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3.3 Realisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Realisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_history_and_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_history_and_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Performance history and reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance_history_and_reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Performance history and reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Performance_history_and_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Premiere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premiere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Premiere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premiere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_run_and_early_revivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_run_and_early_revivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Initial run and early revivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_run_and_early_revivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_choreographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_choreographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Later choreographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_choreographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concert_performances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concert_performances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Concert performances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concert_performances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Music </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Music subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 General character </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Instrumentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_I:_The_Adoration_of_the_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_I:_The_Adoration_of_the_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Part I: The Adoration of the Earth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_I:_The_Adoration_of_the_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_II:_The_Sacrifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_II:_The_Sacrifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Part II: The Sacrifice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_II:_The_Sacrifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Influence and adaptations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Recordings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes and references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes and references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">The Rite of Spring</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Sacre_du_printemps" title="Le Sacre du printemps – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Le Sacre du printemps" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9" title="طقوس الربيع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طقوس الربيع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пролетно тайнство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пролетно тайнство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_consagraci%C3%B3_de_la_primavera" title="La consagració de la primavera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="La consagració de la primavera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%9Bcen%C3%AD_jara" title="Svěcení jara – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svěcení jara" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_sacre_du_printemps" title="Le sacre du printemps – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Le sacre du printemps" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_sacre_du_printemps" title="Le sacre du printemps – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Le sacre du printemps" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_consagraci%C3%B3n_de_la_primavera" title="La consagración de la primavera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La consagración de la primavera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_konsekro_de_la_printempo" title="La konsekro de la printempo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="La konsekro de la printempo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaberriaren_sagaratzea" title="Udaberriaren sagaratzea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Udaberriaren sagaratzea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پرستش بهار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرستش بهار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Sacre_du_printemps" title="Le Sacre du printemps – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Le Sacre du printemps" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Sacre_du_printemps" title="Le Sacre du printemps – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Le Sacre du printemps" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B4%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%84" title="봄의 제전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="봄의 제전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posve%C4%87enje_prolje%C4%87a" title="Posvećenje proljeća – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Posvećenje proljeća" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_sacre_du_printemps" title="Le sacre du printemps – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Le sacre du printemps" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_sagra_della_primavera" title="La sagra della primavera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="La sagra della primavera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91" title="פולחן האביב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולחן האביב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="კურთხეული გაზაფხული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კურთხეული გაზაფხული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Sacre_du_printemps" title="Le Sacre du printemps – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Le Sacre du printemps" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ариун хавар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ариун хавар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Sacre_du_printemps" title="Le Sacre du printemps – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Le Sacre du printemps" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E3%81%AE%E7%A5%AD%E5%85%B8" title="春の祭典 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="春の祭典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5rofferet" title="Vårofferet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vårofferet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5rofferet" title="Vårofferet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vårofferet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_wiosny" title="Święto wiosny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Święto wiosny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Sacre_du_Printemps" title="Le Sacre du Printemps – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Le Sacre du Printemps" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Весна священная – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Весна священная" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Rite of Spring" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A4tenie_jari" title="Svätenie jari – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Svätenie jari" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomladno_obredje" title="Pomladno obredje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pomladno obredje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B0" title="Посвећење пролећа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Посвећење пролећа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posve%C4%87enje_prolje%C4%87a" title="Posvećenje proljeća – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Posvećenje proljeća" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kev%C3%A4tuhri" title="Kevätuhri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kevätuhri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5roffer" title="Våroffer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Våroffer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Ritwal_ng_Tag-sibol" title="Ang Ritwal ng Tag-sibol – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ang Ritwal ng Tag-sibol" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4" title="พิธีบูชายัญในฤดูใบไม้ผลิ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พิธีบูชายัญในฤดูใบไม้ผลิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1913 ballet by Igor Stravinsky</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Spring_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rite of Spring (disambiguation)">Rite of Spring (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic; background: #ededed;">Le Sacre du printemps The Rite of Spring</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Roerich_Rite_of_Spring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Roerich_Rite_of_Spring.jpg/200px-Roerich_Rite_of_Spring.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Roerich_Rite_of_Spring.jpg/300px-Roerich_Rite_of_Spring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Roerich_Rite_of_Spring.jpg/400px-Roerich_Rite_of_Spring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="679" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Concept design from <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a>'s 1913 production</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native title</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Russian: Весна священная, romanized: Vesna svyashchennaya, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Sacred Spring'</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Choreographer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Vaslav Nijinsky</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Music</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Pagan</a> myths</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 1913 (1913-05-29) <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Théâtre des Champs-Élysées">Théâtre des Champs-Élysées</a> Paris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original ballet company</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Rite of Spring<a href="#cite_note-1">[n 1]</a> (French: Le Sacre du printemps) is a ballet and orchestral concert work by the Russian composer <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>. It was written for the 1913 Paris season of <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Sergei Diaghilev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a> company; the original choreography was by <a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Vaslav Nijinsky</a> with stage designs and costumes by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a>. When first performed at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Théâtre des Champs-Élysées">Théâtre des Champs-Élysées</a> on 29 May 1913, the <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> nature of the music and choreography <a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_concerts_with_an_unruly_audience_response" title="List of classical music concerts with an unruly audience response">caused a sensation</a>. Many have called the first-night reaction a "riot" or "near-riot", though this wording did not come about until reviews of later performances in 1924, over a decade later.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> Although designed as a work for the stage, with specific passages accompanying characters and action, the music achieved equal if not greater recognition as a concert piece and is widely considered to be one of the most influential musical works of the 20th century. Stravinsky was a young, virtually unknown composer when Diaghilev recruited him to create works for the Ballets Russes. Le Sacre du printemps was the third such major project, after the acclaimed <a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">Firebird</a> (1910) and <a href="/wiki/Petrushka_(ballet)" title="Petrushka (ballet)">Petrushka</a> (1911).<a href="#cite_note-3">[n 2]</a> The concept behind The Rite of Spring, developed by Roerich from Stravinsky's outline idea, is suggested by its subtitle, "Pictures of Pagan Russia in Two Parts"; the scenario depicts various primitive rituals celebrating the advent of spring, after which a young girl is chosen as a sacrificial victim and dances herself to death. After a mixed critical reception for its original run and a short London tour, the ballet was not performed again until the 1920s, when a version choreographed by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Léonide Massine</a> replaced Nijinsky's original, which saw only eight performances.<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> Massine's was the forerunner of many innovative productions directed by the world's leading choreographers, gaining the work worldwide acceptance. In the 1980s, Nijinsky's original choreography, long believed lost, was reconstructed by the <a href="/wiki/Joffrey_Ballet" title="Joffrey Ballet">Joffrey Ballet</a> in Los Angeles. Stravinsky's score contains many novel features for its time, including experiments in <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metre_(music)" title="Metre (music)">metre</a>, rhythm, <a href="/wiki/Accent_(music)" title="Accent (music)">stress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonance</a>. Analysts have noted in the score a significant grounding in <a href="/wiki/Russian_traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditional music">Russian folk music</a>, a relationship Stravinsky tended to deny. Regarded as among the first <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">modernist</a> works, the music influenced many of the 20th-century's leading composers and is one of the most recorded works in the classical repertoire. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> was the son of <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Stravinsky" title="Fyodor Stravinsky">Fyodor Stravinsky</a>, the principal <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> singer at the <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre" title="Mariinsky Theatre">Imperial Opera</a>, Saint Petersburg, and Anna, née Kholodovskaya, a competent amateur singer and pianist from an old-established Russian family. Fyodor's association with many of the leading figures in Russian music, including <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a>, meant that Igor grew up in an intensely musical home.<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> In 1901 Stravinsky began to study law at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg University</a> while taking private lessons in harmony and <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>. Stravinsky worked under the guidance of Rimsky-Korsakov, having impressed him with some of his early compositional efforts. By the time of his mentor's death in 1908, Stravinsky had produced several works, among them a <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_in_F-sharp_minor_(Stravinsky)" title="Piano Sonata in F-sharp minor (Stravinsky)">Piano Sonata in F♯ minor</a> (1903–04), a <a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_E-flat_(Stravinsky)" title="Symphony in E-flat (Stravinsky)">Symphony in E♭ major</a> (1907), which he catalogued as "Opus 1", and a short orchestral piece, <a href="/wiki/Feu_d%27artifice" title="Feu d'artifice">Feu d'artifice</a> ("Fireworks", composed in 1908).<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igor_Stravinsky_as_drawn_by_Pablo_Picasso_31_Dec_1920_-_Gallica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Igor_Stravinsky_as_drawn_by_Pablo_Picasso_31_Dec_1920_-_Gallica.jpg/170px-Igor_Stravinsky_as_drawn_by_Pablo_Picasso_31_Dec_1920_-_Gallica.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Igor_Stravinsky_as_drawn_by_Pablo_Picasso_31_Dec_1920_-_Gallica.jpg/255px-Igor_Stravinsky_as_drawn_by_Pablo_Picasso_31_Dec_1920_-_Gallica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Igor_Stravinsky_as_drawn_by_Pablo_Picasso_31_Dec_1920_-_Gallica.jpg/340px-Igor_Stravinsky_as_drawn_by_Pablo_Picasso_31_Dec_1920_-_Gallica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>Stravinsky, sketched by <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a>, 1920</figcaption></figure> In 1909 Feu d'artifice was performed at a concert in Saint Petersburg. Among those in the audience was the impresario <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Sergei Diaghilev</a>, who at that time was planning to introduce Russian music and art to western audiences.<a href="#cite_note-Hartog52-8">[6]</a> Like Stravinsky, Diaghilev had initially studied law, but had gravitated via journalism into the theatrical world.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> In 1907 he began his theatrical career by presenting five concerts in Paris; in the following year he introduced Mussorgsky's opera <a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov_(opera)" title="Boris Godunov (opera)">Boris Godunov</a>. In 1909, still in Paris, he launched the <a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a>, initially with Borodin's <a href="/wiki/Polovtsian_Dances" title="Polovtsian Dances">Polovtsian Dances</a> from <a href="/wiki/Prince_Igor" title="Prince Igor">Prince Igor</a> and Rimsky-Korsakov's <a href="/wiki/Scheherazade_(Rimsky-Korsakov)" title="Scheherazade (Rimsky-Korsakov)">Scheherazade</a>. To present these works Diaghilev recruited the choreographer <a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Michel Fokine</a>, the designer <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bakst" title="Léon Bakst">Léon Bakst</a> and the dancer <a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Vaslav Nijinsky</a>. Diaghilev's intention, however, was to produce new works in a distinctively 20th-century style, and he was looking for fresh compositional talent.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> Having heard Feu d'artifice he approached Stravinsky, initially with a request for help in orchestrating music by <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a> to create new arrangements for the ballet <a href="/wiki/Les_Sylphides" title="Les Sylphides">Les Sylphides</a>. Stravinsky worked on the opening <a href="/wiki/Nocturnes,_Op._32_(Chopin)" title="Nocturnes, Op. 32 (Chopin)">Nocturne in A-flat major</a> and the closing <a href="/wiki/Grande_valse_brillante_in_E-flat_major_(Chopin)" title="Grande valse brillante in E-flat major (Chopin)">Grande valse brillante</a>; his reward was a much bigger commission, to write the music for a new ballet, <a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a> (L'oiseau de feu) for the 1910 season.<a href="#cite_note-Hartog52-8">[6]</a> Stravinsky worked through the winter of 1909–10, in close association with Fokine who was choreographing The Firebird. During this period Stravinsky made the acquaintance of Nijinsky who, although not dancing in the ballet, was a keen observer of its development. Stravinsky was uncomplimentary when recording his first impressions of the dancer, observing that he seemed immature and gauche for his age (he was 21). On the other hand, Stravinsky found Diaghilev an inspiration, "the very essence of a great personality".<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> The Firebird was premiered on 25 June 1910, with <a href="/wiki/Tamara_Karsavina" title="Tamara Karsavina">Tamara Karsavina</a> in the main role, and was a great public success.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> This ensured that the Diaghilev–Stravinsky collaboration would continue, in the first instance with <a href="/wiki/Petrushka_(ballet)" title="Petrushka (ballet)">Petrushka</a> (1911) and then The Rite of Spring.<a href="#cite_note-Hartog52-8">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis_and_structure">Synopsis and structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Synopsis and structure">edit</a>]</div> In a note to the conductor <a href="/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzky" title="Serge Koussevitzky">Serge Koussevitzky</a> in February 1914, Stravinsky described Le Sacre du printemps as "a musical-choreographic work, [representing] pagan Russia ... unified by a single idea: the mystery and great surge of the creative power of Spring". In his analysis of The Rite, Pieter van den Toorn writes that the work lacks a specific plot or narrative, and should be considered as a succession of choreographed episodes.<a href="#cite_note-VdT26-13">[11]</a> The French titles are given in the form as written in the four-part piano score published in 1913. There have been numerous variants of the English translations; those shown are from the 1967 edition of the score.<a href="#cite_note-VdT26-13">[11]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"> <caption>Synopsis and structure </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="250">Episode </th> <th width="250">English translation </th> <th width="300">Synopsis<a href="#cite_note-14">[n 3]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#DCDCDC;">Part I: L'Adoration de la Terre (Adoration of the Earth)<a href="#cite_note-VdT26-13">[11]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Introduction </td> <td align="center">Introduction </td> <td>Before the curtain rises, an orchestral introduction resembles, according to Stravinsky, "a swarm of spring pipes [<a href="/wiki/Dentsivka" title="Dentsivka">dudki</a>]"<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Les Augures printaniers </td> <td align="center">Augurs of Spring </td> <td>The celebration of spring begins in the hills. An old woman enters and begins to foretell the future. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Jeu du rapt </td> <td align="center">Ritual of Abduction </td> <td>Young girls arrive from the river, in single file. They begin the "Dance of the Abduction". </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Rondes printanières </td> <td align="center">Spring Rounds </td> <td>The young girls dance the <a href="/wiki/Khorovod" title="Khorovod">Khorovod</a>, the "Spring Rounds". </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Jeux des cités rivales </td> <td align="center">Ritual of the Rival Tribes </td> <td>The people divide into two groups in opposition to each other, and begin the "Ritual of the Rival Tribes". </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Cortège du sage: Le Sage </td> <td align="center">Procession of the Sage: The Sage </td> <td>A holy procession leads to the entry of the wise elders, headed by the Sage who brings the games to a pause and blesses the earth.<a href="#cite_note-16">[n 4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Danse de la terre </td> <td align="center">Dance of the Earth </td> <td>The people break into a passionate dance, sanctifying and becoming one with the earth. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="background:#DCDCDC;">Part II: Le Sacrifice (The Sacrifice)<a href="#cite_note-VdT26-13">[11]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Introduction </td> <td align="center">Introduction </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Cercles mystérieux des adolescentes </td> <td align="center">Mystic Circles of the Young Girls </td> <td>The young girls engage in mysterious games, walking in circles. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Glorification de l'élue </td> <td align="center">Glorification of the Chosen One </td> <td>One of the young girls is selected by fate, being twice caught in the perpetual circle, and is honoured as the "Chosen One" with a forceful dance. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Évocation des ancêtres </td> <td align="center">Evocation of the Ancestors </td> <td>In a brief dance, the young girls invoke the ancestors. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Action rituelle des ancêtres </td> <td align="center">Ritual Action of the Ancestors </td> <td>The Chosen One is entrusted to the care of the old wise men. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Danse sacrale (L'Élue) </td> <td align="center">Sacrificial Dance </td> <td>The Chosen One dances to death in the presence of the old men, in the great "Sacrificial Dance". </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conception">Conception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conception">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakst_Diaghilev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakst_Diaghilev.jpg/200px-Bakst_Diaghilev.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakst_Diaghilev.jpg/300px-Bakst_Diaghilev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bakst_Diaghilev.jpg/400px-Bakst_Diaghilev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Sergei Diaghilev</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a> from 1909 to 1929, as painted by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bakst" title="Léon Bakst">Léon Bakst</a></figcaption></figure> Lawrence Morton, in a study of the origins of The Rite, records that in 1907–08 Stravinsky set to music two poems from <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Gorodetsky" title="Sergey Gorodetsky">Sergey Gorodetsky</a>'s collection Yar. Another poem in the anthology, which Stravinsky did not set but is likely to have read, is "Yarila" which, Morton observes, contains many of the basic elements from which The Rite of Spring developed, including pagan rites, sage elders, and the propitiatory sacrifice of a young maiden: "The likeness is too close to be coincidental".<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> Stravinsky himself gave contradictory accounts of the genesis of The Rite. In a 1920 article he stressed that the musical ideas had come first, that the pagan setting had been suggested by the music rather than the other way round.<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a> However, in his 1936 autobiography he described the origin of the work thus: "One day [in 1910], when I was finishing the last pages of L'Oiseau de Feu in Saint Petersburg, I had a fleeting vision ... I saw in my imagination a solemn pagan rite: sage elders, seated in a circle, watching a young girl dance herself to death. They were sacrificing her to propitiate the god of Spring. Such was the theme of the Sacre du printemps."<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> By May 1910 Stravinsky was discussing his idea with <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a>, the foremost Russian expert on folk art and ancient rituals. Roerich had a reputation as an artist and mystic, and had provided the stage designs for Diaghilev's 1909 production of the Polovtsian Dances.<a href="#cite_note-H4-21">[17]</a> The pair quickly agreed on a working title, "The Great Sacrifice" (Russian: Velikaia zhertva);<a href="#cite_note-VdT2-22">[18]</a> Diaghilev gave his blessing to the work, although the collaboration was put on hold for a year while Stravinsky was occupied with his second major commission for Diaghilev, the ballet Petrushka.<a href="#cite_note-H4-21">[17]</a> In July 1911 Stravinsky visited Talashkino, near <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, where Roerich was staying with the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Tenisheva" title="Princess Maria Tenisheva">Princess Maria Tenisheva</a>, a noted patron of the arts and a sponsor of Diaghilev's magazine <a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">World of Art</a>. Here, over several days, Stravinsky and Roerich finalised the structure of the ballet.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Forrest_Kelly" title="Thomas Forrest Kelly">Thomas F. Kelly</a>, in his history of the Rite premiere, suggests that the two-part pagan scenario that emerged was primarily devised by Roerich.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> Stravinsky later explained to Nikolai Findeyzen, the editor of the Russian Musical Gazette, that the first part of the work would be called "The Kiss of the Earth", and would consist of games and ritual dances interrupted by a procession of <a href="/wiki/Wise_old_man" title="Wise old man">sages</a>, culminating in a frenzied dance as the people embraced the spring. Part Two, "The Sacrifice", would have a darker aspect; secret night games of maidens, leading to the choice of one for sacrifice and her eventual dance to the death before the sages.<a href="#cite_note-H4-21">[17]</a> The original working title was changed to "Holy Spring" (Russian: Vesna sviashchennaia), but the work became generally known by the French translation Le Sacre du printemps, or its English equivalent The Rite of Spring, with the subtitle "Pictures of Pagan Russia".<a href="#cite_note-VdT2-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grout_and_Palisca,_p._713-25">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rite_of_Spring_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/The_Rite_of_Spring_manuscript.jpg/290px-The_Rite_of_Spring_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/The_Rite_of_Spring_manuscript.jpg/435px-The_Rite_of_Spring_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/The_Rite_of_Spring_manuscript.jpg/580px-The_Rite_of_Spring_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1789" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>First page from the handwritten score of Le Sacre du printemps</figcaption></figure> Stravinsky's sketchbooks show that after returning to his home at <a href="/wiki/Ustyluh" title="Ustyluh">Ustilug</a> in Ukraine in September 1911, he worked on two movements, the "Augurs of Spring" and the "Spring Rounds".<a href="#cite_note-VdT24-26">[22]</a> In October he left Ustilug for <a href="/wiki/Clarens,_Switzerland" title="Clarens, Switzerland">Clarens</a> in Switzerland, where in a tiny and sparsely-furnished room—an 8-by-8-foot (2.4 by 2.4 m) closet, with only a muted upright piano, a table and two chairs<a href="#cite_note-Stravinsky_and_Craft_1981,_p._143-27">[23]</a>—he worked throughout the 1911–12 winter on the score.<a href="#cite_note-H13-28">[24]</a> By March 1912, according to the sketchbook chronology, Stravinsky had completed Part I and had drafted much of Part II.<a href="#cite_note-VdT24-26">[22]</a> He also prepared a two-hand piano version, subsequently lost,<a href="#cite_note-H13-28">[24]</a> which he may have used to demonstrate the work to Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes conductor <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Monteux" title="Pierre Monteux">Pierre Monteux</a> in April 1912.<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> He also made a four-hand piano arrangement which became the first published version of Le Sacre; he and the composer <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a> played the first half of this together, in June 1912.<a href="#cite_note-H13-28">[24]</a> Following Diaghilev's decision to delay the premiere until 1913, Stravinsky put The Rite aside during the summer of 1912.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> He enjoyed the Paris season, and accompanied Diaghilev to the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a> to attend a performance of <a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> Stravinsky resumed work on The Rite in the autumn; the sketchbooks indicate that he had finished the outline of the final sacrificial dance on 17 November 1912.<a href="#cite_note-VdT24-26">[22]</a> During the remaining months of winter he worked on the full orchestral score, which he signed and dated as "completed in Clarens, March 8, 1913".<a href="#cite_note-VDT36-32">[28]</a> He showed the manuscript to <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>, who was enthusiastic and predicted, in a letter to a friend, that the first performance of Le Sacre would be as important as the 1902 premiere of Debussy's <a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> After the orchestral rehearsals began in late March, Monteux drew the composer's attention to several passages which were causing problems: inaudible horns, a flute solo drowned out by brass and strings, and multiple problems with the balance among instruments in the brass section during <a href="/wiki/Fortissimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortissimo">fortissimo</a> episodes.<a href="#cite_note-VDT36-32">[28]</a> Stravinsky amended these passages, and as late as April was still revising and rewriting the final bars of the "Sacrificial Dance". Revision of the score did not end with the version prepared for the 1913 premiere; rather, Stravinsky continued to make changes for the next 30 years or more. According to Van den Toorn, "[n]o other work of Stravinsky's underwent such a series of post-premiere revisions".<a href="#cite_note-VdT39-34">[30]</a> Stravinsky acknowledged that the work's opening bassoon melody was derived from an anthology of Lithuanian folk songs,<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> but maintained that this was his only borrowing from such sources;<a href="#cite_note-VdT10-36">[32]</a> if other elements sounded like aboriginal folk music, he said, it was due to "some unconscious 'folk' memory".<a href="#cite_note-VdT12-37">[33]</a> However, Morton has identified several more melodies in Part I as having their origins in the Lithuanian collection.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hvii-39">[35]</a> More recently <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Richard Taruskin</a> discovered in the score an adapted tune from one of Rimsky-Korsakov's "One Hundred Russian National Songs".<a href="#cite_note-VdT12-37">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> Taruskin notes the paradox whereby The Rite, generally acknowledged as the most revolutionary of the composer's early works, is in fact rooted in the traditions of Russian music.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realisation">Realisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Realisation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaslav-nijinsky-in-le-pavillon-d-armide-1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vaslav-nijinsky-in-le-pavillon-d-armide-1911.jpg/200px-Vaslav-nijinsky-in-le-pavillon-d-armide-1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vaslav-nijinsky-in-le-pavillon-d-armide-1911.jpg/300px-Vaslav-nijinsky-in-le-pavillon-d-armide-1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vaslav-nijinsky-in-le-pavillon-d-armide-1911.jpg/400px-Vaslav-nijinsky-in-le-pavillon-d-armide-1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>Nijinsky in 1911, depicted by <a href="/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent</a> in costume for his role in <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tcherepnin" title="Nikolai Tcherepnin">Nikolai Tcherepnin</a>'s ballet Le Pavillon d'Armide</figcaption></figure> Taruskin has listed a number of sources that Roerich consulted when creating his designs. Among these are the <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a>, a 12th-century compendium of early pagan customs, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Afanasyev" title="Alexander Afanasyev">Alexander Afanasyev</a>'s study of peasant folklore and pagan prehistory.<a href="#cite_note-Vdt14-42">[38]</a> The Princess Tenisheva's collection of costumes was an early source of inspiration.<a href="#cite_note-H4-21">[17]</a> When the designs were complete, Stravinsky expressed delight and declared them "a real miracle".<a href="#cite_note-Vdt14-42">[38]</a> Stravinsky's relationship with his other main collaborator, Nijinsky, was more complicated. Diaghilev had decided that Nijinsky's genius as a dancer would translate into the role of choreographer and ballet master; he was not dissuaded when Nijinsky's first attempt at choreography, Debussy's <a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">L'après-midi d'un faune</a>, caused controversy and near-scandal because of the dancer's novel stylised movements and his overtly sexual gesture at the work's end.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> It is apparent from contemporary correspondence that, at least initially, Stravinsky viewed Nijinsky's talents as a choreographer with approval; a letter he sent to Findeyzen praises the dancer's "passionate zeal and complete self-effacement".<a href="#cite_note-H109-45">[41]</a> However, in his 1936 memoirs Stravinsky writes that the decision to employ Nijinsky in this role filled him with apprehension; although he admired Nijinsky as a dancer he had no confidence in him as a choreographer: "the poor boy knew nothing of music. He could neither read it nor play any instrument".<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[n 5]</a> Later still, Stravinsky would ridicule Nijinsky's dancing maidens as "knock-kneed and long-braided Lolitas".<a href="#cite_note-Stravinsky_and_Craft_1981,_p._143-27">[23]</a> Stravinsky's autobiographical account refers to many "painful incidents" between the choreographer and the dancers during the rehearsal period.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> By the beginning of 1913, when Nijinsky was badly behind schedule, Stravinsky was warned by Diaghilev that "unless you come here immediately ... the Sacre will not take place". The problems were slowly overcome, and when the final rehearsals were held in May 1913, the dancers appeared to have mastered the work's difficulties. Even the Ballets Russes's sceptical stage director, Serge Grigoriev, was full of praise for the originality and dynamism of Nijinsky's choreography.<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> The conductor Pierre Monteux had worked with Diaghilev since 1911 and had been in charge of the orchestra at the premiere of Petrushka. Monteux's first reaction to The Rite, after hearing Stravinsky play a piano version, was to leave the room and find a quiet corner. He drew Diaghilev aside and said he would never conduct music like that; Diaghilev managed to change his mind.<a href="#cite_note-reid-51">[46]</a> Although he would perform his duties with conscientious professionalism, he never came to enjoy the work; nearly fifty years after the premiere he told enquirers that he detested it.<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> In old age he said to Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham" title="Thomas Beecham">Thomas Beecham</a>'s biographer Charles Reid: "I did not like Le Sacre then. I have conducted it fifty times since. I do not like it now".<a href="#cite_note-reid-51">[46]</a> On 30 March Monteux informed Stravinsky of modifications he thought were necessary to the score, all of which the composer implemented.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> The orchestra, drawn mainly from the <a href="/wiki/Concerts_Colonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Concerts Colonne">Concerts Colonne</a> in Paris, comprised 99 players, much larger than normally employed at the theatre, and had difficulty fitting into the orchestra pit.<a href="#cite_note-Kelly,_p._280-54">[49]</a> After the first part of the ballet received two full orchestral rehearsals in March, Monteux and the company departed to perform in Monte Carlo. Rehearsals resumed when they returned; the unusually large number of rehearsals—seventeen solely orchestral and five with the dancers—were fit into the fortnight before the opening, after Stravinsky's arrival in Paris on 13 May.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh_202-55">[50]</a> The music contained so many unusual note combinations that Monteux had to ask the musicians to stop interrupting when they thought they had found mistakes in the score, saying he would tell them if something was played incorrectly. According to Doris Monteux, "The musicians thought it absolutely crazy".<a href="#cite_note-Walsh_202-55">[50]</a> At one point—a climactic brass fortissimo—the orchestra broke into nervous laughter at the sound, causing Stravinsky to intervene angrily.<a href="#cite_note-kw-56">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[n 6]</a> The role of the sacrificial victim was to have been danced by Nijinsky's sister, <a href="/wiki/Bronislava_Nijinska" title="Bronislava Nijinska">Bronislava Nijinska</a>; when she became pregnant during rehearsals, she was replaced by the then relatively unknown Maria Piltz.<a href="#cite_note-K273-47">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_history_and_reception">Performance history and reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Performance history and reception">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premiere">Premiere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Premiere">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RiteofSpringDancers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/RiteofSpringDancers.jpg/240px-RiteofSpringDancers.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/RiteofSpringDancers.jpg/360px-RiteofSpringDancers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/RiteofSpringDancers.jpg/480px-RiteofSpringDancers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="929" /></a><figcaption>Dancers in Nicholas Roerich's original costumes. From left, Julitska, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Rambert" title="Marie Rambert">Marie Rambert</a>, Jejerska, Boni, Boniecka, Faithful</figcaption></figure> Paris's <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Théâtre des Champs-Élysées">Théâtre des Champs-Élysées</a> was a new structure, which had opened on 2 April 1913 with a programme celebrating the works of many of the leading composers of the day. The theatre's manager, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Astruc" title="Gabriel Astruc">Gabriel Astruc</a>, was determined to house the 1913 Ballets Russes season, and paid Diaghilev the large sum of 25,000 francs per performance, double what he had paid the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> The programme for 29 May 1913, as well as the Stravinsky premiere, included Les Sylphides, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Le_Spectre_de_la_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Spectre de la Rose">Le Spectre de la Rose</a> and Borodin's Polovtsian Dances.<a href="#cite_note-K284-60">[54]</a> Ticket sales for the evening, ticket prices being doubled for a premiere, amounted to 35,000 francs.<a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a> A dress rehearsal was held in the presence of members of the press and assorted invited guests. According to Stravinsky, all went peacefully.<a href="#cite_note-S46-62">[56]</a> However, the critic of <a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89cho_de_Paris" title="L'Écho de Paris">L'Écho de Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Boschot" title="Adolphe Boschot">Adolphe Boschot</a>, foresaw possible trouble; he wondered how the public would receive the work, and suggested that they might react badly if they thought they were being mocked.<a href="#cite_note-K282-63">[57]</a> On the evening of 29 May, Gustav Linor reported, "Never ... has the hall been so full, or so resplendent; the stairways and the corridors were crowded with spectators eager to see and to hear".<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> The evening began with Les Sylphides, in which Nijinsky and Karsavina danced the main roles.<a href="#cite_note-K284-60">[54]</a> Le Sacre followed. Some eyewitnesses and commentators said that the disturbances in the audience began during the Introduction, and grew noisier when the curtain rose on the stamping dancers in "Augurs of Spring". But Taruskin asserts, "it was not Stravinsky's music that did the shocking. It was the ugly earthbound lurching and stomping devised by Vaslav Nijinsky."<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marie_Rambert" title="Marie Rambert">Marie Rambert</a>, who was working as an assistant to Nijinsky, recalled later that it was soon impossible to hear the music on the stage.<a href="#cite_note-H28-66">[60]</a> In his autobiography, Stravinsky writes that the derisive laughter that greeted the first bars of the Introduction disgusted him, and that he left the auditorium to watch the rest of the performance from the stage wings. The demonstrations, he says, grew into "a terrific uproar" which, along with the on-stage noises, drowned out the voice of Nijinsky who was shouting the step numbers to the dancers.<a href="#cite_note-S46-62">[56]</a> Two years after the premiere the journalist and photographer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten" title="Carl Van Vechten">Carl Van Vechten</a> claimed in his book Music After the Great War that the person behind him became carried away with excitement, and "began to beat rhythmically on top of my head with his fists".<a href="#cite_note-White177-67">[61]</a> In 1916, in a letter not published until 2013, Van Vechten admitted he had actually attended the second night, among other changes of fact.<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Ballet_in_Paris_-_New_York_Times_1913-06-08.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Russian_Ballet_in_Paris_-_New_York_Times_1913-06-08.png/220px-Russian_Ballet_in_Paris_-_New_York_Times_1913-06-08.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Russian_Ballet_in_Paris_-_New_York_Times_1913-06-08.png/330px-Russian_Ballet_in_Paris_-_New_York_Times_1913-06-08.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Russian_Ballet_in_Paris_-_New_York_Times_1913-06-08.png/440px-Russian_Ballet_in_Paris_-_New_York_Times_1913-06-08.png 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported the sensational premiere, nine days after the event.<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a></figcaption></figure> At that time, a Parisian ballet audience typically consisted of two diverse groups: the wealthy and fashionable set, who would be expecting to see a traditional performance with beautiful music, and a <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">"Bohemian"</a> group who, the poet-philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a> asserted, would "acclaim, right or wrong, anything that is new because of their hatred of the boxes".<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> Monteux believed that the trouble began when the two factions began attacking each other, but their mutual anger was soon diverted towards the orchestra: "Everything available was tossed in our direction, but we continued to play on". Around forty of the worst offenders were ejected—possibly with the intervention of the police, although this is uncorroborated. Through all the disturbances the performance continued without interruption. The unrest receded significantly during Part II, and by some accounts Maria Piltz's rendering of the final "Sacrificial Dance" was watched in reasonable silence. At the end there were several curtain calls for the dancers, for Monteux and the orchestra, and for Stravinsky and Nijinsky before the evening's programme continued.<a href="#cite_note-K292-71">[65]</a> Among the more hostile press reviews was that of <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>'s critic <a href="/wiki/Henri_Quittard" title="Henri Quittard">Henri Quittard</a>, who called the work "a laborious and puerile barbarity" and added "We are sorry to see an artist such as M. Stravinsky involve himself in this disconcerting adventure".<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> On the other hand, Gustav Linor, writing in the leading theatrical magazine <a href="/wiki/Com%C5%93dia" title="Comœdia">Comœdia</a>, thought the performance was superb, especially that of Maria Piltz; the disturbances, while deplorable, were merely "a rowdy debate" between two ill-mannered factions.<a href="#cite_note-K304-73">[67]</a> Emile Raudin, of Les Marges, who had barely heard the music, wrote: "Couldn't we ask M. Astruc ... to set aside one performance for well-intentioned spectators? ... We could at least propose to evict the female element".<a href="#cite_note-K292-71">[65]</a> The composer <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Casella" title="Alfredo Casella">Alfredo Casella</a> thought that the demonstrations were aimed at Nijinsky's choreography rather than at the music,<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> a view shared by the critic <a href="/wiki/Michel-Dimitri_Calvocoressi" title="Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi">Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi</a>, who wrote: "The idea was excellent, but was not successfully carried out". Calvocoressi failed to observe any direct hostility to the composer—unlike, he said, the premiere of Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande in 1902.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> Of later reports that the veteran composer <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a> had stormed out of the premiere, Stravinsky observed that this was impossible; Saint-Saëns did not attend.<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[n 7]</a> Stravinsky also rejected Cocteau's story that, after the performance, Stravinsky, Nijinsky, Diaghilev and Cocteau himself took a cab to the <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a> where a tearful Diaghilev recited poems by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a>. Stravinsky merely recalled a celebratory dinner with Diaghilev and Nijinsky, at which the impresario expressed his entire satisfaction with the outcome.<a href="#cite_note-79">[72]</a> To Maximilien Steinberg, a former fellow-pupil under Rimsky-Korsakov, Stravinsky wrote that Nijinsky's choreography had been "incomparable: with the exception of a few places, everything was as I wanted it".<a href="#cite_note-H109-45">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_run_and_early_revivals">Initial run and early revivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Initial run and early revivals">edit</a>]</div> The premiere was followed by five further performances of Le Sacre du printemps at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, the last on 13 June. Although these occasions were relatively peaceful, something of the mood of the first night remained; the composer <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a>, who attended the second performance on 2 June,<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a> described the choreography as ridiculous and the music cacophonous—"the work of a madman. The public hissed, laughed—and applauded".<a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a> Stravinsky, confined to his bed by typhoid fever,<a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a> did not join the company when it went to London for four performances at the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a> Reviewing the London production, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> critic was impressed how different elements of the work came together to form a coherent whole, but was less enthusiastic about the music itself, opining that Stravinsky had entirely sacrificed melody and harmony for rhythm: "If M. Stravinsky had wished to be really primitive, he would have been wise to ... score his ballet for nothing but drums".<a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a> The ballet historian Cyril Beaumont commented on the "slow, uncouth movements" of the dancers, finding these "in complete opposition to the traditions of classical ballet".<a href="#cite_note-White177-67">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massine,_Leonide_(1895-1979)_-_1914_-_Ritratto_da_Leon_Bakst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Massine%2C_Leonide_%281895-1979%29_-_1914_-_Ritratto_da_Leon_Bakst.jpg/170px-Massine%2C_Leonide_%281895-1979%29_-_1914_-_Ritratto_da_Leon_Bakst.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Massine%2C_Leonide_%281895-1979%29_-_1914_-_Ritratto_da_Leon_Bakst.jpg/255px-Massine%2C_Leonide_%281895-1979%29_-_1914_-_Ritratto_da_Leon_Bakst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Massine%2C_Leonide_%281895-1979%29_-_1914_-_Ritratto_da_Leon_Bakst.jpg/340px-Massine%2C_Leonide_%281895-1979%29_-_1914_-_Ritratto_da_Leon_Bakst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Léonide Massine</a>, who choreographed the 1920 revival</figcaption></figure> After the opening Paris run and the London performances, events conspired to prevent further stagings of the ballet. Nijinsky's choreography, which <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Forrest_Kelly" title="Thomas Forrest Kelly">Kelly</a> describes as "so striking, so outrageous, so frail as to its preservation", did not appear again until attempts were made to reconstruct it in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-K292-71">[65]</a> On 19 September 1913 Nijinsky married <a href="/wiki/Romola_de_Pulszky" title="Romola de Pulszky">Romola de Pulszky</a> while the Ballets Russes was on tour without Diaghilev in South America. When Diaghilev found out he was distraught and furious that his lover had married, and dismissed Nijinsky. Diaghilev was then obliged to re-hire Fokine, who had resigned in 1912 because Nijinsky had been asked to choreograph Faune. Fokine made it a condition of his re-employment that none of Nijinsky's choreography would be performed.<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a> In a letter to the art critic and historian <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Benois" title="Alexandre Benois">Alexandre Benois</a>, Stravinsky wrote, "[T]he possibility has gone for some time of seeing anything valuable in the field of dance and, still more important, of again seeing this offspring of mine".<a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a> With the disruption following the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 and the dispersal of many artistes, Diaghilev was ready to re-engage Nijinsky as both dancer and choreographer, but Nijinsky had been placed under house arrest in Hungary as an enemy Russian citizen. Diaghilev negotiated his release in 1916 for a tour in the United States, but the dancer's mental health steadily declined and he took no further part in professional ballet after 1917.<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> In 1920, when Diaghilev decided to revive The Rite, he found that no one now remembered the choreography.<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> After spending most of the war years in Switzerland, and becoming a permanent exile from his homeland after the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, Stravinsky resumed his partnership with Diaghilev when the war ended. In December 1920 <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ansermet" title="Ernest Ansermet">Ernest Ansermet</a> conducted a new production in Paris, choreographed by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Léonide Massine</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a> designs retained; the lead dancer was <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Sokolova" title="Lydia Sokolova">Lydia Sokolova</a>.<a href="#cite_note-White177-67">[61]</a> In his memoirs, Stravinsky is equivocal about the Massine production; the young choreographer, he writes, showed "unquestionable talent", but there was something "forced and artificial" in his choreography, which lacked the necessary organic relationship with the music.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a> Sokolova, in her later account, recalled some of the tensions surrounding the production, with Stravinsky, "wearing an expression that would have frightened a hundred Chosen Virgins, pranc[ing] up and down the centre aisle" while Ansermet rehearsed the orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-H86-91">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_choreographies">Later choreographies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later choreographies">edit</a>]</div> The ballet was first shown in the United States on 11 April 1930, when Massine's 1920 version was performed by the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a> in Philadelphia under <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a> dancing the role of the Chosen One.<a href="#cite_note-Juillard-92">[85]</a> The production moved to New York, where Massine was relieved to find the audiences receptive, a sign, he thought, that New Yorkers were finally beginning to take ballet seriously.<a href="#cite_note-J233-93">[86]</a> The first American-designed production, in 1937, was that of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">modern dance</a> exponent <a href="/wiki/Lester_Horton" title="Lester Horton">Lester Horton</a>, whose version replaced the original pagan Russian setting with a <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">Wild West</a> background and the use of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> dances.<a href="#cite_note-J233-93">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Bolshoi_Theatre_2011.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Moscow_Bolshoi_Theatre_2011.JPG/220px-Moscow_Bolshoi_Theatre_2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Moscow_Bolshoi_Theatre_2011.JPG/330px-Moscow_Bolshoi_Theatre_2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Moscow_Bolshoi_Theatre_2011.JPG/440px-Moscow_Bolshoi_Theatre_2011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>The Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, where the 1965 production of The Rite was described by a critic as "Soviet propaganda at its best"</figcaption></figure> In 1944 Massine began a new collaboration with Roerich, who before his death in 1947 completed a number of sketches for a new production which Massine brought to fruition at <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a> in Milan in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-Juillard-92">[85]</a> This heralded a number of significant post-war European productions. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Mary Wigman</a> in Berlin (1957) followed Horton in highlighting the erotic aspects of virgin sacrifice, as did <a href="/wiki/Maurice_B%C3%A9jart" title="Maurice Béjart">Maurice Béjart</a> in Brussels (1959). Béjart's representation replaced the culminating sacrifice with a depiction of what the critic Robert Johnson describes as "ceremonial coitus".<a href="#cite_note-J233-93">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ballet" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Ballet">Royal Ballet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring_(MacMillan)" title="The Rite of Spring (MacMillan)">1962 production</a>, choreographed by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacMillan" title="Kenneth MacMillan">Kenneth MacMillan</a> and designed by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Nolan" title="Sidney Nolan">Sidney Nolan</a>, was first performed on 3 May and was a critical triumph. It has remained in the company's repertoire for more than 50 years; after its revival in May 2011 <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>'s critic Mark Monahan called it one of the Royal Ballet's greatest achievements.<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a> Moscow first saw The Rite in 1965, in a version choreographed for the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Ballet" title="Bolshoi Ballet">Bolshoi Ballet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Kasatkina" title="Natalia Kasatkina">Natalia Kasatkina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vasiliev_(dancer)" title="Vladimir Vasiliev (dancer)">Vladimir Vasiliev</a>. This production was shown in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a> four years later, at the <a href="/wiki/Mikhailovsky_Theatre" title="Mikhailovsky Theatre">Maly Opera Theatre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Balletmag-95">[88]</a> and introduced a storyline that provided the Chosen One with a lover who wreaks vengeance on the elders after the sacrifice. Johnson describes the production as "a product of state atheism ... Soviet propaganda at its best".<a href="#cite_note-J233-93">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CPinaBausch_MAE_339978-9.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CPinaBausch_MAE_339978-9.tif/lossy-page1-290px-CPinaBausch_MAE_339978-9.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CPinaBausch_MAE_339978-9.tif/lossy-page1-435px-CPinaBausch_MAE_339978-9.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CPinaBausch_MAE_339978-9.tif/lossy-page1-580px-CPinaBausch_MAE_339978-9.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="1624" /></a><figcaption>Tanztheater Wuppertal in <a href="/wiki/Pina_Bausch" title="Pina Bausch">Pina Bausch</a>'s production</figcaption></figure> In 1975 modern dance choreographer <a href="/wiki/Pina_Bausch" title="Pina Bausch">Pina Bausch</a>, who transformed the Ballett der Wuppertaler Bühnen to <a href="/wiki/Tanztheater_Wuppertal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanztheater Wuppertal">Tanztheater Wuppertal</a>, caused a stir in the dance world with her stark depiction, played out on an earth-covered stage, in which the Chosen One is sacrificed to gratify the misogyny of the surrounding men.<a href="#cite_note-Jennings-96">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a> At the end, according to <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Luke_Jennings" title="Luke Jennings">Luke Jennings</a>, "the cast is sweat-streaked, filthy and audibly panting".<a href="#cite_note-Jennings-96">[89]</a> Part of this dance appears in the film <a href="/wiki/Pina_(film)" title="Pina (film)">Pina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-J233-93">[86]</a> Bausch's version had also been danced by two ballet companies, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera_Ballet" title="Paris Opera Ballet">Paris Opera Ballet</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_National_Ballet" title="English National Ballet">English National Ballet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> In America, in 1980, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Taylor_(choreographer)" title="Paul Taylor (choreographer)">Paul Taylor</a> used Stravinsky's four-hand piano version of the score as the background for a scenario based on child murder and gangster film images.<a href="#cite_note-J233-93">[86]</a> In February 1984 Martha Graham, in her 90th year, resumed her association with The Rite by choreographing a new production at <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Theater">New York State Theater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> critic declared the performance "a triumph ... totally elemental, as primal in expression of basic emotion as any tribal ceremony, as hauntingly staged in its deliberate bleakness as it is rich in implication".<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a> On 30 September 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Joffrey_Ballet" title="Joffrey Ballet">Joffrey Ballet</a> performed in Los Angeles The Rite based on a reconstruction of Nijinsky's 1913 choreography, until then thought lost beyond recall. The performance resulted from years of research, primarily by Millicent Hodson, who pieced the choreography together from the original prompt books, contemporary sketches and photographs, and the recollections of Marie Rambert and other survivors.<a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> Hodson's version has since been performed by the <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Ballet" title="Mariinsky Ballet">Kirov Ballet</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre" title="Mariinsky Theatre">Mariinsky Theatre</a> in 2003 and later that year at Covent Garden.<a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[98]</a> In its 2012–13 season the Joffrey Ballet gave centennial performances at numerous venues, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a> on 5–6 March 2013, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts" title="University of Massachusetts">University of Massachusetts</a> on 14 March 2013, and with the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a> on 17–18 August 2013.<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a> The music publishers <a href="/wiki/Boosey_%26_Hawkes" title="Boosey & Hawkes">Boosey & Hawkes</a> have estimated that since its premiere, the ballet has been the subject of at least 150 productions, many of which have become classics and have been performed worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-BH-109">[102]</a> Among the more radical interpretations is <a href="/wiki/Glen_Tetley" title="Glen Tetley">Glen Tetley</a>'s 1974 version, in which the Chosen One is a young male.<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> More recently there have been solo dance versions devised by <a href="/wiki/Molissa_Fenley" title="Molissa Fenley">Molissa Fenley</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javier_de_Frutos" title="Javier de Frutos">Javier de Frutos</a> and a punk rock interpretation from <a href="/wiki/Michael_Clark_(dancer)" title="Michael Clark (dancer)">Michael Clark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BH-109">[102]</a> The 2004 film <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_Is_It!" title="Rhythm Is It!">Rhythm Is It!</a> documents a project by conductor <a href="/wiki/Simon_Rattle" title="Simon Rattle">Simon Rattle</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a> and choreographer <a href="/wiki/Royston_Maldoom" title="Royston Maldoom">Royston Maldoom</a> to stage a performance of the ballet with a cast of 250 children recruited from Berlin's public schools, from 25 countries.<a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a> In Rites (2008), by <a href="/wiki/The_Australian_Ballet" title="The Australian Ballet">The Australian Ballet</a> in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Bangarra_Dance_Theatre" title="Bangarra Dance Theatre">Bangarra Dance Theatre</a>, Aboriginal perceptions of the elements of earth, air, fire and water are featured.<a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concert_performances">Concert performances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Concert performances">edit</a>]</div> On 18 February 1914 The Rite received its first concert performance (the music without the ballet), in Saint Petersburg under <a href="/wiki/Serge_Koussevitzky" title="Serge Koussevitzky">Serge Koussevitzky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a> On 5 April that year, Stravinsky experienced for himself the popular success of Le Sacre as a concert work, at the Casino de Paris. After the performance, again under Monteux, the composer was carried in triumph from the hall on the shoulders of his admirers.<a href="#cite_note-Vdt6-116">[109]</a> The Rite had its first British concert performance on 7 June 1921, at the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Hall" title="Queen's Hall">Queen's Hall</a> in London under <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Aynsley_Goossens" title="Eugene Aynsley Goossens">Eugene Goossens</a>. Its American premiere occurred on 3 March 1922, when Stokowski included it in a Philadelphia Orchestra programme.<a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a> Goossens was also responsible for introducing The Rite to Australia on 23 August 1946 at the Sydney Town Hall, as guest conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Sydney Symphony Orchestra">Sydney Symphony Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> Stravinsky first conducted the work in 1926, in a concert given by the <a href="/wiki/Concertgebouw_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Concertgebouw Orchestra">Concertgebouw Orchestra</a> in Amsterdam;<a href="#cite_note-VdT39-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> two years later he brought it to the <a href="/wiki/Salle_Pleyel" title="Salle Pleyel">Salle Pleyel</a> in Paris for two performances under his baton. Of these occasions he later wrote that "thanks to the experience I had gained with all kinds of orchestras ... I had reached a point where I could obtain exactly what I wanted, as I wanted it".<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a> Commentators have broadly agreed that the work has had a greater impact in the concert hall than it has on the stage; many of Stravinsky's revisions to the music were made with the concert hall rather than the theatre in mind.<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> The work has become a staple in the repertoires of all the leading orchestras, and has been cited by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> as "the most important piece of music of the 20th century".<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-123">[116]</a> In 1963, 50 years after the premiere, Monteux (then aged 88) agreed to conduct a commemorative performance at London's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a>, a close friend of the composer, Stravinsky informed him that he had no intention of hearing his music being "murdered by that frightful butcher". Instead he arranged tickets for that particular evening's performance of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden</a>. Under pressure from his friends, Stravinsky was persuaded to leave the opera after the first act. He arrived at the Albert Hall just as the performance of The Rite was ending;<a href="#cite_note-125">[n 8]</a> composer and conductor shared a warm embrace in front of the unaware, wildly cheering audience.<a href="#cite_note-126">[118]</a> Monteux's biographer John Canarina provides a different slant on this occasion, recording that by the end of the evening Stravinsky had asserted that "Monteux, almost alone among conductors, never cheapened Rite or looked for his own glory in it, and he continued to play it all his life with the greatest fidelity".<a href="#cite_note-127">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_character">General character</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: General character">edit</a>]</div> Commentators have often described The Rite's music in vivid terms; Paul Rosenfeld, in 1920, wrote of it "pound[ing] with the rhythm of engines, whirls and spirals like screws and fly-wheels, grinds and shrieks like laboring metal".<a href="#cite_note-128">[120]</a> In a more recent analysis, The New York Times critic <a href="/wiki/Donal_Henahan" title="Donal Henahan">Donal Henahan</a> refers to "great crunching, snarling chords from the brass and thundering thumps from the timpani".<a href="#cite_note-129">[121]</a> The composer <a href="/wiki/Julius_Harrison" title="Julius Harrison">Julius Harrison</a> acknowledged the uniqueness of the work negatively: it demonstrated Stravinsky's "abhorrence of everything for which music has stood these many centuries ... all human endeavour and progress are being swept aside to make room for hideous sounds".<a href="#cite_note-130">[122]</a> In The Firebird, Stravinsky had begun to experiment with <a href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">bitonality</a> (the use of two different keys simultaneously). He took this technique further in Petrushka, but reserved its full effect for The Rite where, as the analyst E.W. White explains, he "pushed [it] to its logical conclusion".<a href="#cite_note-131">[123]</a> White also observes the music's complex metrical character, with combinations of <a href="/wiki/Duple_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Duple meter">duple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triple_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple meter">triple</a> time in which a strong irregular beat is emphasised by powerful percussion.<a href="#cite_note-132">[124]</a> The music critic <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Alex Ross</a> has described the irregular process whereby Stravinsky adapted and absorbed traditional Russian folk material into the score. He "proceeded to pulverize them into motivic bits, pile them up in layers, and reassemble them in cubistic collages and montages".<a href="#cite_note-133">[125]</a> The duration of the work is about 35 minutes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Instrumentation">edit</a>]</div> The score calls for a large orchestra consisting of the following instruments:<a href="#cite_note-134">[126]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <a href="/wiki/Woodwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodwind">Woodwinds</a> <dl><dd>1 <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a></dd> <dd>3 <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flutes</a> (third doubling second piccolo)</dd> <dd>1 <a href="/wiki/Alto_flute" title="Alto flute">alto flute</a></dd> <dd>4 <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a> (fourth doubling second cor anglais)</dd> <dd>1 <a href="/wiki/Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">cor anglais</a></dd> <dd>3 <a href="/wiki/Soprano_clarinet" title="Soprano clarinet">clarinets</a> in B♭ and A (third doubling second bass clarinet)</dd> <dd>1 <a href="/wiki/E-flat_clarinet" title="E-flat clarinet">clarinet in E♭</a> and D</dd> <dd>1 <a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a></dd> <dd>4 <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoons</a> (fourth doubling second contrabassoon)</dd> <dd>1 <a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">contrabassoon</a></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass</a> <dl><dd>8 <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horns</a> (seventh and eighth doubling tenor <a href="/wiki/Wagner_tuba" title="Wagner tuba">Wagner tubas</a>)<a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a></dd> <dd>1 <a href="/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet" title="Piccolo trumpet">piccolo trumpet</a> in D</dd> <dd>4 <a href="/wiki/Trumpets" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpets">trumpets</a> in C (fourth doubling <a href="/wiki/Bass_trumpet" title="Bass trumpet">bass trumpet</a> in E♭)</dd> <dd>3 <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombones</a></dd> <dd>2 bass <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tubas</a></dd></dl> </td> <td class="col-break"> <a href="/wiki/Percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion">Percussion</a> <dl><dd>5 <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a> (requiring two players)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tam-tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tam-tam">tam-tam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crotales" title="Crotales">antique cymbals</a> in A♭ and B♭</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCiro" title="Güiro">güiro</a></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">Strings</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violins</a> I, II</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">violas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellos</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double basses</a></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> Despite the large orchestra, much of the score is written chamber-fashion, with individual instruments and small groups having distinct roles.<a href="#cite_note-Kelly,_p._280-54">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_I:_The_Adoration_of_the_Earth">Part I: The Adoration of the Earth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Part I: The Adoration of the Earth">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/9/6/960zgiksgu1wt1i1wu003iz9n8lbmvn/960zgiks.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/9/6/960zgiksgu1wt1i1wu003iz9n8lbmvn/960zgiks.png" width="198" height="112" alt=" \relative c'' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"bassoon" \clef treble \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \tempo "Lento" 4 = 50 \stemDown c4\fermata(_"solo ad lib." \grace { b16[( c] } b g e b' \times 2/3 { a8)\fermata } } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/9/6/960zgiksgu1wt1i1wu003iz9n8lbmvn/960zgiks.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/9/6/960zgiksgu1wt1i1wu003iz9n8lbmvn/960zgiks.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></div> The opening melody is played by a solo bassoon in a very high register, which renders the instrument almost unidentifiable;<a href="#cite_note-136">[128]</a> gradually other woodwind instruments are sounded and are eventually joined by strings.<a href="#cite_note-Berger-137">[129]</a> The sound builds up before stopping suddenly, Hill says, "just as it is bursting ecstatically into bloom". There is then a reiteration of the opening bassoon solo, now played a semitone lower.<a href="#cite_note-Hill62-138">[130]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/2/z/2zyfgf354cxnt9ch264vadmd3z7ub0g/2zyfgf35.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/2/z/2zyfgf354cxnt9ch264vadmd3z7ub0g/2zyfgf35.png" width="232" height="159" alt=" { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \relative c' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \clef treble \key ees \major \time 2/4 \tempo "Tempo giusto" 2 = 50 <ees des bes g>8\downbow[ <ees des bes g>\downbow <ees des bes g>\downbow <ees des bes g>\downbow] } \new Staff \relative c { 
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\set Staff.midiInstrument = #"cello" \clef bass \key ees \major \time 2/4 <fes ces aes fes>8^\f\downbow[ <fes ces aes fes>\downbow <fes ces aes fes>\downbow <fes ces aes fes>\downbow] } >> } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/2/z/2zyfgf354cxnt9ch264vadmd3z7ub0g/2zyfgf35.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/2/z/2zyfgf354cxnt9ch264vadmd3z7ub0g/2zyfgf35.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></div> The first dance, "Augurs of Spring", is characterised by a repetitive stamping chord in the horns and strings, based on E♭ dominant 7 superimposed on an F♭ major <a href="/wiki/Triad_(music)" title="Triad (music)">triad</a>, i.e. F♭, A♭, and C♭<a href="#cite_note-139">[n 9]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[132]</a> White suggests that this bitonal combination, which Stravinsky considered the focal point of the entire work, was devised on the piano, since the constituent chords are comfortable fits for the hands on a keyboard.<a href="#cite_note-142">[133]</a> The rhythm of the stamping is disturbed by Stravinsky's constant shifting of the <a href="/wiki/Accent_(music)" title="Accent (music)">accent</a>, on and off the beat,<a href="#cite_note-Ross75-143">[134]</a> before the dance ends in a collapse, as if from exhaustion.<a href="#cite_note-Berger-137">[129]</a> Alex Ross<a href="#cite_note-Ross75-143">[134]</a> has summed up the pattern (italics = rhythmic accents) as follows: <div style="text-align: center;" class="poem"> one two three four five six seven eight one two three four five six seven eight one two three four five six seven eight one two three four five six seven eight </div> According to Roger Nichols "At first sight there seems no pattern in the distribution of accents to the stamping chords. Taking the initial quaver of bar 1 as a natural accent we have for the first outburst the following groups of quavers: 9, 2, 6, 3, 4, 5, 3. However, these apparently random numbers make sense when split into two groups: <div style="text-align: center;" class="poem"> 9 6 4 3 2 3 5 </div> Clearly the top line is decreasing, the bottom line increasing, and by respectively decreasing and increasing amounts ...Whether Stravinsky worked them out like this we shall probably never know. But the way two different rhythmic 'orders' interfere with each other to produced apparent chaos is... a typically Stravinskyan notion."<a href="#cite_note-144">[135]</a> The "Ritual of Abduction" which follows is described by Hill as "the most terrifying of musical hunts".<a href="#cite_note-145">[136]</a> It concludes in a series of flute trills that usher in the "Spring Rounds", in which a slow and laborious theme gradually rises to a dissonant fortissimo, a "ghastly caricature" of the episode's main tune.<a href="#cite_note-Berger-137">[129]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/8/1/81av9hs9kb67hncgodv6gak3yxun438/81av9hs9.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/8/1/81av9hs9kb67hncgodv6gak3yxun438/81av9hs9.png" width="376" height="71" alt=" \relative c'' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"trombone" \clef treble \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \tempo "Molto allegro" 4 = 166 gis2. g4 | gis2. g4 | gis2. fis4 | gis ais cis ais } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/8/1/81av9hs9kb67hncgodv6gak3yxun438/81av9hs9.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/8/1/81av9hs9kb67hncgodv6gak3yxun438/81av9hs9.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></div> Brass and percussion predominate as the "Ritual of the Rival Tribes" begins. A tune emerges on tenor and bass tubas, leading after much repetition to the entry of the Sage's procession.<a href="#cite_note-Berger-137">[129]</a> The music then comes to a virtual halt, "bleached free of colour" (Hill),<a href="#cite_note-146">[137]</a> as the Sage blesses the earth. The "Dance of the Earth" then begins, bringing Part I to a close in a series of phrases of the utmost vigour which are abruptly terminated in what Hill describes as a "blunt, brutal amputation".<a href="#cite_note-H72-147">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_II:_The_Sacrifice">Part II: The Sacrifice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Part II: The Sacrifice">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/m/omsa0wjonu3q6cgsuve63glck3d9plm/omsa0wjo.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/m/omsa0wjonu3q6cgsuve63glck3d9plm/omsa0wjo.png" width="263" height="119" alt=" \relative c'''' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \clef treble \numericTimeSignature \time 4/4 \tempo "Largo" 4 = 48 a4~\flageolet( a8\flageolet g\flageolet) a4(\flageolet e8\flageolet d\flageolet) | \time 2/4 g4(\flageolet e)\flageolet } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/m/omsa0wjonu3q6cgsuve63glck3d9plm/omsa0wjo.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/o/m/omsa0wjonu3q6cgsuve63glck3d9plm/omsa0wjo.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacrificialdance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Sacrificialdance.jpg/290px-Sacrificialdance.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Sacrificialdance.jpg/435px-Sacrificialdance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f7/Sacrificialdance.jpg/580px-Sacrificialdance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1211" data-file-height="1744" /></a><figcaption>Sketches of Maria Piltz performing the sacrificial dance</figcaption></figure> Part II has a greater cohesion than its predecessor. Hill describes the music as following an arc stretching from the beginning of the Introduction to the conclusion of the final dance.<a href="#cite_note-H72-147">[138]</a> Woodwind and muted trumpets are prominent throughout the Introduction, which ends with a number of rising cadences on strings and flutes. The transition into the "Mystic Circles" is almost imperceptible; the main theme of the section has been prefigured in the Introduction. A loud repeated chord, which Berger likens to a call to order, announces the moment for choosing the sacrificial victim. The "Glorification of the Chosen One" is brief and violent; in the "Evocation of the Ancestors" that follows, short phrases are interspersed with drum rolls. The "Ritual Action of the Ancestors" begins quietly, but slowly builds to a series of climaxes before subsiding suddenly into the quiet phrases that began the episode.<a href="#cite_note-Berger-137">[129]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent"> <div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/y/ky48i9lstd5ktzoofg106ugconekgkj/ky48i9ls.midi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/y/ky48i9lstd5ktzoofg106ugconekgkj/ky48i9ls.png" width="581" height="189" alt=" { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \relative c'' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \clef treble \tempo 8 = 126 \override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #4 \time 3/16 r16 <d c a fis d>-! r16\fermata | \time 2/16 r <d c a fis d>-! \time 3/16 r <d c a fis d>8-! | r16 <d c a fis d>8-! | \time 2/8 <d c a fis>16-! <e c bes g>->-![ <cis b aes f>-! <c a fis ees>-!] } \new Staff \relative c { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"cello" \clef bass \time 3/16 d,16-! <bes'' ees,>^\f-! r\fermata | \time 2/16 <d,, d,>-! <bes'' ees,>-! | \time 3/16 d16-! <ees cis>8-! | r16 <ees cis>8-! | \time 2/8 d16^\sf-! <ees cis>-!->[ <d c>-! <d c>-!] } >> } " /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/y/ky48i9lstd5ktzoofg106ugconekgkj/ky48i9ls.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/k/y/ky48i9lstd5ktzoofg106ugconekgkj/ky48i9ls.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div> </div> The final transition introduces the "Sacrificial Dance". This is written as a more disciplined ritual than the extravagant dance that ended Part I, though it contains some wild moments, with the large percussion section of the orchestra given full voice. Stravinsky had difficulties with this section, especially with the final bars that conclude the work. The abrupt ending displeased several critics, one of whom wrote that the music "suddenly falls over on its side". Stravinsky himself referred to the final chord disparagingly as "a noise", but in his various attempts to amend or rewrite the section, was unable to produce a more acceptable solution.<a href="#cite_note-H86-91">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_adaptations">Influence and adaptations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Influence and adaptations">edit</a>]</div> The music historian <a href="/wiki/Donald_Jay_Grout" title="Donald Jay Grout">Donald Jay Grout</a> has written: "The Sacre is undoubtedly the most famous composition of the early 20th century ... it had the effect of an explosion that so scattered the elements of musical language that they could never again be put together as before".<a href="#cite_note-Grout_and_Palisca,_p._713-25">[21]</a> The academic and critic Jan Smaczny, echoing Bernstein, calls it one of the 20th century's most influential compositions, providing "endless stimulation for performers and listeners".<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-123">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smac-148">[139]</a> Taruskin writes that "one of the marks of The Rite's unique status is the number of books that have been devoted to it—certainly a greater number than have been devoted to any other ballet, possibly to any other individual musical composition ..."<a href="#cite_note-149">[140]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Forrest_Kelly" title="Thomas Forrest Kelly">Kelly</a> the 1913 premiere might be considered "the most important single moment in the history of 20th-century music", and its repercussions continue to reverberate in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-K258-150">[141]</a> Ross has described The Rite as a prophetic work, presaging the "second avant-garde" era in classical composition—music of the body rather than of the mind, in which "[m]elodies would follow the patterns of speech; rhythms would match the energy of dance ... sonorities would have the hardness of life as it is really lived".<a href="#cite_note-151">[142]</a> The work is regarded as among the first examples of <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">modernism in music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[143]</a> Among 20th-century composers most influenced by The Rite is Stravinsky's near contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a>, who had attended the 1913 premiere. Varèse, according to Ross, was particularly drawn to the "cruel harmonies and stimulating rhythms" of The Rite, which he employed to full effect in his concert work <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9riques" title="Amériques">Amériques</a> (1921), scored for a massive orchestra with added sound effects including a lion's roar and a wailing siren.<a href="#cite_note-153">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>, to whom Stravinsky was a particular inspiration in the former's student days, considered The Rite a masterpiece that had created "the decade of the displaced accent and the polytonal chord".<a href="#cite_note-155">[146]</a> Copland adopted Stravinsky's technique of composing in small sections which he then shuffled and rearranged, rather than working through from beginning to end.<a href="#cite_note-156">[147]</a> Ross cites the music of Copland's ballet <a href="/wiki/Billy_the_Kid_(ballet)" title="Billy the Kid (ballet)">Billy the Kid</a> as coming directly from the "Spring Rounds" section of The Rite.<a href="#cite_note-157">[148]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> The Rite was of special significance; he constantly analysed and expounded on the work, which gave him an enduring model for rhythmic drive and assembly of material.<a href="#cite_note-158">[149]</a> Stravinsky was sceptical about over-intellectual analysis of the work. "The man has found reasons for every note and that the clarinet line in page 3 is the inverted counterpoint of the horn in page 19. I never thought about that", he allegedly replied to <a href="/wiki/Michel_Legrand" title="Michel Legrand">Michel Legrand</a> when asked about <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>'s take on the matter.<a href="#cite_note-159">[150]</a> After the premiere the writer <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Vallas" title="Léon Vallas">Léon Vallas</a> opined that Stravinsky had written music 30 years ahead of its time, suitable to be heard in 1940. Coincidentally, it was in that year that <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> released <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)">Fantasia</a>, an animated feature film using music from The Rite and other classical compositions, conducted by Stokowski.<a href="#cite_note-K258-150">[141]</a> The Rite segment of the film depicted the Earth's prehistory, with the creation of life, leading to the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> as the finale. Among those impressed by the film was <a href="/wiki/Gunther_Schuller" title="Gunther Schuller">Gunther Schuller</a>, later a composer, conductor and jazz scholar. The Rite of Spring sequence, he says, overwhelmed him and determined his future career in music: "I hope [Stravinsky] appreciated that hundreds—perhaps thousands—of musicians were turned onto The Rite of Spring ... through Fantasia, musicians who might otherwise never have heard the work, or at least not until many years later".<a href="#cite_note-160">[151]</a> In later life Stravinsky claimed distaste for the adaptation, though as Ross remarks, he said nothing critical at the time; according to Ross, the composer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a> observed that "Igor appears to love it".<a href="#cite_note-161">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Recordings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring_discography" title="The Rite of Spring discography">The Rite of Spring discography</a></div> Before the first gramophone disc recordings of The Rite were issued in 1929, Stravinsky had helped to produce a <a href="/wiki/Pianola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pianola">pianola</a> version of the work for the London branch of the <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Company" title="Aeolian Company">Aeolian Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[153]</a> He also created a much more comprehensive arrangement for the Pleyela, manufactured by the French piano company <a href="/wiki/Pleyel_et_Cie" title="Pleyel et Cie">Pleyel</a>, with whom he signed two contracts in April and May 1921, under which many of his early works were reproduced on this medium.<a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[155]</a> The Pleyela version of The Rite of Spring was issued in 1921; the British pianolist Rex Lawson first recorded the work in this form in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-H162-165">[156]</a> In 1929 Stravinsky and Monteux vied with each other to conduct the first orchestral gramophone recording of The Rite. While Stravinsky led <a href="/wiki/Walther_Straram" title="Walther Straram">L'Orchestre des Concerts Straram</a> in a recording for the Columbia label, at the same time Monteux was recording it for the HMV label. Stokowski's version followed in 1930. Stravinsky made two more recordings, in 1940 and 1960.<a href="#cite_note-H162-165">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[157]</a> According to the critic <a href="/wiki/Edward_Greenfield" title="Edward Greenfield">Edward Greenfield</a>, Stravinsky was not technically a great conductor but, Greenfield says, in the 1960 recording with the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Columbia Symphony Orchestra">Columbia Symphony Orchestra</a> the composer inspired a performance with "extraordinary thrust and resilience".<a href="#cite_note-167">[158]</a> In conversations with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Craft" title="Robert Craft">Robert Craft</a>, Stravinsky reviewed several recordings of The Rite made in the 1960s. He thought <a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan" title="Herbert von Karajan">Herbert von Karajan</a>'s 1963 recording with the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic" title="Berlin Philharmonic">Berlin Philharmonic</a>, was good, but "the performance is ... too polished, a pet savage rather than a real one". Stravinsky thought that <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_National_de_France" title="Orchestre National de France">Orchestre National de France</a> (1963), was "less good than I had hoped ... very bad tempi and some tasteless alterations". He praised a 1962 recording by The Moscow State Symphony Orchestra for making the music sound Russian, "which is just right", but Stravinsky's concluding judgement was that none of these three performances was worth preserving.<a href="#cite_note-168">[159]</a> As of 2013 there were well over 100 different recordings of The Rite commercially available, and many more held in library sound archives. It has become one of the most recorded of all 20th century musical works.<a href="#cite_note-H162-165">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Editions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PianoReductionRiteofSpring1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/PianoReductionRiteofSpring1913.jpg/220px-PianoReductionRiteofSpring1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/PianoReductionRiteofSpring1913.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the 1913 four-hand piano reduction of Le Sacre du printemps, the first published version of the work</figcaption></figure> The first published score was the four-hand piano arrangement (<a href="/wiki/Editions_Russes#Names_of_imprints" class="mw-redirect" title="Editions Russes">Edition Russe de Musique</a>, RV196), dated 1913. Publication of the full orchestral score was prevented by the outbreak of war in August 1914. After the revival of the work in 1920 Stravinsky, who had not heard the music for seven years, made numerous revisions to the score, which was finally published in 1921 (Edition Russe de Musique, RV 197/197b. large and pocket scores).<a href="#cite_note-VdT39-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Craft-170">[161]</a> In 1922 Ansermet, who was preparing to perform the work in Berlin, sent to Stravinsky a list of errors he had found in the published score.<a href="#cite_note-Craft-170">[161]</a> In 1926, as part of his preparation for that year's performance with the <a href="/wiki/Concertgebouw_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Concertgebouw Orchestra">Concertgebouw Orchestra</a>, Stravinsky rewrote the "Evocation of the Ancestors" section and made substantial changes to the "Sacrificial Dance". The extent of these revisions, together with Ansermet's recommendations, convinced Stravinsky that a new edition was necessary, and this appeared in large and pocket form in 1929. It did not, however, incorporate all of Ansermet's amendments and, confusingly, bore the date and RV code of the 1921 edition, making the new edition hard to identify.<a href="#cite_note-VdT39-34">[30]</a> Stravinsky continued to revise the work, and in 1943 rewrote the "Sacrificial Dance". In 1948 <a href="/wiki/Boosey_%26_Hawkes" title="Boosey & Hawkes">Boosey & Hawkes</a> issued a corrected version of the 1929 score (B&H 16333), although Stravinsky's substantial 1943 amendment of the "Sacrificial Dance" was not incorporated into the new version and remained unperformed, to the composer's disappointment. He considered it "much easier to play ... and superior in balance and sonority" to the earlier versions.<a href="#cite_note-Craft-170">[161]</a> A less musical motive for the revisions and corrected editions was copyright law. The composer had left Galaxy Music Corporation (agents for Editions Russe de la Musique, the original publisher) for Associated Music Publishers at the time, and orchestras would be reluctant to pay a second rental charge from two publishers to match the full work and the revised Sacrificial Dance; moreover, the revised dance could only be published in America. The 1948 score provided copyright protection to the work in America, where it had lapsed, but Boosey (who acquired the Editions Russe catalogue) did not have the rights to the revised finale.<a href="#cite_note-171">[162]</a> The 1929 score as revised in 1948 forms the basis of most modern performances of The Rite. Boosey & Hawkes reissued their 1948 edition in 1965, and produced a newly engraved edition (B&H 19441) in 1967. The firm also issued an unmodified reprint of the 1913 piano reduction in 1952 (B&H 17271) and a revised piano version, incorporating the 1929 revisions, in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-VdT39-34">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sacher_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Sacher Foundation">Paul Sacher Foundation</a>, in association with Boosey & Hawkes, announced in May 2013, as part of The Rite's centenary celebrations, their intention to publish the 1913 autograph score, as used in early performances. After being kept in Russia for decades, the autograph score was acquired by Boosey & Hawkes in 1947. The firm presented the score to Stravinsky in 1962, on his 80th birthday. After the composer's death in 1971 the manuscript was acquired by the Paul Sacher Foundation. As well as the autograph score, they have published the manuscript piano four-hands score.<a href="#cite_note-172">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[164]</a> In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_F._Kalmus" title="Edwin F. Kalmus">Kalmus</a> Music Publishers brought out an edition where former Philadelphia Orchestra librarian Clint Nieweg made over 21,000 corrections to the score and parts. Since then a published errata list added some 310 more corrections. Then in 2021, Serenissima Music published a newer Nieweg edition, incorporating 2,200 more corrections based on Stravinsky's autograph manuscript score, superseding the older 2000 edition.<a href="#cite_note-174">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Весна священная, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Vesna svyashchennaya, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'sacred spring'. Full name: The Rite of Spring: Pictures from Pagan Russia in Two Parts (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Le Sacre du printemps: tableaux de la Russie païenne en deux parties) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Though The Firebird was their first major project, Stravinsky's first collaboration with Diaghilev was creating new <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestrations</a> for two pieces in a 1909 version of <a href="/wiki/Les_Sylphides" title="Les Sylphides">Les Sylphides</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Except as indicated by a specific citation, the synopsis information is taken from Stravinsky's February 1914 note to Koussevitsky.<a href="#cite_note-VdT26-13">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> In many early editions of the score, the closing section of this episode, in which the Sage blesses the earth, is separated into its own piece, either called "Embrasse de la terre" (The Kiss of the Earth), or "Le sage" (The Sage). </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Nijinsky's sister Bronislava Nijinska later insisted that her brother could play a number of instruments, including the <a href="/wiki/Balalaika" title="Balalaika">balalaika</a>, the clarinet and the piano.<a href="#cite_note-K273-47">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Forrest_Kelly" title="Thomas Forrest Kelly">Kelly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walsh_(writer)" title="Stephen Walsh (writer)">Walsh</a> both cite Henri Girard, a member of the double-bass section.<a href="#cite_note-kw-56">[51]</a> According to Truman Bullard, the section referred to is at the conclusion of the "Spring Rounds".<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Monteux's biographer records that Saint-Saëns walked out of the Paris premiere of the concert version of The Rite, which Monteux conducted in April 1914; Saint-Saëns opined that Stravinsky was "mad".<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> In a different account of the incident, the music historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Morrison_(music_critic)" title="Richard Morrison (music critic)">Richard Morrison</a> writes that Stravinsky arrived at the end of the first part, rather than at the end of the piece.<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> This is <a href="/wiki/Enharmonic_equivalence" title="Enharmonic equivalence">enharmonically equivalent</a> to an E major triad, i.e. E, G♯, and B; however, the score clearly notates it as an F♭ major triad. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Levitz, pp. 146–178 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Everdell, pp. 323, 331–333 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Walsh 2012, § 1: Background and early years, 1882–1905 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Walsh 2012, § 2: Towards The Firebird, 1902–09 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Walsh 2012, § 11: Posthumous reputation and legacy: Works </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartog52-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartog52_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartog52_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartog52_8-2">c</a> White 1961, pp. 52–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKennedyKennedy2012" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Michael; Kennedy, Joyce (2012). "Diaghilev, Serge". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199578108.001.0001/acref-9780199578108-e-2603">The Oxford Dictionary of Music Online edition</a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957810-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957810-8"><bdi>978-0-19-957810-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diaghilev%2C+Serge&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Music+Online+edition&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957810-8&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199578108.001.0001%2Facref-9780199578108-e-2603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Griffiths_(writer)" title="Paul Griffiths (writer)">Griffiths, Paul</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000008450">"Diaghilev (Dyagilev), Sergey Pavlovich"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.08450">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08450</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diaghilev+%28Dyagilev%29%2C+Sergey+Pavlovich&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.08450&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000008450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Stravinsky 1962, pp. 24–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Walsh 2012, § 3: The early Diaghilev ballets, 1910–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-VdT26-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VdT26_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdT26_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdT26_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdT26_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdT26_13-4">e</a> Van den Toorn, pp. 26–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Taruskin 1996, p. 874 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1979" class="citation journal cs1">Morton, Lawrence (March 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=6072712">"Footnotes to Stravinsky Studies: Le Sacre du printemps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tempo_(journal)" title="Tempo (journal)">Tempo</a>. New Series (128): 9–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0040298200030539">10.1017/S0040298200030539</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145085291">145085291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tempo&rft.atitle=Footnotes+to+Stravinsky+Studies%3A+Le+Sacre+du+printemps&rft.issue=128&rft.pages=9-16&rft.date=1979-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0040298200030539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145085291%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D6072712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Hill, pp, 102–104 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Hill, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Stravinsky 1962, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-H4-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H4_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H4_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H4_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H4_21-3">d</a> Hill, pp. 4–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-VdT2-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VdT2_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdT2_22-1">b</a> Van den Toorn, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Stravinsky 1962, pp. 35–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Kelly, p. 297 </li> <li id="cite_note-Grout_and_Palisca,_p._713-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grout_and_Palisca,_p._713_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grout_and_Palisca,_p._713_25-1">b</a> Grout and Palisca, p. 713 </li> <li id="cite_note-VdT24-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VdT24_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdT24_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdT24_26-2">c</a> Van den Toorn, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stravinsky_and_Craft_1981,_p._143-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stravinsky_and_Craft_1981,_p._143_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stravinsky_and_Craft_1981,_p._143_27-1">b</a> Stravinsky and Craft 1981, p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-H13-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H13_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H13_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H13_28-2">c</a> Hill, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Van den Toorn, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Van den Toorn, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Stravinsky 1962, pp. 37–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-VDT36-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VDT36_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VDT36_32-1">b</a> Van den Toorn, pp. 36–38 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Orenstein, p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-VdT39-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VdT39_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdT39_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdT39_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdT39_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdT39_34-4">e</a> Van den Toorn, pp. 39–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Taruskin 1980, p. 502 </li> <li id="cite_note-VdT10-36"><a href="#cite_ref-VdT10_36-0">^</a> Van den Toorn, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-VdT12-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VdT12_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VdT12_37-1">b</a> Van den Toorn, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Taruskin 1980, p. 510 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hvii-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Hvii_39-0">^</a> Hill, pp. vii–viii </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Taruskin 1980, p. 513 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Taruskin 1980, p. 543 </li> <li id="cite_note-Vdt14-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vdt14_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vdt14_42-1">b</a> Van den Toorn, pp. 14–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Stravinsky 1962, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Kelly, p. 263 </li> <li id="cite_note-H109-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H109_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H109_45-1">b</a> Hill, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Stravinsky 1962, pp. 40–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-K273-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-K273_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K273_47-1">b</a> Kelly, pp. 273–277 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Stravinsky 1962, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Grigoriev, p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-reid-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reid_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reid_51-1">b</a> Reid, p. 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Kelly, pp. 273–274 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Hill, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly,_p._280-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly,_p._280_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly,_p._280_54-1">b</a> Kelly, p. 280 </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh_202-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_202_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_202_55-1">b</a> Walsh 1999, p. 202 </li> <li id="cite_note-kw-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kw_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kw_56-1">b</a> Kelly, p. 281, Walsh 1999, p. 203 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Bullard, pp. 97–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Kelly p. 276 </li> <li id="cite_note-K284-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-K284_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K284_60-1">b</a> Kelly, pp. 284–285 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Kelly, pp. 305, 315: Gustav Linor, <a href="/wiki/Com%C5%93dia" title="Comœdia">Comœdia</a> 30 May 1913, reported 38,000, while a later review in Comœdia on 5 June reported 35,000 </li> <li id="cite_note-S46-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S46_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-S46_62-1">b</a> Stravinsky 1962, pp. 46–47 </li> <li id="cite_note-K282-63"><a href="#cite_ref-K282_63-0">^</a> Kelly, p. 282 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Kelly, p. 304, quoting Gustav Linor writing in <a href="/wiki/Com%C5%93dia" title="Comœdia">Comœdia</a>, 30 May 1913, At the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées: Le Sacre du printemps </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaruskin2012" class="citation web cs1"><a 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The Los Angeles Philharmonic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laphil.com/philpedia/music/ameriques-edgard-varese">the original</a> on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Var%C3%A8se%3A+Am%C3%A9riques&rft.pub=The+Los+Angeles+Philharmonic&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laphil.com%2Fphilpedia%2Fmusic%2Fameriques-edgard-varese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Gammond, Peter (liner notes) (1988). Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring. Simon Rattle conducting the National Youth Orchestra (Compact Disc). 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Retrieved 24 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Copland%2C+Aaron&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.06422&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000006422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Ross, p. 275 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Griffiths_(writer)" title="Paul Griffiths (writer)">Griffiths, Paul</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000018497">"Messiaen, Olivier (Eugène Prosper Charles)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.18497">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.18497</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boosey.com/cr/news/Stravinsky-Rite-of-Spring-centenary-publications-announced/100069">the original</a> on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stravinsky%3A+Rite+of+Spring+centenary+publications+announced&rft.pub=Boosey+%26+Hawkes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boosey.com%2Fcr%2Fnews%2FStravinsky-Rite-of-Spring-centenary-publications-announced%2F100069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emsmusic.com/product_p/emsg204237.htm">"STRAVINSKY, Igor (1882-1971) - Rite of Spring (complete) (Nieweg/Chang, 2021) (Critical Performing Edition). SERENISSIMA MUSIC"</a>. EMS Music. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STRAVINSKY%2C+Igor+%281882-1971%29+-+Rite+of+Spring+%28complete%29+%28Nieweg%2FChang%2C+2021%29+%28Critical+Performing+Edition%29.+SERENISSIMA+MUSIC&rft.pub=EMS+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emsmusic.com%2Fproduct_p%2Femsg204237.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Adami, Giuseppe (1974). Giacomo Puccini: Letters. Translated by Ena Makin. London: Harrap. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-245-52422-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-245-52422-6"><bdi>978-0-245-52422-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giacomo+Puccini%3A+Letters&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harrap&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-245-52422-6&rft.aulast=Adami&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Buckle" title="Richard Buckle">Buckle, Richard</a> (1979). Diaghilev. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-77506-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-77506-5"><bdi>978-0-297-77506-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaghilev&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-297-77506-5&rft.aulast=Buckle&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bullard, Truman (1971). The first performance of Igor Stravinsky's Sacre du printemps. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ann Arbor University (microfilm copy). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937514">937514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+performance+of+Igor+Stravinsky%27s+Sacre+du+printemps&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Ann+Arbor+University+%28microfilm+copy%29&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F937514&rft.aulast=Bullard&rft.aufirst=Truman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel-Dimitri_Calvocoressi" title="Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi">Calvocoressi, Michel-Dimitri</a> (1934). Music and Ballet. London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3375044">3375044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Ballet&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3375044&rft.aulast=Calvocoressi&rft.aufirst=Michel-Dimitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Canarina, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pierremonteuxmai00cana">Pierre Monteux, Maître</a>. Pompton Plains, New Jersey: Amadeus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-082-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57467-082-0"><bdi>978-1-57467-082-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Monteux%2C+Ma%C3%AEtre&rft.place=Pompton+Plains%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Amadeus+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57467-082-0&rft.aulast=Canarina&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpierremonteuxmai00cana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Del_Mar" title="Norman Del Mar">Del Mar, Norman</a> (1981). Anatomy of the Orchestra. London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11552-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-11552-5"><bdi>978-0-571-11552-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Orchestra&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-571-11552-5&rft.aulast=Del+Mar&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Everdell" title="William Everdell">Everdell, William R.</a> (15 February 2009). <a href="/wiki/The_First_Moderns" title="The First Moderns">The First Moderns</a>: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22484-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-22484-8"><bdi>978-0-226-22484-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Moderns%3A+Profiles+in+the+Origins+of+Twentieth-Century+Thought&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009-02-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-22484-8&rft.aulast=Everdell&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Grigoriev, Serge (1952). The Diaghilev Ballet 1909–1929. London: Constable.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diaghilev+Ballet+1909%E2%80%931929&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Grigoriev&rft.aufirst=Serge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Jay_Grout" title="Donald Jay Grout">Grout, Donald Jay</a>; <a href="/wiki/Claude_V._Palisca" title="Claude V. Palisca">Palisca, Claude V.</a> (1981). A History of Western Music (3rd ed.). London and Melbourne: J. M. Dent & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-460-04546-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-460-04546-9"><bdi>978-0-460-04546-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Music&rft.place=London+and+Melbourne&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-460-04546-9&rft.aulast=Grout&rft.aufirst=Donald+Jay&rft.au=Palisca%2C+Claude+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Harrison" title="Julius Harrison">Harrison, Julius</a> (1934). "The Orchestra and Orchestral Music". In Bacharach, A. L. (ed.). The Musical Companion. London: Victor Gollancz. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/991797">991797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Orchestra+and+Orchestral+Music&rft.btitle=The+Musical+Companion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F991797&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hill_(pianist)" title="Peter Hill (pianist)">Hill, Peter</a> (2000). Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62714-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62714-6"><bdi>978-0-521-62714-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stravinsky%3A+The+Rite+of+Spring&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62714-6&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Robert (1992). "Sacred Scandals". <a href="/wiki/Dance_Chronicle" title="Dance Chronicle">Dance Chronicle</a>. 15 (2): 227–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01472529208569095">10.1080/01472529208569095</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1567675">1567675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dance+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Sacred+Scandals&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-236&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01472529208569095&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1567675%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Forrest_Kelly" title="Thomas Forrest Kelly">Kelly, Thomas Forrest</a> (2000). First Nights: Five Musical Premieres. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07774-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07774-2"><bdi>978-0-300-07774-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Nights%3A+Five+Musical+Premieres&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07774-2&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Forrest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Morrison_(music_critic)" title="Richard Morrison (music critic)">Morrison, Richard</a> (2004). Orchestra. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-21584-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-21584-3"><bdi>978-0-571-21584-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orchestra&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-571-21584-3&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Neff, Severine; Carr, Maureen; Horlacher, Gretchen; Reef, John, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt2005z70">The Rite of Spring at 100</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt2005z70">10.2307/j.ctt2005z70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02735-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02735-1"><bdi>978-0-253-02735-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rite+of+Spring+at+100&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt2005z70&rft.isbn=978-0-253-02735-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt2005z70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Levitz, Tamara. "Racism at the Rite". In Neff et al. 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New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03902-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-03902-4"><bdi>978-0-231-03902-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ravel%3A+Man+and+Musician&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-231-03902-4&rft.aulast=Orenstein&rft.aufirst=Arbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fravelmanmusician0000oren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Reid, Charles (1961). Thomas Beecham: An Independent Biography. London: <a href="/wiki/V._Gollancz" class="mw-redirect" title="V. Gollancz">V. 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New York: Harcourt, Brace and Howe. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/854294">854294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Portraits%3A+Interpretations+of+Twenty+Modern+Composers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+Howe&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F854294&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F19557%2F19557-h%2F19557-h.htm%23Mahler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Rest_Is_Noise" title="The Rest Is Noise">The Rest Is Noise</a>. London: Fourth Estate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-475-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-475-6"><bdi>978-1-84115-475-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rest+Is+Noise&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84115-475-6&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Smith, William Ander (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt4RB5JO4qYC&pg=PA94">The Mystery of Leopold Stokowski</a>. Cranbury, New Jersey: Association of University Presses. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3362-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3362-5"><bdi>978-0-8386-3362-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystery+of+Leopold+Stokowski&rft.place=Cranbury%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Association+of+University+Presses&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3362-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William+Ander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMt4RB5JO4qYC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky, Igor</a> (1962). An Autobiography. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2872436">2872436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Autobiography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2872436&rft.aulast=Stravinsky&rft.aufirst=Igor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stravinsky, Igor; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Craft" title="Robert Craft">Craft, Robert</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conversationswit00stra">Conversations with Igor Stravinsky</a>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/896750">896750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversations+with+Igor+Stravinsky&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F896750&rft.aulast=Stravinsky&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft.au=Craft%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconversationswit00stra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stravinsky, Igor; Craft, Robert (1981) [1959]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2weWzRoq3roC">Expositions and Developments</a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04403-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04403-6"><bdi>978-0-520-04403-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expositions+and+Developments&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04403-6&rft.aulast=Stravinsky&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft.au=Craft%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2weWzRoq3roC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stravinsky, Igor; Craft, Robert (1982) [1961]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_13CPSTh1oAC">Dialogues</a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04650-4"><bdi>978-0-520-04650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogues&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04650-4&rft.aulast=Stravinsky&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft.au=Craft%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_13CPSTh1oAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Taruskin, Richard</a> (Autumn 1980). "Russian Folk Melodies in The Rite of Spring". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Musicological_Society" title="Journal of the American Musicological Society">Journal of the American Musicological Society</a>. 33 (3): 501–534. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjams.1980.33.3.03a00040">10.1525/jams.1980.33.3.03a00040</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/831304">831304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Musicological+Society&rft.atitle=Russian+Folk+Melodies+in+The+Rite+of+Spring&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=501-534&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjams.1980.33.3.03a00040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F831304%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taruskin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Taruskin, Richard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NfCNSdnpr1IC">Stravinsky and the Russian Tradition (Vol. I)</a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07099-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07099-8"><bdi>978-0-520-07099-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stravinsky+and+the+Russian+Tradition+%28Vol.+I%29&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07099-8&rft.aulast=Taruskin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNfCNSdnpr1IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Van den Toorn, Pieter C. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft967nb647/">Stravinsky and the Rite of Spring: The Beginnings of a Musical Language</a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05958-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05958-0"><bdi>978-0-520-05958-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stravinsky+and+the+Rite+of+Spring%3A+The+Beginnings+of+a+Musical+Language&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05958-0&rft.aulast=Van+den+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Pieter+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fark.cdlib.org%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fft967nb647%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walsh_(writer)" title="Stephen Walsh (writer)">Walsh, Stephen</a> (1999). Stravinsky: A Creative Spring. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06021-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06021-9"><bdi>978-0-224-06021-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stravinsky%3A+A+Creative+Spring&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-224-06021-9&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Walsh, Stephen (2012). "Stravinsky, Igor". <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.52818">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52818</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stravinsky%2C+Igor&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.52818&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">White, Eric Walter (1961). "Stravinsky". In Hartog, Howard (ed.). European Music in the Twentieth Century. London: Pelican Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/263537162">263537162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stravinsky&rft.btitle=European+Music+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pelican+Books&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F263537162&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Eric+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">White, Eric Walter (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rZVRysD6FJsC&pg=PA177">Stravinsky the Composer and his Works</a> (Original ed.). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/283025">283025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stravinsky+the+Composer+and+his+Works&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.edition=Original&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F283025&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Eric+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrZVRysD6FJsC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">White, Eric Walter (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BfbGqVIru9oC&pg=PA619">Stravinsky the Composer and his Works</a> (2nd ed.). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03985-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03985-8"><bdi>978-0-520-03985-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stravinsky+the+Composer+and+his+Works&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03985-8&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Eric+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBfbGqVIru9oC%26pg%3DPA619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hodson, Millicent (1996). Nijinsky's Crime Against Grace: Reconstruction of the Original Choreography for Le Sacre du printemps. Pendragon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nijinsky%27s+Crime+Against+Grace%3A+Reconstruction+of+the+Original+Choreography+for+Le+Sacre+du+printemps&rft.pub=Pendragon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Hodson&rft.aufirst=Millicent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Rite+of+Spring" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Rite_of_Spring&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 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</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Rite_of_Spring" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vk0pvLkm7lk&lc=Ugw9Tot3Fomv579p5uN4AaABAg&ab_channel=lawrencedunn/">Le Sacre du Printemps</a>, Stravinsky's autograph manuscript</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traffic.libsyn.com/gardnermuseum/stravinsky_rite_of_Spring_biss_denk.mp3">Performance of Stravinsky's four-hand piano arrangement of The Rite of Spring</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Biss" title="Jonathan Biss">Jonathan Biss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Denk" title="Jeremy Denk">Jeremy Denk</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum" title="Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum">Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum</a> in MP3 format</li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring,_K015_(Stravinsky,_Igor)" class="extiw" title="scores:The Rite of Spring, K015 (Stravinsky, Igor)">The Rite of Spring</a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/feb/12/rite-of-spring-stravinsky">The Rite of Spring: 'The work of a madman'</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Service" title="Tom Service">Tom Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, 13 February 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b012xtwf">BBC Proms 2011 Stravinsky's Rite of Spring</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Igor_Stravinsky" title="Template:Igor Stravinsky"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Igor_Stravinsky" title="Template talk:Igor Stravinsky"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Igor_Stravinsky" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Igor Stravinsky"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Igor_Stravinsky" class="fn org" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Igor_Stravinsky" title="List of compositions by Igor Stravinsky">List of compositions</a> <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky_discography" title="Igor Stravinsky discography">Discography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas and musical dramas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Nightingale_(opera)" title="The Nightingale (opera)">The Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_(Stravinsky)" title="Renard (Stravinsky)">Renard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Soldier%27s_Tale" class="mw-redirect" title="The Soldier's Tale">The Soldier's Tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavra" title="Mavra">Mavra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_rex_(opera)" title="Oedipus rex (opera)">Oedipus rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pers%C3%A9phone_(Stravinsky)" title="Perséphone (Stravinsky)">Perséphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rake%27s_Progress" title="The Rake's Progress">The Rake's Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flood_(Stravinsky)" title="The Flood (Stravinsky)">The Flood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ballets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrushka_(ballet)" title="Petrushka (ballet)">Petrushka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Rite of Spring</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring_discography" title="The Rite of Spring discography">discography</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_noces" title="Les noces">Les noces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulcinella_(ballet)" title="Pulcinella (ballet)">Pulcinella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(ballet)" title="Apollo (ballet)">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fairy%27s_Kiss" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fairy's Kiss">The Fairy's Kiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeu_de_cartes_(Stravinsky)" title="Jeu de cartes (Stravinsky)">Jeu de cartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danses_concertantes_(Stravinsky)" title="Danses concertantes (Stravinsky)">Danses concertantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%A8nes_de_ballet_(Stravinsky)" title="Scènes de ballet (Stravinsky)">Scènes de ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_(ballet)" title="Orpheus (ballet)">Orpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agon_(ballet)" title="Agon (ballet)">Agon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symphonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_E-flat_(Stravinsky)" title="Symphony in E-flat (Stravinsky)">Symphony in E♭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_of_Psalms" title="Symphony of Psalms">Symphony of Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_C_(Stravinsky)" title="Symphony in C (Stravinsky)">Symphony in C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_Three_Movements" title="Symphony in Three Movements">Symphony in Three Movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestral music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scherzo_fantastique" title="Scherzo fantastique">Scherzo fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feu_d%27artifice" title="Feu d'artifice">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_Song_(Stravinsky)" title="Funeral Song (Stravinsky)">Funeral Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9tudes_(Stravinsky)" title="Quatre études (Stravinsky)">Four Études</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Nightingale" class="mw-redirect" title="The Song of the Nightingale">The Song of the Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_Polka" title="Circus Polka">Circus Polka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode_(Stravinsky)" title="Ode (Stravinsky)">Ode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scherzo_%C3%A0_la_russe_(Stravinsky)" title="Scherzo à la russe (Stravinsky)">Scherzo à la russe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeting_Prelude" title="Greeting Prelude">Greeting Prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations:_Aldous_Huxley_in_memoriam" title="Variations: Aldous Huxley in memoriam">Variations: Aldous Huxley in memoriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_on_a_Russian_Popular_Tune" title="Canon on a Russian Popular Tune">Canon on a Russian Popular Tune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concertos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_Piano_and_Wind_Instruments_(Stravinsky)" title="Concerto for Piano and Wind Instruments (Stravinsky)">Concerto for Piano and Wind Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_for_Piano_and_Orchestra" title="Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra">Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Stravinsky)" title="Violin Concerto (Stravinsky)">Violin Concerto in D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_in_E-flat_%22Dumbarton_Oaks%22" title="Concerto in E-flat "Dumbarton Oaks"">Concerto in E♭ ("Dumbarton Oaks")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony_Concerto_(Stravinsky)" title="Ebony Concerto (Stravinsky)">Ebony Concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movements_for_Piano_and_Orchestra" title="Movements for Piano and Orchestra">Movements for Piano and Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_in_D_(Stravinsky)" title="Concerto in D (Stravinsky)">Concerto in D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Solo vocal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastorale_(Stravinsky)" title="Pastorale (Stravinsky)">Pastorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pribaoutki" title="Pribaoutki">Pribaoutki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berceuses_du_chat" title="Berceuses du chat">Berceuses du chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_and_Isaac_(Stravinsky)" title="Abraham and Isaac (Stravinsky)">Abraham and Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegy_for_J.F.K." title="Elegy for J.F.K.">Elegy for J.F.K.</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Owl_and_the_Pussy_Cat_(Stravinsky)" title="The Owl and the Pussy Cat (Stravinsky)">The Owl and the Pussy Cat</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Choral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zvezdoliki" title="Zvezdoliki">Zvezdoliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria_(Stravinsky)" title="Ave Maria (Stravinsky)">Ave Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babel_(Stravinsky)" title="Babel (Stravinsky)">Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(Stravinsky)" title="Mass (Stravinsky)">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata_(Stravinsky)" title="Cantata (Stravinsky)">Cantata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canticum_Sacrum" title="Canticum Sacrum">Canticum Sacrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threni_(Stravinsky)" title="Threni (Stravinsky)">Threni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Sermon,_a_Narrative,_and_a_Prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="A Sermon, a Narrative, and a Prayer">A Sermon, a Narrative, and a Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem_Canticles" title="Requiem Canticles">Requiem Canticles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano and pianola</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Tarantella_(Stravinsky)" title="Tarantella (Stravinsky)">Tarantella</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scherzo_(Stravinsky)" title="Scherzo (Stravinsky)">Scherzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_in_F-sharp_minor_(Stravinsky)" title="Piano Sonata in F-sharp minor (Stravinsky)">Piano Sonata in F♯ minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9tudes,_Op._7_(Stravinsky)" title="Quatre études, Op. 7 (Stravinsky)">Four Études</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Valse_des_fleurs_(Stravinsky)" title="Valse des fleurs (Stravinsky)">Valse des fleurs</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Easy_Pieces_(Stravinsky)" title="Three Easy Pieces (Stravinsky)">Three Easy Pieces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Easy_Pieces_(Stravinsky)" title="Five Easy Pieces (Stravinsky)">Five Easy Pieces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude_for_Pianola" class="mw-redirect" title="Étude for Pianola">Étude for Pianola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano-Rag-Music" title="Piano-Rag-Music">Piano-Rag-Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_cinq_doigts" title="Les cinq doigts">Les cinq doigts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Movements_from_Petrushka" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Movements from Petrushka">Three Movements from Petrushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_(Stravinsky)" title="Piano Sonata (Stravinsky)">Piano Sonata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenade_(Stravinsky)" title="Serenade (Stravinsky)">Serenade in A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_Two_Pianos_(Stravinsky)" title="Concerto for Two Pianos (Stravinsky)">Concerto for Two Pianos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango_(Stravinsky)" title="Tango (Stravinsky)">Tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonata_for_Two_Pianos_(Stravinsky)" title="Sonata for Two Pianos (Stravinsky)">Sonata for Two Pianos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Sketches_for_a_Sonata" title="Two Sketches for a Sonata">Two Sketches for a Sonata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pieces_for_String_Quartet" title="Three Pieces for String Quartet">Three Pieces for String Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pieces_for_Solo_Clarinet" title="Three Pieces for Solo Clarinet">Three Pieces for Solo Clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied_ohne_Name" title="Lied ohne Name">Lied ohne Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octet_(Stravinsky)" title="Octet (Stravinsky)">Octet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duo_Concertant" title="Duo Concertant">Duo Concertant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9gie_(Stravinsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Élégie (Stravinsky)">Elegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septet_(Stravinsky)" title="Septet (Stravinsky)">Septet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaphium_(Stravinsky)" title="Epitaphium (Stravinsky)">Epitaphium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Canon_(Stravinsky)" title="Double Canon (Stravinsky)">Double Canon (in Memoriam Raoul Dufy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphonies_of_Wind_Instruments" title="Symphonies of Wind Instruments">Symphonies of Wind Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanfare_for_a_New_Theatre" title="Fanfare for a New Theatre">Fanfare for a New Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arrangements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluebird_Pas_de_Deux_(Stravinsky)" title="Bluebird Pas de Deux (Stravinsky)">Bluebird Pas de Deux</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Sleeping_Beauty_(ballet)" title="The Sleeping Beauty (ballet)">The Sleeping Beauty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumentum_pro_Gesualdo" title="Monumentum pro Gesualdo">Monumentum pro Gesualdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Parents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Stravinsky" title="Fyodor Stravinsky">Fyodor Stravinsky</a> (father)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Wives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Stravinsky" title="Yekaterina Stravinsky">Yekaterina Nosenko</a> (first)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Sudeikina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera Sudeikina">Vera Sudeikina</a> (second)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soulima_Stravinsky" title="Soulima Stravinsky">Soulima Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Strawinsky" title="Théodore Strawinsky">Théodore Strawinsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Amanuensis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Craft" title="Robert Craft">Robert Craft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Named for Stravinsky</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_4001%E2%80%935000#382" title="List of minor planets: 4001–5000">4382 Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Star" title="Volga Star">Igor Stravinsky</a> (river cruise ship)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stravinsky_(crater)" title="Stravinsky (crater)">Stravinsky (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stravinsky_Fountain" title="Stravinsky Fountain">Stravinsky Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stravinsky_Inlet" title="Stravinsky Inlet">Stravinsky Inlet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earnest_Andersson" title="Earnest Andersson">Earnest Andersson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ansermet" title="Ernest Ansermet">Ernest Ansermet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">George Balanchine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Nadia Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel_%26_Igor_Stravinsky" title="Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky">Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky</a> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Sergei Diaghilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dushkin" title="Samuel Dushkin">Samuel Dushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Louri%C3%A9" title="Arthur Lourié">Arthur Lourié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_Evening_Concerts" title="Monday Evening Concerts">Monday Evening Concerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet" title="New York City Ballet">New York City Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Monteux" title="Pierre Monteux">Pierre Monteux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrushka_chord" title="Petrushka chord">Petrushka chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_chord" title="Psalms chord">Psalms chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand_Ramuz" title="Charles Ferdinand Ramuz">Charles Ferdinand Ramuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Reinhart" title="Werner Reinhart">Werner Reinhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Igor_Stravinsky" title="Category:Igor Stravinsky">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sound icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/16px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/24px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/32px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_files_of_music_by_Igor_Stravinsky" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Audio files of music by Igor Stravinsky">Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fantasia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disney%27s_Fantasia" title="Template:Disney's Fantasia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disney%27s_Fantasia" title="Template talk:Disney's Fantasia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disney%27s_Fantasia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disney's Fantasia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fantasia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(franchise)" title="Fantasia (franchise)">Fantasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)">Fantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_2000" title="Fantasia 2000">Fantasia 2000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_2000_(soundtrack)" title="Fantasia 2000 (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conductors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a> (Fantasia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Kostal" title="Irwin Kostal">Irwin Kostal</a> (1982 digital re-recording)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a> (Fantasia 2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a> (Fantasia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Chicago Symphony Orchestra">Chicago Symphony Orchestra</a> (Fantasia 2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Segments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fantasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toccata_and_Fugue_in_D_minor,_BWV_565" title="Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 565">Toccata and Fugue in D minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nutcracker" title="The Nutcracker">The Nutcracker Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice_(Dukas)" title="The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Dukas)">The Sorcerer's Apprentice</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Rite of Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Hours" title="Dance of the Hours">Dance of the Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_on_Bald_Mountain" title="Night on Bald Mountain">Night on Bald Mountain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria_(Schubert)" title="Ave Maria (Schubert)">Ave Maria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fantasia 2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pines_of_Rome" title="Pines of Rome">Pines of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_in_Blue" title="Rhapsody in Blue">Rhapsody in Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Shostakovich)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Shostakovich)">Piano Concerto No. 2 (Shostakovich)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Carnival_of_the_Animals" title="The Carnival of the Animals">The Carnival of the Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice_(Dukas)" title="The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Dukas)">The Sorcerer's Apprentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomp_and_Circumstance_Marches" title="Pomp and Circumstance Marches">Pomp and Circumstance Marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird Suite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fantasia_(franchise)_characters" title="List of Fantasia (franchise) characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mouse" title="Mickey Mouse">Mickey Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Duck" title="Donald Duck">Donald Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Duck" title="Daisy Duck">Daisy Duck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice_(Atari_2600)" title="Sorcerer's Apprentice (Atari 2600)">Sorcerer's Apprentice</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(video_game)" title="Fantasia (video game)">Fantasia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia:_Music_Evolved" title="Fantasia: Music Evolved">Fantasia: Music Evolved</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Related" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts" title="Kingdom Hearts">Kingdom Hearts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_3D:_Dream_Drop_Distance" title="Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance">Dream Drop Distance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Mickey" title="Epic Mickey">Epic Mickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Magical_World" title="Disney Magical World">Disney Magical World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Infinity_(video_game)" title="Disney Infinity (video game)">Disney Infinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Corny_Concerto" title="A Corny Concerto">A Corny Concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbasia" title="Gumbasia">Gumbasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegro_Non_Troppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegro Non Troppo">Allegro Non Troppo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasmic!" title="Fantasmic!">Fantasmic!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcerer%27s_Hat" title="Sorcerer's Hat">Sorcerer's Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey%27s_PhilharMagic" title="Mickey's PhilharMagic">Mickey's PhilharMagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_Gardens" title="Fantasia Gardens">Fantasia Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasound" title="Fantasound">Fantasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destino" title="Destino">Destino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_(film)" title="Lorenzo (film)">Lorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_by_One_(2004_film)" title="One by One (2004 film)">One by One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Matchgirl_(2006_film)" title="The Little Matchgirl (2006 film)">The Little Matchgirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice_(2010_film)" title="The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010 film)">The Sorcerer's Apprentice</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Studio" title="Once Upon a Studio">Once Upon a Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)" title="Once Upon a Time (TV series)">Once Upon a Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(season_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="Once Upon a Time (season 4)">season 4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Pieces" title="Ten Pieces">Ten Pieces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deems_Taylor" title="Deems Taylor">Deems Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasia_(franchise)" title="Category:Fantasia (franchise)">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Voyager_Golden_Record" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Template:Voyager Golden Record"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Template talk:Voyager Golden Record"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Voyager Golden Record"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Voyager_Golden_Record" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Contents of the Voyager Golden Record">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>first movement of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Concertos" title="Brandenburg Concertos">Brandenburg Concerto</a> No. 2, BWV 1047</li> <li>"Cavatina" from <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_No._13_(Beethoven)" title="String Quartet No. 13 (Beethoven)">Beethoven's String Quartet No. 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakrulo" title="Chakrulo">Chakrulo</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dark_Was_the_Night,_Cold_Was_the_Ground" title="Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground">Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground</a>"</li> <li>"Gavotte en Rondeau" from <a href="/wiki/Partita_for_Violin_No._3_(Bach)" title="Partita for Violin No. 3 (Bach)">Partita for Violin No. 3, BWV 1006</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Izlel_ye_Delyo_Haydutin" title="Izlel ye Delyo Haydutin">Izlel ye Delyo Haydutin</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Johnny_B._Goode" title="Johnny B. Goode">Johnny B. Goode</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_and_Fugue_in_C_major,_BWV_870" title="Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 870">Prelude and Fugue in C major, BWV 870, from The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puspawarna" title="Puspawarna">Puspawarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Night_aria" title="Queen of the Night aria">Queen of the Night aria from The Magic Flute</a></li> <li>"Sacrificial Dance" from <a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Rite of Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Humpback_Whale_(album)" title="Songs of the Humpback Whale (album)">Songs of the Humpback Whale</a></li> <li>first movement of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">Beethoven's Symphony No. 5</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cover of the Sounds of Earth Record" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg/100px-The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg/150px-The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg/200px-The_Sounds_of_Earth_Record_Cover_-_GPN-2000-001978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="2215" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong_and_His_Hot_Seven" title="Louis Armstrong and His Hot Seven">and His Hot Seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valya_Balkanska" title="Valya Balkanska">Valya Balkanska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera" title="Bavarian State Opera">Bavarian State Opera</a> <ul><li>with <a href="/wiki/Edda_Moser" title="Edda Moser">Edda Moser</a>, conductor: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sawallisch" title="Wolfgang Sawallisch">Wolfgang Sawallisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_String_Quartet" title="Budapest String Quartet">Budapest String Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Columbia Symphony Orchestra">Columbia Symphony Orchestra</a> <ul><li>conductor: <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cohen_(musician)" title="John Cohen (musician)">John Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Dj%C3%A4wa" title="Tom Djäwa">Tom Djäwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Druyan" title="Ann Druyan">Ann Druyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Gould" title="Glenn Gould">Glenn Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux" title="Arthur Grumiaux">Arthur Grumiaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Pinghu" title="Guan Pinghu">Guan Pinghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Holborne" title="Anthony Holborne">Anthony Holborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Jalilov" title="Kamil Jalilov">Kamil Jalilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Willie_Johnson" title="Blind Willie Johnson">Blind Willie Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesarbai_Kerkar" title="Kesarbai Kerkar">Kesarbai Kerkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Bach-Orchester" title="Münchener Bach-Orchester">Münchener Bach-Orchester</a> <ul><li>conductor: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Richter_(conductor)" title="Karl Richter (conductor)">Karl Richter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Munrow" title="David Munrow">David Munrow</a> <ul><li>with the <a href="/wiki/Early_Music_Consort" title="Early Music Consort">Early Music Consort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._H._Notoprojo" title="K. P. H. Notoprojo">K. P. H. Notoprojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra" title="Philharmonia Orchestra">Philharmonia Orchestra</a> <ul><li>conductor: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Sagan" title="Nick Sagan">Nick Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gor%C5%8D_Yamaguchi" title="Gorō Yamaguchi">Gorō Yamaguchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Contents_of_the_Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Category:Contents of the Voyager Golden Record">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Contents_of_the_Voyager_Golden_Record" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Contents of the Voyager Golden Record">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Cavafy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a> (1913–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a> (1928–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a> (1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Debussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a> (1912)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Rite of Spring</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a> (1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernity" title="Late modernity">Late modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists" title="List of avant-garde artists">List of avant-garde artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-primitivism">Neo-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar modernism</a></li></ul> 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