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morphophonological alternations. For syntactic alternations, see <a href="/wiki/Diathesis_alternation" title="Diathesis alternation">Diathesis alternation</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, an <b>alternation</b> is the phenomenon of a <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> exhibiting variation in its <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> realization. Each of the various realizations is called an <b>alternant</b>. The variation may be conditioned by the phonological, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> environment in which the morpheme finds itself. </p><p>Alternations provide linguists with data that allow them to determine the <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allomorph" title="Allomorph">allomorphs</a> of a language's phonemes and morphemes and to develop analyses determining the distribution of those allophones and allomorphs. </p><p>The term "sound change" refers to <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">diachronic</a> changes, which occur in a language's sound system. On the other hand, "alternation" refers to changes that happen <a href="/wiki/Synchronic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronic analysis">synchronically</a> (within the language of an individual speaker, depending on the neighbouring sounds) and do not change the language's <a href="/wiki/Underlying_representation" title="Underlying representation">underlying system</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Phonologically_conditioned_alternation"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Phonologically conditioned alternation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Alternation_related_to_meaning"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Alternation related to meaning</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Morphologically_conditioned_alternation"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Morphologically conditioned alternation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Syntactically_conditioned_alternation"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Syntactically conditioned alternation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Phonologically_conditioned_alternation">Phonologically conditioned alternation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alternation_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonologically conditioned alternation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Allomorph" title="Allomorph">Allomorph</a></div> <p>An example of a phonologically conditioned alternation is the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> marker commonly spelled <i>s</i> or <i>es</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This morpheme is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵻz/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depending on the nature of the preceding sound. </p> <ol><li>If the preceding sound is a <a href="/wiki/Sibilant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilant consonant">sibilant consonant</a> (one of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/z/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ʃ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ʒ/</span>), or an <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> (one of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/dʒ/</span>), the plural marker takes the form <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵻz/</span>. Examples: <ul><li><i>mass</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmæs/</span>, plural <i>masses</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmæs<b>ᵻz</b>/</span></li> <li><i>fez</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈfɛz/</span>, plural <i>fezzes</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈfɛz<b>ᵻz</b>/</span></li> <li><i>mesh</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmɛʃ/</span>, plural <i>meshes</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmɛʃ<b>ᵻz</b>/</span></li> <li><i>mirage</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɪˈrɑːʒ/</span>, plural <i>mirages</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɪˈrɑːʒ<b>ᵻz</b>/</span></li> <li><i>church</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtʃɜːrtʃ/</span>, plural <i>churches</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtʃɜːrtʃ<b>ᵻz</b>/</span></li> <li><i>bridge</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbrɪdʒ/</span>, plural <i>bridges</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbrɪdʒ<b>ᵻz</b>/</span></li></ul></li> <li>Otherwise, if the preceding sound is <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiceless</a>, the plural marker takes the likewise voiceless form <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>. Examples: <ul><li><i>mop</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmɒp/</span>, plural <i>mops</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmɒp<b>s</b>/</span></li> <li><i>mat</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmæt/</span>, plural <i>mats</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmæt<b>s</b>/</span></li> <li><i>pack</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈpæk/</span>, plural <i>packs</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈpæk<b>s</b>/</span></li> <li><i>cough</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkɒf/</span>, plural <i>coughs</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkɒf<b>s</b>/</span></li> <li><i>myth</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmɪθ/</span>, plural <i>myths</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmɪθ<b>s</b>/</span></li></ul></li> <li>Otherwise, the preceding sound is voiced, and the plural marker takes the likewise voiced form <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>. <ul><li><i>dog</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈdɒɡ/</span>, plural <i>dogs</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈdɒɡ<b>z</b>/</span></li> <li><i>glove</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɡlʌv/</span>, plural <i>gloves</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɡlʌv<b>z</b>/</span></li> <li><i>ram</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈræm/</span>, plural <i>rams</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈræm<b>z</b>/</span></li> <li><i>doll</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈdɒl/</span>, plural <i>dolls</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈdɒl<b>z</b>/</span></li> <li><i>toe</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtoʊ/</span>, plural <i>toes</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtoʊ<b>z</b>/</span></li></ul></li></ol> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Alternation_related_to_meaning">Alternation related to meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alternation_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Alternation related to meaning" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apophony" title="Apophony">Apophony</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphologically_conditioned_alternation">Morphologically conditioned alternation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alternation_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Morphologically conditioned alternation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> has an example of morphologically conditioned alternation. The <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">feminine form</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> ends in a <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> sound that is missing in the masculine form. In spelling, the feminine ends in a <a href="/wiki/French_phonology#Schwa" title="French phonology">silent e</a>, while the masculine ends in a silent consonant letter:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>masculine <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">petit</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pəti]</span>, feminine <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">petite</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pəti<b>t</b>]</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">small</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li> <li>masculine <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">grand</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʁɑ̃]</span>, feminine <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">grande</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʁɑ̃<b>d</b>]</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">tall</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li> <li>masculine <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">gros</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʁo]</span>, feminine <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">grosse</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʁo<b>s</b>]</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">big</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li> <li>masculine <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">joyeux</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒwajø]</span>, feminine <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">joyeuse</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒwajø<b>z</b>]</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">merry</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li> <li>masculine <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">franc</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fʁɑ̃]</span>, feminine <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">franche</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fʁɑ̃<b>ʃ</b>]</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">sincere</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li> <li>masculine <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bon</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɔ̃]</span>, feminine <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bonne</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɔ<b>n</b>]</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">good</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntactically_conditioned_alternation">Syntactically conditioned alternation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alternation_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Syntactically conditioned alternation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Syntactically conditioned alternations can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a>, where words undergo various initial <a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">consonant mutations</a> depending on their syntactic position.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, an adjective undergoes <a href="/wiki/Irish_initial_mutations#Lenition" title="Irish initial mutations">lenition</a> after a feminine singular noun: </p> <ul><li>unmutated <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">mór</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>mˠ</b>oːɾˠ]</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">big</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, mutated in <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bean mhór</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʲan<span class="wrap"> </span><b>w</b>oːɾˠ]</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">a big woman</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> undergoes <a href="/wiki/Welsh_morphology#Soft_mutation" title="Welsh morphology">soft mutation</a> when it is the direct <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite verb</a>: </p> <ul><li>unmutated <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">beic</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<b>b</b>əik]</span> "bike", mutated in <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Prynodd y ddynes feic.</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈprənoð<span class="wrap"> </span>ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈðənɛs<span class="wrap"> </span><b>v</b>əik]</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The woman bought a bike.</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alternation_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_rule" title="Phonological rule">Phonological rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">Sound change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophony" title="Apophony">Apophony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">Sandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">Allophone</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alternation_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The vowel of the inflectional suffix -<span class="nowrap">⟨es⟩</span> may belong to the phoneme of either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> depending on dialect, and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ᵻ</span>⟩ is a shorthand for "either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>". This usage of the symbol is borrowed from the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Alternation_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCohn2001" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Abigail (2001). "Phonology". In Mark Aronoff; Janie Rees-Miller (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbooklinguist00aron_948"><i>The Handbook of Linguistics</i></a></span>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbooklinguist00aron_948/page/n219">202</a>–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20497-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20497-0"><bdi>0-631-20497-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phonology&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Linguistics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=202-203&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-631-20497-0&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Abigail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbooklinguist00aron_948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternation+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteriade1999" class="citation book cs1">Steriade, Donca (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/steriade/papers/FrenchLiaison.pdf">"Lexical conservatism in French adjectival liaison"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Jean-Marc Authier; Barbara E. Bullock; Lisa A. Reed (eds.). <i>Formal Perspectives in Romance Linguistics</i>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 243–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-3691-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-3691-7"><bdi>90-272-3691-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lexical+conservatism+in+French+adjectival+liaison&rft.btitle=Formal+Perspectives+in+Romance+Linguistics&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=243-70&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-272-3691-7&rft.aulast=Steriade&rft.aufirst=Donca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.ucla.edu%2Fpeople%2Fsteriade%2Fpapers%2FFrenchLiaison.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternation+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Antony D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/652-0404/652-GREEN-0-0.PDF">"The independence of phonology and morphology: The Celtic mutations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lingua</i>. <b>116</b> (11): 1946–1985. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2004.09.002">10.1016/j.lingua.2004.09.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=The+independence+of+phonology+and+morphology%3A+The+Celtic+mutations&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1946-1985&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2004.09.002&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Antony+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froa.rutgers.edu%2Ffiles%2F652-0404%2F652-GREEN-0-0.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternation+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Alternation_(linguistics)&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="ColRad85" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1727661530"> <span>Last edited on 30 September 2024, at 01:58</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9)" title="قلب (لغة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قلب (لغة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternasi" title="Alternasi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Alternasi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternanz_(Linguistik)" title="Alternanz (Linguistik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alternanz (Linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txandakatze" title="Txandakatze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txandakatze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="دگرگونی (زبان‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دگرگونی (زبان‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EC%B2%B4" title="교체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հնչյունափոխություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնչյունափոխություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasovna_promjena" title="Glasovna promjena – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glasovna promjena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Дыбыс алмасуы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дыбыс алмасуы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Альтернация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Альтернация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternantie_(taalkunde)" title="Alternantie (taalkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alternantie (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%9B%BF_(%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="交替 (言語学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="交替 (言語学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternacja_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Alternacja (językoznawstwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alternacja (językoznawstwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Чередование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чередование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D3%A3_(%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3)" title="Бадалшавӣ (забоншиносӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бадалшавӣ (забоншиносӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Чергування звуків – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чергування звуків" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E4%BA%A4%E6%9B%BF" title="語音交替 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="語音交替" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E4%BA%A4%E6%9B%BF" title="语音交替 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="语音交替" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 September 2024, at 01:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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