Tunnel field-effect transistors as energy-efficient electronic switches

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u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Review Article</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2011-11-16">16 November 2011</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Tunnel field-effect transistors as energy-efficient electronic switches</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Adrian_M_-Ionescu-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Adrian_M_-Ionescu-Aff1" data-author-search="Ionescu, Adrian M." data-corresp-id="c1">Adrian M. Ionescu<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Heike-Riel-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Heike-Riel-Aff2" data-author-search="Riel, Heike">Heike Riel</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> </li></ul> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 479</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>329–337 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2011</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">43k <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="citation-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">2342 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">78 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/nature10679/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/electronic-devices" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Electronic devices</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/information-technology" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Information technology</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Power dissipation is a fundamental problem for nanoelectronic circuits. Scaling the supply voltage reduces the energy needed for switching, but the field-effect transistors (FETs) in today's integrated circuits require at least 60 mV of gate voltage to increase the current by one order of magnitude at room temperature. Tunnel FETs avoid this limit by using quantum-mechanical band-to-band tunnelling, rather than thermal injection, to inject charge carriers into the device channel. 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class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature10679/MediaObjects/41586_2011_Article_BFnature10679_Fig1_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature10679/MediaObjects/41586_2011_Article_BFnature10679_Fig1_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="295" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 2: Principle of operation of a TFET.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature10679/MediaObjects/41586_2011_Article_BFnature10679_Fig2_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature10679/MediaObjects/41586_2011_Article_BFnature10679_Fig2_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="207"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 3: Band diagrams of heterostructure C-TFETs.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature10679/MediaObjects/41586_2011_Article_BFnature10679_Fig3_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature10679/MediaObjects/41586_2011_Article_BFnature10679_Fig3_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="142"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 4: Importance of the material system on TFET performance.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature10679/MediaObjects/41586_2011_Article_BFnature10679_Fig4_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature10679/MediaObjects/41586_2011_Article_BFnature10679_Fig4_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="103"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-5"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig5" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 5: Implementation of all-Si technology boosters.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature10679/MediaObjects/41586_2011_Article_BFnature10679_Fig5_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature10679/MediaObjects/41586_2011_Article_BFnature10679_Fig5_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="157" height="312"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-6"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig6" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Figure 6: InAs–Si heterojunction diodes and TFETs for improved performance.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature10679/MediaObjects/41586_2011_Article_BFnature10679_Fig6_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature10679/MediaObjects/41586_2011_Article_BFnature10679_Fig6_HTML.jpg" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="257"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-7"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig7" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" 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K. Boucart, L. De Michielis, C. Le Royer, K. Moselund, M. Björk, H. Schmid, W. Riess and P. Solomon are particularly acknowledged for useful discussions and supporting materials.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Adrian M. 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