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class="mw-page-title-main">Elastomer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Elastomer" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elast%C3%B2mer" title="Elastòmer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elastòmer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elastomer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elastomer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomere" title="Elastomere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elastomere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Ελαστομερές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελαστομερές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elast%C3%B3mero" title="Elastómero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elastómero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomero" title="Elastomero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elastomero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomero" title="Elastomero – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elastomero" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1" title="الاستومر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الاستومر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lastom%C3%A8re" title="Élastomère – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élastomère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaistim%C3%A9ir%C3%AD" title="Leaistiméirí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leaistiméirí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%84%B1%EC%B2%B4" title="탄성체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄성체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95" title="प्रत्यास्थलक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रत्यास्थलक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elastomer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elastomer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomero" title="Elastomero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elastomero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketu_%C9%96oho" title="Ketu ɖoho – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ketu ɖoho" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasztomer" title="Elasztomer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elasztomer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC" title="ഇലാസ്റ്റോമർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇലാസ്റ്റോമർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elastomer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomeer" title="Elastomeer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elastomeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC" title="エラストマー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エラストマー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummi" title="Gummi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gummi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elast%C3%B2mer" title="Elastòmer – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Elastòmer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomery" title="Elastomery – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elastomery" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elast%C3%B4mero" title="Elastômero – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elastômero" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Elastomer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Эластомер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эластомер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastom%C3%A9r" title="Elastomér – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elastomér" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elastomer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ئێلاستۆمەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێلاستۆمەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomeeri" title="Elastomeeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elastomeeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elastomer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อีลาสโตเมอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อีลาสโตเมอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elastomer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Еластомери – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еластомери" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7%E4%BD%93" title="弹性体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弹性体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7%E4%BD%93" title="弹性体 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弹性体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Polymer with rubber-like elastic properties</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Elastomer" title="Special:EditPage/Elastomer">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Elastomer%22">"Elastomer"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Elastomer%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Elastomer%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Elastomer%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Elastomer%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Elastomer%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>elastomer</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> with <a href="/wiki/Viscoelasticity" title="Viscoelasticity">viscoelasticity</a> (i.e. both <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">elasticity</a>) and with weak <a href="/wiki/Intermolecular_force" title="Intermolecular force">intermolecular forces</a>, generally low <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a> (E) and high failure strain compared with other materials.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term, a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <i>elastic polymer</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is often used interchangeably with <i><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">rubber</a></i>, although the latter is preferred when referring to <a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">vulcanisates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomers</a> which link to form the polymer is usually a compound of several <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical elements">elements</a> among <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>. Elastomers are <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a> polymers maintained above their <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass transition temperature">glass transition temperature</a>, so that considerable <a href="/w/index.php?title=Segmental_motion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Segmental motion (page does not exist)">molecular reconformation</a> is feasible without breaking of <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent bonds">covalent bonds</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Ambient_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambient temperature">ambient temperatures</a>, such rubbers are thus relatively compliant (E ≈ 3 M<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">Pa</a>) and deformable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/ET07547" rel="nofollow"><img resource="/wiki/File:IUPAC_definition_for_an_elastomer_in_polymer_chemistry.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/IUPAC_definition_for_an_elastomer_in_polymer_chemistry.png/550px-IUPAC_definition_for_an_elastomer_in_polymer_chemistry.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/IUPAC_definition_for_an_elastomer_in_polymer_chemistry.png/825px-IUPAC_definition_for_an_elastomer_in_polymer_chemistry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/IUPAC_definition_for_an_elastomer_in_polymer_chemistry.png 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>IUPAC definition for an elastomer in polymer chemistry</figcaption></figure> <p>Rubber-like solids with elastic properties are called elastomers. Polymer chains are held together in these materials by relatively weak <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">intermolecular bonds</a>, which permit the polymers to stretch in response to macroscopic stresses. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polymer_picture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Polymer_picture.svg/170px-Polymer_picture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Polymer_picture.svg/255px-Polymer_picture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Polymer_picture.svg/340px-Polymer_picture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>(A) is an unstressed polymer; (B) is the same polymer under stress. When the stress is removed, it will return to the A configuration. (The dots represent cross-links)</figcaption></figure> <p>Elastomers are usually <a href="/wiki/Thermoset" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermoset">thermosets</a> (requiring vulcanization) but may also be <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic_elastomer" title="Thermoplastic elastomer">thermoplastic elastomer</a>). The long polymer chains <a href="/wiki/Cross-link" title="Cross-link">cross-link</a> during curing (i.e., vulcanizing). The molecular structure of elastomers can be imagined as a 'spaghetti and meatball' structure, with the meatballs signifying cross-links. The elasticity is derived from the ability of the long chains to reconfigure themselves to distribute an applied stress. The covalent cross-linkages ensure that the elastomer will return to its original configuration when the stress is removed. </p><p>Crosslinking most likely occurs in an equilibrated polymer without any solvent. The free energy expression derived from the Neohookean model of rubber elasticity is in terms of free energy change due to <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(physics)" title="Deformation (physics)">deformation</a> per unit volume of the sample. The strand concentration, v, is the number of strands over the volume which does not depend on the overall size and shape of the elastomer.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beta relates the end-to-end distance of polymer strands across crosslinks over polymers that obey random walk statistics. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta f_{d}={\frac {\Delta F_{d}}{V}}={\frac {K_{B}T\nu _{el}\beta \lambda _{1}p^{2}+\lambda _{2}p+2\lambda _{3}p^{2}-3}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>T</mi> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>β</mi> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>p</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta f_{d}={\frac {\Delta F_{d}}{V}}={\frac {K_{B}T\nu _{el}\beta \lambda _{1}p^{2}+\lambda _{2}p+2\lambda _{3}p^{2}-3}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/20ce98343f545585e3be49d311120a5084b28ce1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:49.308ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta f_{d}={\frac {\Delta F_{d}}{V}}={\frac {K_{B}T\nu _{el}\beta \lambda _{1}p^{2}+\lambda _{2}p+2\lambda _{3}p^{2}-3}{2}}}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{el}={\frac {n_{el}}{V}},\beta =1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>V</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{el}={\frac {n_{el}}{V}},\beta =1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2c8d94367efadcb99492ea87bb2529def1c8e26a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.061ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{el}={\frac {n_{el}}{V}},\beta =1}"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The parameters in the formulas above need explanation. (September 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the specific case of shear deformation, the elastomer besides abiding to the simplest model of rubber elasticity is also incompressible. For pure shear we relate the shear strain, to the extension ratios lambdas. Pure shear is a two-dimensional stress state making lambda equal to 1, reducing the energy strain function above to: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta f_{d}={\frac {k_{B}T\nu _{s}\beta \gamma ^{2}}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>T</mi> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>β</mi> <msup> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta f_{d}={\frac {k_{B}T\nu _{s}\beta \gamma ^{2}}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8fbafcec5cb7c40769589f3de5df5080f9e7ce76" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:18.247ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta f_{d}={\frac {k_{B}T\nu _{s}\beta \gamma ^{2}}{2}}}"></span> </p><p>To get <a href="/wiki/Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shear stress</a>, then the energy strain function is differentiated with respect to shear strain to get the shear modulus, G, times the shear strain: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{12}={\frac {d(\Delta f_{d})}{d\gamma }}=G\gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>γ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{12}={\frac {d(\Delta f_{d})}{d\gamma }}=G\gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/da110778fe9d95fc19d60d6504e662cae3ea9e9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:20.518ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{12}={\frac {d(\Delta f_{d})}{d\gamma }}=G\gamma }"></span> </p><p>Shear stress is then proportional to the shear strain even at large strains.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notice how a low shear modulus correlates to a low deformation strain energy density and vice versa. Shearing deformation in elastomers, require less energy to change shape than volume. </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta f_{d}=W={\frac {G(\lambda _{1p}^{2}+\lambda _{2p}^{2}+\lambda _{3p}^{2}-3)}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>W</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>−</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta f_{d}=W={\frac {G(\lambda _{1p}^{2}+\lambda _{2p}^{2}+\lambda _{3p}^{2}-3)}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b04e5c30cb0e60c756e6064cd4b02c4b79304e1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:36.664ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta f_{d}=W={\frac {G(\lambda _{1p}^{2}+\lambda _{2p}^{2}+\lambda _{3p}^{2}-3)}{2}}}"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elastomer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Unsaturated rubbers</b> that can be cured by sulfur vulcanization: </p> <ul><li>Natural <a href="/wiki/Polyisoprene" title="Polyisoprene">polyisoprene</a>: cis-1,4-polyisoprene <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a> (NR) and trans-1,4-polyisoprene <a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">gutta-percha</a></li> <li>Synthetic polyisoprene (IR for <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a> rubber)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutadiene" title="Polybutadiene">Polybutadiene</a> (BR for <a href="/wiki/Butadiene" title="Butadiene">butadiene</a> rubber)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroprene" title="Chloroprene">Chloroprene</a> rubber (CR), <a href="/wiki/Polychloroprene" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychloroprene">polychloroprene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyl_rubber" title="Butyl rubber">Butyl rubber</a> (copolymer of <a href="/wiki/Isobutene" class="mw-redirect" title="Isobutene">isobutene</a> and isoprene, IIR) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halogenation" title="Halogenation">Halogenated</a> butyl rubbers (chloro butyl rubber: CIIR; bromo butyl rubber: BIIR)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene-butadiene" title="Styrene-butadiene">Styrene-butadiene</a> rubber (copolymer of <a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">styrene</a> and butadiene, SBR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrile_rubber" title="Nitrile rubber">Nitrile rubber</a> (copolymer of butadiene and <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">acrylonitrile</a>, NBR), also called <a href="/wiki/Plastic#Synthetic_rubber" title="Plastic">Buna N rubbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">Hydrogenated</a> nitrile rubbers (HNBR) Therban and Zetpol</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Saturated rubbers</b> that cannot be cured by sulfur vulcanization: </p> <ul><li>EPM (<a href="/wiki/Ethylene_propylene_rubber" title="Ethylene propylene rubber">ethylene propylene rubber</a>, a copolymer of <a href="/wiki/Ethene" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethene">ethene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">propene</a>) and <a href="/wiki/EPDM_rubber" title="EPDM rubber">EPDM rubber</a> (ethylene propylene diene rubber, a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and a <a href="/wiki/Diene" title="Diene">diene</a>-component)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epichlorohydrin" title="Epichlorohydrin">Epichlorohydrin</a> rubber (ECO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_rubber" title="Acrylic rubber">Acrylic rubber</a> (ACM, ABR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicone_rubber" title="Silicone rubber">Silicone rubber</a> (SI, Q, VMQ)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorosilicone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorosilicone (page does not exist)">Fluorosilicone</a> rubber (FVMQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroelastomer" title="Fluoroelastomer">Fluoroelastomers</a> (<a href="/wiki/FKM" title="FKM">FKM</a>, and FEPM) <a href="/wiki/Viton" class="mw-redirect" title="Viton">Viton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tecnoflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecnoflon">Tecnoflon</a>, Fluorel, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aflas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aflas (page does not exist)">Aflas</a> and Dai-El</li> <li>Perfluoroelastomers (<a href="/wiki/FFKM" title="FFKM">FFKM</a>) Tecnoflon PFR, <a href="/wiki/Kalrez" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalrez">Kalrez</a>, Chemraz, Perlast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyether_block_amide" title="Polyether block amide">Polyether block amides</a> (PEBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypalon" title="Hypalon">Chlorosulfonated polyethylene</a> (CSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene-vinyl_acetate" title="Ethylene-vinyl acetate">Ethylene-vinyl acetate</a> (EVA)</li></ul> <p><b>Various other types of elastomers</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic_elastomer" title="Thermoplastic elastomer">Thermoplastic elastomers</a> (TPE)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> <a href="/wiki/Resilin" title="Resilin">resilin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elastin" title="Elastin">elastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfide" title="Polysulfide">Polysulfide</a> rubber</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastolefin" title="Elastolefin">Elastolefin</a>, elastic fiber used in fabric production</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(dichlorophosphazene)" title="Poly(dichlorophosphazene)">Poly(dichlorophosphazene)</a>, an "inorganic rubber" from <a href="/wiki/Hexachlorophosphazene#Ring-opening_polymerisation" title="Hexachlorophosphazene">hexachlorophosphazene polymerization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elastomer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_elastomer_molding" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid elastomer molding">Liquid elastomer molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_elasticity" title="Rubber elasticity">Rubber elasticity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elastomer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDe1996" 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(2012-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135983681100360X">"Mechanical Properties of Magnetorheological Elastomers under Shear Deformation"</a>. <i>Composites Part B: Engineering</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 636–640. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.compositesb.2011.08.026">10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.08.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1359-8368">1359-8368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Composites+Part+B%3A+Engineering&rft.atitle=Mechanical+Properties+of+Magnetorheological+Elastomers+under+Shear+Deformation&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=636-640&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.compositesb.2011.08.026&rft.issn=1359-8368&rft.aulast=Boczkowska&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Awietjan%2C+Stefan+F.&rft.au=Pietrzko%2C+Stanis%C5%82aw&rft.au=Kurzyd%C5%82owski%2C+Krzysztof+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS135983681100360X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElastomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiaoGongXuan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Liao, Guojiang; Gong, Xinglong; Xuan, Shouhu (2013-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167577X13006836">"Influence of Shear Deformation on the Normal Force of Magnetorheological Elastomer"</a>. <i>Materials Letters</i>. <b>106</b>: 270–272. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MatL..106..270L">2013MatL..106..270L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.matlet.2013.05.035">10.1016/j.matlet.2013.05.035</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-577X">0167-577X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Letters&rft.atitle=Influence+of+Shear+Deformation+on+the+Normal+Force+of+Magnetorheological+Elastomer&rft.volume=106&rft.pages=270-272&rft.date=2013-09-01&rft.issn=0167-577X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.matlet.2013.05.035&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013MatL..106..270L&rft.aulast=Liao&rft.aufirst=Guojiang&rft.au=Gong%2C+Xinglong&rft.au=Xuan%2C+Shouhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0167577X13006836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElastomer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elastomer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.listdryprocessing.com/fileadmin/user_upload/download/publications/2014-9_Article___Ad_CPRJ-E.pdf">Efficient and eco-friendly polymerization of elastomers, By Andreas Diener, Product Manager at List AG</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252266#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252266#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252266#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/904231/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4014162-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85041520">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11978014x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11978014x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562031">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="elastomery"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph184922&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX530329">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533396205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Clothing_materials_and_parts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Template:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Template talk:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clothing_materials_and_parts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Clothing materials and parts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Garment structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armscye" title="Armscye">Armscye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_(clothing)" title="Collar (clothing)">Collar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_collar" title="Clerical collar">Clerical collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_stays" class="mw-redirect" title="Collar stays">Collar stays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachable_collar" title="Detachable collar">Detachable collar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuff" title="Cuff">Cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(sewing)" title="Dart (sewing)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_(sewing)" title="Facing (sewing)">Facing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_(clothing)" title="Fly (clothing)">Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel" title="Lapel">Lapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_(segment)" title="Gore (segment)">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hem" title="Hem">Hem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lining_(sewing)" title="Lining (sewing)">Lining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placket" title="Placket">Placket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleat" title="Pleat">Pleat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket" title="Pocket">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revers" title="Revers">Revers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffle_(sewing)" title="Ruffle (sewing)">Ruffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_pads_(fashion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder pads (fashion)">Shoulder pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_strap" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder strap">Strap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve" title="Sleeve">Sleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_(clothing)" title="Train (clothing)">Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waistband" title="Waistband">Waistband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(clothing)" title="Yoke (clothing)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Textiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">Fur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_leather" title="Artificial leather">Artificial leather</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">Animal hides</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calfskin" title="Calfskin">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckskin_(leather)" title="Buckskin (leather)">Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goatskin_(material)" title="Goatskin (material)">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_leather" title="Kangaroo leather">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_leather" title="Ostrich leather">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealskin" title="Sealskin">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheepskin" title="Sheepskin">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakeskin" title="Snakeskin">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagreen" title="Shagreen">Stingray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fastener" title="Fastener">Fasteners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back_closure" title="Back closure">Back closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_hook" title="Belt hook">Belt hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckle" title="Buckle">Buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Button" title="Button">Button</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttonhole" title="Buttonhole">Buttonhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_(fastening)" title="Frog (fastening)">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shank_(sewing)" title="Shank (sewing)">Shank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook-and-eye_closure" title="Hook-and-eye closure">Hook-and-eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook-and-loop_fastener" title="Hook-and-loop fastener">Hook-and-loop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velcro" title="Velcro">Velcro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipper" title="Zipper">Zipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seam_(sewing)" title="Seam (sewing)">Seams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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