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mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Akteur" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Akteur" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Akteur" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Akteur" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Die_19de_eeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_19de_eeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Die 19de eeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_19de_eeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20ste_eeu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20ste_eeu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>20ste eeu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20ste_eeu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tegnieke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tegnieke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tegnieke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tegnieke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teenoorgestelde_geslag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teenoorgestelde_geslag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Teenoorgestelde geslag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teenoorgestelde_geslag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_term_aktrise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_term_aktrise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Die term aktrise</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Die_term_aktrise-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Die term aktrise subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Die_term_aktrise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Betaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Betaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Betaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Betaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tipes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tipes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tipes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Tipes subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tipes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_teater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_teater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In teater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_teater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stilfilms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stilfilms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Stilfilms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stilfilms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_koms_van_klank_in_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_koms_van_klank_in_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Die koms van klank in film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_koms_van_klank_in_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Op_televisie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Op_televisie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Op televisie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Op_televisie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oor_die_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oor_die_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Oor die radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oor_die_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Verwysings subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bronne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verdere_leesstof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verdere_leesstof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Verdere leesstof</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verdere_leesstof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Akteur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 146 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">146 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schauspieler" title="Schauspieler – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schauspieler" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84" title="ممثل – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ممثل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84" title="مومتيل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مومتيل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84" title="ممثل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ممثل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="অভিনেতা – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অভিনেতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktyor" title="Aktyor – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aktyor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88" title="اویونچو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اویونچو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktuorios" title="Aktuorios – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Aktuorios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktor" title="Aktor – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aktor" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%91%D1%80" title="Акцёр – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акцёр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Актор – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Актор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukang_lakon" title="Tukang lakon – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tukang lakon" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Актьор – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Актьор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="एक्टर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एक्टर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80" title="অভিনয়শিল্পী – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অভিনয়শিল্পী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktour" title="Aktour – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aktour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glumac" title="Glumac – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Glumac" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80" title="Актёр – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Актёр" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktor" title="Aktor – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aktor" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ئەکتەر – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەکتەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herec" title="Herec – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Herec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80" title="Актёр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Актёр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skuespiller" title="Skuespiller – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skuespiller" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schauspieler" title="Schauspieler – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schauspieler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayker" title="Kayker – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kayker" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभिनेता – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अभिनेता" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ηθοποιός – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηθοποιός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktoro" title="Aktoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aktoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4itleja" title="Näitleja – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Näitleja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzezle" title="Antzezle – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzezle" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="بازیگر – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازیگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4yttelij%C3%A4" title="Näyttelijä – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Näyttelijä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauvakaraitaki" title="Dauvakaraitaki – Fidjiaans" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Dauvakaraitaki" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidjiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3nleikari" title="Sjónleikari – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sjónleikari" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acteur" title="Acteur – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akteur" title="Akteur – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Akteur" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisteoir" title="Aisteoir – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aisteoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%93%A1" title="演員 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="演員" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleasaiche" title="Cleasaiche – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cleasaiche" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor,_actriz" title="Actor, actriz – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Actor, actriz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91oha%27%C3%A3ngah%C3%A1ra" title="Ñoha'ãngahára – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñoha'ãngahára" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE" title="અભિનેતા – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અભિનેતા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghteyr" title="Aghteyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Aghteyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Aan_wasa" title="Ɗan wasa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ɗan wasa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AAn-y%C3%A8n" title="Yên-yèn – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yên-yèn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="שחקן – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שחקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभिनेता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अभिनेता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glumac" title="Glumac – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glumac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akt%C3%A8" title="Aktè – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Aktè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADn%C3%A9sz" title="Színész – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Színész" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Դերասան – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դերասան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Դերասան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Դերասան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemeran" title="Pemeran – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemeran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktoro" title="Aktoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aktoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leikari" title="Leikari – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leikari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attore" title="Attore – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Attore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%B3%E5%84%AA" title="俳優 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="俳優" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xeldraci" title="xeldraci – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xeldraci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktor" title="Aktor – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aktor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მსახიობი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მსახიობი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktyor" title="Aktyor – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Aktyor" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asegbar" title="Asegbar – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asegbar" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Актер – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Актер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%9F" title="ನಟ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EC%9A%B0" title="배우 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배우" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اداکار – Kasjmirs" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اداکار" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmirs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schauspeller" title="Schauspeller – Keuls" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Schauspeller" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Keuls" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEstikvan" title="Lîstikvan – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîstikvan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80" title="Актёр – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Актёр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histrio" title="Histrio – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Histrio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schauspiller" title="Schauspiller – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schauspiller" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akt%C3%A4%C3%B6r" title="Aktäör – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aktäör" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atur" title="Atur – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Atur" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktorius" title="Aktorius – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aktorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktieris" title="Aktieris – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aktieris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभिनेता – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अभिनेता" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktor" title="Aktor – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Aktor" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80" title="Актёр – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Актёр" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palakon" title="Palakon – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Palakon" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Глумец – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Глумец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="അഭിനേതാവ് – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഭിനേതാവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Жүжигчин – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жүжигчин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%8F" title="ꯃꯃꯤꯔꯣꯏ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯃꯤꯔꯣꯏ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभिनेता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अभिनेता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelakon" title="Pelakon – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pelakon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akteur" title="Akteur – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Akteur" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभिनेता – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अभिनेता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acteur" title="Acteur – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Acteur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skodespelar" title="Skodespelar – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skodespelar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skuespiller" title="Skuespiller – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skuespiller" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80_(%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0)" title="ଅଭିନେତ୍ରୀ (ନାରୀ କଳାକାର) – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଭିନେତ୍ରୀ (ନାରୀ କଳାକାର)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅਦਾਕਾਰ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਦਾਕਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktor" title="Aktor – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aktor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اداکار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اداکار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%DA%93%DB%8C" title="لوبغاړی – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوبغاړی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ator" title="Ator – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ator" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranway_pukllaq" title="Aranway pukllaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aranway pukllaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80" title="Актёр – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Актёр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Актер – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Актер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अभिनेता – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अभिनेता" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atore" title="Atore – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Atore" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actress" title="Actress – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Actress" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اداڪار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اداڪار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neavtt%C3%A1r" title="Neavttár – Noord-Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Neavttár" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glumci" title="Glumci – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Glumci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F" title="නළුවා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නළුවා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor" title="Actor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Actor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herectvo" title="Herectvo – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Herectvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igralec_(umetnik)" title="Igralec (umetnik) – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Igralec (umetnik)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoore" title="Atoore – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Atoore" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktori" title="Aktori – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aktori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Глумац – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глумац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktor" title="Aktor – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aktor" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5despelare" title="Skådespelare – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skådespelare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwigizaji" title="Mwigizaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwigizaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szauszpiler" title="Szauszpiler – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szauszpiler" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நடிகர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நடிகர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="నటులు – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నటులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Ҳунарпеша – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳунарпеша" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="นักแสดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักแสดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artista" title="Artista – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Artista" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyuncu" title="Oyuncu – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oyuncu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Актор – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Актор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اداکار – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اداکار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktyor" title="Aktyor – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aktyor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ator" title="Ator – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ator" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%E1%BB%85n_vi%C3%AAn" title="Diễn viên – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Diễn viên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedyin" title="Comedyin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Comedyin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktor" title="Aktor – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aktor" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%91%98" title="演员 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="演员" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="არტისტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არტისტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8" title="אקטיאר – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אקטיאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canghheiq" title="Canghheiq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Canghheiq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Antoine_Watteau_-_Actors_from_the_Com%C3%A9die_Fran%C3%A7aise_-_WGA25475.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Antoine_Watteau_-_Actors_from_the_Com%C3%A9die_Fran%C3%A7aise_-_WGA25475.jpg/220px-Antoine_Watteau_-_Actors_from_the_Com%C3%A9die_Fran%C3%A7aise_-_WGA25475.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Antoine_Watteau_-_Actors_from_the_Com%C3%A9die_Fran%C3%A7aise_-_WGA25475.jpg/330px-Antoine_Watteau_-_Actors_from_the_Com%C3%A9die_Fran%C3%A7aise_-_WGA25475.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Antoine_Watteau_-_Actors_from_the_Com%C3%A9die_Fran%C3%A7aise_-_WGA25475.jpg/440px-Antoine_Watteau_-_Actors_from_the_Com%C3%A9die_Fran%C3%A7aise_-_WGA25475.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption>Die akteurs van die Comédie-Française, circa 1720.</figcaption></figure> <p>'n <b>Akteur</b> is 'n persoon wat 'n karakter uitbeeld in 'n uitvoering (ook <b>aktrise</b>; sien hieronder).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die akteur doen die uitvoering "in die vlees" in die tradisionele medium van die <a href="/wiki/Teater" title="Teater">teater</a> of in moderne media soos <a href="/wiki/Rolprent" title="Rolprent">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> en <a href="/wiki/Televisie" title="Televisie">televisie</a>. Die ooreenstemmende Griekse term is ὑποκριτής (hupokritḗs), letterlik "die een wat antwoord".<sup id="cite_ref-hypocrite_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hypocrite-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die kuns lê in die akteur se interpretasie van die karakter wat uitgebeeld word en in sy toneelspel. Die woord rol, wat verwys na die akteur se interpretasie van 'n karakter, verwys na die rolle papiere wat gebruik was in teaters. Interpretasie van 'n rol, geskied selfs as die akteur "homself speel", in sommige eksperimentele teaterstukke. </p><p>Voorheen, in <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Griekeland" title="Antieke Griekeland">antieke Griekeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Rome" title="Antieke Rome">Rome</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeuse wêreld</a>, en in die tyd van <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, kon net mans akteurs wees en vroue se rolle is gewoonlik deur mans of seuns gespeel.<sup id="cite_ref-Neziroski_2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neziroski_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terwyl Antieke Rome later vroue toegelaat het om rolle te vertolk, het hulle slegs klein dele gekry om te praat. Die <i><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a></i> van <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a> het egter professionele vroue toegelaat om deel te wees van uitvoerings: Lucrezia Di Siena, wie se naam op 'n kontrak van akteurs van <a href="/wiki/10_Oktober" title="10 Oktober">10 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1564" title="1564">1564</a> verskyn, word as die eerste Italiaanse aktrise beskou, met Vincenza Armani en Barbara Flaminia as die eerste primadonnas, en is die eerste goed-gedokumenteerde aktrises in Italië (en <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Na die Engelse Herstel van <a href="/wiki/1660" title="1660">1660</a>, het vroue op die verhoë in <a href="/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland">Engeland</a> begin verskyn. In moderne tye, veral in die pantomime en 'n paar operas, het vroue soms die rolle van seuns of jong mans gespeel.<sup id="cite_ref-PDF_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDF-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2></div> <p>Die eerste aantekening van 'n uitvoerende akteur was in 534 v.C. toe die Griekse uitvoerder, Thespis, op die verhoog geklim het by die <i>Theatre Dionysus</i> om die eerste bekende persoon te word om woorde van 'n karakter of 'n storie weer te gee. Voor Thespis se optrede, was Griekse stories slegs in sang, dans en in die derde persoon uitgedruk. Ter ere van Thespis, het akteurs algemeen bekend geraak as <i>Thespiërs</i>. Die manlike akteurs in die <a href="/wiki/Griekse_teater" title="Griekse teater">teater van die antieke Grieke</a> was uitgevoer in drie vorme van <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tragedie" title="Tragedie">tragedie</a>, komedie, en die satiriese spel.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Westerse teater het aansienlik uitgebrei en ontwikkel onder die <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Rome" title="Antieke Rome">Romeine</a>. Die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_teater" title="Romeinse teater">teater van die antieke Rome</a> was 'n vooruitstrewende en diverse kunsvorm, wat gewissel het van feestelike optredes van die straat teater, naakte danse, en akrobatiese bewegings, na die aanbieding van die komedies en 'n hoë-styl, mondelings-uitgebreide tragedies. </p><p>Soos die <a href="/wiki/Wes-Romeinse_Ryk" title="Wes-Romeinse Ryk">Wes-Romeinse Ryk</a> begin verval het teen die middel van die 4de en 5de eeue, het die setel van die Romeinse mag verskuif na <a href="/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel">Konstantinopel</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Bisantynse_Ryk" title="Bisantynse Ryk">Bisantynse Ryk</a>. Rekords wys dat <a href="/wiki/Mimiek" title="Mimiek">mime</a>, pantomime, tonele of voordragte van <a href="/wiki/Tragedie" title="Tragedie">tragedies</a> en <a href="/wiki/Komedie" title="Komedie">komedies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dans" title="Dans">danse</a>, en ander vermaak baie gewild was. Vanaf die 5de eeu is <a href="/wiki/Wes-Europa" title="Wes-Europa">Wes-Europa</a> gedompel in 'n tydperk van algemene wanorde. Klein nomadiese groepe akteurs het deur Europa gereis gedurende die tydperk en het 'n opvoering gelewer waar hulle 'n gehoor kon vind; daar is geen bewyse wat toon dat hulle enigiets behalwe ru-skerms vervaardig het nie.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tradisioneel was akteurs nie van 'n hoë status nie; daarom was reisende geselskappe in die vroeë Middeleeue dikwels met wantroue aanskou. Vroeë Middeleeuse akteurs was veroordeel deur die <a href="/wiki/Rooms-Katolieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katolieke Kerk">Kerk</a> gedurende die Donker Eeue, omdat hulle as gevaarlik, immoreel en <a href="/wiki/Paganisme" title="Paganisme">heidens</a> beskou is. In baie dele van Europa, was dit die tradisionele oortuiging van spesifieke streke dat akteurs nie 'n Christelike begrafnis verdien het nie. </p><p>In die Vroeë Middeleeue het kerke in Europa begin om gedramatiseerde weergawes van Bybelse gebeure op te voer. Deur die middel van die 11de eeu het liturgiese drama versprei van Rusland na <a href="/wiki/Skandinawi%C3%AB" title="Skandinawië">Skandinawië</a> en Italië. Die <i>Feast of Fools</i> het die ontwikkeling van komedie aangemoedig. In die Laat Middeleeue is opvoering in 127 dorpe vervaardig. Hierdie opvoerings het dikwels komedie bevat, met akteurs wat duiwels, skurke en narre gespeel het.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die meerderheid van die akteurs in hierdie opvoerings, was van die plaaslike inwoners. Amateurkunstenaars was slegs manlik in Engeland, maar ander lande het reeds vroulike kunstenaars gehad. </p><p>Daar was verskeie sekulêre opvoerings tydens die Middeleeue, waarvan die vroegste <i>The Play of the Greenwood</i>, deur Adam de la Halle in 1276 is. Dit bevat satiriese tonele en ander volksmateriaal soos feetjies en bonatuurlike gebeure. Die kluggenre het ook gewild begin raak na die 13de eeu. Teen die einde van die Laat Middeleeue, het professionele akteurs in Engeland en Europa na vore begin tree. <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_van_Engeland" title="Richard III van Engeland">Richard III</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_VII_van_Engeland" title="Hendrik VII van Engeland">Hendrik VII</a> het beide klein groepe akteurs bestuur. Aan die begin van die 16de eeu, het <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a> geselskappe improvisasie opvoerings regoor Europa gedoen vir 'n paar eeue lank. Commedia dell'arte was 'n akteur-gesentreerde teater, wat min natuurskoon en baie min rekwisiete benodig het. Opvoerings was los raamwerke, wat situasies, komplikasies en die uitkoms omtrent 'n aksie uitgebeeld het, rondom hierdie strukture het akteurs geïmproviseer. Die uitvoerings het gewoonlik bestaan uit 'n groep van 13 tot 14 akteurs, en in meeste gevalle het akteurs in die wins gedeel gelykstaande aan die grootte van hul rolle wat hulle vertolk het. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:The_Swan_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Swan_cropped.png/220px-The_Swan_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Swan_cropped.png/330px-The_Swan_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Swan_cropped.png/440px-The_Swan_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1973" /></a><figcaption>'n 1596 skets van 'n opvoering in proses op die verhoog van <i>The Swan</i>, 'n <a href="/wiki/Elizabethaanse_teater" title="Elizabethaanse teater">Elizabethaanse oop-dak teater</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Renaissance teater is afgelei van verskeie middeleeuse teatertradisies, soos die "misterieuse opvoerings" en die "universiteitsdramas" wat gepoog het om die Atheense tragedie te herskep. </p><p>Die Italiaanse tradisie van <i>Commedia dell'arte</i>, sowel as die uitgebreide masques is gereeld aangebied by die hof en het ook bygedra tot die vorming van openbare teater. Voor die regering van Elizabeth I, was maatskappye van die spelers verbonde aan huishoudings van die voorste aristokrate en het uitvoerings seisoenaal op verskeie plekke gehou. Dit het die grondslag geword vir die professionele spelers in <a href="/wiki/Elizabethaanse_teater" title="Elizabethaanse teater">Elizabethaanse era</a>. </p><p>Die ontwikkeling van die teater en geleenthede vir akteurs het opgehou toe die Puriteinse opposisie van daardie stadium opvoerings in Londen verbied het. Puriteine het teater as immoreel beskou. Die heropening van teaters in 1660 het 'n herlewing in Engelse teater meegebring, Engelse komedies is geskryf en opgevoer in die Hersteltydperk van 1160 - 1710 en is in geheel beskryf as "herstelkomedie"/"verligtingskomedie". Hierdie komedie is berug vir sy <a href="/wiki/Menslike_seksuele_gedrag" title="Menslike seksuele gedrag">seksuele</a> ondertone. Op hierdie punt is vroue toegelaat om vir die eerste keer op die verhoog te verskyn, maar slegs in vroulike rolle. Hierdie tydperk het die eerste professionele aktrises meegebring asook die opkoms van die eerste beroemde akteurs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_19de_eeu">Die 19de eeu</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Henry_Irving_Vanity_Fair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Henry_Irving_Vanity_Fair.jpg/220px-Henry_Irving_Vanity_Fair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Henry_Irving_Vanity_Fair.jpg/330px-Henry_Irving_Vanity_Fair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Henry_Irving_Vanity_Fair.jpg/440px-Henry_Irving_Vanity_Fair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>Henry Irving in <i>The Bels</i>, 1874</figcaption></figure> <p>In die 19de eeu is die negatiewe reputasie van akteurs grootliks omgekeer en hulle is vereer en toneelspel het 'n gewilde beroep en kuns geword. Die koms van die akteur as 'n beroemde persoon, het gemaak dat gehore na opvoerings gaan kyk om hul "gunsteling sterre" te sien. Akteurs se bestuurders, wat hul eie maatskappy gestig het, moes ook nou omsien na die vervaardiging en finansiering van produksies.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indien 'n maatskappy suksesvol was, het hulle 'n permanente kliëntebasis gehad wat na die produksies kom kyk het. Hulle kon ook hul gehore vergroot deur landswyd te toer en om 'n reeks bekende opvoerings te doen, soos dié wat deur Shakespeare geskryf is. Die koerante, private klubs, kroeë en koffiewinkels het gegons oor die nuutste produksies en sterre. Henry Irving (1838 - 1905) was die mees suksesvolle bestuurder onder die Britse akteurs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irving was bekend vir sy Shakespeare rolle en vir sodanige innovasies soos om die ouditorium se ligte af te skakel om die fokus op die akteurs te plaas. Sy geselskap het regoor Brittanje getoer, asook Europa en die Verenigde State van Amerika, waar talentvolle akteurs gehore bekoor het. In 1895 is geselskap ook in hoër kringe van die Britse samelewing aanvaar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20ste_eeu">20ste eeu</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:The_Shubert_Theatre00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_Shubert_Theatre00.jpg/220px-The_Shubert_Theatre00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_Shubert_Theatre00.jpg/330px-The_Shubert_Theatre00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_Shubert_Theatre00.jpg/440px-The_Shubert_Theatre00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>'n Plakkaat vir 'n opvoering by die Shubert Teater.</figcaption></figure> <p>Teen die vroeë 20ste eeu het die ekonomie dit toegelaat om grootskaalse produksies te begin lewer. Dit was moeilik om mense te vind wat goed was in beide regie en teaterbestuur, daarom is die twee verantwoordelikhede van mekaar geskei en aan individuele persone toegeken. Groter bedrae geld was nodig om met produksies te begin toer, die oplossing hiervoor was om 'n kettingreeks teaters op te rig, soos onder ander <i>Theatrical Syndicate</i>, <i>Edward Laurillard</i> en veral <i>The Shubert Organization</i>. Deur vir toeriste vertonings aan te bied in groot stede, moes die produksies vir lang tye aaneen vertoon, veral met musiekblyspele. In hierdie tyd het dit selfs nog meer noodsaaklik geraak om 'n bekende akteur aan 'n produksie se titel te koppel.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tegnieke">Tegnieke</h2></div> <ul><li>Klassieke toneelspel is 'n filosofie van spel wat integreer met die uitdrukking van die liggaam, stem, verbeelding, verpersoonliking, improvisasie, eksterne stimuli en teksanalise. Dit is gebaseer op die teorieë en stelsel van klassieke akteurs en regisseurs, insluitend Konstantin Stanislavski en Michel Saint-Denis.</li> <li>In die Stanislavski-stelsel, ook bekend as Stanislavski se metode, neem akteurs hul eie gevoelens en ervarings om die egtheid van die karakter te weerspieël. Akteurs sit hulself in die gedagtegang van die karakter en soek vir ooreenkomste tussen hulself en die karakter om 'n ware uitbeelding van die karakter weer te gee.</li> <li>Metode toneelspel is 'n reeks tegnieke wat saamgestel is vir die opleiding van akteurs om 'n beter karakter te skep, soos geformuleer deur <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strasberg" title="Lee Strasberg">Lee Strasberg</a>. Strasberg se metode is gebaseer daarop dat 'n akteur 'n emosionele en kognitiewe begrip van hul rol moet ontwikkel en om hul eie persoonlike ervarings te gebruik om met die karakter te kan identifiseer. Hierdie metode word deels gebaseer op Stanislavski se stelsel. Ander metodes word ook op Stanislavski se idees gebaseer, soos dié van <a href="/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler">Stella Adler</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Meisner" title="Sanford Meisner">Sanford Meisner</a>, maar dit word nie as "metodespel" beskou nie.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Meisner-tegniek vereis dat die akteur moet fokus op die ander akteur om dan heeltemal in die oomblik te wees. Hierdie metode maak dat akteurs meer eg voorkom in tonele. Dit is gebaseer op die beginsel dat toneelspel homself sal vind deur middel van uitdrukking wanneer daar op die ander persoon se emosies gesinspeel word.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teenoorgestelde_geslag">Teenoorgestelde geslag</h2></div> <p>Voorheen, in sekere gemeenskappe, kon net mans akteurs wees. In <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Griekeland" title="Antieke Griekeland">antieke Griekeland</a> en <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Rome" title="Antieke Rome">antieke Rome</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeuse wêreld</a>, was dit beskou as 'n skande vir 'n vrou om op 'n verhoog te wees; dit was die siening tot en met die 17de eeu in <a href="/wiki/Venesi%C3%AB" title="Venesië">Venesië</a>. In die tyd van <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> is vroue se rolle oor die algemeen deur mans of seuns vertolk.<sup id="cite_ref-Neziroski_2003_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neziroski_2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toe 'n agtien-jaar Puriteinse verbod op drama opgehef is in 1660, het vroue begin deelneem aan produksies in Engeland. Margaret Hughes word dikwels gereken as die eerste professionele aktrise op die Engelse verhoë.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierdie verbod is deels beëindig tydens die bewind van <a href="/wiki/Karel_II_van_Engeland" title="Karel II van Engeland">Charles II</a>, omdat hy aktrises op die verhoog geniet het.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles II het ook briewe uitgereik aan Thomas Killigrew en William Davenant om hulle magtiging te gee om op te voer by twee Londense teatermaatskappye, met meer ernstige dramas, die briewe is ook in 1662 aangepas en weer uitgereik wat aktrises toelating tot die verhoog gee vir die eerste keer.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In die <a href="/wiki/19de_eeu" title="19de eeu">19de eeu</a> is vroue in teater in 'n negatiewe lig beskou en as losbandig beskou. Ten spyte van die vooroordele van hierdie tydperk, was dit ook die tyd van die eerste vroulike "sterre", veral <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan het <i>onnagata</i> (mans) die vroulike rolle vertolk en is meestal in <i>kabuki</i> teater gebruik toe vroue verban was van verhoë in die Edo-tydperk. In sekere vorme van Chinese dramas, soos die Beijing-opera, het mans tradisioneel al die rolle (insluitend vroulik) vertolk, terwyl vroue dikwels rolle in die Shaoxing opera kon vertolk.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In die moderne tye het vroue dikwels die rolle van jong mans of seuns vertolk. Byvoorbeeld die groep akteurs van <i>Peter Pan</i>, is oorspronklik deur vroue vertolk en die oorgrote meerderheid van die rolle was dié van seuns. <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> het ook verskeie manlike rolle gehad wat deur vroue gesing is, gewoonlik mezzo-soprane. Voorbeelde is Hansel in <i>Hänsel und Gretel</i>, Cherubino in <i>The Marriage of Figaro</i> en Octavian in <i>Der Rosenkavalier</i>. </p><p>Vroue wat manlike rolle in films vertolk is ongewoon. In <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a> het Stina Ekblad die geheimsinnige Ismael Retzinsky in <i>Fanny and Alexander vertolk</i> en <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hunt" title="Linda Hunt">Linda Hunt</a> het die Oscar-toekenning vir Beste Ondersteunende Aktrise ontvang vir die speel van Billy Kwan in <i>The Year of Living Dangerously.</i> In 2007 is <a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a> ook genomineer vir die Academy-toekenning vir Beste Ondersteunende Aktrise vir die speel van Judas Quinn, 'n fiktiewe voorstelling van <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> in die 1960's, in <i>I'm Not There</i>. </p><p>In die 2000's is vroue wat manlike rolle in teater vertolk redelik algemeen, veral in ouer aanbiedings, soos die werk van Shakespeare, waar daar 'n groot aantal manlike rolle is, is die geslag onbelangrik.<sup id="cite_ref-PDF_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDF-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Om 'n akteur te laat aantrek soos die teenoorgestelde geslag vir 'n komiese effek, is deel van die tradisie van <a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">komiese teater</a> en film. Die meeste van Shakespeare se komedies sluit gevalle in van openlike <a href="/wiki/Kruiskleding" title="Kruiskleding">kruiskleding</a>, soos Francis Flute in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i>. Die fliek <i>A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum</i> met <a href="/wiki/Jack_Gilford" title="Jack Gilford">Jack Gilford</a> waar hy soos 'n jong bruid aangetrek is, is nog 'n voorbeeld. <a href="/wiki/Tony_Curtis" title="Tony Curtis">Tony Curtis</a> en <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a> se karakters het in die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy_Wilder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Billy Wilder (bladsy bestaan nie)">Billy Wilder</a> film, <i>Some Like It Hot</i>, soos vroue aangetrek om van bendelede te ontsnap. Kruiskleding is iets wat gereeld gebruik is in meeste van die <i>Carry On</i> films. <a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a> en <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a> het elk in komiese trefferfilm verskyn (<i>Tootsie</i> en <i>Mrs. Doubtfire</i>, onderskeidelik) waar hulle in meeste van die tonele soos vroue geklee is. </p><p>Soms word die kwessie verder gekompliseer, byvoorbeeld wanneer 'n vrou die rol van 'n vrou vertolk wat soos 'n man aantrek - wat haarself dan voordoen as 'n man, soos <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> in die <i>Victor/Victoria</i>, of <a href="/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow" title="Gwyneth Paltrow">Gwyneth Paltrow</a> in <i>Shakespeare in Love</i>. In <i>It's Pat: The Movie</i>, weet die kyker nooit wat die geslag van die deurslaggewende karakters, Pat en Chris (gespeel deur <a href="/wiki/Julia_Sweeney" title="Julia Sweeney">Julia Sweeney</a> en <a href="/wiki/Dave_Foley" title="Dave Foley">Dave Foley</a>) is nie. Net so, in die bogenoemde voorbeeld van <i>The Marriage of Figaro</i>, is daar 'n toneel waar Cherubino ('n manlike karakter vertolk deur 'n vrou) aangetrek is soos 'n vrou; die ander karakters in die toneel is bewus van een vlak van geslagsomruiling, maar die gehoor is van twee vlakke bewus. </p><p>'n Paar moderne rolle word gespeel deur iemand van die teenoorgestelde geslag om vloeibaarheid van die geslag te beklemtoon. Edna Turnblad in <i>Hairspray</i> is gespeel deur <a href="/wiki/Divine" title="Divine">Devine</a> in die oorspronklike 1988-film, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Fierstein" title="Harvey Fierstein">Harvey Fierstein</a> in die Broadway-musiekblyspel, en <a href="/wiki/John_Travolta" title="John Travolta">John Travolta</a> in die 2007 fliek musiekblyspel. <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Redmayne" title="Eddie Redmayne">Eddie Redmayne</a> was genomineer vir 'n <a href="/wiki/Oscar" title="Oscar">Oscar</a> vir die spel van Lili Elbe ('n trans vrou) in 2015 vir <i>The Danish Girl</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_term_aktrise">Die term aktrise</h2></div> <p>In teenstelling met die Antieke Griekse teater het die Antieke Romeinse teater vroulike kunstenaars toegelaat om te speel. Min aktrises is egter in Rome gebruik vir sprekende rolle aangesien die meerderheid van hulle selde in sprekende rolle, maar eerder in dans rolle laat speel is. Diegene wat rykdom, roem en erkenning vir hul kuns gekry het soos die Eucharis, Dionysia, Galeria Copiola en Fabia Arete, het ook hul eie gilde, <i>Sociae Mimae</i>, gestig. <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoewel vroue in Engeland tot en met die tweede helfte van die 17de eeu nie op die verhoog verskyn het nie, was hulle wel in opvoerings betrokke in <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a> en <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a> laat in die <a href="/wiki/16de_eeu" title="16de eeu">16de eeu</a>. Lucrezia Di Siena, wie se naam op 'n akteurskontrak in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> aangeteken is vanaf 10 Oktober 1564, word na verwys as die eerste Italiaanse aktrise en Vincenza Armani en Barbara Flaminia as die eerste primadonnas en gedokumenteerde aktrises in Italië en Europa. </p><p>Ná 1660 in <a href="/wiki/Koninkryk_van_Engeland" title="Koninkryk van Engeland">Engeland</a>, toe vroue op die verhoog begin verskyn het, is die terme <i>akteur</i> of <i>aktrise</i> aanvanklik uitruilbaar gebruik vir rolle van vroulike kunstenaars. Later het die term <i>aktrice</i> of <a href="/wiki/Aktrise" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktrise">aktrise</a> geword via die Franse invloed om na vroulike kunstenaars in die teater en filmbedryf te verwys. Die <a href="/wiki/Etimologie" title="Etimologie">etimologie</a> is 'n eenvoudige afleiding uit <i>akteur</i>. Wanneer daar na groepe of 'n groep kunstenaars verwys word van beide geslagte word die term <i>akteurs</i> gebruik.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die heraanvaarding van die neutrale term dateer terug na die na-oorlogse tydperk van die 1950 en 60's toe bydraes deur vroue tot kultuur oor die algemeen hersien is. Toe <i>The Observer</i> en <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> hul gekombineerde stylgids gepubliseer het, is die term akteur gebruik om na mans en vroue te verwys; en wanneer die term <i>aktrise</i> gebruik word is dit slegs wanneer die woord voor 'n toekenning se naam staan, byvoorbeeld Oscar vir beste aktrise. <sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die gids se skrywers verklaar dat aktrises in dieselfde kategorie as skrywers, komediante, bestuurders, vroulike dokters en manlike verpleërs val en dateer van 'n tydperk toe sekere professies slegs vir een geslag beskore was, gewoonlik mans. Die aktrise <a href="/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a> het in 'n onderhoud die volgende oor die saak gesê: "'n Aktrise kan slegs 'n vroulike rol speel. Ek is 'n akteur - ek kan enige rol vertolk." Die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a> se kunstenaarsunie, <i>Equity</i>, het geen beleid oor die gebruik van die term akteur of aktrise nie. 'n Woordvoerder van Equity het gesê dat die unie glo daar is nog nie konsensus bereik oor die term nie en dat dit verdeeldheid bring. In 2009 het die <i>Los Angeles Times</i> verklaar dat "aktrise", die algemene term bly wat gebruik word in die groot waarnemende toekennings wat gegee word aan vroulike kunstenaars<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (bv., Academy-toekenning vir Beste Aktrise).<br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Meryl_Streep_from_%22Florence_Foster_Jenkins%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2016_(33644504135).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Meryl_Streep_from_%22Florence_Foster_Jenkins%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2016_%2833644504135%29.jpg/220px-Meryl_Streep_from_%22Florence_Foster_Jenkins%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2016_%2833644504135%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Meryl_Streep_from_%22Florence_Foster_Jenkins%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2016_%2833644504135%29.jpg/330px-Meryl_Streep_from_%22Florence_Foster_Jenkins%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2016_%2833644504135%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Meryl_Streep_from_%22Florence_Foster_Jenkins%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2016_%2833644504135%29.jpg/440px-Meryl_Streep_from_%22Florence_Foster_Jenkins%22_at_Opening_Ceremony_of_the_Tokyo_International_Film_Festival_2016_%2833644504135%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Die akteur <a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Betaling">Betaling</h3></div> <p>In 2015 het <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> berig dat " net 21 van die 100 topfilms van 2014 vroulike hoofrolle gehad het, terwyl slegs 28.1% van die karakters in 100 topfilms vroue was".<sup id="cite_ref-forbes1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In die Verenigde State van Amerika is daar 'n groot gaping in die salarisskale van akteurs en aktrises. Gemiddeld word wit vroue slegs 78 sent betaal vir elke dollar wat 'n wit man maak, terwyl Spaanse vroue 56 sent verdien vir elke dollar wat 'n man verdien. Swart vroue verdien 64 sent en Inheemse Amerikaanse vroue net 59 vir elke dollar teenoor mans." <i>Forbes se</i> analise van Amerikaanse akteurs se salarisse in 2013 het getoon dat mans 2½ keer meer geld verdien as vroulike akteurs. Dit beteken dat Hollywood se topbetaalde aktrises net 40 sent verdien vir elke dollar wat topbetaalde manlike akteurs maak."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipes">Tipes</h2></div> <p>Akteurs wat in die <a href="/wiki/Teater" title="Teater">teater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolprent" title="Rolprent">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Televisie" title="Televisie">televisie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> werk, moet spesifieke tegnieke en vaardighede leer. Tegnieke wat goed werk in een soort spel, werk nie noodwendig vir 'n ander soort spel nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_teater">In teater</h3></div> <p>Om op die verhoog te speel, moet akteurs die verhoog se rigtingaanwysings leer wat op die teks aangedui word, soos "<i>Stage Left</i>" en "Stage <i>Right</i>". Hierdie aanwysings is gebaseer op die akteur se posisie van waar hy/sy staan en na die gehoor kyk. Akteurs moet ook die betekenis van die verhoogaanwysings leer: "<i>Upstage</i>" (weg van die gehoor) en "<i>Downstage</i>" (na die gehoor).<sup id="cite_ref-sft.edu_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sft.edu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teaterakteurs moet weet wat dit is om 'n ander karakter te blokkeer, wat beweging op die verhoog impliseer en hoe om ander karakters sigbaar te maak vir die gehoor. Die regisseur gee ook instruksies omtrent alle bewegings en akteurs moet weet wanneer om rekwesiete te gebruik en hoe om oor die verhoog te beweeg. </p><p>Sommige teaterakteurs moet leer hoe om op die verhoog te veg. Daar kan van 'n akteur verwag word om 'n handgeveg of swaardgeveg op die verhoog te doen. Akteurs word dan afgerig deur regisseurs wat spesialiseer in gevegte en die choreografie van elke beweging van die geveg word ingeoefen.<sup id="cite_ref-sft.edu_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sft.edu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_film">In film</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stilfilms">Stilfilms</h4></div> <p>Vanaf 1894 tot die einde van die 1920's, was films sonder klank. Akteurs in stilfilms moes met hul liggaamstaal en gesigsuitdrukkings alle emosies en reaksies beklemtoon sodat die gehoor 'n beter begrip kon vorm van wat in die toneel uitgebeeld word. Die melodramatiese spel was ook gewortel in teater, waar bewegings groot en sigbaar moes wees. Vaudeville-teater was 'n gewilde oorsprong van baie Amerikaanse stilfilmakteurs. Die deurdringende teenwoordigheid van verhoogakteurs het gelei tot die regisseur, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Neilan" title="Marshall Neilan">Marshall Neilan</a>, se uitbarsting in 1917: "hoe gouer die verhoogakteurs wat by film aangekom het, padgee, hoe beter sal dit wees vir films." In ander gevalle het regisseurs soos John Griffith Wray weer vereis dat akteurs lewensgrootte bewegings moet maak om 'n klem te plaas op uitdrukkings. Teen 1914 het dit aan die lig gekom dat Amerikaanse kykers eerder natuurlike tonele op die skerm wil sien.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEbrownlow1968_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEbrownlow1968-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baanbreker-filmregisseurs in Europa en die Verenigde State van Amerika het die beperkings van die vroeë 1910's raakgesien. Stilfilms se spel het meer natuurlik begin word en as gevolg van die werk van D.W. Griffith, het kinematografie verbeter en 'n subtiele, natuurlike toon ingeneem.<sup id="cite_ref-infoplease.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoplease.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a> is erken as die eerste ware filmaktrise vir haar baanbrekerswerk in hierdie tyd op die verhoog en op skerm. Regisseurs soos Albert Capellani en Maurice Tourneur het begin aandring op naturalisme in hul films. Teen die middel van die 1920's het baie Amerikaanse stilfilms hierdie naturalistiese styl aangeneem, hoewel laeprofielstyle steeds gebruik is, soos in die film <i>Metropolis</i>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownlow1968_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownlow1968-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volgens Anton Kaes, 'n stilfilmstudent van die Universiteit van Wisconsin, het Amerikaanse stilflieks 'n verandering van tegniek ondergaan tussen 1913 en 1921, wat beïnvloed is deur Duitse stilfilms.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Die_koms_van_klank_in_film">Die koms van klank in film</h4></div> <p>Filmakteurs moet gewoond wees aan 'n kamera voor hulle<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en moet hul korrekte posisie kan inneem. Hierdie posisie word op die vloer met band gemerk en dit is waar die maksimum lig en kamerafokus gaan wees. Filmakteurs moet ook weet hoe om goed voor te berei vir oudisies, wat gewoonlik 'n gedeelte uit die teks is. </p><p>In teenstelling met teaterakteurs, wat karakters ontwikkel om te herhaal vir gehore, is daar 'n gebrek aan kontinuïteit by filmakteurs, omdat tonele nie noodwendig opeenvolgens geskiet word nie, dus moet die filmakteur se karakter reeds ten volle ontwikkel wees.<sup id="cite_ref-infoplease.com_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoplease.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Omdat film die kleinste gebaar vasvang en vergroot, vereis dit 'n flambojante en liggaamlike uitvoering van die akteur. Die emosie is die moeilikste aspek om te bemeester in film, slegs klein gesigsuitdrukkings is nodig om 'n geloofwaardige karakter te skep.<sup id="cite_ref-infoplease.com_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoplease.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sommige teatersterre kon die oorgang van teater na film suksesvol uitvoer (byvoorbeeld, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Close" title="Glenn Close">Glenn Close</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Op_televisie">Op televisie</h3></div> <p>Op 'n televisiestel is daar gewoonlik verskeie kameras teen verskillende hoeke opgestel. Akteurs wat nuut is in die televisie-industrie, kan deurmekaar raak en nie altyd weet na watter kamera om te kyk nie.<sup id="cite_ref-sft.edu_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sft.edu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Televisieakteurs moet die konsep van 'n "raam" verstaan. Die term "raam" verwys na dit wat vasgevang word in die kamera se lens. In die toneelbedryf, is daar vier tipes televisierolle, elke rol wissel in prominensie, frekwensie van voorkoms en ook besoldiging: </p> <ul><li>Gereelde reeks- rol: die hoofgroep akteurs is deel van 'n permanente groep.</li> <li>Herhalende rolle: die akteurs is gebind tot 'n kontrak met 'n sekere aantal episodes in 'n reeks.</li> <li>Mede-sterrolle: dit is 'n klein rol wat gewoonlik slegs in een episode is.</li> <li>Gasrol: dit is 'n groter rol as 'n mede-ster rol en die karakter is gewoonlik die sentrale fokus van die episode.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oor_die_radio">Oor die radio</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Opname_van_een_hoorspel_Recording_a_radio_play.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Opname_van_een_hoorspel_Recording_a_radio_play.jpg/220px-Opname_van_een_hoorspel_Recording_a_radio_play.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Opname_van_een_hoorspel_Recording_a_radio_play.jpg/330px-Opname_van_een_hoorspel_Recording_a_radio_play.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Opname_van_een_hoorspel_Recording_a_radio_play.jpg/440px-Opname_van_een_hoorspel_Recording_a_radio_play.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Die opname van 'n radiodrama in Nederland (1949; Spaarnestad Foto).</figcaption></figure> <p>'n Radiodrama is 'n gedramatiseerde, suiwer akoestiese <a href="/wiki/Opvoering" title="Opvoering">opvoering</a>, uitgesaai op <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> of gepubliseer op klank-media, soos CD, USB, of beskikbaar op aanlyn klank platforms. Met geen visuele komponente, maak 'n radiodrama staat op dialoog, musiek en klank effekte om die luisteraar te help om die karakters en die storie te verbeel. Dit is ouditiewe in die fisiese dimensie maar ewe sterk soos 'n visuele krag in die sielkundige dimensie."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radiodramas het gewildheid bereik binne 'n dekade van sy aanvanklike ontwikkeling in die 1920's. Teen die 1940's was dit 'n toonaangewende internasionale gewilde vorm van vermaak. Met die koms van die televisie in die 1950's, het radiodramas wel van sy gewildheid verloor, in sommige lande het dit nooit groot gehore betrek nie. </p><p>Vanaf 2011 het radiodramas 'n minimale teenwoordigheid in die Verenigde State van Amerika. Baie van die Amerikaanse radiodramas is beperk tot heruitsendings of <a href="/wiki/Podsending" title="Podsending">podsendings</a> van vorige dekades. Ander lande het weer 'n suksesvolle luisteraarsaanhang, die <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> vervaardig en saai byvoorbeeld elke jaar honderde nuwe radiodramas uit op hul senders <i>Radio 3</i>, <i>Radio 4</i> en <i>Radio 4 Extra</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The dramatic world can be extended to include the 'author', the 'audience' and even the 'theatre'; but these remain 'possible' surrogates, not the 'actual' referents as such" (Elam 1980, 110).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hypocrite-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-hypocrite_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826132750/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/actor?q=actor">"Definition of actor"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/actor?q=actor">die oorspronklike</a> op 26 Augustus 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">19 Mei</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+actor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Factor%3Fq%3Dactor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAkteur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neziroski_2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Neziroski_2003_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Neziroski_2003_3-1">3,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFNeziroski2003" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neziroski, Lirim (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/narrativelyricdrama.htm">"narrative, lyric, drama"</a>. <i>Theories of Media :: Keywords Glossary :: multimedia</i> (in Engels). University of Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191119194301/http://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/narrativelyricdrama.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 19 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 Maart</span> 2009</span>. <q>For example, until the late 1600s, audiences were opposed to seeing women on stage, because of the belief stage performance reduced them to the status of showgirls and prostitutes. Even Shakespeare's plays were performed by boys dressed in drag.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theories+of+Media+%3A%3A+Keywords+Glossary+%3A%3A+multimedia&rft.atitle=narrative%2C+lyric%2C+drama&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Neziroski&rft.aufirst=Lirim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsmt.uchicago.edu%2Fglossary2004%2Fnarrativelyricdrama.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAkteur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giacomo Oreglia (2002). Commedia dell'arte. Ordfront. <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/91-7324-602-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/91-7324-602-6">ISBN 91-7324-602-6</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDF-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PDF_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PDF_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJULIET_DUSINBERRE" class="citation web cs1">JULIET DUSINBERRE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327143402/http://www.s-sj.org/pdfs/St-Dusinberre-web.pdf">"Boys Becoming Women in Shakespeare's Plays"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>S-sj.org</i>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.s-sj.org/pdfs/St-Dusinberre-web.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 27 Maart 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">22 Oktober</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S-sj.org&rft.atitle=Boys+Becoming+Women+in+Shakespeare%27s+Plays&rft.au=JULIET+DUSINBERRE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.s-sj.org%2Fpdfs%2FSt-Dusinberre-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAkteur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brockett and Hildy (2003), p. 15–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brockett and Hildy (2003), p.75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brockett and Hildy (2003), p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Eli Adams, ed., <i>Encyclopedia of the Victorian era</i> (2004) 1:2-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">George Rowell, <i>Theatre in the Age of Irving</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 1981).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster Hirsch, <i>The Boys from Syracuse: The Shuberts' Theatrical Empire</i> (Cooper Square Press, 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Guerrasio, Jason. (2014-12-19) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribecafilminstitute.org/blog/detail/what_it_means_to_be_method">What It Means To Be ‘Method’</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623173417/https://tribecafilminstitute.org/blog/detail/what_it_means_to_be_method">Geargiveer</a> 23 Junie 2017 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Tribecafilminstitute.org. Besoek op 2016-02-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/2002_52_fri_04.shtml">"BBC - Radio 4 - Woman's Hour -Women Actors in Ancient Rome"</a>. <i>Bbc.co.uk</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106153955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/2002_52_fri_04.shtml">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 6 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">22 Oktober</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+-+Radio+4+-+Woman%27s+Hour+-Women+Actors+in+Ancient+Rome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Fwomanshour%2F2002_52_fri_04.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAkteur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSmallweed2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Smallweed (23 Julie 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,,1534673,00.html">"Smallweed"</a> (in Engels). The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422150043/http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0%2C%2C1534673%2C00.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 22 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 Maart</span> 2009</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Whereas women's parts in plays have hitherto been acted by men in the habits of women ... we do permit and give leave for the time to come that all women's parts be acted by women," Charles II ordained in 1662. According to Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, the first actress to exploit this new freedom was Margaret Hughes, as Desdemona in Othello on December 8, 1660.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smallweed&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft.date=2005-07-23&rft.au=Smallweed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcomment%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1534673%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAkteur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-jul-greg-uncertainty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511120210/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/10/18/103638994.pdf">"Women as actresses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Notes and Queries</i>. The New York Times. 18 Oktober 1885. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/10/18/103638994.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> op 11 Mei 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 Maart</span> 2009</span>. <q>There seems no doubt that actresses did not perform on the stage till the Restoration, in the earliest years of which Pepys says for the first time he saw an actress upon the stage. Charles II, must have brought the usage from the Continent, where women had long been employed instead of boys or youths in the representation of female characters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.atitle=Women+as+actresses&rft.date=1885-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1885%2F10%2F18%2F103638994.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAkteur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisk, Deborah Payne (2001). "The Restoration Actress". In Owen, Susan J. <i>A companion to restoration drama</i>, p. 73 Oxford [u.a.]: Blackwell. <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0631219231" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0631219231">ISBN 978-0631219231</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">'Studies in hysteria': actress and courtesan, Sarah Bernhardt and Mrs Patrick Campbell</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Gunde, <i>Culture and Customs of China</i> (2002), p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrea Mandell, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2015/12/20/eddie-redmayne-oscar-journey-the-danish-girl/77263744/">Can Eddie Redmayne nab Oscar No. 2?</a></i>, December 20, 2015, <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pat Easterling, Edith Hall: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=vWzdX7Yqq7MC&pg=PA301&lpg=PA301&dq=bassilla+actress+ancient&source=bl&ots=X8iWcXkGt8&sig=ACfU3U38pMTl5m7M_sj-r4KvgXXUjx6G0Q&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj2odnG3szlAhXks4sKHXD6AdkQ6AEwDXoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=bassilla%20actress%20ancient&f=false">Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profession</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian.com-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_21-0">21,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_21-1">21,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pritchard, Stephen (24 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2011/sep/25/readers-editor-actor-or-actress">"The readers' editor on... Actor or actress?"</a>. <i>Theguardian.com</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202050108/https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2011/sep/25/readers-editor-actor-or-actress">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 2 Desember 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">22 Oktober</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theguardian.com&rft.atitle=The+readers%27+editor+on...+Actor+or+actress%3F&rft.date=2011-09-24&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheobserver%2F2011%2Fsep%2F25%2Freaders-editor-actor-or-actress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAkteur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-latimes_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLinden2009" class="citation web cs1">Linden, Sheri (18 Januarie 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/18/entertainment/ca-actress18">"From actor to actress and back again"</a>. <i>Entertainment</i>. Los Angeles Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 Maart</span> 2009</span>. <q>It would be several decades before the word "actress" appeared – 1700, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, more than a century after the word "actor" was first used to denote a theatrical performer, supplanting the less professional-sounding "player."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Entertainment&rft.atitle=From+actor+to+actress+and+back+again&rft.date=2009-01-18&rft.aulast=Linden&rft.aufirst=Sheri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2009%2Fjan%2F18%2Fentertainment%2Fca-actress18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAkteur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forbes1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-forbes1_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2015/10/13/jennifer-lawrence-speaks-out-on-making-less-than-male-co-stars/">Jennifer Lawrence Speaks Out On Making Less Than Male Co-Stars</a>. Forbes.com (2015-10-13). Retrieved on 2016-02-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodruff, Betsy. (2015-02-23) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2015/02/23/gender_wage_gap_in_hollywood_it_s_very_very_wide.html">Gender wage gap in Hollywood: It's very, very wide</a>. Slate.com. Retrieved on 2016-02-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stephenfollows.com/much-hollywood-campaigns-oscar-cost/">"How much do Hollywood campaigns for an Oscar cost?"</a>. <i>Stephenfollows.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">2 Mei</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stephenfollows.com&rft.atitle=How+much+do+Hollywood+campaigns+for+an+Oscar+cost%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstephenfollows.com%2Fmuch-hollywood-campaigns-oscar-cost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAkteur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2014/film/news/study-female-movie-stars-earn-significantly-less-after-age-34-1201091967/">Female Movie Stars Experience Earnings Plunge After Age 34</a>. <i>Variety</i> (2014-02-07). Retrieved on 2016-02-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sft.edu-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sft.edu_27-0">27,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sft.edu_27-1">27,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-sft.edu_27-2">27,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326100456/http://www.sft.edu/tips/stage-acting.html">"Industry Tips"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sft.edu/tips/stage-acting.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 26 Maart 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industry+Tips&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sft.edu%2Ftips%2Fstage-acting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAkteur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEbrownlow1968-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEbrownlow1968_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFbrownlow1968">brownlow 1968</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infoplease.com-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-infoplease.com_29-0">29,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-infoplease.com_29-1">29,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-infoplease.com_29-2">29,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/cig/movies-flicks-film/film-acting-vs-theater-acting.html">"Movies and Film"</a> (in Engels). infoplease.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130034638/http://www.infoplease.com/cig/movies-flicks-film/film-acting-vs-theater-acting.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">19 Mei</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Movies+and+Film&rft.pub=infoplease.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fcig%2Fmovies-flicks-film%2Ffilm-acting-vs-theater-acting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAkteur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownlow1968-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownlow1968_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrownlow1968">Brownlow 1968</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKaes1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kaes, Anton (1990). "Silent Cinema". <i>Monatshefte</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monatshefte&rft.atitle=Silent+Cinema&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Kaes&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAkteur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ace-your-audition.com/auditions-for-film.html">"Auditions for Film: Movie Acting Tips and Techniques"</a>. <i>Ace-your-audition.com</i> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323065927/http://www.ace-your-audition.com/auditions-for-film.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 23 Maart 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">22 Oktober</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ace-your-audition.com&rft.atitle=Auditions+for+Film%3A+Movie+Acting+Tips+and+Techniques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ace-your-audition.com%2Fauditions-for-film.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AAkteur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Crook: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coffeetheater.com/usr/down/2_93.pdf"><i>Radio drama. Theory and practice</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701103558/http://www.coffeetheater.com/usr/down/2_93.pdf">Geargiveer</a> 1 Julie 2014 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London; New York: Routledge, 1999, p. 8.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronne">Bronne</h3></div> <ul><li>Csapo, Eric, en William J. Slater. 1994. <i>The Context of Ancient Drama.</i> Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-472-08275-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-472-08275-2">ISBN 0-472-08275-2</a></span>.</li> <li>Elam, Keir. 1980. <i>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semiotics (bladsy bestaan nie)">Semiotics</a> of Theatre and Drama</i>. New Accents Ser. London and New York: Methuen. <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-416-72060-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-416-72060-9">ISBN 0-416-72060-9</a></span>.</li> <li>Weimann, Robert. 1978. <i>Shakespeare and the Popular Tradition in the Theater: Studies in the Social Dimension of Dramatic Form and Function.</i> Ed. Robert Schwartz. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8018-3506-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-8018-3506-2">ISBN 0-8018-3506-2</a></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verdere_leesstof">Verdere leesstof</h2></div> <ul><li><i>An Actor's Work</i> deur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Stanislavski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Stanislavski (bladsy bestaan nie)">Constantin Stanislavski</a></li> <li><i>A Dream of Passion: The Development of the Method</i> deur <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strasberg" title="Lee Strasberg">Lee Strasberg</a> (Plume Books, <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-452-26198-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-452-26198-8">ISBN 0-452-26198-8</a></span>, 1990)</li> <li><i>Sanford Meisner on Acting</i> deur <a href="/wiki/Sanford_Meisner" title="Sanford Meisner">Sanford Meisner</a> (Vintage, <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-394-75059-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-394-75059-4">ISBN 0-394-75059-4</a></span>, 1987)</li> <li><i>Letters to a Young Actor</i> deur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Brustein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Brustein (bladsy bestaan nie)">Robert Brustein</a> (Basic Books, <span class="ISBN" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-465-00806-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-465-00806-2">ISBN 0-465-00806-2</a></span>, 2005)</li> <li><i>The Empty Space</i> deur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Brook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Brook (bladsy bestaan nie)">Peter Brook</a></li> <li><i>The Technique of Acting</i> deur <a href="/wiki/Stella_Adler" title="Stella Adler">Stella Adler</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sag.org/">Screen Actors Guild (SAG)</a>: Die Gilde verteenwoordig die Verenigde State se film- en TV-akteurs.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actorsequity.org/">Actors' Equity Association (AEA)</a>: 'n unie wat die Verenigde State se teaterakteurs en verhoogbestuurders verteenwoordig.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720195027/http://www.aftra.org/">Die Amerikaanse Federasie van Televisie- en Radiokunstenaars (AFTRA)</a>: verteenwoordig televisie- en radio-akteurs en uitsaaiers (op-lug joernaliste, ens.).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equity.org.uk/">British Actors' Equity</a>: Die vakbond verteenwoordig Britse kunstenaars, insluitend akteurs, sangers, dansers, choreograwe, verhoogbestuurders, teaterdirekteure en ontwerpers, verskeidenheids- en sirkuskunstenaars, televisie- en radio-aanbieders, oploop- en ondersteuningskunstenaars, waagkunstenaars en direkteure en teatervegdirekteure.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alliance.org.au">Media Entertainment & Arts Alliance</a>: 'n Australiese/Nieu-Seelandse vakbond wat almal in die media, vermaak, sport en kunstenywerhede verteenwoordig.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33999&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33999&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" 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