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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Îmbunătățirea_substanțelor_anterioare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Îmbunătățirea substanțelor anterioare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Îmbunătățirea_substanțelor_anterioare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producerea_comercială" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producerea_comercială"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Producerea comercială</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producerea_comercială-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referințe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vantablack</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 32 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="صفوف الأنانيب الكربونية السوداء المرتبة عموديا – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صفوف الأنانيب الكربونية السوداء المرتبة عموديا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantabl%C9%99k" title="Vantablək – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vantablək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Вантаблек – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вантаблек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ভ্যান্টাব্ল্যাক – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভ্যান্টাব্ল্যাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%A9" title="وانتابلک – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وانتابلک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ベンタブラック – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベンタブラック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B4%ED%83%80%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99" title="밴타블랙 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="밴타블랙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="വാന്റബ്ലാക്ക് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാന്റബ്ലാക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="وینٹا بلیک – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وینٹا بلیک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vantablack – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vantablack" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E5%A1%94%E9%BB%91" title="梵塔黑 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="梵塔黑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17394326#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vantablack" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie:Vantablack&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discuții despre această pagină — pagină inexistentă [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vantablack"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vantablack"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Vantablack" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Vantablack" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&oldid=12606162" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Vantablack&id=12606162&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVantablack"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVantablack"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Vantablack"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Vantablack&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vantablack" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17394326" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Vantablack_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vantablack_01.JPG/350px-Vantablack_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vantablack_01.JPG/525px-Vantablack_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vantablack_01.JPG/700px-Vantablack_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Vantablack pe o folie de aluminiu</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vantablack</b> este un material făcut din <a href="/wiki/Nanotub_de_carbon" title="Nanotub de carbon">nanotuburi de carbon</a><sup id="cite_ref-SCMP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCMP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și cu o absorbție maximă de 99,965% din radiație, este cea mai neagră substanță cunoscută.<sup id="cite_ref-NBCNews_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBCNews-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acest material reprezintă o „pădure” de nanotuburi verticale. Când <a href="/wiki/Lumin%C4%83" title="Lumină">lumina</a> atinge suprafața vantablack-ului, în loc să se reflecte înapoi aceasta devine prinsă în interior și este continuu refractată între tubi până când se transformă în <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ldur%C4%83" title="Căldură">căldură</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Denumirea materialului provine de la acronimul din engleză <b>V</b>ertically <b>A</b>ligned <b>N</b>ano<b>T</b>ube <b>A</b>rrays, plus «<i>black</i>» (din <a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a> <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">negru</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-YahooCa_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YahooCa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dezvoltare">Dezvoltare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Dezvoltare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Dezvoltare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dezvoltarea inițială a fost efectuată la Laboratorul Național de Fizică din Marea Britanie,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deși termenul VANTA a fost inventat ceva mai târziu.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În prezent substanța este dezvoltată de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surrey_NanoSystems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surrey NanoSystems — pagină inexistentă">Surrey NanoSystems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPost_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPost-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplicații"><span id="Aplica.C8.9Bii"></span>Aplicații</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Aplicații" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Aplicații"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Această substanță are multe aplicații potențiale, printre care prevenirea intrării luminii accidentale în telescoape și îmbunătățirea performanțelor camerelor video în infraroșu, atât pe Pământ cât și în spațiu.<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPost_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPost-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ben Jensen, ofițerul-șef pe tehnologie de la Surrey Nanosisteme, a explicat:<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPost_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPost-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„De exemplu, ea reduce lumina „rătăcită”, îmbunătățește capacitatea telescoapelor sensibile pentru a vedea cele mai mici stele... Reflexia sa ultra-scăzută îmbunătățește sensibilitatea instrumentelor terestre, spațiale și aeropurtare. Vantablack poate spori, de asemenea, absorbția de căldură a materialor folosite în tehnologia CSP („Concentrated Solar Power”, Energia solară concentrată). O emisivitate aproape de ideal este cu adevărat un progres.”</div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Îmbunătățirea_substanțelor_anterioare"><span id=".C3.8Embun.C4.83t.C4.83.C8.9Birea_substan.C8.9Belor_anterioare"></span>Îmbunătățirea substanțelor anterioare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Îmbunătățirea substanțelor anterioare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Îmbunătățirea substanțelor anterioare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Vantablack_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vantablack_02.JPG/200px-Vantablack_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vantablack_02.JPG/300px-Vantablack_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vantablack_02.JPG/400px-Vantablack_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Vantablack pe un suport de sticlă, care reflectă lumina</figcaption></figure> <p>Vantablack este o îmbunătățire față de substanțele dezvoltate anterior. <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83rbune_de_lemn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cărbune de lemn">Cărbunele de lemn</a> reflectă 4% din lumina incidentă. A doua cea mai absorbantă substanța a radiației o poate absorbi aproape integral, fără doar 0,04%,<span class="citationNeeded skin-invert"></span><sup class="noprint"><span style="color:red;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citarea_surselor" title="Wikipedia:Citarea surselor"><i>necesită citare</i></a>]</span></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16584850">.mw-parser-output .citationNeeded{background-color:#ffeaea;color:#444444}</style> iar vantablack-ul doar 0,035%. Această substanță poate fi creată la temperaturi de 400°C (752°F). <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> a dezvoltat o substanță similară, care ar putea rezista până la la 750°C (1380°F). Prin urmare Vantablack poate fi utilizat doar la aplicarea pe materiale care pot rezista la temperaturi ridicate.<sup id="cite_ref-SCMP_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCMP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Degajarea de gaze și nivelul exploziilor particulelor de vantablack este scăzut. Nivelul ridicat al substanțelor similare din trecut a împiedicat utilitatea lor comercială. Vantablack are, de asemenea, o mai mare rezistență la vibrații și are o stabilitate termică mai mare.<sup id="cite_ref-YahooCa_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YahooCa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Producerea_comercială"><span id="Producerea_comercial.C4.83"></span>Producerea comercială</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Producerea comercială" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Producerea comercială"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În anul 2014 producția a fost ajustată pentru a satisface nevoile cumpărătorilor din sectorul aerospațial și de apărare. Primele comenzi au fost deja livrate.<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPost_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPost-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be"></span>Referințe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Referințe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SCMP-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCMP_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCMP_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1554903/vantablack-worlds-darkest-material-unveiled-uk-firm">„Vantablack, the world's darkest material, is unveiled by UK firm”</a>. <i>South China Morning Post - World</i>. <time datetime="2014-07-15">15 iulie 2014</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-07-19">19 iulie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post+-+World&rft.atitle=Vantablack%2C+the+world%E2%80%99s+darkest+material%2C+is+unveiled+by+UK+firm&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F1554903%2Fvantablack-worlds-darkest-material-unveiled-uk-firm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVantablack" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBCNews-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NBCNews_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/vantablack-u-k-firm-shows-worlds-darkest-material-n155581">„Vantablack: U.K. Firm Shows Off 'World's Darkest Material<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>”</a>. <i>NBCNews.com</i>. <time datetime="2014-07-15">15 iulie 2014</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-07-19">19 iulie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBCNews.com&rft.atitle=Vantablack%3A+U.K.+Firm+Shows+Off+%27World%27s+Darkest+Material%27&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fscience%2Fscience-news%2Fvantablack-u-k-firm-shows-worlds-darkest-material-n155581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVantablack" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YahooCa-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YahooCa_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YahooCa_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kuittinen, Tero (<time datetime="2014-07-14">14 iulie 2014</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.news.yahoo.com/scientists-developed-black-deep-makes-3d-objects-look-233004466.html?pt=Array">„Scientists have developed a black so deep it makes 3D objects look flat”</a>. <i>Yahoo! News Canada</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-07-19">19 iulie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News+Canada&rft.atitle=Scientists+have+developed+a+black+so+deep+it+makes+3D+objects+look+flat&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft.au=Kuittinen%2C+Tero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fca.news.yahoo.com%2Fscientists-developed-black-deep-makes-3d-objects-look-233004466.html%3Fpt%3DArray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVantablack" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Theocharous, E.; Deshpande, R.; Dillon, A. C.; Lehman, J. „Evaluation of a pyroelectric detector with a carbon multiwalled nanotube black coating in the infrared”. <i>Applied Optics</i>. <b>45</b> (6): 1093. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.45.001093">10.1364/AO.45.001093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Optics&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+a+pyroelectric+detector+with+a+carbon+multiwalled+nanotube+black+coating+in+the+infrared&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1093&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FAO.45.001093&rft.aulast=Theocharous&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Deshpande%2C+R.&rft.au=Dillon%2C+A.+C.&rft.au=Lehman%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVantablack" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Theocharous, S.P.; Theocharous, E.; Lehman, J.H. „The evaluation of the performance of two pyroelectric detectors with vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube coatings”. <i>Infrared Physics & Technology</i>. <b>55</b> (4): 299–305. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.infrared.2012.03.006">10.1016/j.infrared.2012.03.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infrared+Physics+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=The+evaluation+of+the+performance+of+two+pyroelectric+detectors+with+vertically+aligned+multi-walled+carbon+nanotube+coatings&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=299-305&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.infrared.2012.03.006&rft.aulast=Theocharous&rft.aufirst=S.P.&rft.au=Theocharous%2C+E.&rft.au=Lehman%2C+J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVantablack" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HuffPost-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HuffPost_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuffPost_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuffPost_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuffPost_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Howard, Jacqueline (<time datetime="2014-07-14">14 iulie 2014</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/14/darkest-material-created-vantablack_n_5584338.html">„This May Be The World's Darkest Material Yet”</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-07-19">19 iulie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=This+May+Be+The+World%27s+Darkest+Material+Yet&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft.au=Howard%2C+Jacqueline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F07%2F14%2Fdarkest-material-created-vantablack_n_5584338.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AVantablack" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/186229-its-like-staring-into-a-black-hole-worlds-darkest-material-will-be-used-to-make-very-stealthy-aircraft-better-telescopes">Article with images of vantablack-coated aluminium foil</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&oldid=12606162">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vantablack&oldid=12606162</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categorii" title="Special:Categorii">Categorii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Carbon" title="Categorie:Carbon">Carbon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Nanotehnologie" title="Categorie:Nanotehnologie">Nanotehnologie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Inova%C8%9Bie" title="Categorie:Inovație">Inovație</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorie ascunsă: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_care_necesit%C4%83_cit%C4%83ri_suplimentare" title="Categorie:Articole care necesită citări suplimentare">Articole care necesită citări suplimentare</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 19 ianuarie 2019, ora 21:20.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Acest text este disponibil sub licența <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice</a>; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. 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