organ transplantation are the more common underlying problems in developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-Ski2020-20">[20]</a> As new immunomodulating drugs and diagnostic tests are developed, the statistics for mucormycosis have been changing.<a href="#cite_note-Ski2020-20">[20]</a> In addition, the figures change as new genera and species are identified, and new risk factors reported such as tuberculosis and kidney problems.<a href="#cite_note-Ski2020-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19–associated_mucormycosis">COVID-19–associated mucormycosis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: COVID-19–associated mucormycosis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_COVID-associated_Mucormycosis_(Black_fungus)_cases.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_COVID-associated_Mucormycosis_%28Black_fungus%29_cases.png/220px-Map_of_COVID-associated_Mucormycosis_%28Black_fungus%29_cases.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_COVID-associated_Mucormycosis_%28Black_fungus%29_cases.png/330px-Map_of_COVID-associated_Mucormycosis_%28Black_fungus%29_cases.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_COVID-associated_Mucormycosis_%28Black_fungus%29_cases.png/440px-Map_of_COVID-associated_Mucormycosis_%28Black_fungus%29_cases.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  India</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Countries where COVID-associated mucormycosis has been detected as of June 2021</div></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic in India</a>, the Indian government reported that more than 11,700 people were receiving care for mucormycosis as of 25 May 2021. Many Indian media outlets called it "black fungus" because of the black discoloration of dead and dying tissue the fungus causes. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, rates of mucormycosis in India were estimated to be about 70 times higher than in the rest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Dyer2021-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-'Black_fungus'_is_creating_a_whole_other_health_emergency_for_Covid-stricken_India-50">[50]</a> Due to its rapidly growing number of cases some Indian state governments have declared it an <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> One treatment was a daily injection for eight weeks of anti-fungal intravenous injection of amphotericin B which was in short supply. The injection could be standard <a href="/wiki/Amphotericin_B_deoxycholate" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphotericin B deoxycholate">amphotericin B deoxycholate</a> or the liposomal form. The liposomal form cost more but it was considered "safer, more effective and [with] lesser side effects".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The major obstacle of using antifungal drugs in black fungus is the lack of clinical trials.<a href="#cite_note-Novel_perspectives_on_mucormycosis-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recurrence_of_mucormycosis_during_COVID-19_second_wave_in_India">Recurrence of mucormycosis during COVID-19 second wave in India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Recurrence of mucormycosis during COVID-19 second wave in India">edit</a>]</div> Pre-COVID mucormycosis was a very rare infection, even in India. It is so rare that an <a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">ENT (ear, nose, throat)</a> doctor would not witness often a case during their university time. So, the documentation available on the treatment of mucormycosis is limited. In fact, there used to be a couple of mucormycosis expert ENT surgeons for millions of people before the pandemic. The sudden rise in mucormycosis cases has left a majority of the ENT doctors with no option but to accept mucormycosis cases, as the expert doctors were very much occupied and the patient would die if left untreated. The majority of the ENT doctors had to manage with minimal or no experience on mucormycosis, this has led to the recurrence of mucormycosis in the patients they treated. When a highly experienced doctor in mucormycosis treats a patient even he cannot guarantee that the individual is completely cured and will not have a relapse of mucormycosis; an inexperienced ENT surgeon will definitely have a high number of patients with recurrence due to which there were many recurrent cases of mucormycosis although it did not get the limelight of media or the Indian Government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The first case of mucormycosis was possibly one described by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_K%C3%BCchenmeister" title="Friedrich Küchenmeister">Friedrich Küchenmeister</a> in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a> Fürbringer first described the disease in the lungs in 1876.<a href="#cite_note-Yamin-53">[53]</a> In 1884, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Lichtheim" title="Ludwig Lichtheim">Lichtheim</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">development of the disease</a> in rabbits and described two species; <a href="/wiki/Lichtheimia_corymbifera" title="Lichtheimia corymbifera">Mucor corymbifera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhizopus_microsporus" title="Rhizopus microsporus">Mucor rhizopodiformis</a>, later known as Lichtheimia and <a href="/wiki/Rhizopus" title="Rhizopus">Rhizopus</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a> In 1943, its association with <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_ketoacidosis" title="Diabetic ketoacidosis">poorly controlled diabetes</a> was reported in three cases with severe sinus, brain and eye involvement.<a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a> In 1953, <a href="/wiki/Saksenaea_vasiformis" title="Saksenaea vasiformis">Saksenaea vasiformis</a>, found to cause several cases, was isolated from Indian forest soil, and in 1979, P. C. Misra examined soil from an Indian mango orchard, from where they isolated Apophysomyces, later found to be a major cause of mucormycosis.<a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a> Several species of mucorales have since been described.<a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a> When cases were reported in the United States in the mid-1950s, the author thought it to be a new disease resulting from the use of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">steroids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yamin-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baker1957-54">[54]</a> Until the latter half of the 20th century, the only available treatment was <a href="/wiki/Potassium_iodide" title="Potassium iodide">potassium iodide</a>. In a review of cases involving the lungs diagnosed following <a href="/wiki/Flexible_bronchoscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible bronchoscopy">flexible bronchoscopy</a> between 1970 and 2000, survival was found to be better in those who received combined surgery and medical treatment, mostly with amphotericin B.<a href="#cite_note-Yamin-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> Arnold Paltauf coined the term "Mycosis Mucorina" in 1885, after describing a case with systemic symptoms involving the sinus, brain and gastrointestinal tract, following which the term "mucormycosis" became popular.<a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a> "Mucormycosis" is often used interchangeably with "<a href="/wiki/Zygomycosis" title="Zygomycosis">zygomycosis</a>", a term made obsolete following <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">changes in classification</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a>. The former <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> <a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a> included Mucorales, <a href="/wiki/Entomophthorales" title="Entomophthorales">Entomophthorales</a>, and others. Mucormycosis describes infections caused by fungi of the order Mucorales.<a href="#cite_note-Cornely2021-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COVID-19–associated_mucormycosis_2">COVID-19–associated mucormycosis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: COVID-19–associated mucormycosis">edit</a>]</div> COVID-19 associated mucormycosis cases were reported during first and second(delta) wave, with maximum number of cases in delta wave.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> There were no cases reported during the Omicron wave.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> A number of cases of mucormycosis, <a href="/wiki/Aspergillosis" title="Aspergillosis">aspergillosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">candidiasis</a>, linked to immunosuppressive treatment for COVID-19 were reported during the COVID-19 pandemic in India in 2020 and 2021.<a href="#cite_note-QC2020-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sen2021-40">[40]</a> One review in early 2021 relating to the association of mucormycosis and COVID-19 reported eight cases of mucormycosis; three from the U.S., two from India, and one case each from Brazil, Italy, and the UK.<a href="#cite_note-Garg2021-22">[22]</a> The most common underlying medical condition was diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-Garg2021-22">[22]</a> Most had been in hospital with <a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">severe breathing problems</a> due to COVID-19, had recovered, and developed mucormycosis 10–14 days following treatment for COVID-19. Five had abnormal kidney function tests, three involved the sinus, eye and brain, three the lungs, one the gastrointestinal tract, and in one the disease was widespread.<a href="#cite_note-Garg2021-22">[22]</a> In two of the seven deaths, the diagnosis of mucormycosis was made at postmortem.<a href="#cite_note-Garg2021-22">[22]</a> That three had no traditional risk factors led the authors to question the use of steroids and <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">immunosuppressive drugs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Garg2021-22">[22]</a> although there were cases without diabetes or use of immunosuppressive drugs. There were cases reported even in children.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> In May 2021, the BBC reported increased cases in India.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-black-fungus-covid19-35">[35]</a> In a review of COVID-19-related eye problems, mucormycosis affecting the eyes was reported to occur up to several weeks following recovery from COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-Sen2021-40">[40]</a> It was observed that people with COVID-19 were recovering from mucormycosis a bit easily when compared to non-COVID-19 patients. This is because unlike non-COVID-19 patients with severe diabetes, cancer or HIV, the recovery time required for the main cause of immune suppression is temporary.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> Other countries affected included Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Nepal,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Bangladesh,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Russia,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Uruguay,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Paraguay,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Chile,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Egypt,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Iran,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Honduras,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Argentina<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Oman,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> One explanation for why the association has surfaced remarkably in India is high rates of COVID-19 infection and high rates of diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In May 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Medical_Research" title="Indian Council of Medical Research">Indian Council of Medical Research</a> issued guidelines for recognising and treating COVID-19–associated mucormycosis.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In India, as of 28 June 2021, over 40,845 people have been confirmed to have mucormycosis, and 3,129 have died. From these cases, 85.5% (34,940) had a history of being infected with SARS-CoV-2 and 52.69% (21,523) were on steroids, also 64.11% (26,187) had diabetes.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> The disease has been reported in natural disasters and catastrophes; <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean tsunami</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2011_Joplin_tornado" title="2011 Joplin tornado">2011 Missouri tornado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dan2020-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The first international congress on mucormycosis was held in Chicago in 2010, set up by the Hank Schueuler 41 & 9 Foundation, which was established in 2008 for the research of children with leukaemia and fungal infections.<a href="#cite_note-Chand2018-1">[1]</a> A cluster of infections occurred in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Joplin_tornado" title="2011 Joplin tornado">2011 Joplin tornado</a>. By July 19, 2011, a total of 18 suspected cases of mucormycosis of the skin had been identified, of which 13 were confirmed. A confirmed case was defined as 1) <a href="/wiki/Necrotizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Necrotizing">necrotizing</a> soft-tissue infection requiring antifungal treatment or surgical <a href="/wiki/Debridement" title="Debridement">debridement</a> in a person injured in the tornado, 2) with illness onset on or after May 22 and 3) positive fungal culture or <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">histopathology</a> and genetic sequencing consistent with a mucormycete. No additional cases related to that outbreak were reported after June 17. Ten people required admission to an intensive-care unit, and five died.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neblett2012-77">[77]</a> In 2014, details of a lethal mucormycosis outbreak that occurred in 2008 emerged after television and newspaper reports responded to an article in a pediatric medical journal.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Contaminated hospital linen was found to be spreading the infection. A 2018 study found many freshly laundered hospital linens delivered to U.S. transplant hospitals were contaminated with Mucorales.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Another study attributed an outbreak of hospital-acquired mucormycosis to a laundry facility supplying linens contaminated with Mucorales. The outbreak stopped when major changes were made at the laundry facility. The authors raised concerns on the regulation of healthcare linens.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other animals">edit</a>]</div> Mucormycosis in other animals is similar, in terms of frequency and types, to that in people.<a href="#cite_note-Sey2018-82">[82]</a> Cases have been described in cats, dogs, cows, horses, dolphins, bison, and seals.<a href="#cite_note-Sey2018-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chand2018-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand2018_1-16">q</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChander2018" class="citation book cs1">Chander J (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OLpEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA554">"26. 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(December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8559573">"Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of mucormycosis: an initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium"</a>. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 19 (12): e405–e421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2819%2930312-3">10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30312-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8559573">8559573</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31699664">31699664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Global+guideline+for+the+diagnosis+and+management+of+mucormycosis%3A+an+initiative+of+the+European+Confederation+of+Medical+Mycology+in+cooperation+with+the+Mycoses+Study+Group+Education+and+Research+Consortium&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e405-e421&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8559573%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31699664&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2819%2930312-3&rft.aulast=Cornely&rft.aufirst=OA&rft.au=Alastruey-Izquierdo%2C+A&rft.au=Arenz%2C+D&rft.au=Chen%2C+SC&rft.au=Dannaoui%2C+E&rft.au=Hochhegger%2C+B&rft.au=Hoenigl%2C+M&rft.au=Jensen%2C+HE&rft.au=Lagrou%2C+K&rft.au=Lewis%2C+RE&rft.au=Mellinghoff%2C+SC&rft.au=Mer%2C+M&rft.au=Pana%2C+ZD&rft.au=Seidel%2C+D&rft.au=Sheppard%2C+DC&rft.au=Wahba%2C+R&rft.au=Akova%2C+M&rft.au=Alanio%2C+A&rft.au=Al-Hatmi%2C+AM&rft.au=Arikan-Akdagli%2C+S&rft.au=Badali%2C+H&rft.au=Ben-Ami%2C+R&rft.au=Bonifaz%2C+A&rft.au=Bretagne%2C+S&rft.au=Castagnola%2C+E&rft.au=Chayakulkeeree%2C+M&rft.au=Colombo%2C+AL&rft.au=Corzo-Le%C3%B3n%2C+DE&rft.au=Drgona%2C+L&rft.au=Groll%2C+AH&rft.au=Guinea%2C+J&rft.au=Heussel%2C+CP&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C+AS&rft.au=Kanj%2C+SS&rft.au=Klimko%2C+N&rft.au=Lackner%2C+M&rft.au=Lamoth%2C+F&rft.au=Lanternier%2C+F&rft.au=Lass-Floerl%2C+C&rft.au=Lee%2C+DG&rft.au=Lehrnbecher%2C+T&rft.au=Lmimouni%2C+BE&rft.au=Mares%2C+M&rft.au=Maschmeyer%2C+G&rft.au=Meis%2C+JF&rft.au=Meletiadis%2C+J&rft.au=Morrissey%2C+CO&rft.au=Nucci%2C+M&rft.au=Oladele%2C+R&rft.au=Pagano%2C+L&rft.au=Pasqualotto%2C+A&rft.au=Patel%2C+A&rft.au=Racil%2C+Z&rft.au=Richardson%2C+M&rft.au=Roilides%2C+E&rft.au=Ruhnke%2C+M&rft.au=Seyedmousavi%2C+S&rft.au=Sidharthan%2C+N&rft.au=Singh%2C+N&rft.au=Sinko%2C+J&rft.au=Skiada%2C+A&rft.au=Slavin%2C+M&rft.au=Soman%2C+R&rft.au=Spellberg%2C+B&rft.au=Steinbach%2C+W&rft.au=Tan%2C+BH&rft.au=Ullmann%2C+AJ&rft.au=Vehreschild%2C+JJ&rft.au=Vehreschild%2C+MJ&rft.au=Walsh%2C+TJ&rft.au=White%2C+PL&rft.au=Wiederhold%2C+NP&rft.au=Zaoutis%2C+T&rft.au=Chakrabarti%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8559573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMucormycosis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6931254" class="extiw" title="d:Q6931254">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/B46.0">B46.0</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/B46.5">B46.5</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=117.7">117.7</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009091">D009091</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb31759.htm">31759</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snomed.info/id/76627001">76627001</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000649.htm">000649</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/Mucormycosis">Mucormycosis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Orphanet" title="Orphanet">Orphanet</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=73263">73263</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fungal_infection_and_mesomycetozoea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mycoses" title="Template:Mycoses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mycoses" title="Template talk:Mycoses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mycoses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mycoses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fungal_infection_and_mesomycetozoea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Fungal infection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesomycetozoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesomycetozoea">mesomycetozoea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Superficial_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Superficial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Cutaneous_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">cutaneous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dermatomycosis" title="Dermatomycosis">dermatomycosis</a>): <a href="/wiki/Tinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea">Tinea</a> = <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Piedra" title="Piedra">Piedra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Exothrix" title="Exothrix">exothrix</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Endothrix" title="Endothrix">endothrix</a>) = <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermatophyte" title="Dermatophyte">Dermatophyte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dermatophytosis" title="Dermatophytosis">Dermatophytosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_barbae" title="Tinea barbae">Tinea barbae</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tinea_capitis" title="Tinea capitis">tinea capitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerion" title="Kerion">Kerion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis" title="Tinea corporis">Tinea corporis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytosis" title="Dermatophytosis">Ringworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytid" title="Dermatophytid">Dermatophytids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_cruris" title="Tinea cruris">Tinea cruris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_manuum" title="Tinea manuum">Tinea manuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athlete%27s_foot" title="Athlete's foot">Tinea pedis (athlete's foot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychomycosis" title="Onychomycosis">Tinea unguium/onychomycosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_superficial_onychomycosis" title="White superficial onychomycosis">White superficial onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_subungual_onychomycosis" title="Distal subungual onychomycosis">Distal subungual onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_subungual_onychomycosis" title="Proximal subungual onychomycosis">Proximal subungual onychomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_corporis_gladiatorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea corporis gladiatorum">Tinea corporis gladiatorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_faciei" title="Tinea faciei">Tinea faciei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_imbricata" title="Tinea imbricata">Tinea imbricata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_incognito" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinea incognito">Tinea incognito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favus" title="Favus">Favus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By organism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidermophyton_floccosum" title="Epidermophyton floccosum">Epidermophyton floccosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsporum_canis" title="Microsporum canis">Microsporum canis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsporum_audouinii" title="Microsporum audouinii">Microsporum audouinii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_interdigitale" title="Trichophyton interdigitale">Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_tonsurans" title="Trichophyton tonsurans">Trichophyton tonsurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton" title="Trichophyton">Trichophyton schoenleini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_rubrum" title="Trichophyton rubrum">Trichophyton rubrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton_verrucosum" title="Trichophyton verrucosum">Trichophyton verrucosum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hortaea_werneckii" title="Hortaea werneckii">Hortaea werneckii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_nigra" title="Tinea nigra">Tinea nigra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedraia_hortae" title="Piedraia hortae">Piedraia hortae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_piedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Black piedra">Black piedra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malassezia" title="Malassezia">Malassezia furfur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tinea_versicolor" title="Tinea versicolor">Tinea versicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malassezia_folliculitis" title="Malassezia folliculitis">Malassezia folliculitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichosporon" title="Trichosporon">Trichosporon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_piedra" title="White piedra">White piedra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Subcutaneous_mycoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Subcutaneous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Systemic_mycoses_due_to_primary_pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">systemic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mycosis#Systemic_mycoses_due_to_opportunistic_pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">opportunistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dimorphic_fungus" title="Dimorphic fungus">Dimorphic</a> (yeast+mold)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Onygenales" title="Onygenales">Onygenales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccidioides_immitis" title="Coccidioides immitis">Coccidioides immitis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Coccidioides_posadasii" title="Coccidioides posadasii">Coccidioides posadasii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">Coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disseminated_coccidioidomycosis" title="Disseminated coccidioidomycosis">Disseminated coccidioidomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_coccidioidomycosis" title="Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis">Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Primary_pulmonary_coccidioidomycosis" title="Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis">Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasma_capsulatum" title="Histoplasma capsulatum">Histoplasma capsulatum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">Histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_histoplasmosis" title="Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis">Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_pulmonary_histoplasmosis" title="Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis">Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_disseminated_histoplasmosis" title="Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis">Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoplasma_duboisii" title="Histoplasma duboisii">Histoplasma duboisii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_histoplasmosis" title="African histoplasmosis">African histoplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacazia" title="Lacazia">Lacazia loboi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobomycosis" title="Lobomycosis">Lobomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis" title="Paracoccidioides brasiliensis">Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis" title="Paracoccidioidomycosis">Paracoccidioidomycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blastomyces_dermatitidis" title="Blastomyces dermatitidis">Blastomyces dermatitidis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blastomycosis" title="Blastomycosis">Blastomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastomycosis" title="Blastomycosis">North American blastomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis" title="Paracoccidioidomycosis">South American blastomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporothrix_schenckii" title="Sporothrix schenckii">Sporothrix schenckii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sporotrichosis" title="Sporotrichosis">Sporotrichosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaromyces_marneffei" title="Talaromyces marneffei">Talaromyces marneffei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talaromycosis" title="Talaromycosis">Talaromycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scedosporiosis" title="Scedosporiosis">Scedosporiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmonsiosis" title="Emmonsiosis">Emmonsiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmonsia_parva" title="Emmonsia parva">Emmonsia parva</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiaspiromycosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adiaspiromycosis (page does not exist)">Adiaspiromycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a>-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans">Candida albicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidiasis" title="Candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis" title="Esophageal candidiasis">Esophageal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_vulvovaginitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidal vulvovaginitis">Vulvovaginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_mucocutaneous_candidiasis" title="Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis">Chronic mucocutaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic candidiasis">Antibiotic candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_intertrigo" title="Candidal intertrigo">Candidal intertrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_onychomycosis" title="Candidal onychomycosis">Candidal onychomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paronychia" title="Paronychia">Candidal paronychia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidid" title="Candidid">Candidid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaper candidiasis">Diaper candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_cutaneous_candidiasis" title="Congenital cutaneous candidiasis">Congenital cutaneous candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianal_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Perianal candidiasis">Perianal candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_candidiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic candidiasis">Systemic candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosio_interdigitalis_blastomycetica" title="Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica">Erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_auris" title="Candida auris">C. auris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_glabrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida glabrata">C. glabrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_lusitaniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida lusitaniae">C. lusitaniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_tropicalis" title="Candida tropicalis">C. tropicalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_jirovecii" title="Pneumocystis jirovecii">Pneumocystis jirovecii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystosis" title="Pneumocystosis">Pneumocystosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">Pneumocystis pneumonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mold_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold (fungus)">Mold</a>-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspergillosis" title="Aspergillosis">Aspergillosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspergilloma" title="Aspergilloma">Aspergilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_cutaneous_aspergillosis" title="Primary cutaneous aspergillosis">Primary cutaneous aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exophiala_jeanselmei" title="Exophiala jeanselmei">Exophiala jeanselmei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eumycetoma" title="Eumycetoma">Eumycetoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonsecaea_pedrosoi" title="Fonsecaea pedrosoi">Fonsecaea pedrosoi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fonsecaea_compacta" title="Fonsecaea compacta">Fonsecaea compacta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Phialophora_verrucosa" title="Phialophora verrucosa">Phialophora verrucosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromoblastomycosis" title="Chromoblastomycosis">Chromoblastomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotrichum_candidum" title="Geotrichum candidum">Geotrichum candidum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geotrichosis" title="Geotrichosis">Geotrichosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudallescheria_boydii" title="Pseudallescheria boydii">Pseudallescheria boydii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudallescheria_boydii" title="Pseudallescheria boydii">Allescheriasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_neoformans" title="Cryptococcus neoformans">Cryptococcus neoformans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcosis" title="Cryptococcosis">Cryptococcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichosporon" title="Trichosporon">Trichosporon</a> spp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichosporonosis" title="Trichosporonosis">Trichosporonosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zygomycosis" title="Zygomycosis">Zygomycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mucorales" title="Mucorales">Mucorales</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mucormycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhizopus_oryzae" title="Rhizopus oryzae">Rhizopus oryzae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucor_indicus" title="Mucor indicus">Mucor indicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichtheimia_corymbifera" title="Lichtheimia corymbifera">Lichtheimia corymbifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncephalastrum_racemosum" title="Syncephalastrum racemosum">Syncephalastrum racemosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophysomyces_variabilis" title="Apophysomyces variabilis">Apophysomyces variabilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Entomophthorales" title="Entomophthorales">Entomophthorales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Entomophthoramycosis" title="Entomophthoramycosis">Entomophthoramycosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolus_ranarum" title="Basidiobolus ranarum">Basidiobolus ranarum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basidiobolomycosis" title="Basidiobolomycosis">Basidiobolomycosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conidiobolus_coronatus" title="Conidiobolus coronatus">Conidiobolus coronatus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Conidiobolus_incongruus" title="Conidiobolus incongruus">Conidiobolus incongruus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conidiobolomycosis" title="Conidiobolomycosis">Conidiobolomycosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsporidiosis" title="Microsporidiosis">Microsporidiosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterocytozoon_bieneusi" title="Enterocytozoon bieneusi">Enterocytozoon bieneusi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Encephalitozoon_intestinalis" title="Encephalitozoon intestinalis">Encephalitozoon intestinalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesomycetozoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhinosporidium_seeberi" title="Rhinosporidium seeberi">Rhinosporidium seeberi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhinosporidiosis" title="Rhinosporidiosis">Rhinosporidiosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternariosis" title="Alternariosis">Alternariosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_folliculitis" title="Fungal folliculitis">Fungal folliculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusariosis" title="Fusariosis">Fusariosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_gluteale_infantum" title="Granuloma gluteale infantum">Granuloma gluteale infantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyalohyphomycosis" title="Hyalohyphomycosis">Hyalohyphomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomycosis" title="Otomycosis">Otomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratomycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratomycosis">Keratomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeohyphomycosis" title="Phaeohyphomycosis">Phaeohyphomycosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&oldid=1256892869">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mucormycosis&oldid=1256892869</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mycosis-related_cutaneous_conditions" title="Category:Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions">Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rare_diseases" title="Category:Rare diseases">Rare 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