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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>William I</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Friedrich Wilhelm Karl</i>; 27 September 1781 – 25 June 1864) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Württemberg">King of Württemberg</a> from 30 October 1816 until his death. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">William I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1880_Erhardt_K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_I._von_W%C3%BCrttemberg_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1880_Erhardt_K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_I._von_W%C3%BCrttemberg_anagoria.JPG/220px-1880_Erhardt_K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_I._von_W%C3%BCrttemberg_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1880_Erhardt_K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_I._von_W%C3%BCrttemberg_anagoria.JPG/330px-1880_Erhardt_K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_I._von_W%C3%BCrttemberg_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1880_Erhardt_K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_I._von_W%C3%BCrttemberg_anagoria.JPG/440px-1880_Erhardt_K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_I._von_W%C3%BCrttemberg_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4277"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by Georg Friedrich Erhardt, 1880</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Württemberg">King of Württemberg</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">30 October 1816 – 25 June 1864</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Charles I of Württemberg">Charles I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1781-09-27</span>)</span>27 September 1781<br><a href="/wiki/Lubin" title="Lubin">Lüben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a><br>(now Lubin, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 June 1864<span style="display:none">(1864-06-25)</span> (aged 82)<br><a href="/wiki/Rosenstein_Palace" title="Rosenstein Palace">Rosenstein Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">30 June 1864<br><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_Mausoleum" title="Württemberg Mausoleum">Württemberg Mausoleum</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Augusta_of_Bavaria" title="Caroline Augusta of Bavaria">Caroline Augusta of Bavaria</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1808; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1814)<wbr></wbr></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Catherine Pavlovna of Russia">Catherine Pavlovna of Russia</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1816; died 1819)<wbr></wbr></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Therese_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Pauline Therese of Württemberg">Pauline Therese of Württemberg</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1820)<wbr></wbr></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Princess Marie, Countess of Neipperg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Sophie of Württemberg">Sophie, Queen of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Catherine_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Princess Catherine of Württemberg">Princess Catherine of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_King_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I, King of Württemberg">Charles I, King of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Princess Augusta of Württemberg">Augusta, Princess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="House of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Augusta_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="William I's signature"><img alt="William I's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Signature_of_William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/125px-Signature_of_William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Signature_of_William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/188px-Signature_of_William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Signature_of_William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/250px-Signature_of_William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="222"></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Upon William's accession, Württemberg was suffering crop failures and famine in the "<a href="/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer" title="Year Without a Summer">Year Without a Summer</a>", in 1816. After taking office, he initiated sweeping reforms, resulting in the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Estates of Württemberg">Estates of Württemberg</a> to a constitution on 25 September 1819. In his 48-year reign, the kingdom moved from one that was created from different denominational principalities and a heterogeneous agricultural country, into a constitutional state with a common identity and a well-organised management. </p><p>In addition to his successful domestic policy, he pursued throughout his reign an ambition focused on German and European foreign policy. Alongside the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, he imagined a third major German power in the form of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>. Although this plan never succeeded, it ensured a consistent, coherent and targeted policy during his reign. </p><p>William was the only German monarch who was forced to recognise the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a> of 1848. After the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the German states">March Revolution</a> of 1848, he pursued reactionary policies that counteracted his liberal image from before the revolution. He died in 1864 at <a href="/wiki/Rosenstein_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstein Castle">Rosenstein Castle</a> in Bad Cannstatt and is buried in the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_Mausoleum" title="Württemberg Mausoleum">Württemberg Mausoleum</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Youth"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Youth</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Heir_to_the_throne"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Heir to the throne</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_reign"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Early reign</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Accession"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Accession</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Measures_against_economic_hardship"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Measures against economic hardship</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Death_of_Queen_Catherine"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Death of Queen Catherine</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Period_of_consolidation"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Period of consolidation</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Family_and_private_life"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Family and private life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Politics"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Revolution_of_1848/1849"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Revolution of 1848/1849</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Later_years_and_death"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Later years and death</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Marriages_and_issue"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Marriages and issue</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Memorials"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Memorials</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#1st_Cannstatter_Volksfest_1818%E2%80%932018"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">1st Cannstatter Volksfest 1818–2018</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Sequoiadendron_giganteum"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sequoiadendron giganteum</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Honours"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Honours</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Ancestry"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Ancestry</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth">Youth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Youth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1026"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 268px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="268" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/330px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/440px-Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Portrait of a young Frederick William</figcaption></figure> <p>Born at <a href="/wiki/Lubin" title="Lubin">Lüben</a> (after 1945 Lubin, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-McNaughton_1973_p._97_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNaughton_1973_p._97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 27 September 1781, Frederick William (known as "Fritz" until the beginning of his reign) was the son of Duke <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick William Charles of Württemberg</a> (1754–1816) and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Augusta_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a> (1764–1788). </p><p>The relationship between his mother and father was one of strife and discord. His father had entered the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> in 1774, then moved shortly after William's birth to the service of the Russian Empress, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, who appointed him Governor of <a href="/wiki/Old_Finland" title="Old Finland">Eastern Finland</a>. Although William's mother gave birth in 1783 to his sister <a href="/wiki/Catharina_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Catharina of Württemberg">Catharina Frederica</a>, then later that year to Sophia Dorothea, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Paul_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Prince Paul of Württemberg">Paul</a> in 1785, the relationship between the parents continued to deteriorate. Augusta sought sanctuary from her abusive marriage and asked the Empress for protection in 1786. Catherine forced Frederick and his children to leave Russia and placed Augusta in the custody of a former royal huntsman, Reinhold Wilhelm von Pohlmann, by whom she allegedly later became pregnant. In the exhumation ordered by William himself, several years after, this was proven wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died in 1788. In 1790, Frederick and his two sons moved to <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsburg_Palace" title="Ludwigsburg Palace">Ludwigsburg Palace</a>. He made sure that his sons' educators were from Württemberg and their education, at the behest of their father, was regulated and very strict. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg">Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg</a> died on 24 October 1793. He had ruled for 56 years and as he had no legitimate offspring, the duchy passed to his brothers, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Eugene,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Louis Eugene, Duke of Württemberg">Louis Eugene</a> in 1793, then two years later to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_Eugene,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg">Frederick II Eugene</a>, who was Frederick William's grandfather. Frederick William's father thus became Hereditary Prince (Erbprinz) in 1795, then duke on 23 December 1797. In 1797, Duke Frederick's father married <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_Princess_Royal" title="Charlotte, Princess Royal">Charlotte, Princess Royal</a>, the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> of Great Britain. They then began to look for a wife for Frederick William and potential brides included the <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>'s sister, Archduchess <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Amalia_of_Austria_(1780%E2%80%931798)" title="Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria (1780–1798)">Maria Amalia</a>, and the Grand Duchesses <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia">Alexandra Pavlovna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Pavlovna_of_Russia_(1786%E2%80%931859)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1786–1859)">Maria Pavlovna</a>. </p><p>Duke Frederick's relationship with his son also deteriorated. Frederick William often rebelled against his upbringing and his father. In 1799, Frederick William's escape plans were discovered and his father had him temporarily arrested. After his release, Frederick William began studying at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a> erupted and France marched under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in the spring of 1800, Frederick William, who had joined as a volunteer in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Army_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire)">Austrian army</a>, participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> in December 1800. In 1803 he attained the rank of Imperial Major General. Contemporaries have credited him with profound military knowledge, courage and bravery. </p><p>After returning to Württemberg in 1801, Frederick William and his brother Paul began liaisons with the daughters of the landscape architect, Konradin von Abel. Frederick William fell in love with Therese von Abel, four years his senior. At that time there were clashes between Duke Frederick and the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Estates of Württemberg">Estates of Württemberg</a> (the Landstände) on domestic and foreign policy issues. Konradin von Abel represented the foreign policy interests of the estates and was supported by Frederick William, who moved against the interests of his father's policies. In 1803 Frederick William fled Württemberg to Paris, Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saarburg" title="Saarburg">Saarburg</a>. In Saarburg, Therese gave birth to twins, who died shortly after birth. Now <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Electorate of Württemberg">Elector of Württemberg</a>, Frederick wanted to bring his son back to Württemberg. Frederick William went in October to Paris, where he was received on 14 October by Napoleon. Elector Frederick prevented the planned marriage of his son with Therese von Abel through diplomatic interventions, though separating the two did not happen until the autumn of 1804. During his time in Paris, Frederick William received financial support from the Landstände and later from Napoleon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heir_to_the_throne">Heir to the throne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Heir to the throne" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>On 11 September 1805 Frederick William left Paris and returned (after a visit to his grandparents, the <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Duke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Augusta of Great Britain">Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a> in Brunswick) to <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, where in November he met his father for the first time in a few years. His return was mainly due to the change in the political climate. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, which had been at war with Napoleon since 1803, formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>. Napoleon had Württemberg's neighbours of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Baden" title="Electorate of Baden">Baden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> on his side, so Württemberg was forced, after some hesitation, to yield to French pressure and also enter into an alliance with Napoleon. The French Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a> suggested a coup against Elector Frederick, in which his son was to replace him, but Frederick William opposed the suggestion. This act is regarded as the main reason for William's subsequent aversion to Napoleon. Frederick refused to involve his son in the affairs of state, but gave him his own court headed by his friend, Ernst von Pfuel-Riepurr, who had accompanied him in his time out of the country. Frederick William took the time to further his education, including acquiring a knowledge of agriculture. </p><p>From 1 January 1806, the territorial gains as a result of the <a href="/wiki/German_mediatization" class="mw-redirect" title="German mediatization">German mediatization</a> enlarged the Electorate of Württemberg and it became a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">kingdom</a> upon the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire">dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire</a>. In 1806, Prussia joined the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">coalition</a> against Napoleon and was defeated and occupied within a few weeks. Napoleon wanted Württemberg to be bound to him closer by marriage. On 13 August 1807 Frederick William's sister, Catherine, married Napoleon's brother <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme</a>, the king of the newly created <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Kingdom of Westphalia</a>. In order to prevent Napoleon arranging a marriage for him, Frederick William sought permission from his father to marry <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Augusta_of_Bavaria" title="Caroline Augusta of Bavaria">Charlotte (later Caroline) Augusta</a>, the daughter of the Bavarian King <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph</a>. After lengthy negotiations took place, the pair were married on 8 June 1808 in Munich. Since it was purely a marriage of convenience and Frederick William had no interest in a deeper relationship with his wife, Charlotte became increasingly lonely in Stuttgart. Frederick often stayed in <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> at the court of his brother-in-law, Jérôme. Here he met Jérôme's former lover, Blanche La Flèche, Baroness of Keudelstein. He began an affair with her, which he later continued as king. </p><p>In 1809, Napoléon had Württemberg commit troops for his <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">war against Austria</a>, while safeguarding its own eastern borders. Frederick William received the command of the troops deployed for border defence. During <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">Napoleon's Russian campaign</a>, Frederick William was again in command of troops. The campaign was devastating for the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Army of Württemberg">Army of Württemberg</a>. Of the 15,800 soldiers, only a few hundred returned to Württemberg. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a> from 16 to 19 October 1813, Württemberg moved to the side of the coalition against Napoleon. Frederick William then took over the command of the Army of Württemberg, which was reinforced by Austrian troops in November. On 30 December the army crossed the Rhine at <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüningen">Hüningen</a>. </p><p>Despite having suffered heavy losses in 1812 and 1813 fighting as an ally of <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a>, Württemberg agreed to raise an army for the Allies of 12,250 regular infantry, 2,900 cavalry and 12,250 militia. By strenuous efforts this quota was filled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggiere2007125_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggiere2007125-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, the Württemberger contingent was designated the German VI Corps, but in a subsequent reorganization it became the IV Corps in the main Allied army of Austrian Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg</a>. It marched to war with 14,000 men and 24 artillery pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggiere2007127_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggiere2007127-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frederick William directed his corps in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="First Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">First Battle of Bar-sur-Aube</a> on 24 January 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggiere2007527–532_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggiere2007527%E2%80%93532-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One source asserted that IV Corps suffered 900 casualties in this combat while their Austrian allies lost 837. French losses were about 1,200.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger201585_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger201585-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IV Corps participated in the Allied victory over Napoleon at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">Battle of La Rothière</a> on 1 February.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998491–492_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998491%E2%80%93492-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 February 1814, Schwarzenberg ordered Frederick William to hold <a href="/wiki/Montereau-Fault-Yonne" title="Montereau-Fault-Yonne">Montereau</a> until evening. Accordingly, the Crown Prince placed 8,500 foot soldiers, 1,000 horsemen and 26 artillery pieces on the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> River. The defending force included an Austrian brigade. The first French attacks in the morning were driven off, but by the mid-afternoon Napoleon was on the scene with 30,000 troops and 70 cannons. Frederick William ordered a retreat, but the movement quickly degenerated into a mad dash for safety across the single bridge with French cavalry in hot pursuit. The Allies lost 2,600 killed and wounded, plus 3,400 soldiers and 15 field pieces captured. The French lost 2,000 but captured the vital bridge intact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetre199482–85_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetre199482%E2%80%9385-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Württembergers reported 806 killed and wounded, not counting prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998498–499_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998498%E2%80%93499-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 March, the main Allied army came upon a 19,000-man French corps by surprise in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Battle of Fère-Champenoise</a>. Leading the advance, Frederick William decided not to wait for his infantry to catch up but to attack with his cavalry alone. The result was a crushing Allied victory as the French corps suffered losses of 2,000 killed and wounded while losing 4,000 prisoners, 45 cannons and 100 ammunition wagons. A nearby 4,300-strong French division with 16 cannons was also caught and completely wiped out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetre1994190–192_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetre1994190%E2%80%93192-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies sustained 2,000 casualties out of 28,000 men and 80 guns engaged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998514_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998514-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Battle of Paris</a> on 30 March, 6,500 Württembergers fought, losing 160 killed, wounded and captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998516_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998516-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the fall of Napoleon, Frederick William took the opportunity to begin divorce proceedings from his wife. He had been in the United Kingdom in June 1814 with his cousin Grand Duchess <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Catherine Pavlovna of Russia">Catherine of Russia</a>, the widow of <a href="/wiki/Duke_George_of_Oldenburg" title="Duke George of Oldenburg">Duke George of Oldenburg</a>, and the two were in love. After Charlotte, King Frederick and King Maximilian Joseph had agreed to the divorce, a divorce court was convened by King Frederick on 31 August 1814. Both parties had indicated that the marriage was not consummated because of animosity. Annulment by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a>, which was necessary because Charlotte was Catholic, did not take place until over a year later on 12 January 1816, shortly before the wedding of Frederick William and Catherine. Charlotte then married on 10 November 1816, the Austrian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a>. </p><p>Frederick William and Catherine also attended the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> from September 1814, where diplomats drew up a new Europe following Napoleon's downfall. After the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">return of Napoleon</a> and the subsequent war in 1815, Frederick William commanded the <a href="/wiki/Minor_campaigns_of_1815#Army_of_the_Upper_Rhine_(Austo-German_Army)" title="Minor campaigns of 1815">Austrian III Corps</a> which in one of the minor campaigns invaded France and besieged General <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rapp" title="Jean Rapp">Jean Rapp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848771–772_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848771%E2%80%93772-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the only member of the ruling German royal families who participated actively as a military commander in the wars of 1814 and 1815. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Wilhelm Hauff</a> celebrated this in his poem <i><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Prinz_Wilhelm">Prinz Wilhelm</a></i>. </p><p>On 24 January 1816, Frederick William married Catherine in St. Petersburg. The newly-weds stayed in Russia for a few months and arrived in Stuttgart on 13 April 1816. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_reign">Early reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early reign" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accession">Accession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Accession" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1781_Wilhelm-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1781_Wilhelm-02.jpg/220px-1781_Wilhelm-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="379" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="565"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 379px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1781_Wilhelm-02.jpg/220px-1781_Wilhelm-02.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="379" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/1781_Wilhelm-02.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>King William in 1822</figcaption></figure> <p>King Frederick died on 30 October 1816, at 1:30 am. On the same day, Catherine, who already had two sons from her first marriage, gave birth to their daughter Marie Friederike Charlotte. Although in King Frederick's declining years, he and his son no longer had any political and personal conflicts, Frederick William was eager to display a new era of political change and power. As such, he did away with his first name of Frederick and chose his second name of Wilhelm (William) as his <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a>. He reduced the monarchical titles to simply <i>Wilhelm, by the Grace of God, King of Württemberg</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Coat of arms of Württemberg">national coat of arms</a> was also simplified and he reduced the colours of the state flag of black, red and gold, to simply black and red. He also announced an amnesty for civil and military prisoners. William dismissed most of the ministers of state, made the Privy Council his government and gave new senior positions at court and in the civil service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Measures_against_economic_hardship">Measures against economic hardship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Measures against economic hardship" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>William's accession to the throne fell into a time of great economic hardship. In April 1815, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tambora" title="Mount Tambora">Mount Tambora</a> erupted in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, which led to a long-term deterioration of global weather conditions. In the spring and summer of 1816 there was nowhere in Europe without a storm, rain or hail. In October the first snow fell in Württemberg. The year 1816 became known as the <a href="/wiki/Year_Without_A_Summer" class="mw-redirect" title="Year Without A Summer">Year Without A Summer</a>. In Württemberg, there were crop failures which gave rise to food prices. In the winter of 1816/1817, famine broke out. To alleviate the plight, the government fixed maximum prices for food, made exporting difficult and later banned it. Large amounts of grain were brought from outside the country. The famine was alleviated by the King and Queen, whose policies were aimed at long-term improvement in the economic situation of all social classes. William implemented agricultural reforms, while Catherine devoted her care to the poor. On 20 November 1818 William set up an Agricultural Academy in Hohenheim to radically improve general nutrition in the kingdom through teaching, experimentation and demonstration and, in so doing, laid the foundation for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hohenheim" title="University of Hohenheim">University of Hohenheim</a>. To help people to help themselves, the government planted alleys of fruit-trees. (Dienstbarkeit on private ground near streets). The tree farms from William, also the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> delivered for free.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same year he set up the <a href="/wiki/Cannstatter_Volksfest" title="Cannstatter Volksfest">Cannstatter Volksfest</a>, which was to take place annually on 28 September, a day after the king's birthday. William bought cattle and sheep from abroad for farmers to raise them in Württemberg and he was known for his <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian stallions</a> that formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Marbach_stud" class="mw-redirect" title="Marbach stud">Marbach stud</a>. Around the country, Catherine set up charities, which were controlled by a national charity in Stuttgart. Donations were received from the private property of the royal couple, by Catherine's mother the <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)">Tsarina</a>, and by other members of the royal family. The Württembergische Landessparkasse (Wurttemberg State Savings Bank) was established on 12 May 1818 on Catherine's initiative. At the same time, a <a href="/wiki/Poor_relief" title="Poor relief">poor relief</a> authority was set up in the Ministry of Interior. The completion of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katharinenhospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katharinenhospital (page does not exist)">Katharinenhospital</a> in 1828 was initiated via a donation by Catherine in 1817. The <a href="/wiki/Swabian-Hall_swine" title="Swabian-Hall swine">Mohrenköpfle</a> is a breed of pig. On the orders of King William I, these "masked" pigs were imported from Central China in 1820/21, in order to improve pig breeding in the Kingdom of Württemberg. Cross-breeding local breeds with these "Chinese pigs" was particularly successful within stocks of domestic pigs in the <a href="/wiki/Hohenlohe_(district)" title="Hohenlohe (district)">Hohenlohe region</a> and the area around the town of <a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall" title="Schwäbisch Hall">Schwäbisch Hall</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death_of_Queen_Catherine">Death of Queen Catherine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death of Queen Catherine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia.jpg/220px-Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="779"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia.jpg/220px-Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia.jpg/330px-Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia.jpg/440px-Grand_Duchess_Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Catherine Pavlovna of Russia">Queen Catherine</a> in 1810's</figcaption></figure> <p>Catherine and William's second daughter <a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Sophie of Württemberg">Sophie</a>, who later became Queen of the Netherlands, was born on 17 June 1818. Despite the outwardly harmonious marriage of William and Catherine, William had extramarital affairs. He took to his former lover Blanche La Flèche again. <a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Kallee" title="Eduard von Kallee">Eduard von Kallee</a>, born on 26 February 1818 is thought to have been his illegitimate son. When Catherine found her husband in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scharnhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scharnhausen (page does not exist)">Scharnhausen</a> on 3 January 1819, with a lover (presumably Blanche La Fleche), she travelled back to Stuttgart. She died of complications from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> on 9 January. William had the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_Mausoleum" title="Württemberg Mausoleum">Württemberg Mausoleum</a> constructed for her on <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_(hill)" title="Württemberg (hill)">Württemberg Hill</a> and she was buried in 1824. To cover up the circumstances of her death he tried to obtain her letters, which he suspected contained information about his love affairs. The main political reason for this was so Württemberg's relationship with Russia would not be strained. William wrote in a letter that he was considering abdication. He wanted his brother Paul to renounce his claim to the throne, in favour of Paul's son, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Prince Frederick of Württemberg">Frederick</a>. After their mother's death, Catherine's sons by her first marriage went to live with their grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Peter_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Oldenburg" title="Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg">Peter</a>, the-then regent and later Grand Duke of Oldenburg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Period_of_consolidation">Period of consolidation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Period of consolidation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_and_private_life">Family and private life</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Family and private life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6nigin_Pauline_W%C3%BCrtt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/K%C3%B6nigin_Pauline_W%C3%BCrtt.jpg/220px-K%C3%B6nigin_Pauline_W%C3%BCrtt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1670" data-file-height="2493"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 328px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/K%C3%B6nigin_Pauline_W%C3%BCrtt.jpg/220px-K%C3%B6nigin_Pauline_W%C3%BCrtt.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="328" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/K%C3%B6nigin_Pauline_W%C3%BCrtt.jpg/330px-K%C3%B6nigin_Pauline_W%C3%BCrtt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/K%C3%B6nigin_Pauline_W%C3%BCrtt.jpg/440px-K%C3%B6nigin_Pauline_W%C3%BCrtt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Queen Pauline and her son Charles in 1825.</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after the death of Queen Catherine, William sought a new marriage. He looked again to a cousin, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Therese_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Pauline Therese of Württemberg">Pauline</a> (1800–1873) who was the daughter of his uncle <a href="/wiki/Duke_Louis_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duke Louis of Württemberg">Louis</a> and 19 years his junior. The wedding took place on 19 April 1820 at Stuttgart. Pauline tended to be rather pious and was a prude. For example, when her daughter was to be painted naked as a baby, Pauline refused it. The beginning of the marriage was outwardly harmonious and the royal couple undertook official duties and many activities together. On 24 August 1821 their first daughter <a href="/wiki/Princess_Catherine_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Princess Catherine of Württemberg">Catherine</a> was born. The birth of the heir <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Charles I of Württemberg">Charles</a> on 6 March 1823 was received by the people and the royal family with great joy. Their third child <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Princess Augusta of Württemberg">Augusta</a> was born on 4 October 1826. </p><p>William continued to maintain extramarital relationships with other women. When travelling to Italy, he continued to meet with Blanche La Flèche. In the late 1820s, the royal couple became increasingly alienated. William began a relationship with the actress <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalie_of_Stubenrauch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amalie of Stubenrauch (page does not exist)">Amalie of Stubenrauch</a>. Born in 1803, she started her acting career in 1823 at the Munich <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_(Munich)" title="National Theatre (Munich)">Court Theatre</a>. After a stint in March 1827, in the autumn of 1828 she became permanent at the Stuttgart Court Theatre, where William soon became aware of her. William and Amelia would keep up their relationship until William's death in 1864. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Politics">Politics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In October 1820 a manuscript entitled <i>Manuskript aus Süddeutschland</i> (<i>Manuscript from Southern Germany</i>) was published in London. The book contained a review of the historical development and the political situation in Germany. It called for a further <a href="/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">mediatisation</a> of small countries in Germany to the four central states of Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover and Württemberg, which together should form a counterweight to the great powers of Prussia and Austria. It was suggested Württemberg should gain <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>, the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hohenzollern-Hechingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>. Soon it became known that the published name of the author and editor of the book were fake. The real author was <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Lindner" title="Friedrich Ludwig Lindner">Friedrich Ludwig Lindner</a> (1772–1845), who was somewhat of a personal assistant to William. It was assumed that William was behind this idea and that Lindner acted as his <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwriter</a>. The manuscript caused diplomatic tensions between Prussia and Austria on one side and Württemberg on the other. At the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Verona" title="Congress of Verona">Congress of Verona</a> in 1822, the great powers of Austria, Prussia and Russia launched an isolation on Württemberg. In the spring of 1823, diplomatic relations were broken off, the foreign minister, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_von_Wintzingerode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl von Wintzingerode (page does not exist)">Count Wintzingerode</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(German_Confederation)" title="Federal Convention (German Confederation)">Bundestag</a> envoy, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_August_von_Wangenheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl August von Wangenheim (page does not exist)">Freiherr von Wangenheim</a>, resigned. The popularity of William rose in liberal circles. Reprisals, however, meant that William had to give in. In November 1824 Württemberg agreed to an extension of the anti-liberal <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a>. </p><p>After the successful French <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> of 1830, the Liberals were buoyant in most of Europe, as well as in Württemberg. The <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> in <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> against Russia in 1830/1831 reinforced this trend. In December 1831, the Liberals won the elections to the second chamber of the Württemberg Landtag. At the <a href="/wiki/Hambach_Festival" title="Hambach Festival">Hambach Festival</a> on 27 May 1832, in which <a href="/wiki/Hambach_Castle" title="Hambach Castle">Hambach Castle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> was a backdrop for liberal and democratic rallies, the call for banned political gatherings was answered. William moved to convene the parliament elected in 1831 for over a year until 15 January 1833. After the dissolution of parliament on 22 March, elections were held in April, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_R%C3%B6mer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Römer (page does not exist)">Friedrich Römer</a>'s liberals again emerged victorious. </p><p>Diplomatic relations between Württemberg and Prussia and Austria were also limited at this time. From 1836 William tried to better relations with Prussia. In September 1836 Prince <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William</a>, later <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">German Emperor</a>, visited Stuttgart. 1838 saw a return visit by King William to Berlin, where he and cousin, the Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> met. From this point, a Prussian envoy in Württemberg was established. At various times William was interested in forming a "Third Germany" of smaller states outside the control of Vienna and Berlin, but this never took form. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stuttgart_NeuesSchloss.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stuttgart_NeuesSchloss.JPG/220px-Stuttgart_NeuesSchloss.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stuttgart_NeuesSchloss.JPG/220px-Stuttgart_NeuesSchloss.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stuttgart_NeuesSchloss.JPG/330px-Stuttgart_NeuesSchloss.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stuttgart_NeuesSchloss.JPG/440px-Stuttgart_NeuesSchloss.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jubil%C3%A4umss%C3%A4ule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jubiläumssäule (page does not exist)">Jubiläumssäule</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Schlossplatz_(Stuttgart)" title="Schlossplatz (Stuttgart)">Schlossplatz</a> in Stuttgart</figcaption></figure> <p>One area of co-operation with Prussia was the <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a> customs union. William signed a Bavaria–Württemberg Customs Union (BWCU) in 1828, with mixed results. In 1828–34 the BWCU signed commercial agreements and then became full members of the German Customs Union. Seen now as a precursor of <a href="/wiki/German_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="German unification">German unity</a> under Prussia in 1871, at the time it was hoped that stronger local economies would preserve the independence of the smaller states such as Württemberg. </p><p>The 1830s were characterised by an economic boom in Württemberg. Agriculture, trade and crafts flourished and debt and taxes were down. Shipping on the <a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a> via the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelmskanal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelmskanal (page does not exist)">Wilhelmskanal</a> had become possible in 1821, and the road network was expanded. Plans were produced for the construction of the first railways. William was very interested in the emerging industrialisation and visited, in 1837, the United Kingdom, the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. For his <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Jubilee">Silver Jubilee</a> in 1841, the kingdom was in excellent financial shape. On 27 September 1841 William celebrated his 60th birthday. On 28 September, a procession took place in Stuttgart with 10,390 participants, including 640 riders and 23 horses and wagons with teams of oxen from the entire kingdom. 200,000 spectators had come to the capital, which had 40,000 inhabitants. On the <a href="/wiki/Schlossplatz_(Stuttgart)" title="Schlossplatz (Stuttgart)">Schlossplatz</a> a solid wooden column was built, which was replaced two years later by the central stone "Jubiläumssäule" (Jubilee Pillar). The whole town was decorated, fireworks were set off in the evening and bonfires were made all around the country. William was celebrated by patriotic poems and songs in the newspapers. The celebrations and participation around the country expressed how the country had become unified and connected under William's reign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_of_1848/1849"><span id="Revolution_of_1848.2F1849"></span>Revolution of 1848/1849</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Revolution of 1848/1849" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stirnbrand_Rapport_bei_K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Stirnbrand_Rapport_bei_K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_I.jpg/275px-Stirnbrand_Rapport_bei_K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1717" data-file-height="1361"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 275px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Stirnbrand_Rapport_bei_K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_I.jpg/275px-Stirnbrand_Rapport_bei_K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_I.jpg" data-width="275" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Stirnbrand_Rapport_bei_K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_I.jpg/413px-Stirnbrand_Rapport_bei_K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Stirnbrand_Rapport_bei_K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_I.jpg/550px-Stirnbrand_Rapport_bei_K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_I.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>"Reporting to King William" (1847) by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Seraph_Stirnbrand" title="Franz Seraph Stirnbrand">Stirnbrand</a>. All the participants are identified on the painting's page at Wikimedia Commons.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1846 and 1847, poor harvests in Württemberg gave rise to famine and increased emigration. The relatively satisfied mood of the population became sour. Liberal and democratic demands were expressed more forcefully. In January 1848 a protest in Stuttgart called for an all-German Federal Parliament, freedom of the press, freedom of association and assembly, introduction of jury trials and arming of the people. In February, a <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">revolution broke out again in France</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a> abdicated and fled into exile to England, William recognised the urgency of the situation and tried the stop the revolution through concessions to the liberals and democrats. On 1 March he reinstated the liberal press law of 1817, which had been overturned previously by the <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a> in 1819. He tried to replace the Privy Council under the conservative <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Linden" title="Joseph von Linden">Joseph von Linden</a>, but this failed on 6 March as a result of further protests. William then agreed to forming a liberal government under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_R%C3%B6mer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Römer (page does not exist)">Friedrich Römer</a>. On 18 March 1848 the Württemberg army was sworn not to the king but to the Constitution. Although Römer never had the confidence of William, he made sure that during the revolution in Württemberg, a majority for the abolition of the monarchy was never formed. In April, the Württemberg army was involved in the crackdown on the <a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">Baden Revolution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hecker" title="Friedrich Hecker">Friedrich Hecker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Struve" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav von Struve">Gustav von Struve</a> in Baden. In June 1848, a new parliament was selected in which Römer's liberals again received the majority in the upper chamber. William visited Frankfurt in July 1848, where since 18 May that year the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt Parliament</a> met and on 29 June 1848 and had chosen <a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a> to be regent. The parliament proposed, on 8 March 1849, that Frederick William of Prussia should be elected Emperor of Germany. Römer advised William to accept this choice, but if Frederick William refused, Römer advised William he had a good chance of being elected emperor himself. This flattery increased, however, only the mistrust of William against Römer. </p><p>On 20 April 1849 the Chamber of Deputies voted in the Landtag with only two dissenting votes in favour of recognising the constitution drafted by the Frankfurt Parliament on 28 March 1849. William refused to do so and justified his refusal in a supplement to the <i>Schwäbischer Merkur</i> (<i>Swabian Mercury</i>) with a circulation of 12,000 copies. Given the tricky situation of Stuttgart, he moved his court to the garrison city of <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsburg" title="Ludwigsburg">Ludwigsburg</a>. On 25 April, William decided to accept the constitution. But he felt it was imposed humiliation, which was multiplied when he realized that he was the only ruler of a larger German state who had accepted the Constitution. </p><p>After the Frankfurt Parliament had failed with the rejection of the German imperial crown by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV of Prussia</a>, on 30 May 1849 the remaining members decided to relocate the parliament to Stuttgart. Derisively known as the <i>Rumpfparlament</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Rump_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Rump parliament">rump parliament</a>"), on 6 June 1849, the remaining 154 deputies met initially under President <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Loewe" title="Wilhelm Loewe">Wilhelm Loewe</a> in Stuttgart. Following its view of itself as the legitimate German parliament, the rump parliament called for tax resistance and military resistance against those states that did not accept the Paulskirche Constitution. Since this view also diminished the autonomy of Württemberg, and the Prussian army was successfully crushing the rebellions in the nearby Baden and the <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_the_Rhine" title="Circle of the Rhine">Palatinate</a>, the Württemberg government rapidly distanced itself from the rump parliament. </p><p>On 17 June the president of the parliament was informed that the Württemberg government was no longer in a position to tolerate the meetings that had moved to its territory, nor the activities of the regency elected on the 6th, anywhere in Stuttgart or Württemberg. At this point, the rump parliament had only 99 deputies and did not reach a quorum according to its own rules. On 18 June the Württemberg army occupied the parliamentary chamber before the session started. The deputies reacted by organising an impromptu protest march which was promptly squashed by the soldiers without bloodshed. Those deputies that were not from Württemberg were expelled. </p><p>On 2 July William returned to Stuttgart. In August 1849 elections were held for a Constituent Assembly in which the democrats reached the majority against the moderate liberals. While the liberals called for the right to an income level and assets, the democrats demanded universal, equal and direct suffrage for all adult men. At the end of October 1849 the king dismissed the government under Friedrich Römer. On 7 December 1849 the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hohenzollern-Hechingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a> were incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia. William's objective of mediatising these states into Württemberg therefore failed. The-then shattered relationship with Prussia was not normalised until 1852 with the resumption of diplomatic relations. </p><p>From 1850 William led a reactionary policy. His experience in the revolution led him to reject generally representative governments.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wanted the people to be "free from the periodic fever of elections".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 July 1850 he set up a new government with the conservative <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Linden" title="Joseph von Linden">Joseph von Linden</a> as Minister of the Interior. He was a more compliant rubber stamp for William's restoration policy. The old constitution was re-enacted, the army was sworn in again on the king rather than the Constitution, corporal punishment was reintroduced in 1852 and the death penalty in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linden's conservative cabinet remained until shortly after William's death in office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years_and_death">Later years and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later years and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannstatter_Volksfest_-_Kaisertreffen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cannstatter_Volksfest_-_Kaisertreffen.jpg/220px-Cannstatter_Volksfest_-_Kaisertreffen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1113"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cannstatter_Volksfest_-_Kaisertreffen.jpg/220px-Cannstatter_Volksfest_-_Kaisertreffen.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cannstatter_Volksfest_-_Kaisertreffen.jpg/330px-Cannstatter_Volksfest_-_Kaisertreffen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cannstatter_Volksfest_-_Kaisertreffen.jpg/440px-Cannstatter_Volksfest_-_Kaisertreffen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Napoleon III, William I and Alexander II at the Meeting of the Two Emperors at Stuttgart in 1857.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1850s, the polarity between Prussia and Austria came to a head in Germany. William pursued a foreign policy strategy shifting alliances and agreements with the major European powers. In the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> between Russia on one hand and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a> and Great Britain on the other, he pushed for a neutrality of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>. This strengthened the position of the Württemberg ally of Russia. After the Crimean War, William tried to normalise his country's relations with France. The French emperor since 1852, <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon III">Napoléon III</a>, was the nephew of his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a> between Russia, Austria and Prussia had ended on the outbreak of the Crimean War. On 27 September 1857 a meeting organised by William was held in Stuttgart between Napoléon III and Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a>. The emperors agreed that Russia would not intervene in any war that France would have in assisting <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720-1861)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720-1861)">Sardinia</a> in a war against Austria (later to become the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a>). Especially in his old age, European princes often sought his advice. His biographer Paul Sauer therefore referred to him as "<a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a> among the princes of Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/220px-K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 283px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/220px-K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="283" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/330px-K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/440px-K%C3%B6nig_Wilhelm_von_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>King William in 1861.</figcaption></figure> <p>William's marriage looked happy to outsiders, but in actuality was completely shattered. He was constantly accompanied by his mistress, Amalie, on private visits. He did not trust his son, Prince Charles, to takeover governmental functions; Charles's homosexual inclinations troubled him. He was very fond of his daughter-in-law and niece, Crown Princess <a href="/wiki/Queen_Olga_of_Wuerttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Olga of Wuerttemberg">Olga</a>. She often had to mediate between her husband and her father-in-law, which over long periods led to a tense relationship between her and William. His daughters from his marriage to Catherine both had marital disputes with their husbands, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Neipperg" title="Alfred von Neipperg">Alfred von Neipperg</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III of the Netherlands</a>. </p><p>King William became increasingly hard of hearing with age and underwent frequent treatment from the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the autumn of 1863, his condition deteriorated. He had little contact with his family, whereas his mistress Amalie was constantly with him. He was often visited by the writer <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Hackl%C3%A4nder" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Hackländer">Friedrich Wilhelm Hackländer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before his death, he had his private letters and records destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:223Leichenzug_Wilhelm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/223Leichenzug_Wilhelm.jpg/220px-223Leichenzug_Wilhelm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="1541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/223Leichenzug_Wilhelm.jpg/220px-223Leichenzug_Wilhelm.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/223Leichenzug_Wilhelm.jpg/330px-223Leichenzug_Wilhelm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/223Leichenzug_Wilhelm.jpg/440px-223Leichenzug_Wilhelm.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Transfer of the body of William I, in the early morning hours of 30 June 1864, to the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_Mausoleum" title="Württemberg Mausoleum">Württemberg Mausoleum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>William died at 5:10 on the morning of 25 June 1864 at <a href="/wiki/Rosenstein_Palace" title="Rosenstein Palace">Rosenstein Palace</a> in the presence of his personal physician, Dr. Karl Alsatian, and a valet. On the morning of 30 June, in the presence of his son and successor, King Charles and his stepson <a href="/wiki/Duke_Peter_Georgievich_of_Oldenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke Peter Georgievich of Oldenburg">Peter of Oldenburg</a>, he was buried alongside his second wife Catherine in the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg_Mausoleum" title="Württemberg Mausoleum">Württemberg Mausoleum</a>. A few hours later, a memorial service was held there in which his widow Queen Pauline, his daughter-in-law Queen Olga, his daughters Queen Sophie of the Netherlands, Princess Catherine and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, his nephew Grand Duke Constantine of Russia and his stepson Peter of Oldenburg, were present.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While William did not mention his wife Pauline in his will, he made sure that his former mistresses Therese of Abel and Blanche La Flèche received pensions. Queen Pauline and King Charles insisted Amalie of Stubenrauch left court and she moved to an estate in <a href="/wiki/Tegernsee" title="Tegernsee">Tegernsee</a>, located next to the Villa Arco, which they had acquired in 1862. She died there on 14 April 1876 and was buried in Tegernsee. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Marriages_and_issue">Marriages and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Marriages and issue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DH-Wilhelm_I_Familie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/DH-Wilhelm_I_Familie.jpg/220px-DH-Wilhelm_I_Familie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1413" data-file-height="1767"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/DH-Wilhelm_I_Familie.jpg/220px-DH-Wilhelm_I_Familie.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/DH-Wilhelm_I_Familie.jpg/330px-DH-Wilhelm_I_Familie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/DH-Wilhelm_I_Familie.jpg/440px-DH-Wilhelm_I_Familie.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>King William I and his third wife Queen Pauline (above), with their children Crown Prince Charles (centre), Catherine (bottom left) and Augusta (bottom right) and the king's two daughters from his second marriage Princesses Sophie (centre left) and Marie (centre right)</figcaption></figure> <p>He married thrice: </p> <ul><li>Firstly on 8 June 1808 in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> to <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Augusta_of_Bavaria" title="Caroline Augusta of Bavaria">Caroline Augusta</a> (1792–1873), daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a> (1756–1825) and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_Wilhelmine_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" title="Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt">Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt</a> (1765–1796). They divorced in 1814,<sup id="cite_ref-McNaughton_1973_p._97_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNaughton_1973_p._97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without issue;</li> <li>Secondly on 24 January 1816 in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-McNaughton_1973_p._97_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNaughton_1973_p._97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia, he married his first cousin Grand Duchess <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Catherine Pavlovna of Russia">Catherine Pavlovna of Russia</a> (1788–1819), daughter of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I of Russia</a> (1754–1801) and Princess <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)">Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg</a> (1759–1828)<sup id="cite_ref-McNaughton_1973_p._97_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNaughton_1973_p._97-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by whom he had two daughters: <ul><li>Princess Marie Friederike Charlotte of Württemberg (1816–1887) who married <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Neipperg" title="Alfred von Neipperg">Alfred, Count von Neipperg</a> (1807–1865);</li> <li>Princess <a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Sophie of Württemberg">Sophie of Württemberg</a> (1818–1877) who married King <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III of the Netherlands</a> (1817–1890).</li></ul></li> <li>Thirdly on 15 April 1820 in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> he married another first cousin, Duchess <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Therese_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Pauline Therese of Württemberg">Pauline Therese of Württemberg</a> (1800–1873), a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Louis_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duke Louis of Württemberg">Duke Louis of Württemberg</a> (1756–1817) and Princess <a href="/wiki/Princess_Henriette_of_Nassau-Weilburg_(1780-1857)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg (1780-1857)">Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg</a> (1780–1857), by whom he had one son and heir and two further daughters: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Catherine_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Princess Catherine of Württemberg">Princess Catherine of Württemberg</a> (1821–1898) who married Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Prince Frederick of Württemberg">Frederick of Württemberg</a> (1808–1870) by whom she was the mother of King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="William II of Württemberg">William II of Württemberg</a> (born 1848–1921) the last King of Württemberg who succeeded his uncle King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Charles I of Württemberg">Charles I of Württemberg</a> and ruled from 1891 until the abolition of the kingdom in 1918.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Charles I of Württemberg">Charles I of Württemberg</a> (born 1823–1891), who succeeded his father as <a href="/wiki/King_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Württemberg">king of Württemberg</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a>, he married Grand Duchess <a href="/wiki/Olga_Nikolaevna_of_Russia" title="Olga Nikolaevna of Russia">Olga Nikolaevna of Russia</a>, the daughter of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a>, and leaving no issue was succeeded by his nephew King William II of Württemberg (born 1848–1921);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Princess Augusta of Württemberg">Princess Augusta of Württemberg</a> (1826–1898) who married <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hermann_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach_(1825%E2%80%931901)" title="Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1825–1901)">Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1825–1901)</a>. One of her daughters, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Pauline of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustus,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach_(1844%E2%80%931894)" title="Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1844–1894)">Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Memorials" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1st_Cannstatter_Volksfest_1818–2018"><span id="1st_Cannstatter_Volksfest_1818.E2.80.932018"></span>1st Cannstatter Volksfest 1818–2018</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1st Cannstatter Volksfest 1818–2018" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cannstatter_Volksfest" title="Cannstatter Volksfest">Cannstatter Volksfest</a></div> <p>On 28 September 1818, one day after the king's 36th birthday, a big agricultural festival with horse races and prize-giving for outstanding cattle-breeding achievements was celebrated on the so-called Cannstatter Wasen site. Named the "Landwirtschaftliche Fest zu Kannstadt" (Kannstadt Agricultural Festival), it was therefore the 1st Cannstatter Volksfest. 200 years later Cannstatter Volksfest and the 100th Landwirtschaftliches Hauptfest are celebrated with a historical Volksfest on Stuttgart's Schlossplatz square. Cannstatter Volksfest and the 100th Landwirtschaftliches Hauptfest (an agricultural show)—the founding of the biggest festival in "Ländle", as the state of Baden-Württemberg is affectionately known, by King William I and his wife Katharina will be remembered in the heart of Stuttgart on the Schlossplatz square from 26 September to 3 October 2018. <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Historical Volksfest 2018 with King William I and his wife Katharina (actors) will be dressed in historical costumes dating back to 1818. <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="2018 has passed; did the Volksfest happen? (June 2020)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sequoiadendron_giganteum">Sequoiadendron giganteum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sequoiadendron giganteum" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In order to cultivate them for their wood, the King had some 5,000 Giant Sequoia (<i><a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum" title="Sequoiadendron giganteum">Sequoiadendron giganteum</a></i>) grown from seed in 1865. He had the seeds sent from California. Today, after 158–159 years, the remaining examples have reached a height of over 30 metres (100 ft). Their older Californian relatives, with a height of 80 metres (260 ft) and a trunk circumference of more than 30 metres (100 ft), are the largest living organisms on our planet. Of the original 5,000 trees, 123 of the Giant Sequoia remain as memorials of King William.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Honours" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Order of the Crown (Württemberg)">Knight of the Golden Eagle</a><sup id="cite_ref-Württemberg1815_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W%C3%BCrttemberg1815-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Order_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Military Merit Order (Württemberg)">Military Merit Order</a>, <i>1800</i><sup id="cite_ref-Württemberg1815_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W%C3%BCrttemberg1815-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Order" title="Friedrich Order">Friedrich Order</a>, <i>1 January 1830</i><sup id="cite_ref-Berlien1846_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlien1846-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>: <ul><li>Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Maria_Theresa" title="Military Order of Maria Theresa">Military Order of Maria Theresa</a>, <i>1814</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary" title="Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary">Grand Cross of St. Stephen</a>, <i>1830</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/46px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Fidelity" title="House Order of Fidelity">House Order of Fidelity</a>, <i>1813</i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Hubert" title="Order of Saint Hubert">Knight of St. Hubert</a>, <i>1808</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Royal Order of Leopold</a><sup id="cite_ref-Berlien1846_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlien1846-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Braunschweig.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Henry_the_Lion" title="Order of Henry the Lion">Grand Cross of Henry the Lion</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Knight of the Elephant</a>, <i>1 February 1817</i><sup id="cite_ref-Berlien1846_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlien1846-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>: Grand Eagle of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, <i>1805/06</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Hannover1863_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannover1863-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George_(Hanover)" title="Order of St. George (Hanover)">Knight of St. George</a>, <i>1852</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Guelphic_Order" title="Royal Guelphic Order">Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/19px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/19px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/29px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/38px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Order" title="Ludwig Order">Ludwig Order</a>, <i>2 September 1815</i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_William_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Military William Order">Military William Order</a>, <i>27 August 1815</i><sup id="cite_ref-Military_William_Order_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military_William_Order-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/46px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_and_Merit_Order_of_Peter_Frederick_Louis" title="House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis">Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig</a>, with Golden Crown, <i>13 September 1847</i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Knight of the Black Eagle</a>, <i>3 November 1812</i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a>, 2nd Class, <i>1813</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Knight of St. Andrew</a>, <i>3 May 1814</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky</a>, <i>3 May 1814</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George" title="Order of St. George">Knight of St. George</a>, 2nd Class, <i>19 May 1814</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Falcon" title="Order of the White Falcon">Grand Cross of the White Falcon</a>, <i>16 February 1829</i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/45px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rue_Crown" title="Order of the Rue Crown">Knight of the Rue Crown</a>, <i>1834</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Honorary Grand Cross of the Bath</a> (military), <i>18 August 1815</i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Stranger Knight of the Garter</a>, <i>26 July 1830</i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ancestry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of William I of Württemberg</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexander,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg">Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_Eugene,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg">Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Auguste_of_Thurn_and_Taxis" title="Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis">Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Schwedt" title="Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt">Frederick William, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Friederike_of_Brandenburg-Schwedt" title="Princess Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt">Princess Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophia_Dorothea_of_Prussia" title="Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia">Princess Sophia Dorothea of Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>William I of Württemberg</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Philippine_Charlotte_of_Prussia" title="Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia">Princess Philippine Charlotte of Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Augusta_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Duchess Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Duchess Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Great_Britain" title="Princess Augusta of Great Britain">Princess Augusta of Great Britain</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Saxe-Gotha" title="Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha">Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McNaughton_1973_p._97-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McNaughton_1973_p._97_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNaughton_1973_p._97_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNaughton_1973_p._97_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNaughton_1973_p._97_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNaughton1973">McNaughton 1973</a>, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toll, Harald Baron (1901). Prinzessin Auguste von Württemberg in Beiträgen zur Kunde Ehst-, Liv- und Kurlands, book 1. Vol. 4. pp. 81–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggiere2007125-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggiere2007125_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeggiere2007">Leggiere 2007</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggiere2007127-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggiere2007127_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeggiere2007">Leggiere 2007</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeggiere2007527–532-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeggiere2007527%E2%80%93532_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeggiere2007">Leggiere 2007</a>, pp. 527–532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENafziger201585-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENafziger201585_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNafziger2015">Nafziger 2015</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998491–492-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998491%E2%80%93492_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith 1998</a>, pp. 491–492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetre199482–85-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetre199482%E2%80%9385_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetre1994">Petre 1994</a>, pp. 82–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998498–499-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998498%E2%80%93499_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith 1998</a>, pp. 498–499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetre1994190–192-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetre1994190%E2%80%93192_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetre1994">Petre 1994</a>, pp. 190–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998514-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998514_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith 1998</a>, p. 514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998516-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998516_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1998">Smith 1998</a>, p. 516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiborne1848771–772-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiborne1848771%E2%80%93772_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiborne1848">Siborne 1848</a>, pp. 771–772.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apfelgut.de/wir/downloads/apfelgeschichte.pdf">Apfelgeschichte </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929212745/https://apfelgut.de/wir/downloads/apfelgeschichte.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> auf Apfelgut Sulz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180630161718/http://www.wilhelma.de/en/animals-and-plants/animals/demonstration-farm/domestic-pig-of-schwaebisch-hall.html">"Domestic pig of Schwäbisch Hall – Wilhelma"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilhelma.de/en/animals-and-plants/animals/demonstration-farm/domestic-pig-of-schwaebisch-hall.html">the original</a> on 2018-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domestic+pig+of+Schw%C3%A4bisch+Hall+%E2%80%93+Wilhelma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilhelma.de%2Fen%2Fanimals-and-plants%2Fanimals%2Fdemonstration-farm%2Fdomestic-pig-of-schwaebisch-hall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.besh.de/index.php/verbraucher/erzeugnisse/shlandschweine">Mohrenköpfle</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartwig Brandt: <i>Parlamentarismus in Württemberg 1815–1870. Anatomie eines deutschen Landtags</i> in <i>Handbuch der Geschichte des deutschen Parlamentarismus</i>. Düsseldorf 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7700-5142-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-7700-5142-4">3-7700-5142-4</a>, p. 625.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bemerkungen über die Ständeversammlung in Deutschland und Vorschläge über die Art ihrer Verbesserung</i>. Stuttgart Archives G268 Tuft 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decree of 5 October 1851 (reprinted in the Württemberg Official Gazette No. 247) and Act of 2 April 1852 (reprinted in the Württemberg Official Gazette No. 81)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Sauer: <i>Reformer auf dem Königsthron. Wilhelm I. von Württemberg</i>. Stuttgart 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-421-05084-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-421-05084-8">3-421-05084-8</a>, p. 513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Uhland (ed.): <i>Das Tagebuch der Eveline von Massenbach. Hofdame der Königin Olga von Württemberg</i>. Stuttgart 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-17-009245-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-17-009245-6">3-17-009245-6</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich Wilhelm Hackländer: <i>Der Roman meines Lebens Band II</i>. Stuttgart 1878, p. 340f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Johannes Grauer: <i>König Wilhelm von Württemberg und die europäischen Dynastien</i> in <i>Zeitschrift für Württembergische Landesgeschichte</i>. 1956, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official Württemberg Gazette, 2 July 1864</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.historisches-volksfest-2018-in-stuttgart-zurueck-zu-den-wurzeln-des-volksfests.5e0d9a5b-c1cb-4d5d-980f-8b374e70dfde.html">http://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.historisches-volksfest-2018-in-stuttgart-zurueck-zu-den-wurzeln-des-volksfests.5e0d9a5b-c1cb-4d5d-980f-8b374e70dfde.html</a> historical Volksfest</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.historisches-volksfest.de/en/home/">http://www.historisches-volksfest.de/en/home/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303224232/https://www.historisches-volksfest.de/en/home/">Archived</a> 2020-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> King William 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilhelma.de/en/wilhelma-park-and-history/the-park/tree-personalities.html">"King William Sequoiadendron giganteum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+William+Sequoiadendron+giganteum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilhelma.de%2Fen%2Fwilhelma-park-and-history%2Fthe-park%2Ftree-personalities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Württemberg1815-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W%C3%BCrttemberg1815_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W%C3%BCrttemberg1815_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWürttemberg1815" class="citation book cs1">Württemberg (1815). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BFsAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3"><i>Königlich-Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch: 1815</i></a>. Guttenberg. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BFsAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA13">13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BFsAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA16">16</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6niglich-W%C3%BCrttembergisches+Hof-+und+Staats-Handbuch%3A+1815&rft.pages=13%2C+16&rft.pub=Guttenberg&rft.date=1815&rft.au=W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBFsAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlien1846-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berlien1846_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlien1846_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlien1846_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ_....._-H_....._-Fr_....._Berlien1846" class="citation book cs1">J ..... -H ..... -Fr ..... Berlien (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_-BAZAAAAYAAJ"><i>Der Elephanten-Orden und seine Ritter</i></a>. Berling. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_-BAZAAAAYAAJ/page/n181/mode/2up">152</a>–153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Elephanten-Orden+und+seine+Ritter&rft.pages=152-153&rft.pub=Berling&rft.date=1846&rft.au=J+.....+-H+.....+-Fr+.....+Berlien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_-BAZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1860&page=99&size=45">"Ritter-Orden: Militärischer Maria-Theresien-Orden"</a>, <i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Kaiserthumes Österreich</i>, 1860, p. 44<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritter-Orden%3A+Milit%C3%A4rischer+Maria-Theresien-Orden&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+des+Kaiserthumes+%C3%96sterreich&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1860&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falex.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Falex%3Faid%3Dshb%26datum%3D1860%26page%3D99%26size%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm">"A Szent István Rend tagjai"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm">Archived</a> 22 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden</i> (1834), "Großherzogliche Orden" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1866768">p. 31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern</i> (1863), "Königliche Orden" p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/6228496/ft/bsb10374600?page=34">8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Braunschweigisches Adreßbuch für das Jahr 1863</i>. (1863). Braunschweigisches Adreßbuch, 1863. p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="M._et_B._Wattel" class="citation book cs1">M. Wattel; B. Wattel (2009). <i>Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers</i>. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9"><bdi>978-2-35077-135-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Grand%27Croix+de+la+L%C3%A9gion+d%27honneur+de+1805+%C3%A0+nos+jours.+Titulaires+fran%C3%A7ais+et+%C3%A9trangers&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=539&rft.pub=Archives+%26+Culture&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35077-135-9&rft.au=M.+Wattel&rft.au=B.+Wattel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannover1863-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hannover1863_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaat_Hannover1863" class="citation book cs1">Staat Hannover (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6wBTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7"><i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1863</i></a>. Berenberg. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6wBTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA38">38</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6wBTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA72">72</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+f%C3%BCr+das+K%C3%B6nigreich+Hannover%3A+1863&rft.pages=38%2C+72&rft.pub=Berenberg&rft.date=1863&rft.au=Staat+Hannover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6wBTAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5pjAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1"><i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogthums Hessen</i></a>. Will. 1863. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5pjAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA8">8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staats-Handbuch+des+Gro%C3%9Fherzogthums+Hessen&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Will&rft.date=1863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5pjAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Military_William_Order-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Military_William_Order_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/onderscheidingen/dapperheidsonderscheidingen/databank-dapperheidsonderscheidingen/1815/08/27/w-rtemberg-friedrich-wilhelm-carl-prinz-von">"Militaire Willems-Orde: Würtemberg, Friedrich Wilhelm Carl Prinz von"</a> [Military William Order: Württemberg, Frederick William Charles, Prince of]. <i>Ministerie van Defensie</i> (in Dutch). 27 August 1815<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministerie+van+Defensie&rft.atitle=Militaire+Willems-Orde%3A+W%C3%BCrtemberg%2C+Friedrich+Wilhelm+Carl+Prinz+von&rft.date=1815-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensie.nl%2Fonderwerpen%2Fonderscheidingen%2Fdapperheidsonderscheidingen%2Fdatabank-dapperheidsonderscheidingen%2F1815%2F08%2F27%2Fw-rtemberg-friedrich-wilhelm-carl-prinz-von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg</i> (1858), "Der Großherzogliche Haus und Verdienst-orden des Herzogs Peter Friedrich Ludwig" p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/10437559/ft/bsb11040990?page=46">30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler</i> (1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10362193?page=26">p. 16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817</i>. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1817. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA62">62</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA76">76</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZpKAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA89">89</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanach+de+la+cour%3A+pour+l%27ann%C3%A9e+...+1817&rft.pages=62%2C+76%2C+89&rft.pub=l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+Imp.+des+Sciences&rft.date=1817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach</i> (1859), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00183885/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_13_0217.tif">11</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730041802/https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00183885/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_13_0217.tif">Archived</a> 2019-07-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Königliche Ritter-orden". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EBBTAAAAcAAJ"><i>Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1850</i></a>. Heinrich. 1850. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%C3%B6nigliche+Ritter-orden&rft.btitle=Staatshandbuch+f%C3%BCr+den+Freistaat+Sachsen%3A+1850&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Heinrich&rft.date=1850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEBBTAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) <i>The Knights of England</i>, <b>I</b>, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n273/mode/2up">p. 183</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n143/mode/2up">p. 54</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:William I of Württemberg">William I of Württemberg</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/William_I._of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/William I. of Württemberg">William I. of Württemberg</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeggiere2007" class="citation book cs1">Leggiere, Michael V. (2007). <i>The Fall of Napoleon: The Allied Invasion of France 1813–1814</i>. Vol. 1. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87542-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87542-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87542-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Napoleon%3A+The+Allied+Invasion+of+France+1813%E2%80%931814&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87542-4&rft.aulast=Leggiere&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNaughton1973" class="citation cs2">McNaughton, C. Arnold (1973), <i>The Book of Kings: A Royal Genealogy</i>, vol. 1 (3 volumes ed.), London: Garnstone Press, pp. 97, 223</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Kings%3A+A+Royal+Genealogy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=97%2C+223&rft.edition=3+volumes&rft.pub=Garnstone+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=McNaughton&rft.aufirst=C.+Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclaganLouda1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maclagan" title="Michael Maclagan">Maclagan, Michael</a>; Louda, Jiří (1999), <i>Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe</i>, London: Little, Brown & Co, p. 208, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85605-469-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85605-469-1"><bdi>1-85605-469-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lines+of+Succession%3A+Heraldry+of+the+Royal+Families+of+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Co&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85605-469-1&rft.aulast=Maclagan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Louda%2C+Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNafziger2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Nafziger" title="George Nafziger">Nafziger, George</a> (2015). <i>The End of Empire: Napoleon's 1814 Campaign</i>. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909982-96-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909982-96-3"><bdi>978-1-909982-96-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Empire%3A+Napoleon%27s+1814+Campaign&rft.place=Solihull%2C+UK&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-909982-96-3&rft.aulast=Nafziger&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetre1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Loraine_Petre" title="Francis Loraine Petre">Petre, F. Loraine</a> (1994) [1914]. <i>Napoleon at Bay 1814</i>. Mechanicsburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-163-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-163-0"><bdi>1-85367-163-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+at+Bay+1814&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+Penn.&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85367-163-0&rft.aulast=Petre&rft.aufirst=F.+Loraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiborne1848" class="citation cs2">Siborne, William (1848), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waterloocampaig01sibogoog"><i>The Waterloo Campaign, 1815</i></a> (4th ed.), Westminster: A. Constable</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Waterloo+Campaign%2C+1815&rft.place=Westminster&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=A.+Constable&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Siborne&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaterloocampaig01sibogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Digby_Smith" title="Digby Smith">Smith, Digby</a> (1998). <i>The Napoleonic Wars Data Book</i>. London: Greenhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9"><bdi>1-85367-276-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Napoleonic+Wars+Data+Book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85367-276-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Digby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+I+of+W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li>Constantin von Wurzbach : <i>Württemberg, Wilhelm Friedrich Karl King</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a></i>. Volume 58. L C Zamarski, Vienna, 1889, p. 246</li> <li>Eugen Schneider: <i>Wilhelm I. Friedrich Karl, König von Württemberg</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie">Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie</a></i> (ADB). Volume 43, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1898, p. 209–213.</li> <li>Johannes Grauer: <i>Wilhelm I., König von Württemberg. Ein Bild seines Lebens und seiner Zeit.</i> Schwabenverlag, Stuttgart 1960.</li> <li>Otto–Heinrich Elias: <i>König Wilhelm I. (1816–1864).</i> Robert Uhland (ed.) <i>900 Jahre Haus Württemberg</i>. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-17-008536-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-17-008536-0">3-17-008536-0</a>.</li> <li>Eberhard Fritz: <i>Die Verbesserung des Weinbaus in Württemberg unter König Wilhelm I. (1816–1864).</i> Tübingen 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87407-179-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-87407-179-0">3-87407-179-0</a>.</li> <li>Eberhard Fritz: <i>König Wilhelm und Königin Katharina von Württemberg. Studien zur höfischen Repräsentation im Spiegel der Hofdiarien.</i> <i>Zeitschrift für Württembergische Landesgeschichte.</i> 54/1995, p. 157–177.</li> <li>Otto-Heinrich Elias: <i>6.0.19. Wilhelm I.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B6nke_Lorenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sönke Lorenz (page does not exist)">Sönke Lorenz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Mertens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dieter Mertens (page does not exist)">Dieter Mertens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volker_Press" title="Volker Press">Volker Press</a> (ed.): <i>Das Haus Württemberg. Ein biographisches Lexikon.</i> Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-17-013605-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-17-013605-4">3-17-013605-4</a>, p. 302–306.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sauer" title="Paul Sauer">Paul Sauer</a>: <i>Reformer auf dem Königsthron. Wilhelm I. von Württemberg.</i> Stuttgart 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-421-05084-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-421-05084-8">3-421-05084-8</a>.</li> <li>Jürgen Hagel: <i>Cannstatt und seine Geschichte.</i> Herausgegeben von Pro Alt-Cannstatt e. V., Silberburg-Verlag, Tübingen 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87407-529-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-87407-529-X">3-87407-529-X</a>.</li> <li>Gunter Haug: <i>In stürmischen Zeiten – die Jugendjahre König Wilhelms I. von Württemberg ; historischer Roman</i>. DRW-Verlag, Leinfelden-Echterdingen 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87181-530-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-87181-530-6">3-87181-530-6</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp91046">Portraits of William I, King of Württemberg</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170398#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>William I of Württemberg </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="House of Württemberg">House of Württemberg</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 27 September 1781</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 25 June 1864</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Württemberg">King of Württemberg</a> </b><br>1816–1864 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Charles I of Württemberg">Charles I</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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</div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="فيلهلم الأول ملك فورتمبيرغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلهلم الأول ملك فورتمبيرغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_I_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Вилхелм I фон Вюртемберг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вилхелм I фон Вюртемберг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillem_I_de_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Guillem I de Württemberg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guillem I de Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_I._W%C3%BCrttembersk%C3%BD" title="Vilém I. Württemberský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vilém I. Württemberský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_1._af_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Wilhelm 1. af Württemberg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wilhelm 1. af Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I._(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Wilhelm I. (Württemberg) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wilhelm I. (Württemberg)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Wilhelm I (Württemberg) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wilhelm I (Württemberg)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CF%85%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Γουλιέλμος Α΄ της Βυρτεμβέργης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουλιέλμος Α΄ της Βυρτεμβέργης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_I_de_Wurtemberg" title="Guillermo I de Wurtemberg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guillermo I de Wurtemberg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilen_I.a_W%C3%BCrttembergekoa" title="Gilen I.a Württembergekoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gilen I.a Württembergekoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Ier_(roi_de_Wurtemberg)" title="Guillaume Ier (roi de Wurtemberg) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guillaume Ier (roi de Wurtemberg)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84_1%EC%84%B8_(%EB%B7%94%EB%A5%B4%ED%85%9C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC)" title="빌헬름 1세 (뷔르템베르크) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빌헬름 1세 (뷔르템베르크)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I_dari_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Wilhelm I dari Württemberg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wilhelm I dari Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_I_di_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Guglielmo I di Württemberg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guglielmo I di Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92" title="וילהלם הראשון, מלך וירטמברג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וילהלם הראשון, מלך וירטמברג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B_I_(%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98)" title="ვილჰელმ I (ვიურტემბერგი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვილჰელმ I (ვიურტემბერგი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_I_(%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B)" title="Вильгельм I (Вюртемберг падышасы) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вильгельм I (Вюртемберг падышасы)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Vilmos_w%C3%BCrttembergi_kir%C3%A1ly" title="I. Vilmos württembergi király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Vilmos württembergi király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_I_(%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3)" title="Вилхелм I (Виртемберг) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вилхелм I (Виртемберг)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_(%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC)" title="فيلهلم الاول (ارستقراطى من مملكه فورتمبيرج) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلهلم الاول (ارستقراطى من مملكه فورتمبيرج)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_I_van_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Willem I van Württemberg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Willem I van Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A01%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%B4%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E7%8E%8B)" title="ヴィルヘルム1世 (ヴュルテンベルク王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィルヘルム1世 (ヴュルテンベルク王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_I_av_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Vilhelm I av Württemberg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vilhelm I av Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_I_av_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Vilhelm I av Württemberg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vilhelm I av Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I_Wirtemberski" title="Wilhelm I Wirtemberski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilhelm I Wirtemberski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilherme_I_de_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Guilherme I de Württemberg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guilherme I de Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I_de_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Wilhelm I de Württemberg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wilhelm I de Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_I_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Вильгельм I (король Вюртемберга) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вильгельм I (король Вюртемберга)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_I_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Vilhelm I (Württemberg) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vilhelm I (Württemberg)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_I_av_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Vilhelm I av Württemberg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vilhelm I av Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84" title="พระเจ้าวิลเฮ็ล์มที่ 1 แห่งเวือร์ทเทิมแบร์ค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าวิลเฮ็ล์มที่ 1 แห่งเวือร์ทเทิมแบร์ค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Wilhelm_(W%C3%BCrttemberg_kral%C4%B1)" title="I. Wilhelm (Württemberg kralı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Wilhelm (Württemberg kralı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_I_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Вільгельм I (король Вюртемберга) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільгельм I (король Вюртемберга)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Wilhelm I của Württemberg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wilhelm I của Württemberg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E7%AC%A6%E8%85%BE%E5%A0%A1)" title="威廉一世 (符腾堡) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉一世 (符腾堡)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 06:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC 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