Biographical Memoirs: Volume 73 | The National Academies Press

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max-width: 100%; color: #333; margin-top: 0px; } #contributorblock { margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; font-weight: 500; border-top: 1px solid #eae9e9; padding-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 15px; border-bottom: 1px solid #eae9e9; line-height: 1.75; } #contributorblock a { font-weight: 500; } #descriptionblock { margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; color: #333; font-size: 1.567rem; line-height: 1.75; font-weight: 400; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility; } #descriptionblock ul, #descriptionblock ol { list-style: inherit; } #bookoverviewtop { max-width: 100%; min-width: 10%; } .resource-list li { text-indent: 0px; padding-left: 20px; display: block; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 10px; margin-right: 5px; border-radius: 5px; white-space: nowrap; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 518px; } .resource-list li a { white-space: normal; } @media screen and (max-width: 768px) { .flex-row { display: flex; align-content: space-between; align-items: stretch; justify-content: flex-start; flex-direction: column; position: relative; margin-bottom: 10px; flex: 1; } .flex-row.row2 { display: flex; align-content: space-between; align-items: stretch; justify-content: flex-start; flex-direction: row; position: relative; margin-bottom: 10px; flex: 1; } .resource-list li { text-indent: 0px; padding-left: 20px; display: block; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 10px; margin-right: 5px; border-radius: 5px; white-space: nowrap; margin-bottom: 10px; } } #resourceblock h4 { font-family: "lato", sans-serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px; } #statusblock { position: absolute; top: -10px; left: 0px; } #actions { position: absolute; right: 0px; top: -10px; } .btn-tool { display: inline; padding: 5px; background: #fff; margin-right: 3px; } a.btn-tool { color: #336699; font-size: 12px; padding-left: 25px; position: relative; } a.btn-tool.email-this { color: #4148C2; font-size: 12px; padding-left: 0px; position: relative; } .link-tools { display: flex; } .tooltip-inner { max-width: 300px; padding: 2rem; text-align: left; background-color: #333; color: #fff; border-radius: 0rem; } .report-type { font-size: 14px; font-weight: 400; padding-left: 10px; } .report-type:before { font-family: 'icomoon'; speak: none; content: "\e65a"; margin-right: 5px; color: #bc9b6a; opacity: .6; } .lt-addmynap-on, .lt-embed { color: #336699; position: absolute; left: 5px; top: 5px; } .lt-addmynap-off { color: green; position: absolute; left: 5px; top: 5px; } .btn-clear { border: 1px solid #4148C2; border-radius: 4px; } .alert-info { color: #333; } .alert { padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 20px; background-color: #d9edf7; border-color: #a7d5de; border-radius: 4px; } .row-title.ft { padding-bottom: 10px; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25; border-bottom: 0px; } .book-tile h4 { font-family: "lato", helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; } .panel-body { padding: 20px 40px; border-top: none; } #stats { padding: 40px; background-image: linear-gradient(180deg, #f3f1eb 0, rgba(243,241,235,0) 250px); } .panel-default > .panel-heading { padding: 20px; background: #9ec0d5; } .panel-group .panel-heading + .panel-collapse .panel-body { border: none; } .panel-heading.cp-accordion-toggle.collapsed.in:after { content: "\2796"; } .cp-accordion { font-size: 20px; font-weight: 900; } h4.panel-title { font-family: 'lato'; font-weight: 700; font-size: 1.3em; line-height: 1; } .panel-heading .cp-accordion-toggle:after { content: "\2796"; /* Unicode character for "minus" sign (-) */ font-size: 13px; color: #777; float: right; margin-left: 5px; } .panel-heading .cp-accordion-toggle.collapsed:after { /* symbol for "collapsed" panels */ content: '\02795'; /* adjust as needed, taken from bootstrap.css */ } .cp-accordion-toggle.collapsed.in:after { content: "\2796"; } .chapter-name a { font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.5; } /*Responsive Video Embed*/ .videoWrapperOuter { max-width: 640px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 20px; } .video.videoWrapperOuter h4 { font-size: 16px; font-family: 'lato', sans-serif; font-weight: 900; } .videoWrapperInner { float: none; clear: both; width: 100%; position: relative; padding-bottom: 50%; padding-top: 25px; height: 0; } .videoWrapperInner iframe { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; } h4.videoTitle { font-size: 14px; font-family: 'lato', helvetica; color: #666; } .icon-skim { color: #4148C2; margin-right: 6px; } .graysearchouter { border: 1px solid #ccc; margin-bottom: 30px; background: #fff; height: 45px; } blockquote { text-align: left !important; } .citation-formats { display: inline-flex; align-content: stretch; align-items: flex-start; justify-content: flex-start; margin-left: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style: none; flex-wrap: wrap; } .citation-formats li { max-width: 100%; width: 168px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-right: 5px; } .citation-formats li a { font-size: 12px; font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: 1px; display: block; border: 1px solid #4148C2; border-radius: 4px; padding: 8px; margin-right: 3px; word-wrap: nowrap; white-space: nowrap; width: 100%; } .citation-formats li a:hover { background: #4148C2; color: white; text-decoration: none; } .citation-formats li a:before { content: "\e75c"; font-family: 'icomoon'; speak: none; margin-right: 5px; color: #4148C2; opacity: .6; } h3.citation-subheading { border-bottom: 0px; color: #565555; font-size: 14px; } h3 { font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 20px; font-weight: 700; color: #333; text-transform: uppercase; } .embargo-row { padding: 1rem; background: #eed9d9; text-align: center; } .mynap-promo { padding: 10px; margin-bottom: 20px; background: #efefef; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 4px; } .mynap-promo.visible-xs.visible-sm { padding: 10px; background: #fff; margin: 10px 0px; } @media screen and (max-width: 500px) { .flex-row.row2 { display: flex; align-content: space-between; align-items: stretch; justify-content: flex-start; flex-direction: row; position: relative; margin-bottom: 10px; flex: 1; flex-wrap: wrap; } .flex-row-cover { flex-direction: column; } #titleblock h1 { font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; max-width: 100%; } .btn { text-align: left; white-space: wrap !important; font-size: 16px; width: 100%; } .btn-buy-top { width: 100%; } } @media screen and (max-width: 768px) { .flex-item.rel-info { display: none; max-width: 100%; } .container { padding: 0px; } .panel-body { padding: 0px; } .flex-item.searchob, .flex-item.toclist { width: 97%; } } @media screen and (max-width: 980px) { .flex-item.rel-info { max-width: 100%; } } </style> <style>pre { background-color: transparent !important; }</style> </head> <body>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-N9MJ23" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <a name="top" id="top"></a> <a href="#content" class="sr-only sr-only-focusable">Skip to main content</a> <style> body { overflow-x: hidden; } #lowerMenu { background: #fff } .global-nav--local .mega-menu { display: block; -webkit-transform: translateY(0em); transform: translateY(0em); } .global-nav--local.search-is-hidden .mega-menu { display: none; -webkit-transform: translateY(0em); transform: translateY(0em); } .global-nav .container:not(.mega-menu__header) { padding: 0rem; padding-top: 0rem; padding-right: 0rem; padding-top: 0.5rem; padding-right: 1rem; } .global-nav__controls { top: .3rem; padding-right: 20px; } .global-nav--local .global-nav__links { -webkit-transform: translateY(0); transform: translateY(0); max-width: 75%; float: right; background: #fff; } .global-nav__links ul { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-justify-content: flex-end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-top: .5rem; } .global-nav--local.menu-is-hidden .global-nav__links { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateY(0.5em); transform: translateY(0.5em); visibility: hidden; } #header-large { max-width: 1180px; margin: 0; padding: 0 0; -webkit-box-shadow: none; -moz-box-shadow: none; box-shadow: none; flex-wrap: nowrap; position: absolute; top: 113px; text-align: right; width: 100%; right: 0; } #header-large .user-links { white-space: nowrap; display: inline-flex; margin: 0; padding: 0; background: #fff; z-index: 0; list-style: none; min-width:500px; } .user-links li { margin-right: 7%; } .user-links li a { font-size: 10px; text-align: left; text-transform: uppercase; color: #000; } #header-large a.site-links { margin-right: 15px; color: #000; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 5px; font-size: 12px; text-transform: uppercase; } .site-links:hover { text-decoration: underline; } nav#sitelinks-wide { position: absolute; top: 16px; } #sitelinks-wide ul { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; margin: 0; padding: 0; } #sitelinks-wide ul li { #sitelinks-mobile { display: none; } white-space: nowrap; } #sitelinks-mobile { display: none; } .user-links li a:hover { text-decoration: underline; } .dropdown-menu { position: absolute; top: 100%; left: 10px; z-index: 9999999; display: none; float: left; min-width: 160px; padding: 5px 0; margin: 2px 0 0; list-style: none; font-size: 14px; background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #cccccc; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); border-radius: 4px; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175); box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.175); background-clip: padding-box; } #dropdownMenuButton { border: 1px solid #ccc; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 700; } .dropdown #dropdownMenuButton:after { content: '\02795'; /* Unicode character for "plus" sign (+) */ font-size: 13px; color: #777; float: right; margin-left: 5px; } .dropdown.open #dropdownMenuButton:after { content: "\2796"; /* Unicode character for "minus" sign (-) */ } li.naphelp { display: block;} @media (max-width: 930px) { #header-large { right: 80px; } #header-large .user-links { min-width:100px; } nav#sitelinks-wide { display: none; } #sitelinks-mobile { display: block; position: absolute; top: -10px; left: 107px; } #sitelinks-wide ul { display: block; } #sitelinks-wide ul li { margin-right: 0%; white-space: nowrap; } .dropdown-item { display: block; width: 100%; padding: .25rem 1.5rem; clear: both; font-weight: 400; color: #212529; text-align: inherit; white-space: nowrap; background-color: transparent; border: 0; text-align: left; } .dropdown.nap-mega-menu.mega-dropdown { display: none;} li.naphelp { display: none;} } .global-nav__links { display: none; opacity: 1; transition: opacity .15s, -webkit-transform .15s; transition: opacity .15s, transform .15s; transition: opacity .15s, transform .15s, -webkit-transform .15s; } .global-nav--local .global-nav__links { -webkit-transform: translateY(0); transform: translateY(0); } .global-nav--local.menu-is-hidden .global-nav__links { opacity: 0; -webkit-transform: translateY(0.5em); transform: translateY(0.5em); } .global-nav__links ul { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-justify-content: flex-end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-top: 1rem; } .global-nav__links li:hover .global-nav__link>span::before, .global-nav__links li:focus-within .global-nav__link>span::before, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link.is-active>span::before, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link:hover>span::before, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link:focus>span::before { background-color: #1C143D; ; } .global-nav__links li:hover .global-nav__link>span::before::after, .global-nav__links li:focus-within .global-nav__link>span::before::after, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link.is-active>span::before::after, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link:hover>span::before::after, .global-nav__links .global-nav__link:focus>span::before::after { opacity: 1; } @media screen and (min-width: 65em) { .global-nav__links { display: block; } .global-nav__links>ul>li:last-of-type .global-nav__link { margin-right: -1.25em; } } .global-nav__link { position: relative; display: block; padding: .75em 1.5em .5em; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); color: var(--color-neutral--charcoal); border-bottom: 5px solid transparent; /*font-size: .885rem;*/ font-weight: 700; font-weight: var(--lato--bold); text-decoration: none; transition: color .15s; } .global-nav__link>span { position: relative; } .global-nav__link>span::before { content: ""; position: absolute; bottom: -.5em; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 5px; background-color: transparent; transition: background-color .15s; } .global-nav__dropdown { position: absolute; top: calc(100% + 1em); left: 50%; display: none; width: 600px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: var(--color-neutral--white); box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(34, 34, 34, .25); box-shadow: 0 5px 15px var(--box-shadow--charcoal); -webkit-transform: translateX(-50%); transform: translateX(-50%); z-index: 20; } .global-nav__dropdown::before { content: ""; position: absolute; top: -1em; left: 0; display: block; width: 100%; height: 1em; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left { position: relative; min-height: 260px; width: 40%; padding: 1.5rem; background: rgb(255,255,255); background: -moz-linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,1) 0%, rgba(73,69,104,1) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,1) 100%, rgba(195,228,228,1) 100%); background: -webkit-linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,1) 0%, rgba(73,69,104,1) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,1) 100%, rgba(195,228,228,1) 100%); background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(255,255,255,1) 0%, rgba(73,69,104,1) 0%, rgba(0,0,0,1) 100%, rgba(195,228,228,1) 100%); filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr="#ffffff",endColorstr="#c3e4e4",GradientType=1); } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left a { display: block; color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: var(--color-neutral--white); font-weight: 400; font-weight: var(--lato--regular); transition: color .15s; font-size: 16px; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left a:hover, .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left a:focus, .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left a:active { color: rgb(246,210,0); color: var(--color-yellow--pure); } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left ul { -webkit-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left li a { padding: .5em 0; line-height: 1.4; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left--default { position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; overflow: hidden; background-color: rgb(243, 241, 235); background-color: var(--color-brown--bone); } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left--default img { width: 100%; height: auto; /* stylelint-disable max-nesting-depth */ /* stylelint-enable max-nesting-depth */ } @supports (object-fit: cover) { .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__left--default img { height: 100%; object-fit: cover; } } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__right { width: 60%; padding: 1.5rem; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__right .button { margin-top: 2em; text-shadow: none; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__right a { color: rgb(0, 89, 145); color: var(--color-blue--bahama); text-decoration: none; transition: color .15s; } .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__right a:hover, .global-nav__dropdown .dropdown__right a:focus { color: rgb(33,23,71); color: var(--color-blue--imperial); text-decoration: underline; } .rm-dropdown:hover::after, .rm-dropdown:focus::after { visibility: hidden; } .has-dropdown { position: relative; } .has-dropdown::after { content: ""; position: absolute; top: calc(100% + 3px); left: 50%; width: 26px; height: 15px; background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,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); background-repeat: no-repeat; -webkit-transform: translateX(-50%); transform: translateX(-50%); visibility: hidden; } .has-dropdown:hover::after, .has-dropdown:focus::after { visibility: visible; } .has-dropdown:hover .global-nav__dropdown { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; } .has-dropdown:focus-within .global-nav__dropdown { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; } .has-dropdown:nth-last-of-type(-n+3) .global-nav__dropdown { left: auto; -webkit-transform: none; transform: none; } .has-dropdown:nth-last-of-type(3) .global-nav__dropdown { right: -200%; } .has-dropdown:nth-last-of-type(2) .global-nav__dropdown { right: -90%; } .has-dropdown:last-of-type .global-nav__dropdown { right: 5%; } .global-nav__links { z-index: 5; } header.global-nav { height: 150px; } .button.button--secondary.button--outline.button--icon { font-size: 12px; padding-right: 40px; } .button.button--icon svg { height: 2.5em; position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 60%; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); transform: translate(-50%, -50%); width: 24px; } .controls__search, .controls__menu, .controls__nav { font-size: 12px; } .global-nav__menus--upper { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-justify-content: space-between; justify-content: space-between; margin-bottom: 2rem; } .global-nav__link { font-size: 16px; } .global-nav__links ul { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-justify-content: flex-end; justify-content: flex-end; margin-top: 5px; list-style: none; } .invert { background: #000; color: #fff; } .controls__nav .menu-off { display: inline; } .controls__nav .menu-on { display: none; } .controls__nav.invert .menu-off { display: none } .controls__nav.invert .menu-on { display: inline; } .mega-menu { background-color: rgb(243, 241, 235); background-color: var(--color-brown--bone); position: fixed; top: 0; right: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; overflow: scroll; z-index: 9999999; } .mega-menu .mega-menu__header { display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-justify-content: space-between; justify-content: space-between; -webkit-align-items: center; align-items: center; padding-top: 1rem; } .mega-menu__content .search-form__container { position: relative; max-width: 70em; margin: 0 auto; } #search .global-nav__logo { position: absolute; top: 1em; } .sf-top { margin-top: 50px; } #searchFormNAP { display: block; height: 100px; } a:hover, a:focus { color: #1C143D; text-decoration: underline; } #fixedfooter a:hover, #fixedfooter a:focus { color: #fff; text-decoration: underline; } .btn-blueflat.btn-searchhome.hide-xs { display: none; } .mega-menu__content { margin-top: 50px; margin-left: 7px; } .accordion__title.faq__accordion__title .flex.justify-between { display: inherit; } .global-nav__logo { margin: 0px !important; position: absolute; left: 15px; top: 25px; height: 55px; } .global-nav__link:hover { text-decoration: none; } @media screen and (min-width: 65em) { .mega-menu__content .search-form { padding: 1em 0px 3em 0em; } } @media (min-width: 45rem) { .global-nav__logo {} } @media (max-width: 480px) { .global-nav__logo { margin: 0px !important; position: absolute; left: 15px; top: 12px; } } /* Style the buttons that are used to open and close the accordion panel */ #mobile-menu button.accordion, #mobile-menu button.no-accordion { letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: left; color: #4148C2; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: 700 !important; font-family: 'lato', helvetica, sans-serif; padding: 15px 0px 15px 0px; border-top: none !important; border-bottom: .5px solid rgb(221, 213, 199) !important; cursor: pointer; width: 100%; } .mega-menu__content .accordion { border: 0; font-weight: 700; } #mobile-menu .accordion:after { content: '\02795'; /* Unicode character for "plus" sign (+) */ font-size: 13px; color: #777; float: right; margin-left: 5px; } #mobile-menu button.active:after { content: "\2796"; /* Unicode character for "minus" sign (-) */ } /* Add a background color to the button if it is clicked on (add the .active class with JS), and when you move the mouse over it (hover) */ #mobile-menu button.active, #mobile-menu button.accordion:hover { background-color: transparent; } /* Style the accordion panel. Note: hidden by default */ #mobile-menu .panel { padding: 0 0; background-color: transparent; max-height: 0; box-shadow: 0 !important; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height 0.2s ease-out; margin: 0px !important; border: 0 !important; } #mobile-menu .panel ul li { margin: 0px 0px; padding-left: 0px; } #mobile-menu .panel ul { margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; } #mobile-menu .panel ul li { line-height: 2; } #mobile-menu .panel ul li a { color: #000; text-decoration: underline; cursor: pointer; } .controls__menu-mobile { text-transform: uppercase; } .controls__menu-mobile svg { fill: #222; fill: var(--color-neutral--charcoal); width: 1.75rem; height: 1.75rem; } .cart-badge { display: inline-block; text-align: center; line-height: 1; background: #7899F2; color: white; font-weight: bold; border-radius: 20px; padding: 3px 6px; margin-left: 3px; } @media screen and (min-width: 65em) { #mobile-menu .controls__menu { display: inline; } } @media screen and (max-width: 65em) { #mobile-menu .controls__menu svg { display: inline; } } /*NAP mega menu dropdown*/ li.nap-mega-menu.mega-dropdown { position: static !important; width:100% !important; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu { padding: 20px 0px; box-shadow: none; -webkit-box-shadow: none; margin-top: 10px !important; box-shadow: 0 5px 15px var(--box-shadow--charcoal); transform: none !important; top: 100% !important; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li > ul.browse-col { padding: 0; margin: 0; width: 100%; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li > ul > li { list-style: none; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li > ul > li > a { display: block; padding: 3px 20px; clear: both; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.428571429; color: #4148C2; white-space: normal; font-size: 14px; text-transform: none; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li ul > li > a:hover, .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li ul > li > a:focus { text-decoration: none; color: #444; background-color: #f5f5f5; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu .dropdown-header a { color: #4148C2; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 900 !important; text-align: left; text-transform: uppercase !important; padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 7px; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu form { margin:3px 20px; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu .form-group { margin-bottom: 3px; } .nap-mega-menu .vertical-divider { border-left: 1px solid #ccc; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li.d-flex { display: inline-flex !important; margin-right: 0 !important; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: nowrap !important; flex-direction: row !important; } #nap-mega-menu-inner { justify-content: space-between; align-content:start; } #nap-mega-menu-inner li.browse-col { width: 22%; } </style> <header class="global-nav global-nav--local menu-is-hidden search-is-hidden" id="lowerMenu"> <div class="container flex justify-between">  <div aria-hidden="true" class="mega-menu" id="search"> <div data-lock=""> <div class="container 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[<a href="/content/using-mynap">Learn More</a>]</div> <div class="flex-row row"> <div class="row flex-row-actions"> <div id="actions" > <div class="link-tools" style="padding-bottom: 20px;">  </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="flex-row row2" style="padding-top:20px;"> <div class="flex-item cover"> <div id="cover" class="cover-block"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650" data-toggle="tooltip" title="Read Online" id="read-cov"> <img class="img-responsive img-cover150" src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/9650/450" alt="Biographical Memoirs: Volume 73" itemprop="image"></a> </div> <div data-toggle="modal" data-target="#myCover" class="text-center"> <p class="btn btn-text" style="color: #4148C2; font-size: 12px; cursor: pointer; margin-top: 5px;">VIEW LARGER COVER</p></div> <div class="modal fade" id="myCover" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myCoverLabel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header" style="border-bottom: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true" style="color: black;">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="modal-body text-center"> <img class="img-fluid img-responsive" src="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cover/9650/450" alt="Biographical Memoirs: Volume 73" itemprop="image"> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="flex-item book-details" > <div class="row"> <div id="titleblock"> <a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650"> <h1 class="catalog-title">Biographical Memoirs</h1> <h2 class="catalog-subtitle">Volume 73 </h2> </a> <div class="bookyear"> <span itemprop="copyrightYear">(1998)</span></div> </div> </div>  <div class="row"> <div class="book-actions flex-row-btnbuy"> <div class="btn-buy-top"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/login.php?record_id=9650" class="btn btn-primary action-button action-download">Download Free PDF</a></div> <div class="btn-buy-top"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650" class="btn btn-primary action-button action-read">Read Free Online</a></div> <div class="btn-buy-top"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/cart/cart.php?list=fs&action=buy%20it&record_id=9650&isbn=0-309-06031-1" class="btn btn-clear" itemprop="offers" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Offer"><span class="icon-purchase" data-icon=""> </span> <link itemprop="availability" href="http://schema.org/InStock"> Buy Hardcover: <span class="nonmynap-price" itemprop="price">$107.00</span> <meta itemprop="priceCurrency" content="USD"> </a><br> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="row"> <div id="descriptionblock"> <div class="book-description" itemprop="description"><p><em>Biographic Memoirs: Volume 73</em> contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. 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[<a href="/content/using-mynap">Learn More</a>]</div> <h1>RESOURCES AT A GLANCE</h1> <ul class="resource-list"> <li class="htmldoc"><i class="las la-minus"></i><a href="http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=9650">Press Release</a></li> </ul> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div>  </div>  </div>  </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> <div class="middle-rows"> <div class="container" > <button class="cp-accordion">Additional Book Information</button> <div class="panel" style="max-height: 100%"> <div class="overview"> <div class="flex-row"> <div class="flex-item overview"> <h3>Topics</h3> <ul class="book-topics"> <li><a href="/topic/414"><span class="icon-414"></span><span itemprop="about">Biography and Autobiography</span> — Biographies </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="flex-item overview"> <h3>Suggested Citation</h3> <div class="citation-string"> <blockquote> National Academy of Sciences. 1998. <em>Biographical Memoirs: Volume 73</em>. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9650.</div> <h4 class="citation-subheading">Import this citation to:</h4> <ul class="citation-formats"> <li><a href="/citation.php?type=bibtex&record_id=9650">Bibtex</a></li> <li><a href="/citation.php?type=enw&record_id=9650">EndNote</a></li> <li><a href="/citation.php?type=ris&record_id=9650">Reference Manager</a></li> </ul> </blockquote> </div> <div class="flex-item overview"> <h3>Publication Info</h3> <span itemprop="numberOfPages"> 388</span> pages |  6 x 9 |  Hardcover <br> ISBN: <span itemprop="isbn"> 978-0-309-06031-8</span><br> DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.17226/9650">https://doi.org/10.17226/9650</a><br> </div> </div> </div> </div> <button class="cp-accordion">Contents</button> <div class="panel" style="max-height: 100%"> <div id="toc"> <div class="flex-row toc" style="align-items: flex-start;"> <div class="flex-item toclist"> <table class="table"> <thead> <tr> <th>Chapters</th> <td></td> <th class="key-chapskim" >skim</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/1">FRONT MATTER</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">i-viii</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=i-viii" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/2">CHARLES GREELEY ABBOT</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">1-23</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=1-23" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/3">CARL DAVID ANDERSON</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">24-39</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=24-39" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/4">WILLIAM OSGOOD AYDELOTTE</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">40-63</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=40-63" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/5">FRANK AMBROSE BEACH</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">64-85</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=64-85" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/6">WALKER BLEAKNEY</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">86-99</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=86-99" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/7">JAMES FREDERICK BONNER</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">100-127</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=100-127" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/8">RODNEY LEE COOL</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">128-149</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=128-149" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/9">LOUIS BARKHOUSE FLEXNER</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">150-165</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=150-165" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/10">REYNOLD CLAYTON FUSON</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">166-181</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=166-181" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/11">CHARLES ROY HENDERSON</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">182-207</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=182-207" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/12">JOHANNES HOLTFRETER</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">208-229</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=208-229" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/13">CARL IVER HOVLAND</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">230-261</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=230-261" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/14">CARSON DUNNING JEFFRIES</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">262-275</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=262-275" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/15">FREDERICK GEORGE KEYES</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">276-287</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=276-287" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/16">HEINRICH KLUVER</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">288-305</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=288-305" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/17">LEWIS GIBSON LONGSWORTH</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">306-321</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=306-321" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/18">ALFRED EZRA MIRSKY</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">322-333</td> <td class="chapter-skim"><a href="/skim.php?record_id=9650&chap=322-333" class="btn btn-sm btn-skim" title="skim this chapter"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-eye-open icon-skim"></span></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="chapter-name"><a href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9650/chapter/19">MELVIN SPENCER NEWMAN</a></td> <td class="chapter-page-range">334-347</td> 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