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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concealing_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Concealing identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concealing_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Criminal activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_paramilitary_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_paramilitary_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Military and paramilitary organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_paramilitary_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Online activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confidentiality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confidentiality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8</span> <span>Confidentiality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confidentiality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_reputations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_reputations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.9</span> <span>Online reputations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_reputations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.10</span> <span>Privacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Stage names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film,_theatre,_and_related_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film,_theatre,_and_related_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Film, theatre, and related activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film,_theatre,_and_related_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pseudonym</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skuilnaam" title="Skuilnaam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skuilnaam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pseudonym" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اسم مستعار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اسم مستعار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonimo" title="Pseudonimo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pseudonimo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomatu" title="Nomatu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nomatu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99x%C9%99ll%C3%BCs" title="Təxəllüs – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təxəllüs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ছদ্মনাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছদ্মনাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Псевдоним – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Псевдоним" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Псевдоним – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Псевдоним" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="འགྱུར་མིང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འགྱུར་མིང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonim" title="Pseudonim – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pseudonim" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseud%C3%B2nim" title="Pseudònim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pseudònim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Хушма ят – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хушма ят" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pseudonym" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pseudonym" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pseudonym" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudon%C3%BC%C3%BCm" title="Pseudonüüm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pseudonüüm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF" title="Ψευδώνυμο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψευδώνυμο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutm%C3%A2j" title="Scutmâj – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Scutmâj" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alias" title="Alias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pse%C5%ADdonimo" title="Pseŭdonimo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pseŭdonimo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izengoiti" title="Izengoiti – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izengoiti" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نام مستعار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نام مستعار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonyme" title="Pseudonyme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pseudonyme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%BBlnamme" title="Skûlnamme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skûlnamme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonim" title="Pseudonim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pseudonim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseud%C3%B3nimo" title="Pseudónimo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pseudónimo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%AA%85" title="가명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գրական անուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրական անուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="नकलीनाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नकलीनाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonim" title="Pseudonim – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pseudonim" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonimo" title="Pseudonimo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pseudonimo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_samaran" title="Nama samaran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nama samaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulnefni" title="Dulnefni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dulnefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonimo" title="Pseudonimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pseudonimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%98" title="שם עט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שם עט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ფსევდონიმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფსევდონიმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Бүркеншік ат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бүркеншік ат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakabu" title="Lakabu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lakabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Псевдоним – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Псевдоним" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonymum" title="Pseudonymum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pseudonymum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseidon%C4%ABms" title="Pseidonīms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pseidonīms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pseudonym" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapyvardis" title="Slapyvardis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Slapyvardis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudon%C3%B2m" title="Pseudonòm – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pseudonòm" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Псевдоним – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Псевдоним" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_samaran" title="Nama samaran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nama samaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namo_samaran" title="Namo samaran – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Namo samaran" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Арьсеф лемсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Арьсеф лемсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%83%D1%86_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Нууц нэр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нууц нэр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoniem" title="Pseudoniem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pseudoniem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="छद्मनाम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="छद्मनाम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E5%90%8D" title="偽名 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="偽名" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pseudonym" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pseudonym" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pseudonym" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonim" title="Pseudonim – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pseudonim" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BB%D3%B1%D0%BC" title="Алмашлӱм – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Алмашлӱм" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxallus" title="Taxallus – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Taxallus" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81" title="عرف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عرف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stran%C3%B2m" title="Stranòm – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Stranòm" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonim" title="Pseudonim – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pseudonim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseud%C3%B3nimo" title="Pseudónimo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pseudónimo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonim" title="Pseudonim – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pseudonim" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mut%27i" title="Mut'i – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mut'i" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Псевдоним – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Псевдоним" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonimi" title="Pseudonimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pseudonimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseud%C3%B2nimu" title="Pseudònimu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pseudònimu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%AA_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="ආරූඪ නාමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආරූඪ නාමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pseudonym" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81" title="عرف – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عرف" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pseudonym" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psevdonim" title="Psevdonim – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Psevdonim" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseud%C5%8Dnim" title="Pseudōnim – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pseudōnim" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonim" title="Pseudonim – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pseudonim" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonim" title="Pseudonim – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pseudonim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonyymi" title="Pseudonyymi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pseudonyymi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pseudonym" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyas" title="Alyas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alyas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="புனைபெயர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புனைபெயர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Псевдоним – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Псевдоним" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%87" title="นามแฝง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นามแฝง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fka_ad" title="Başka ad – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Başka ad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Псевдонім – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Псевдонім" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81" title="عرف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عرف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonimo" title="Pseudonimo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pseudonimo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%87t_hi%E1%BB%87u" title="Biệt hiệu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biệt hiệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A5s_no" title="Fås no – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fås no" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%8D" title="化名 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="化名" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פסעוודאנים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פסעוודאנים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%8D" title="化名 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="化名" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%8D" title="化名 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化名" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_p%C3%A8d%C3%A8ngan" title="Nama pèdèngan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Nama pèdèngan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q61002#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="View 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fictitious name assumed for a particular purpose</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Aliases" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alias_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Alias (disambiguation)">Alias (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Pseud." redirects here. For the column in Private Eye, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_regular_mini-sections_in_Private_Eye#Pseuds_Corner" title="List of regular mini-sections in Private Eye">List of regular mini-sections in Private Eye § Pseuds Corner</a>.</span> <span>"Allonym" redirects here. For a definition of that term, see the Wiktionary entry <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/allonym" class="extiw" title="wikt:allonym">allonym</a>.</span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Sydney_Porter_by_doubleday.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/William_Sydney_Porter_by_doubleday.jpg/220px-William_Sydney_Porter_by_doubleday.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/William_Sydney_Porter_by_doubleday.jpg/330px-William_Sydney_Porter_by_doubleday.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/William_Sydney_Porter_by_doubleday.jpg/440px-William_Sydney_Porter_by_doubleday.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/O._Henry" title="O. Henry">William Sydney Porter</a>, who went by the pen name O. Henry or Olivier Henry, in 1909</figcaption></figure> <p> A <b>pseudonym</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/sj/: 's' in 'consume'">sj</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%88%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ψευδώνυμος">ψευδώνυμος</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>pseudṓnumos</i></span>)</i> '<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> falsely named') or <b>alias</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a fictitious name that a person assumes for a particular purpose, which differs from their original or true meaning (<a href="/wiki/Orthonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthonym">orthonym</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also differs from a new name that entirely or legally replaces an individual's own. Many pseudonym holders use them because they wish to remain <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymous</a> and maintain privacy, though this may be difficult to achieve as a result of legal issues.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope">Scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pseudonym" title="Special:EditPage/Pseudonym">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Pseudonyms include <a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">stage names</a>, <a href="/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">user names</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">ring names</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen names</a>, aliases, <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a> or villain identities and code names, gamer identifications, and <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal names</a> of emperors, popes, and other monarchs. In some cases, it may also include <a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nicknames</a>. Historically, they have sometimes taken the form of <a href="/wiki/Anagram" title="Anagram">anagrams</a>, Graecisms, and <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinisation (literature)">Latinisations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pseudonyms should not be confused with new names that replace old ones and become the individual's full-time name. Pseudonyms are "part-time" names, used only in certain contexts: to provide a more clear-cut separation between one's private and professional lives, to showcase or enhance a particular persona, or to hide an individual's real identity, as with writers' pen names, graffiti artists' tags, <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance fighters'</a> or terrorists' <i>noms de guerre</i>, computer <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (computer security)">hackers</a>' <a href="/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">handles</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Online_identity" title="Online identity">online identities</a> for services such as <a href="/wiki/Social_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Media">social media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">online gaming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">internet forums</a>. Actors, musicians, and other performers sometimes use <a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">stage names</a> for a degree of privacy, to better market themselves, and other reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, pseudonyms are adopted because they are part of a cultural or organisational tradition; for example, <a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">devotional names</a> are used by members of some <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "cadre names" are used by <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a> leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>. </p><p>A <i>collective name</i> or <i>collective pseudonym</i> is one shared by two or more persons, for example, the co-authors of a work, such as <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Keene" title="Carolyn Keene">Carolyn Keene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erin_Hunter" title="Erin Hunter">Erin Hunter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellery_Queen" title="Ellery Queen">Ellery Queen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bourbaki" title="Nicolas Bourbaki">Nicolas Bourbaki</a>, or <a href="/wiki/James_S._A._Corey" title="James S. A. Corey">James S. A. Corey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>pseudonym</i> is derived from the Greek word "<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ψευδώνυμον</span></span>" (<i>pseudṓnymon</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">literally</a> "false name", from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψεῦδος</span></span> (<i>pseûdos</i>) 'lie, falsehood'<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὄνομα</span></span> (<i>ónoma</i>) "name".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>alias</i> is a Latin <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverb</a> meaning "at another time, elsewhere".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name_change">Name change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Name change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></div> <p>Sometimes people change their names in such a manner that the new name becomes permanent and is used by all who know the person. This is not an alias or pseudonym, but in fact a new name. In many countries, including <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> countries, a name change can be ratified by a court and become a person's new legal name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concealing_identity">Concealing identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Concealing identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pseudonymous authors may still have their various identities linked together through <a href="/wiki/Stylometry" title="Stylometry">stylometric</a> analysis of their writing style. The precise degree of this unmasking ability and its ultimate potential is uncertain, but the privacy risks are expected to grow with improved analytic techniques and <a href="/wiki/Text_corpora" class="mw-redirect" title="Text corpora">text corpora</a>. Authors may practice <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_stylometry" title="Adversarial stylometry">adversarial stylometry</a> to resist such identification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröndahlAsokan202016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröndahlAsokan202016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Business">Business</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Businesspersons of ethnic minorities in some parts of the world are sometimes advised by an employer to use a pseudonym that is common or acceptable in that area when conducting business, to overcome racial or religious bias.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criminal_activity">Criminal activity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criminal activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Criminals may use aliases, <a href="/wiki/Fictitious_business_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictitious business names">fictitious business names</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dummy_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Dummy corporations">dummy corporations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corporate_shells" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate shells">corporate shells</a>) to hide their identity, or to impersonate other persons or entities in order to commit fraud. Aliases and fictitious business names used for dummy corporations may become so complex that, in the words of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, "getting to the truth requires a walk down a bizarre labyrinth" and multiple government agencies may become involved to uncover the truth.<sup id="cite_ref-RTR_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTR-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giving a false name to a law enforcement officer is a crime in many jurisdictions; see <a href="/wiki/Identity_fraud" title="Identity fraud">identity fraud</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature">Literature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_junge_George_Sand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Die_junge_George_Sand.jpg/180px-Die_junge_George_Sand.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Die_junge_George_Sand.jpg/270px-Die_junge_George_Sand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Die_junge_George_Sand.jpg/360px-Die_junge_George_Sand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="3976" /></a><figcaption>A young <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a> (real name "Amantine Lucile Dupin")</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> is a pseudonym (sometimes a particular form of the real name) adopted by an <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a> (or on the author's behalf by their publishers). English usage also includes the French-language phrase <i>nom de plume</i> (which in French literally means "pen name").<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of pseudonymity has a long history. In ancient literature it was common to write in the name of a famous person, not for concealment or with any intention of deceit; in the New Testament, the second letter of Peter is probably such. A more modern example is all of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i>, which were signed by Publius, a pseudonym representing the trio of <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>. The papers were written partially in response to several <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers" title="Anti-Federalist Papers">Anti-Federalist Papers</a>, also written under pseudonyms. As a result of this pseudonymity, historians know that the papers were written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay, but have not been able to discern with certainty which of the three authored a few of the papers. There are also examples of modern politicians and high-ranking bureaucrats writing under pseudonyms.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some female authors have used male pen names, in particular in the 19th century, when writing was a highly male-dominated profession. The <a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB_family" title="Brontë family">Brontë sisters</a> used pen names for their early work, so as not to reveal their gender (see below) and so that local residents would not suspect that the books related to people of their neighbourhood. <a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tenant_of_Wildfell_Hall" title="The Tenant of Wildfell Hall">The Tenant of Wildfell Hall</a></i> (1848) was published under the name Acton Bell, while <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a> used the name Currer Bell for <i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Eyre" title="Jane Eyre">Jane Eyre</a></i> (1847) and <i><a href="/wiki/Shirley_(novel)" title="Shirley (novel)">Shirley</a></i> (1849), and <a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a> adopted Ellis Bell as cover for <i><a href="/wiki/Wuthering_Heights" title="Wuthering Heights">Wuthering Heights</a></i> (1847). Other examples from the nineteenth-century are novelist Mary Ann Evans (<a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>) and French writer Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin (<a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>). Pseudonyms may also be used due to cultural or organization or political prejudices. </p><p>Similarly, some 20th- and 21st-century male romance novelists – a field dominated by women – have used female pen names.<sup id="cite_ref-maleauthors_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maleauthors-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few examples are Brindle Chase, <a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Donnell" title="Peter O'Donnell">Peter O'Donnell</a> (as Madeline Brent), <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wood_(writer)" title="Christopher Wood (writer)">Christopher Wood</a> (as Penny Sutton and Rosie Dixon), and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_C._Rae" title="Hugh C. Rae">Hugh C. Rae</a> (as Jessica Sterling).<sup id="cite_ref-maleauthors_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maleauthors-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A pen name may be used if a writer's real name is likely to be confused with the name of another writer or notable individual, or if the real name is deemed unsuitable. </p><p>Authors who write both fiction and non-fiction, or in different genres, may use different pen names to avoid confusing their readers. For example, the romance writer <a href="/wiki/Nora_Roberts" title="Nora Roberts">Nora Roberts</a> writes mystery novels under the name <a href="/wiki/J._D._Robb" class="mw-redirect" title="J. D. Robb">J. D. Robb</a>. </p><p>In some cases, an author may become better known by his pen name than their real name. Some famous examples of that include Samuel Clemens, writing as <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, Theodor Geisel, better known as <a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Dr. Seuss</a>, and Eric Arthur Blair (<a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>). The British mathematician Charles Dodgson wrote fantasy novels as <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a> and mathematical treatises under his own name. </p><p>Some authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Harold_Robbins" title="Harold Robbins">Harold Robbins</a>, use several literary pseudonyms.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some pen names have been used for long periods, even decades, without the author's true identity being discovered, as with <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ferrante" title="Elena Ferrante">Elena Ferrante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Krol" title="Torsten Krol">Torsten Krol</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">Joanne Rowling</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published the <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> series as J. K. Rowling. Rowling also published the <a href="/wiki/Cormoran_Strike" title="Cormoran Strike">Cormoran Strike</a> series of detective novels including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cuckoo%27s_Calling" title="The Cuckoo's Calling">The Cuckoo's Calling</a></i> under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> wrote as <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_as_a_writer" title="Winston Churchill as a writer">Winston S. Churchill</a> (from his full surname Spencer Churchill which he did not otherwise use) in an attempt to avoid confusion with an <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_(novelist)" title="Winston Churchill (novelist)">American novelist of the same name</a>. The attempt was not wholly successful – the two are still sometimes confused by booksellers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A pen name may be used specifically to hide the identity of the author, as with <a href="/wiki/Expos%C3%A9_(journalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposé (journalism)">exposé</a> books about espionage or crime, or explicit erotic fiction. <a href="/wiki/Erwin_von_Busse" title="Erwin von Busse">Erwin von Busse</a> used a pseudonym when he published short stories about sexually charged encounters between men in Germany in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some prolific authors adopt a pseudonym to disguise the extent of their published output, e. g. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a> writing as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bachman" title="Richard Bachman">Richard Bachman</a>. Co-authors may choose to publish under a collective pseudonym, e. g., <a href="/wiki/P._J._Tracy" title="P. J. Tracy">P. J. Tracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perri_O%27Shaughnessy" title="Perri O'Shaughnessy">Perri O'Shaughnessy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Dannay" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Dannay">Frederic Dannay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred Lee">Manfred Lee</a> used the name <a href="/wiki/Ellery_Queen" title="Ellery Queen">Ellery Queen</a> as a pen name for their collaborative works and as the name of their main character.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Asa_Earl_Carter" title="Asa Earl Carter">Asa Earl Carter</a>, a Southern white segregationist affiliated with the KKK, wrote Western books under a fictional Cherokee persona to imply legitimacy and conceal his history.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A famous case in French literature was <a href="/wiki/Romain_Gary" title="Romain Gary">Romain Gary</a>. Already a well-known writer, he started publishing books as Émile Ajar to test whether his new books would be well received on their own merits, without the aid of his established reputation. They were: Émile Ajar, like Romain Gary before him, was awarded the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a> by a jury unaware that they were the same person. Similarly, TV actor <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Barker" title="Ronnie Barker">Ronnie Barker</a> submitted comedy material under the name Gerald Wiley. </p><p>A collective pseudonym may represent an entire publishing house, or any contributor to a long-running series, especially with juvenile literature. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Watty_Piper" class="mw-redirect" title="Watty Piper">Watty Piper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Appleton" title="Victor Appleton">Victor Appleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erin_Hunter" title="Erin Hunter">Erin Hunter</a>, and Kamiru M. Xhan. </p><p>Another use of a pseudonym in literature is to present a story as being written by the fictional characters in the story. The series of novels known as <i><a href="/wiki/A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events" title="A Series of Unfortunate Events">A Series of Unfortunate Events</a></i> are written by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Handler" title="Daniel Handler">Daniel Handler</a> under the pen name of <a href="/wiki/Lemony_Snicket" title="Lemony Snicket">Lemony Snicket</a>, a character in the series. This applies also to some of the several 18th-century English and American writers who used the name <a href="/wiki/Fidelia_(pseudonym)" title="Fidelia (pseudonym)">Fidelia</a>. </p><p>An <b>anonymity pseudonym</b> or <a href="/wiki/Multiple-use_name" title="Multiple-use name">multiple-use name</a> is a name used by many different people to protect anonymity.<sup id="cite_ref-Home_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Home-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a strategy that has been adopted by many unconnected radical groups and by cultural groups, where the construct of personal identity has been criticised. This has led to the idea of the "open pop star", such as <a href="/wiki/Monty_Cantsin" title="Monty Cantsin">Monty Cantsin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medicine">Medicine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pseudonyms and <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronyms</a> are often employed in medical research to <a href="/wiki/Privacy_for_research_participants" title="Privacy for research participants">protect subjects' identities</a> through a process known as <a href="/wiki/De-identification" title="De-identification">de-identification</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Science">Science</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Academic_authorship#Anonymous_and_unclaimed_authorship" title="Academic authorship">Academic authorship § Anonymous and unclaimed authorship</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> put forward his theory of heliocentrism in the manuscript <i><a href="/wiki/Commentariolus" title="Commentariolus">Commentariolus</a></i> anonymously, in part because of his employment as a law clerk for a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">church</a>-government organization.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Germain" title="Sophie Germain">Sophie Germain</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Sealy_Gosset" title="William Sealy Gosset">William Sealy Gosset</a> used pseudonyms to publish their work in the field of mathematics – Germain, to avoid rampant 19th century academic <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogyny</a>, and Gosset, to avoid revealing brewing practices of his employer, the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Brewery" title="Guinness Brewery">Guinness Brewery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaseLeggett200539_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaseLeggett200539-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto" title="Satoshi Nakamoto">Satoshi Nakamoto</a> is a pseudonym of a still unknown author or authors' group behind a <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a> about <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">bitcoin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_and_paramilitary_organizations"><span class="anchor" id="Noms_de_guerre"></span><span class="anchor" id="Military_and_paramilitary_organizations,_"></span>Military and paramilitary organizations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Military and paramilitary organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> France, a <i>nom de guerre</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[nɔ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡɛʁ]</a></span>, "war name") would be adopted by each new recruit (or assigned to them by the captain of their company) as they enlisted in the French army. These pseudonyms had an official character and were the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Dog_tag" title="Dog tag">identification numbers</a>: soldiers were identified by their first names, their family names, and their <i>noms de guerre</i> (e. g. <i>Jean Amarault dit Lafidélité</i>). These pseudonyms were usually related to the soldier's place of origin (e. g. <i>Jean Deslandes dit Champigny</i>, for a soldier coming from a town named <a href="/wiki/Champigny_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Champigny (disambiguation)">Champigny</a>), or to a particular physical or personal trait (e. g. <i>Antoine Bonnet dit Prettaboire</i>, for a soldier <i>prêt à boire</i>, ready to drink). In 1716, a <i>nom de guerre</i> was mandatory for every soldier; officers did not adopt <i>noms de guerre</i> as they considered them derogatory. In daily life, these aliases could replace the real family name.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Noms de guerre</i> were adopted for security reasons by members of World War II <a href="/wiki/French_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="French resistance">French resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_underground_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish underground state">Polish resistance</a>. Such pseudonyms are often adopted by military special-forces soldiers, such as members of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">SAS</a> and similar units of <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance fighters</a>, terrorists, and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrillas</a>. This practice hides their identities and may protect their families from reprisals; it may also be a form of dissociation from domestic life. Some well-known men who adopted <i>noms de guerre</i> include Carlos, for <a href="/wiki/Ilich_Ram%C3%ADrez_S%C3%A1nchez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilich Ramírez Sánchez">Ilich Ramírez Sánchez</a>; <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(Federal_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)">Chancellor</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Subcomandante Marcos</a>, spokesman of the <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a> (EZLN).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a>'s underground fight against the British in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, the organization's commander <a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Shamir" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzchak Shamir">Yitzchak Shamir</a> (later Prime Minister of Israel) adopted the <i>nom de guerre</i> "Michael", in honour of Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a>. Pseudonym was also stylized as suedonim in a common misspelling of the original word so as to preserve the price of telegrams in World War I and II. </p><p>Revolutionaries and resistance leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Leclerc_de_Hauteclocque" title="Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque">Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, often adopted their <i>noms de guerre</i> as their proper names after the struggle. <a href="/wiki/George_Grivas" class="mw-redirect" title="George Grivas">George Grivas</a>, the Greek-Cypriot <a href="/wiki/EOKA" title="EOKA">EOKA</a> militant, adopted the <i>nom de guerre</i> Digenis (Διγενής). In the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a>, recruits can adopt a pseudonym to break with their past lives. Mercenaries have long used "noms de guerre", sometimes even multiple identities, depending on the country, conflict, and circumstance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some of the most familiar noms de guerre today are the <a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">kunya</a> used by Islamic <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a>. These take the form of a <a href="/wiki/Teknonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknonym">teknonym</a>, either literal or figurative. </p><p>Such war names have also been used in Africa. Part of the molding of child soldiers has included giving them such names.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also used by fighters in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_of_Namibia" title="People's Liberation Army of Namibia">People's Liberation Army of Namibia</a>, with some fighters retaining these names as their permanent names.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Online_activity">Online activity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Online activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individuals using a computer <a href="/wiki/Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Online">online</a> may adopt or be required to use a form of pseudonym known as a "handle" (a term deriving from <a href="/wiki/CB_slang" class="mw-redirect" title="CB slang">CB slang</a>), "<a href="/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">user</a> name", "<a href="/wiki/Logging_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Logging (computer security)">login</a> name", "<a href="/wiki/Avatar_(virtual_reality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatar (virtual reality)">avatar</a>", or, sometimes, "<a href="/wiki/Screen_name_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen name (computing)">screen name</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Gamertag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamertag">gamertag</a>", "IGN (<b>I</b>n <b>G</b>ame (<b>N</b>ick)<b>N</b>ame)" or "<a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nickname</a>". On the Internet, <a href="/wiki/Pseudonymous_remailer" title="Pseudonymous remailer">pseudonymous remailers</a> use <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> that achieves persistent pseudonymity, so that two-way communication can be achieved, and reputations can be established, without linking physical <a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">identities</a> to their respective pseudonyms. <a href="/wiki/Aliasing_(computing)" title="Aliasing (computing)">Aliasing</a> is the use of multiple names for the same data location. </p><p>More sophisticated cryptographic systems, such as anonymous <a href="/wiki/Digital_credential" title="Digital credential">digital credentials</a>, enable users to communicate pseudonymously (<i>i.e.</i>, by identifying themselves by means of pseudonyms). In well-defined abuse cases, a designated authority may be able to revoke the pseudonyms and reveal the individuals' real identity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Use of pseudonyms is common among professional <a href="/wiki/ESports" class="mw-redirect" title="ESports">eSports</a> players, despite the fact that many professional games are played on <a href="/wiki/LAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LAN">LAN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pseudonymity has become an important phenomenon on the Internet and other computer networks. In computer networks, pseudonyms possess varying degrees of anonymity,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ranging from highly linkable <i>public pseudonyms</i> (the link between the pseudonym and a human being is publicly known or easy to discover), potentially linkable <i>non-public pseudonyms</i> (the link is known to system operators but is not publicly disclosed), and <i>unlinkable pseudonyms</i> (the link is not known to system operators and cannot be determined).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, true <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_remailer" title="Anonymous remailer">anonymous remailer</a> enables Internet users to establish unlinkable pseudonyms; those that employ non-public pseudonyms (such as the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Penet_remailer" title="Penet remailer">Penet remailer</a>) are called <a href="/wiki/Pseudonymous_remailer" title="Pseudonymous remailer">pseudonymous remailers</a>. </p><p>The continuum of unlinkability can also be seen, in part, on Wikipedia. Some registered users make no attempt to disguise their real identities (for example, by placing their real name on their user page). The pseudonym of unregistered users is their <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a>, which can, in many cases, easily be linked to them. Other registered users prefer to remain anonymous, and do not disclose identifying information. However, in certain cases, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Privacy_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Privacy Policy">Wikipedia's privacy policy</a> permits system administrators to consult the server logs to determine the IP address, and perhaps the true name, of a registered user. It is possible, in theory, to create an unlinkable Wikipedia pseudonym by using an <a href="/wiki/Open_proxy" title="Open proxy">Open proxy</a>, a Web server that disguises the user's IP address. But most open proxy addresses are blocked indefinitely due to their frequent use by vandals. Additionally, Wikipedia's public record of a user's interest areas, writing style, and argumentative positions may still establish an identifiable pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Novak_Raghavan_Tomkins_2004_pp._30–39_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novak_Raghavan_Tomkins_2004_pp._30–39-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>System operators (<a href="/wiki/Sysops" class="mw-redirect" title="Sysops">sysops</a>) at sites offering pseudonymity, such as Wikipedia, are not likely to build unlinkability into their systems, as this would render them unable to obtain information about abusive users quickly enough to stop vandalism and other undesirable behaviors. Law enforcement personnel, fearing an avalanche of illegal behavior, are equally unenthusiastic.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, some users and privacy activists like the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> believe that Internet users deserve stronger pseudonymity so that they can protect themselves against identity theft, illegal government surveillance, stalking, and other unwelcome consequences of Internet use (including <a href="/wiki/Internet_leak" title="Internet leak">unintentional disclosures of their personal information</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">doxing</a>, as discussed in the next section). Their views are supported by laws in some nations (such as Canada) that guarantee citizens a right to speak using a pseudonym.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This right does not, however, give citizens the right to demand publication of pseudonymous speech on equipment they do not own. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confidentiality">Confidentiality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Confidentiality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Web sites that offer pseudonymity retain information about users. These sites are often susceptible to unauthorized intrusions into their non-public database systems. For example, in 2000, a Welsh teenager obtained information about more than 26,000 credit card accounts, including that of Bill Gates.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Irish_Times_2000_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Irish_Times_2000-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enos_2000_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enos_2000-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, VISA and MasterCard announced that intruders obtained information about 5.6 million credit cards.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sites that offer pseudonymity are also vulnerable to confidentiality breaches. In a study of a Web dating service and a <a href="/wiki/Pseudonymous_remailer" title="Pseudonymous remailer">pseudonymous remailer</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> researchers discovered that the systems used by these Web sites to protect user data could be easily compromised, even if the pseudonymous channel is protected by strong encryption. Typically, the protected pseudonymous channel exists within a broader framework in which multiple vulnerabilities exist.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pseudonym users should bear in mind that, given the current state of Web security engineering, their true names may be revealed at any time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Online_reputations">Online reputations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Online reputations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pseudonymity is an important component of the reputation systems found in online auction services (such as <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>), discussion sites (such as <a href="/wiki/Slashdot" title="Slashdot">Slashdot</a>), and collaborative knowledge development sites (such as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>). A pseudonymous user who has acquired a favorable reputation gains the trust of other users. When users believe that they will be rewarded by acquiring a favorable reputation, they are more likely to behave in accordance with the site's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If users can obtain new pseudonymous identities freely or at a very low cost, reputation-based systems are vulnerable to whitewashing attacks,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called <i>serial pseudonymity</i>, in which abusive users continuously discard their old identities and acquire new ones in order to escape the consequences of their behavior: "On the Internet, nobody knows that yesterday you were a dog, and therefore should be in the doghouse today."<sup id="cite_ref-friedman-resnick_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedman-resnick-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users of Internet communities who have been banned only to return with new identities are called <a href="/wiki/Internet_sock_puppet" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet sock puppet">sock puppets</a>. Whitewashing is one specific form of a <a href="/wiki/Sybil_attack" title="Sybil attack">Sybil attack</a> on distributed systems. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disqus_comment_quality_by_anonymity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Disqus_comment_quality_by_anonymity.svg/220px-Disqus_comment_quality_by_anonymity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Disqus_comment_quality_by_anonymity.svg/330px-Disqus_comment_quality_by_anonymity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Disqus_comment_quality_by_anonymity.svg/440px-Disqus_comment_quality_by_anonymity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>Comment quality on <a href="/wiki/Disqus" title="Disqus">Disqus</a> by type<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The social cost of cheaply discarded pseudonyms is that experienced users lose confidence in new users,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may subject new users to abuse until they establish a good reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-friedman-resnick_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedman-resnick-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> System operators may need to remind experienced users that most newcomers are well-intentioned (see, for example, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Wikipedia's policy about biting newcomers</a>). Concerns have also been expressed about sock puppets exhausting the supply of easily remembered usernames. In addition a recent research paper demonstrated that people behave in a potentially more aggressive manner when using pseudonyms/nicknames (due to the <a href="/wiki/Online_disinhibition_effect" title="Online disinhibition effect">online disinhibition effect</a>) as opposed to being completely anonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-tsikerdekis_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsikerdekis-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, research by the blog comment hosting service <a href="/wiki/Disqus" title="Disqus">Disqus</a> found pseudonymous users contributed the "highest quantity and quality of comments", where "quality" is based on an aggregate of likes, replies, flags, spam reports, and comment deletions,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and found that users trusted pseudonyms and real names equally.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HuffPo_comments_reason_words_insults.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/HuffPo_comments_reason_words_insults.svg/220px-HuffPo_comments_reason_words_insults.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/HuffPo_comments_reason_words_insults.svg/330px-HuffPo_comments_reason_words_insults.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/HuffPo_comments_reason_words_insults.svg/440px-HuffPo_comments_reason_words_insults.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Comment types used on <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a> using different kinds of anonymity<sup id="cite_ref-:2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Researchers at the University of Cambridge showed that pseudonymous comments tended to be more substantive and engaged with other users in explanations, justifications, and chains of argument, and less likely to use insults, than either fully anonymous or real name comments.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proposals have been made to raise the costs of obtaining new identities, such as by charging a small fee or requiring e-mail confirmation. Academic research has proposed cryptographic methods to pseudonymize social media identities<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or government-issued identities,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to accrue and use <i>anonymous reputation</i> in online forums,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to obtain one-per-person and hence less readily-discardable pseudonyms periodically at physical-world <i>pseudonym parties</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others point out that Wikipedia's success is attributable in large measure to its nearly non-existent initial participation costs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Privacy">Privacy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Privacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People seeking privacy often use pseudonyms to make appointments and reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those writing to <a href="/wiki/Advice_column" title="Advice column">advice columns</a> in newspapers and magazines may use pseudonyms.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a> used a pseudonym when attending the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> after co-founding <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a>, because "[he] knew [he] wouldn't have time enough to be an A+ student."<sup id="cite_ref-stix19860514_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stix19860514-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_names">Stage names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Stage names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a></div> <p>When used by an actor, musician, radio disc jockey, model, or other performer or "show business" personality a pseudonym is called a <i>stage name</i>, or, occasionally, a <i>professional name</i>, or <i>screen name</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film,_theatre,_and_related_activities"><span id="Film.2C_theatre.2C_and_related_activities"></span>Film, theatre, and related activities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Film, theatre, and related activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of a marginalized ethnic or religious group have often adopted stage names, typically changing their surname or entire name to mask their original background. </p><p>Stage names are also used to create a more marketable name, as in the case of Creighton Tull Chaney, who adopted the pseudonym <a href="/wiki/Lon_Chaney_Jr." title="Lon Chaney Jr.">Lon Chaney Jr.</a>, a reference to his famous father <a href="/wiki/Lon_Chaney_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lon Chaney Sr.">Lon Chaney Sr.</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chris_Curtis_(musician)" title="Chris Curtis (musician)">Chris Curtis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</a> fame was christened as Christopher Crummey ("crummy" is UK slang for poor quality). In this and similar cases a stage name is adopted simply to avoid an unfortunate pun. </p><p>Pseudonyms are also used to comply with the rules of performing-arts <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild" title="Screen Actors Guild">Screen Actors Guild</a> (SAG), <a href="/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America,_East" title="Writers Guild of America, East">Writers Guild of America, East</a> (WGA), <a href="/wiki/AFTRA" class="mw-redirect" title="AFTRA">AFTRA</a>, etc.), which do not allow performers to use an existing name, in order to avoid confusion. For example, these rules required film and television actor Michael Fox to add a middle initial and become <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Fox" title="Michael J. Fox">Michael J. Fox</a>, to avoid being confused with another actor named <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fox_(American_actor)" title="Michael Fox (American actor)">Michael Fox</a>. This was also true of author and actress <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Flagg" title="Fannie Flagg">Fannie Flagg</a>, who shared her real name, Patricia Neal, with <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Neal" title="Patricia Neal">another well-known actress</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rick_Copp" title="Rick Copp">Rick Copp</a>, who chose the pseudonym name Richard Hollis, which is also the name of a character in the anthology TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Femme_Fatales_(TV_series)" title="Femme Fatales (TV series)">Femme Fatales</a></i>; and British actor <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Granger" title="Stewart Granger">Stewart Granger</a>, whose real name was James Stewart. The film-making team of <a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Joel and Ethan Coen</a>, for instance, share credit for editing under the alias Roderick Jaynes.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some stage names are used to conceal a person's identity, such as the pseudonym <a href="/wiki/Alan_Smithee" title="Alan Smithee">Alan Smithee</a>, which was used by directors in the <a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America" title="Directors Guild of America">Directors Guild of America</a> (DGA) to remove their name from a film they feel was edited or modified beyond their artistic satisfaction. In theatre, the pseudonyms <a href="/wiki/George_Spelvin_(pseudonym)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Spelvin (pseudonym)">George or Georgina Spelvin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Plinge" title="Walter Plinge">Walter Plinge</a> are used to hide the identity of a performer, usually when he or she is "doubling" (playing more than one role in the same play). </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Agnew" title="David Agnew">David Agnew</a> was a name used by the BBC to conceal the identity of a scriptwriter, such as for the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a> serial <a href="/wiki/City_of_Death" title="City of Death">City of Death</a>, which had three writers, including <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a>, who was at the time of writing the show's Script Editor.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another Doctor Who serial, <a href="/wiki/The_Brain_of_Morbius" title="The Brain of Morbius">The Brain of Morbius</a>, writer <a href="/wiki/Terrance_Dicks" title="Terrance Dicks">Terrance Dicks</a> demanded the removal of his name from the credits saying it could go out under a "bland pseudonym".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-codenames_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-codenames-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ended up as <i>Robin Bland</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-codenames_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-codenames-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pornographic actors regularly use stage names.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes these are referred to as <i>nom de porn</i> (like with <i>nom de plume</i>, this is English-language users creating a French-language phrase to use in English). Having acted in pornographic films can be a serious detriment to finding another career.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pseudonym" title="Special:EditPage/Pseudonym">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pseudonym%22">"Pseudonym"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pseudonym%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pseudonym%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pseudonym%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pseudonym%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pseudonym%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Musicians and singers can use pseudonyms to allow artists to collaborate with artists on other labels while avoiding the need to gain permission from their own labels, such as the artist <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Samuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Samuels">Jerry Samuels</a>, who made songs under Napoleon XIV. Rock singer-guitarist <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>, for example, played guitar on <a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Badge_(song)" title="Badge (song)">Badge</a>" using a pseudonym.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Wynn_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Wynn-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In classical music, some record companies issued recordings under a <i>nom de disque</i> in the 1950s and 1960s to avoid paying royalties. A number of popular budget LPs of piano music were released under the pseudonym <a href="/wiki/Paul_Procopolis" title="Paul Procopolis">Paul Procopolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is that <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a> used his fictional name "Bernerd Webb" for <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Gordon" title="Peter and Gordon">Peter and Gordon</a>'s song <a href="/wiki/Woman_(Paul_McCartney_song)" title="Woman (Paul McCartney song)">Woman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pseudonyms are used as stage names in <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> bands, such as <a href="/wiki/Tracii_Guns" title="Tracii Guns">Tracii Guns</a> in <a href="/wiki/LA_Guns" class="mw-redirect" title="LA Guns">LA Guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axl_Rose" title="Axl Rose">Axl Rose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slash_(musician)" title="Slash (musician)">Slash</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses" title="Guns N' Roses">Guns N' Roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mick_Mars" title="Mick Mars">Mick Mars</a> in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe" title="Mötley Crüe">Mötley Crüe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimebag_Darrell" title="Dimebag Darrell">Dimebag Darrell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pantera" title="Pantera">Pantera</a>, or <a href="/wiki/C.C._Deville" class="mw-redirect" title="C.C. Deville">C.C. Deville</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poison_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison (American band)">Poison</a>. Some such names have additional meanings, like that of Brian Hugh Warner, more commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson" title="Marilyn Manson">Marilyn Manson</a>: Marilyn coming from <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> and Manson from convicted serial killer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manson" title="Charles Manson">Charles Manson</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacoby_Shaddix" title="Jacoby Shaddix">Jacoby Shaddix</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papa_Roach" title="Papa Roach">Papa Roach</a> went under the name "Coby Dick" during the <i><a href="/wiki/Infest_(album)" title="Infest (album)">Infest</a></i> era. He changed back to his birth name when <i><a href="/wiki/Lovehatetragedy" title="Lovehatetragedy">lovehatetragedy</a></i> was released. </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Johansen" title="David Johansen">David Johansen</a>, front man for the hard rock band <a href="/wiki/New_York_Dolls" title="New York Dolls">New York Dolls</a>, recorded and performed pop and lounge music under the pseudonym Buster Poindexter in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The music video for Poindexter's debut single, <a href="/wiki/Hot_Hot_Hot_(Arrow_song)#Buster_Poindexter_version" title="Hot Hot Hot (Arrow song)">Hot Hot Hot</a>, opens with a monologue from Johansen where he notes his time with the New York Dolls and explains his desire to create more sophisticated music. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ross_Bagdasarian_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ross Bagdasarian Sr.">Ross Bagdasarian Sr.</a>, creator of <a href="/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks" title="Alvin and the Chipmunks">Alvin and the Chipmunks</a>, wrote original songs, arranged, and produced the records under his real name, but performed on them as <a href="/wiki/David_Seville" title="David Seville">David Seville</a>. He also wrote songs as Skipper Adams. Danish pop pianist <a href="/wiki/Bent_Fabric" title="Bent Fabric">Bent Fabric</a>, whose full name is Bent Fabricius-Bjerre, wrote his biggest instrumental hit "<a href="/wiki/Alley_Cat_(song)" title="Alley Cat (song)">Alley Cat</a>" as Frank Bjorn. </p><p>For a time, the musician <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> used an unpronounceable "<a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)#Pseudonyms" title="Prince (musician)">Love Symbol</a>" as a pseudonym ("Prince" is his actual first name rather than a stage name). He wrote the song "<a href="/wiki/Sugar_Walls" title="Sugar Walls">Sugar Walls</a>" for <a href="/wiki/Sheena_Easton" title="Sheena Easton">Sheena Easton</a> as "Alexander Nevermind" and "<a href="/wiki/Manic_Monday" title="Manic Monday">Manic Monday</a>" for <a href="/wiki/The_Bangles" title="The Bangles">the Bangles</a> as "Christopher Tracy". (He also produced albums early in his career as "Jamie Starr"). </p><p>Many Italian-American singers have used stage names, as their birth names were difficult to pronounce or considered too ethnic for American tastes. Singers changing their names included <a href="/wiki/Dean_Martin" title="Dean Martin">Dean Martin</a> (born Dino Paul Crocetti), <a href="/wiki/Connie_Francis" title="Connie Francis">Connie Francis</a> (born Concetta Franconero), <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Valli" title="Frankie Valli">Frankie Valli</a> (born Francesco Castelluccio), <a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a> (born Anthony Benedetto), and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a> (born Stefani Germanotta) </p><p>In 2009, the British rock band <a href="/wiki/Feeder_(band)" title="Feeder (band)">Feeder</a> briefly changed their name to <a href="/wiki/Renegades_(band)" title="Renegades (band)">Renegades</a> so they could play a whole show featuring a set list in which 95 per cent of the songs played were from their forthcoming new album of the same name, with none of their singles included. Front man <a href="/wiki/Grant_Nicholas" title="Grant Nicholas">Grant Nicholas</a> felt that if they played as Feeder, there would be uproar over his not playing any of the singles, so used the pseudonym as a hint. A series of small shows were played in 2010, at 250- to 1,000-capacity venues with the plan not to say who the band really are and just announce the shows as if they were a new band. </p><p>In many cases, hip-hop and rap artists prefer to use pseudonyms that represents some variation of their name, personality, or interests. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Iggy_Azalea" title="Iggy Azalea">Iggy Azalea</a> (her stage name is a combination of her dog's name, Iggy, and her home street in <a href="/wiki/Mullumbimby" title="Mullumbimby">Mullumbimby</a>, Azalea Street), <a href="/wiki/Ol%27_Dirty_Bastard" title="Ol' Dirty Bastard">Ol' Dirty Bastard</a> (known under at least six aliases), <a href="/wiki/Sean_Combs" title="Sean Combs">Diddy</a> (previously known at various times as Puffy, P. Diddy, and Puff Daddy), <a href="/wiki/Ludacris" title="Ludacris">Ludacris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flo_Rida" title="Flo Rida">Flo Rida</a> (whose stage name is a tribute to his home state, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>), British-Jamaican hip-hop artist <a href="/wiki/Stefflon_Don" title="Stefflon Don">Stefflon Don</a> (real name Stephanie Victoria Allen), <a href="/wiki/LL_Cool_J" title="LL Cool J">LL Cool J</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chingy" title="Chingy">Chingy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">Black metal</a> artists also adopt pseudonyms, usually symbolizing dark values, such as <a href="/wiki/Nocturno_Culto" title="Nocturno Culto">Nocturno Culto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaahl" title="Gaahl">Gaahl</a>, Abbath, and Silenoz. In punk and hardcore punk, singers and band members often replace real names with tougher-sounding stage names such as <a href="/wiki/Sid_Vicious" title="Sid Vicious">Sid Vicious</a> of the late 1970s band <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a> and "Rat" of the early 1980s band <a href="/wiki/The_Varukers" title="The Varukers">The Varukers</a> and the 2000s re-formation of <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(band)" title="Discharge (band)">Discharge</a>. The punk rock band <a href="/wiki/The_Ramones" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ramones">The Ramones</a> had every member take the last name of Ramone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Henry John Deutschendorf Jr., an American singer-songwriter, used the stage name <a href="/wiki/John_Denver" title="John Denver">John Denver</a>. The Australian country musician born Robert Lane changed his name to <a href="/wiki/Tex_Morton" title="Tex Morton">Tex Morton</a>. Reginald Kenneth Dwight legally changed his name in 1972 to <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter_ego" title="Alter ego">Alter ego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_post" title="Anonymous post">Anonymous post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_remailer" title="Anonymous remailer">Anonymous remailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidentiality" title="Confidentiality">Confidentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_haven" title="Data haven">Data haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">Digital signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend-to-friend" title="Friend-to-friend">Friend-to-friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Doe" title="John Doe">John Doe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latinised_names" title="List of Latinised names">List of Latinised names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">List of pseudonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms_used_in_the_American_Constitutional_debates" title="List of pseudonyms used in the American Constitutional debates">List of pseudonyms used in the American Constitutional debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List of stage names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymous person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nickname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nym_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Nym server">Nym server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymwars" title="Nymwars">Nymwars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_routing" title="Onion routing">Onion routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penet.fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Penet.fi">Penet.fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_names_in_cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="Placeholder names in cryptography">Placeholder names in cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudonymization" title="Pseudonymization">Pseudonymization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudonymous_Bosch" title="Pseudonymous Bosch">Pseudonymous Bosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudonymous_remailer" title="Pseudonymous remailer">Pseudonymous remailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_key_encryption" class="mw-redirect" title="Public key encryption">Public key encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_identity" title="Secret identity">Secret identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takhallus" title="Takhallus">Takhallus</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Room (2010, 3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810062846/https://www.lexico.com/definition/pseudonym">"pseudonym"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/pseudonym">the original</a> on 10 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=pseudonym&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fpseudonym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">du Pont, George F. (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mttlr.org/wp-content/journal/volseven/dupont.pdf">The Criminalization of True Anonymity in Cyberspace</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060221051610/http://www.mttlr.org/volseven/du%20pont.html">Archived</a> 21 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 7 Mich. Telecomm. Tech. L. Rev.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peschke (2006, vii).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsKim2009" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Damon J.; Kim, Young-Kyu (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/orsc.1080.0371">"Why Pseudonyms? Deception as Identity Preservation Among Jazz Record Companies, 1920–1929"</a>. <i>Organization Science</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 481–499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1287%2Forsc.1080.0371">10.1287/orsc.1080.0371</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1047-7039">1047-7039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organization+Science&rft.atitle=Why+Pseudonyms%3F+Deception+as+Identity+Preservation+Among+Jazz+Record+Companies%2C+1920%E2%80%931929&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=481-499&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1287%2Forsc.1080.0371&rft.issn=1047-7039&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Damon+J.&rft.au=Kim%2C+Young-Kyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubsonline.informs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1287%2Forsc.1080.0371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesEliadeAdams2005" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Lindsay; Eliade, Mircea; Adams, Charles J., eds. (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of religion</i> (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. Names in Religion: Devotional Names in Various Religious Traditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865733-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865733-2"><bdi>978-0-02-865733-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+religion&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=Names+in+Religion%3A+Devotional+Names+in+Various+Religious+Traditions&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865733-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=pseudonym">"pseudonym"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=pseudonym&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dpseudonym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dyeu%3Ddos">ψεῦδος</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus project</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%29%2Fnoma">ὄνομα</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225234245/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%29%2Fnoma">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus project</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Marchant, J.R.V, & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGröndahlAsokan202016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGröndahlAsokan202016_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGröndahlAsokan2020">Gröndahl & Asokan 2020</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, Nan, <i>The Girls in the Balcony: Women, Men, and </i>The New York Times (N.Y.: Random House, [2nd printing?] 1992 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-58452-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-58452-X">0-394-58452-X</a>)), p. 221. In 1968, one such employer was <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, the affected workers were classified-advertising takers, and the renaming was away from Jewish, Irish, and Italian names to ones "with a <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">WASP</a> flavor".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RTR-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RTR_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ruse That Roared, <i>The Washington Post</i>, 5 November 1995, Richard Leiby, James Lileks</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Please note this is an English construction, and the idiomatic French phrase is <i>nom de guerre</i> discussed <a href="#Nom_de_guerre">below</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Nom_de_plume" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de plume">nom de plume</a> for details.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGersteinMccaskill2016" class="citation web cs1">Gerstein, Josh; Mccaskill, Nolan D. (23 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2016/09/hillary-clinton-emails-fbi-228607">"Obama used a pseudonym in emails with Clinton, FBI documents reveal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Obama+used+a+pseudonym+in+emails+with+Clinton%2C+FBI+documents+reveal&rft.date=2016-09-23&rft.aulast=Gerstein&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft.au=Mccaskill%2C+Nolan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2016%2F09%2Fhillary-clinton-emails-fbi-228607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2013" class="citation web cs1">Weaver, Dustin (1 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/regulation/energy-environment/297255-former-epa-chief-under-fire-for-new-batch-of-richard-windsor-emails">"Former EPA chief under fire for new batch of "Richard Windsor" emails"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Former+EPA+chief+under+fire+for+new+batch+of+%22Richard+Windsor%22+emails&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Dustin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fregulation%2Fenergy-environment%2F297255-former-epa-chief-under-fire-for-new-batch-of-richard-windsor-emails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maleauthors-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maleauthors_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maleauthors_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughton2012" class="citation news cs1">Naughton, Julie (1 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/new-titles/adult-announcements/article/52473-yes-virgil-there-are-men-writing-romance-focus-on-romance-2012.html">"Yes, Virgil, There Are Men Writing Romance: Focus on Romance 2012"</a>. <i>Publishers Weekly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Times&rft.atitle=Doctor+Who%27s+secret+history+of+codenames+revealed&rft.date=2012-03-27&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiotimes.com%2Fnews%2F2012-03-27%2Fdoctor-whos-secret-history-of-codenames-revealed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudonym" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe, Walker and Stammers <i>Doctor Who the Handbook: The Fourth Doctor</i> pp. 175–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://intellectualtakeout.org/2017/10/porn-star-why-we-should-probably-lose-the-term/">https://intellectualtakeout.org/2017/10/porn-star-why-we-should-probably-lose-the-term/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.delawareonline.com/story/opinion/columnists/2014/03/12/college-porn-star-reflects-base-culture/6342543">https://www.delawareonline.com/story/opinion/columnists/2014/03/12/college-porn-star-reflects-base-culture/6342543</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CONFESSIONS OF A PORN ADDICT, The Spectator, 10 November 2001, page 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stigma and the Shaping of the Pornography Industry By Georgina Voss, Routledge, 2015, page 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Microgenre: A Quick Look at Small Culture, edited by Anne H. Stev, Bloomsbury Academic, 2020, page 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Wynn-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_Wynn_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn2009" class="citation book cs1">Winn, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LdsMqbAQJWgC"><i>That Magic Feeling: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume Two, 1966–1970</i></a>. Three Rivers Press. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45239-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45239-9"><bdi>978-0-307-45239-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Magic+Feeling%3A+The+Beatles%27+Recorded+Legacy%2C+Volume+Two%2C+1966%E2%80%931970&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-307-45239-9&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLdsMqbAQJWgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2007/Feb07/saga_remembered.htm">"Saga Remembered by Robin O'Connor - February 2007 MusicWeb-International"</a>. <i>www.musicweb-international.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.musicweb-international.com&rft.atitle=Saga+Remembered+by+Robin+O%27Connor+-+February+2007+MusicWeb-International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicweb-international.com%2Fclassrev%2F2007%2FFeb07%2Fsaga_remembered.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.45cat.com/record/5579">"45cat – Peter And Gordon – Woman / Wrong From The Start – Capitol – USA – 5579"</a>. 45cat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=45cat+%E2%80%93+Peter+And+Gordon+%E2%80%93+Woman+%2F+Wrong+From+The+Start+%E2%80%93+Capitol+%E2%80%93+USA+%E2%80%93+5579&rft.pub=45cat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.45cat.com%2Frecord%2F5579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGröndahlAsokan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gröndahl, Tommi; Asokan, N. (2020). "Text Analysis in Adversarial Settings: Does Deception Leave a Stylistic Trace?". <i><a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Surveys" title="ACM Computing Surveys">ACM Computing Surveys</a></i>. <b>52</b> (3): 1–36. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.08939">1902.08939</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3310331">10.1145/3310331</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67856540">67856540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Computing+Surveys&rft.atitle=Text+Analysis+in+Adversarial+Settings%3A+Does+Deception+Leave+a+Stylistic+Trace%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-36&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1902.08939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A67856540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3310331&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B6ndahl&rft.aufirst=Tommi&rft.au=Asokan%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudonym" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Peschke, Michael. 2006. <i>International Encyclopedia of Pseudonyms.</i> Detroit: Gale. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-598-24960-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-598-24960-0">978-3-598-24960-0</a>.</li> <li>Room, Adrian. 2010. <i>Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins.</i> 5th rev. ed. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4373-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4373-4">978-0-7864-4373-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonym&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/pseudonym" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/pseudonym">pseudonym</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pseudonym" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pseudonym">Pseudonym</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guesswhothisis.com/">A site with pseudonyms for celebrities and entertainers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150819035534/http://www.guesswhothisis.com/">Archived</a> 19 August 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trussel.com/books/pseudo.htm">Another list of pseudonyms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl101.pdf">The U.S. copyright status of pseudonyms</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191449/http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl101.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freehaven.net/anonbib/">Anonymity Bibliography</a> Excellent bibliography on anonymity and pseudonymity. Includes hyperlinks.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050908040429/http://www.tik.ee.ethz.ch/~rennhard/shopaware/">Anonymity Network</a> Describes an architecture for anonymous Web browsing.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050825090605/http://www2.cddc.vt.edu/www.eff.org/Privacy/Anonymity/">Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) Anonymity/Pseudonymity Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coralproject.net/blog/the-real-name-fallacy/">The Real Name Fallacy</a> - "Not only would removing anonymity fail to consistently improve online community behavior – forcing real names in online communities could also increase discrimination and worsen harassment." with 30 references</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personal_names" title="Template:Personal names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personal_names" title="Template talk:Personal names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personal_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personal names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture<br /><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br />and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a><br />and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61002#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61002#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61002#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4047653-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Anonyms and pseudonyms"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005416">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Anonyms and pseudonyms"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99002346">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pseudonymes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119479314">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" 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