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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri_Boys" title="Meri Boys – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meri Boys" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mary Boyce" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Μάρι Μπόις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρι Μπόις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="مری بویس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مری بویس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mary Boyce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%BD" title="Մերի Բոյս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մերի Բոյս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="مارى بويس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارى بويس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="メアリー・ボイス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メアリー・ボイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mary Boyce" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81,_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бойс, Мэри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бойс, Мэри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mary Boyce" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Мэри Бойс – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мэри Бойс" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" 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.hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Dean of SEAS at Columbia University, see <a href="/wiki/Mary_Cunningham_Boyce" title="Mary Cunningham Boyce">Mary Cunningham Boyce</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British scholar in Iranian Studies (1920–2006)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Mary Boyce</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Nora Elisabeth Mary Boyce</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1920-08-02</span>)</span>2 August 1920<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a>, British India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 April 2006<span style="display:none">(2006-04-04)</span> (aged 85)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Philologist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Authority on Zoroastrianism</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nora Elisabeth Mary Boyce</b> (2 August 1920 – 4 April 2006) was a British scholar of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>, and an authority on <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. She was Professor of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Studies">Iranian Studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">School of Oriental and African Studies</a> (SOAS) of the University of London.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Asiatic Society">Royal Asiatic Society</a>'s annual Boyce Prize for outstanding contributions to the study of religion is named after her. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Boyce&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>She was born in Darjeeling where her parents were vacationing to escape the heat of the plains during the summer. Her father, William H. Boyce, was a Judge at the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> high-court, then an institution of the British imperial government. Her mother Nora (née Gardiner) was a granddaughter of the historian <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rawson_Gardiner" title="Samuel Rawson Gardiner">Samuel Rawson Gardiner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boyce was educated at <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_High_School" title="Wimbledon High School">Wimbledon High School</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Ladies%27_College" title="Cheltenham Ladies' College">Cheltenham Ladies' College</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham College, Cambridge</a> she studied English, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, graduating with a <a href="/wiki/Double_first" class="mw-redirect" title="Double first">double first</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Boyce&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1944, Boyce joined the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, where she taught Anglo-Saxon literature and archaeology until 1946. Simultaneously she continued her studies, this time in Persian languages,<sup id="cite_ref-obitguard_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obitguard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Fedorovich_Minorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Fedorovich Minorsky">Vladimir Minorsky</a> at the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Oriental and African Studies">School of Oriental and African Studies</a> from 1945 to 1947. There she met her future mentor, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bruno_Henning" title="Walter Bruno Henning">Walter Bruno Henning</a>, under whose tutelage she began to study Middle Iranian languages. </p><p>In 1948, Boyce was appointed lecturer of Iranian Studies at SOAS, specialising in <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean</a>, Zoroastrian <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> texts. In 1952, she was awarded a doctorate in Oriental Studies from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. At SOAS, she was promoted to Reader (1958–1961) and subsequently awarded the University of London's professorship in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Studies">Iranian Studies</a> following Henning's transfer to the University of California at Berkeley.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Boyce remained professor at SOAS until her retirement in 1982, continuing as Professor <i>Emerita</i> and a professorial research associate until her death in 2006. Her speciality remained the religions of speakers of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian languages</a>, in particular Manichaeanism and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Boyce&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boyce was a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Asiatic Society">Royal Asiatic Society</a>'s Burton Medal, and of the Sykes Medal of the Royal Society of Asian Affairs. She was a member of the Council of the Royal Asiatic Society, honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Oriental_Society" title="American Oriental Society">American Oriental Society</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Letters" title="Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters">Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters</a>, and was the first secretary and treasurer of the <i>Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum</i>. She served on the editorial board of numerous academic publications, including <i>Asia Major</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>, the <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Oriental_Society" title="American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Boyce&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1963–64, Boyce spent a research year among orthodox Zoroastrians of the 24 villages of Yazd, Iran. The results of her research there were formative to her understanding of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and she discovered that much of the previously established scholarship on the ancient faith was terribly misguided. In 1975, Boyce presented the results of her research at her Ratanbai Katrak lecture series at Oxford University. In the same year she published the first volume of her magnum opus, <i>The History of Zoroastrianism</i>, which appeared in the monograph series <i>Handbuch der Orientalistik</i> (Leiden:Brill). Her Ratanbai Katrak lecture series were published in 1977 as <i>A Persian Stronghold of Zoroastrianism</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1979, Boyce published <i>Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i>, which not only summarised her previous publications (in particular volume 1 of <i>History</i>), but anthologised the role of Zoroastrianism during subsequent eras as well. This was followed by volume 2 of <i>History of Zoroastrianism</i> in 1982 (also as a part of the <i>Orientalistik</i> monograph series), and volume 3 in 1991 which she co-authored with Frantz Grenet. In 1992, she published <i>Zoroastrianism: Its Antiquity and Constant Vigour</i> as part of the Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies which she had delivered there in 1985.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Boyce&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>1954, <i>The Manichaean hymn-cycles in Parthian</i> (London Oriental Series, Vol. 3). London: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>1975, <i>A History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. 1</i> (Handbuch der Orientalistik Series). Leiden: Brill; Repr. 1996 as <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5A18Y6rkjoC">A History of Zoroastrianism: Vol 1, The Early Period</a></i>.</li> <li>1977, <i>Zoroastrianism: The rediscovery of missing chapters in man's religious history</i> (Teaching aids for the study of Inner Asia). Asian Studies Research Institute: Indiana University Press.</li> <li>1977, <i>A Persian Stronghold of Zoroastrianism</i>. London: Oxford University Press; Repr. 2001</li> <li>1978, <i>A Reader in Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian</i> (Acta Iranica Monograph Series). Leiden: Brill.</li> <li>1979, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC">Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</a></i> (Library of religious beliefs and practices). London:Routledge/Kegan Paul; Corrected repr. 1984; repr. with new foreword 2001.</li> <li>1982, <i>A History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. 2</i> (Handbuch der Orientalistik Series). Leiden: Brill. Repr. 1996 as "A History of Zoroastrianism: Vol 2, Under the Achaemenians".</li> <li>1984, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPlmnX7AgMEC">Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism</a></i> (Textual Sources for the Study of Religion). London:Rowman & Littlefield. Repr. 1990</li> <li>1987, <i>Zoroastrianism: A Shadowy but Powerful Presence in the Judaeo-Christian World</i>. Friends of Dr. Williams: London.</li> <li>1988, "The religion of Cyrus the Great", in A. Kuhrt and H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg <i>Achaemenid History III: Method and Theory</i>, Leiden: Brill.</li> <li>1991, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MWiMV6llZesC">A History of Zoroastrianism: Vol. 3, Zoroastrianism Under Macedonian and Roman Rule</a></i> (Handbuch der Orientalistik Series). With Frantz Grenet, Leiden: Brill.</li> <li>1992, <i>Zoroastrianism: Its Antiquity and Constant Vigour</i> (Columbia Lectures on Iranian Studies, No 7). Costa Mesa: Mazda.</li> <li>Forthcoming: <i>A History of Zoroastrianism: Vols 4–7</i>, under the editorship of Albert de Jong.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Boyce&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHinnells2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hinnells, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/boyce-mary">"Boyce, Mary"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boyce%2C+Mary&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hinnells&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fboyce-mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Boyce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John R. Hinnells, 'Boyce, (Nora Elisabeth) Mary (1920–2006)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Jan 2010; online edn, Sept 2012 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/97119,">accessed 8 Jan 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obitguard-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obitguard_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Hinnells, Mary Boyce, <i>The Guardian</i>, 11 April 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,,1751102,00.html">Obituary</a>, Retrieved 8 January 2017</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Boyce&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A. D. H. Bivar, Professor Mary Boyce, <i>The Times</i>, 13 April 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article704868.ece">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Albert de Jong, Professor Mary Boyce, <i>The Independent</i>, 28 April 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107041941/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-mary-boyce-475886.html">[2]</a></li> <li>Almut Hintze, Professor Mary Boyce, <i>Daily Telegraph</i>, 28 April 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1516828/Prof-Mary-Boyce.html">[3]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsi2006" class="citation cs2">Parsi, Touradj (7 April 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranian.com/History/2006/April/Boyce/index.html">"Remembering Mary Boyce"</a>, <i>The Iranian</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Iranian&rft.atitle=Remembering+Mary+Boyce&rft.date=2006-04-07&rft.aulast=Parsi&rft.aufirst=Touradj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranian.com%2FHistory%2F2006%2FApril%2FBoyce%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Boyce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121095031/http://www.iranica.com/editor/committee.html">International Committee: Mary Boyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Boyce&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/boyce-mary">Mary Boyce article</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zoroastrianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FBEC5D;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoroastrianism" title="Template:Zoroastrianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoroastrianism" title="Template talk:Zoroastrianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoroastrianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Primary topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia/Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ZoroastrianismSymbolWhite.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Atar (fire)"><img alt="Atar (fire)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/ZoroastrianismSymbolWhite.PNG" decoding="async" width="151" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="194" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Divine entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura" title="Ahura">Ahuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Scripture and worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenghe_hatam" title="Yenghe hatam">Yenghe hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airyaman_ishya" title="Airyaman ishya">Airyaman ishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">Fire Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 Names of Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udvada_Atash_Behram" class="mw-redirect" title="Udvada Atash Behram">Udvada Atash Behram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Burzen-Mihr" title="Adur Burzen-Mihr">Adur Burzen-Mihr</a></li> <li>Adur Farnbag</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Gushnasp" title="Adur Gushnasp">Adur Gushnasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_of_Kashmar" title="Cypress of Kashmar">Cypress of Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visperad" title="Visperad">Visperad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yashts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordeh_Avesta" title="Khordeh Avesta">Khordeh Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revayats" class="mw-redirect" title="The Revayats">The Revayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">Ab-Zohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atash_Behram" title="Atash Behram">Atash Behram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Accounts and legends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahišn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa-i_Sanjan" title="Qissa-i Sanjan">Story of Sanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xrafstar" title="Xrafstar">Xrafstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamistagan" title="Hamistagan">Hamistagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duzakh" title="Duzakh">Duzakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmar" title="Kashmar">Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">History and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Persian_religions" title="Three Persian religions">Three Persian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding" title="Zoroastrian wedding">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">Burial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Afghanistan" title="Zoroastrianism in Afghanistan">in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia" title="Zoroastrianism in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan">in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in China">in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Sichuan" title="Zoroastrianism in Sichuan">in Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irani_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irani (India)">Irani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq#Zoroastrianism" title="Religion in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Pakistan">in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">in United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Uzbekistan">in Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_temples_in_Iran" title="List of fire temples in Iran">Fire temples in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_temples_in_India" title="List of fire temples in India">Fire temples in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FBEC5D;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrianism" title="Category:Zoroastrianism">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112988#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112988#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112988#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114419601">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/36937488">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/14850/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfhbF7QWCFKT6d6mtqYT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118514113">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50043127">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12052837h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14752134">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00473443?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/795177">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118514113.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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