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skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Espesye rootpage-Espesye skin-vector-2022 action-edit"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Pumunta sa nilalaman</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pangunahing pagpipilian" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">itago</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Maglibot </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" title="Puntahan ang unang pahina [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Unang pahina</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tingnan_ang_buod" title="Mga gabay sa pagbabasa ng laktaw-laktaw sa Wikipedia"><span>Mga nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-Napiling-nilalaman" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mga_napiling_artikulo"><span>Napiling nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Alin_man" title="Magpalabas ng kahit-anong artikulo [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Alinmang artikulo</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patungkol"><span>Patungkol sa Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kasalukuyang_pangyayari" title="Hanapin ang mga impormasyon tungkol sa mga kamakailang kaganapan"><span>Mga kaganapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Pakikihalubilo" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Pakikihalubilo" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pakikihalubilo </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Puntahan_ng_pamayanan" title="Tungkol sa proyekto, ano ang maari mong gawin, at kung saan maari maghanap ng mga bagay"><span>Pamayanan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kapihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kapihan"><span>Kapihan</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_huling_binago" title="Tala ng mga huling pagbabago sa wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mga huling binago</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Makipag-ugnayan_sa_amin" title="Paano makokontak ang Wikipedia"><span>Makipag-ugnayan</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tulong" title="Ang lugar para maghanap ng tulong sa Wikipedia."><span>Tulong</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ang Malayang Ensiklopedya" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-tl.svg" width="119" height="13" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Maghanap" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Hanapin</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" aria-label="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Natatangi:Maghanap"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hanapin</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itsura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itsura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl" class=""><span>Donasyon</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Espesye&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito" class=""><span>Gumawa ng account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Espesye&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mag-login</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Marami pang pagpipilian" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mga pansariling kagamitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl"><span>Donasyon</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Mag-ambag</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Espesye&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Gumawa ng account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Espesye&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mag-login</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mga pahina para sa naka-logout na mga patnugot o editor <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maligayang_pagdating!" aria-label="Alamin pa ang tungkol sa pagpapatnugot"><span>alamin pa</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Usapan_ko" title="Usapang tungkol sa mga pagbabagong ginawa sa ip address na ito [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tingnan ang wikitext ng Espesye</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mayroon lamang ang artikulong ito sa wikang ito. Idagdag ang artikulo sa ibang mga wika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Magdagdag ng wika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>Makikita at makokopya mo ang wikitext ng pahinang ito. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="tl" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Padron:Biological classification}} Sa larangan ng [[biyolohiya]], ang '''espesye''' (Ingles: '''species''') ay isa sa mga pinakapayak na pangkat sa [[kahanayang biyolohikal|kahanayang para sa mga nilikhang may-buhay]] at isang [[ranggong pang-taxonomiya|antas ng pagkakapangkat-pangkat]]. Kadalasang ipinakakahulugan na isa itong lipon ng mga [[organismo]] na may kakayahang [[interbreed|makipagtalik sa isang kalahi]] at nakapagsisilang ng [[supling]] na maaari ring magka-anak. Bagaman sapat na ang kahulugang ito para sa karamihan ng mga kaso, mayroong mas tumpak at naiibang pamamaraan na madalas ding gamitin, katulad ng paghahambing kung magkatulad ang mga pagsusespesye ng [[DNA]] o [[morpolohiya]]. Maaari pa ring mahati ang mga espesye sa mga [[subespesye]] ayon sa pagkakaroon ng mga tiyakan, mapantukoy, at namanang katutubong katangian. Kung minsan, ang mga pangalan na pangkaraniwang ginagamit para sa mga [[halaman]] at [[hayop]] ay umaayon sa mga espesye nito: halimbawa na ang “[[liyon]]”, “[[kambing]]”, at “[[mangga|puno ng mangga]], na mga katawagang tumutukoy sa mga espesye. Sa ibang mga kaso, ang mga pangalan ay hindi tumutukoy sa mga espesye: katulad ng “[[usa]]” na tumutukoy sa [[pamilya (biyolohiya)|pamilyang]] may 34 na mga espesye, katulad ng [[Eld’s deer|usa ni Eld]], [[pulang usa]], at [[wapiti]] (isang [[elk]]). Dating itinutespesyeng na nakapaloob sa iisang espesye ang dalawang huli, na nagpapakita lamang na maaaring mabago ang hangganan ng pag-uespesye sa pamamagitan ng mga karagdagang kaalamang pang-[[agham]]. Inilalagay ang bawat espesye sa loob ng isang [[genus]]. Isa itong [[hipotesis]] na ang isang espesye ay higit na mas malapit sa iba pang mga espesye sa loob ng kaniyang sariling sari kung ihahambing sa espesye ng ibang genus. Binigyan ng '''[[dalawahang pangalan]]''' ang lahat ng mga espesye na nalalangkapan ng [[generic name|pangalang pampamilya]] at [[tiyakang pangalan]]. Halimbawa na ang “[[Tilapiine cichlid]]” (na karaniwang tinatawag na “tilapya”). == Kahalagahan == Mahalaga ang pagkakaroon ng magagamit na kahulugan ng salitang “espesye” at maging mga mapanghahawakang mga paraan ng pagkilala sa partikular na espesye, upang masukat ang [[biodiversidad|pagkakaiba-iba ng mga nilikhang may-buhay]]. Nakaugalian na nararapat lamang na pag-aralan ang mga magkakatulad na katangian ng maraming mga halimbawa ng minumungkahing espesye bago itespesyeng na ang mga ito ay kabilang nga sa nag-iisang espesye lamang. Sa pangkalahatang pananaw, mahirap bigyan ng kahanayang pampangkat ang mga espesyeng nawala na sa mundo at nakikilala lamang dahil sa kanilang mga [[bakas (biyolohiya)|bakas]]. Maaaring gamitin ang [[dalawahang pangalan]] para sa mga espesyeng nailarawan na ng mga pamamaraang maka-agham. Subalit, ayon kay [[Charles Darwin]]: :''Itinutespesyeng ko ang salitang ''espesye'' bilang isang paghuhusgang itinakda - para sa kapakanang pangkaginhawahan ng humuhusga - upang mapagsama-sama ang mga nilikhang lubhang magkakamukha… wala itong sapat na pagkakaiba mula sa salitang ''sari'', na itinakda para sa mga wangis na walang tiyak na pagkakakilanlan at mas pabagubago. Ang salitang ''sari'', bilang muling paghahambing sa kaibahan ng nag-iisang nilikha, ay ginagamit din ayon sa makahusgang pananaw, at para lamang sa kapakanang nakagiginhawa.''<ref>Charles Darwin 1988 (1859) ''On the Origin of Species'' (Hinggil sa Pinagmulan ng mga espesye) na nanggaling sa ''The Works of Charles Darwin'' (Ang mga Gawa ni Charles Darwin), nasa wikang Ingles, pinatnugutan nina Paul H. Barrett at R. B. Freeman, Cambridge: Palimbagan ng Pamantasan ng Cambridge, aklat bilang 15, pahina 39</ref> Dahil sa mga kahirapan sa pagbibigay ng kahulugan at maging sa pagsusuma ng kabuuang bilang ng iba’t ibang mga espesye, tinataya na may 2 hanggang 100 milyong iba’t ibang mga espesye sa buong mundo.<ref>{{Citation | date =2003-05-26 | title =Just How Many Species Are There, Anyway? (Ilan nga Ba Talaga ang Bilang ng mga espesye?) | url =http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/05/030526103731.htm | accessdate =2008-01-15 }}</ref> == Pangalang dalawahan == {{Main|Pangalang dalawahan}} Sa [[scientific classification|klasipikasyong maka-agham]], binigyan ng pangalawang may dalawang bahagi ang isang espesye, na itinutespesyeng na [[wikang Latin|Latin]], bagaman magagamit ang mga salitang-ugat mula sa kahit-anumang wika, maging ang mga pangalang katutubo at ng mismong mga nilikha. Una munang isinusulat ang '''[[sari]]''' (''[[genus]]'') – na ginagamit ang malaking anyong pang-[[alpabeto]] para sa pinakaunang titik ng pangalan – at susundan ng pangalawang pangalan nito: halimbawa, ang mga [[grey|kulay-abong]] mga [[lobo (hayop)|lobo]] ay kabilang sa mga espesyeng ''[[Canis lupus]],'' ang mga [[coyote]] sa ''[[Canis latrans]],'' ang mga [[golden jackal|ginintuang jackal]] sa ''[[Canis aureus]],'' at iba pa; at lahat ng mga kabilang sa saring ''[[Canis]]'' (na naglalaman din ng marami pang ibang mga espesye). Ang '''pangalan ng espesye''' ay ang kabuuan ng '''[[dalawahang pangalan]]''', hindi lamang ang pangalawang salita (na matatawag din bilang partikular o [[specific name|tiyak na pangalan]] para sa mga [[hayop]]. Kung minsan, sa mga [[aklat]] at mga [[lathalain]] na nasa [[wikang Ingles]], sadyang hindi lubos na binabanggit, at gumagamit lamang ng pinaiksing pangalang “sp.” (pang-isahan ng ''species'') o “spp.” (pangmaramihan) bilang kapalit ng partikular na pangalan ng organismo: halimbawa, “Canis” sp. Karaniwang nagaganap ito sa mga sumusunod na mga pangyayari: * Naniniwala ang mga may-akda na kabilang ang ilan sa mga indibidwal sa isang partikular na sari subalit hindi sigurado kung ano ang tumpak na espesye talaga kabilang ang mga ito. Pangkaraniwaan na ito sa larangan ng [[paleontolohiya]]. * Ginagamit ng mga may-akda ang “spp.” bilang isang maikling paraan ng pagsasabi na mayroong magagamit para sa maraming mga espesye sa loob ng isang sari, ngunit hindi nila ibig sabihin na magagamit ito sa lahat ng mga espesyeng nasa loob ng saring tinutukoy. Ginagamit ng mga siyentipiko ang pangalan ng sari - na hindi binabanggit ang partikular na pangalan – kung ibig ipabatid ng dalubhasa na ang pangalan ay maaaring gamitin para sa lahat ng mga espesyeng nasa loob ng isang sari. Sa mga libro at artikulong gumagamit ng [[alpabetong Latino]], kadalasang nakahilig (italiko) ang pagkakalimbag ng mga pangalan ng sari at espesye. Ngunit kapag ginagamit ang “sp.” at “spp.”, hindi nakahilig ang mga ito. Ang gawaing paggamit ng dalawahang pangalan – na nang lumaon ay naging opisyal na [[nomenclature code|kodigo ng pagpapangalan]] – ay unang ginamit ni [[Leonhart Fuchs]] at ipinakilala bilang isang patakaran ni [[Carolus Linnaeus]] sa kaniyang isinaunang akdang ''Systema Naturae'' o “Pamamaraang Likas” (ika-sampung labas) noong [[1758]]. Bilang bunga, minsan itong tinatawag na “nomenklaturang binomyal” (pagpapangalang binomyal). Noong mga panahong iyon, ang pangunahing pagpapalagay na maka-biyolohiya (teoryang biyolohiko) ay ito: na kinakatawan ng bawat espesye ang magkakahiwalay na mga gawa ng [[Diyos]], at samakatuwid ay itinutespesyeng na katotohanang hindi matututulan at hindi mababago. ==Kahirapan sa pagtukoy ng espesye== May kahirapan sa paglalarawan ng isang espesye sa paraang lumalapat sa lahat ng organismo. Ang debate tungkol sa mga konsepto ng isang espesye ay tinatawag na "problema ng espesye" na nakilala ni [[Charles Darwin]] noong 1859 sa kanyang [[On the Origin of Species]]. ===Kapag ang konsepto ni Mayr ng espesye ay gumuguho=== [[File:Inoceramus cripsii Creta sup Bergamo.JPG|thumb|Ang mga paleontologo ay limitado sa ebidensiyang morpolohikal sa pagpapasya kung ang isang fossil tulad nitong mga ''[[Inoceramus]]'' bivalves ay bumbuo sa magkahiwalay na espesye.]] [[File:Xenology.svg|thumb|Ang isang pangyayaring espesiasyon ay lumilikha ng mga [[ortholog]] ng isang [[gene]] sa dalawang anak na espesye. ang isang pangyayaring [[horizontal gene transfer]] mula sa isang espesye tungo sa isa pang espesye ay nagdadagdag ng [[xenolog]] ng gene ng tumanggap na [[genome]].]] [[File:Ring species seagull.svg|thumb|right|Ang mga ''Larus'' gull ay makapagtatalik at makapagpaparami sa isang singsing sa palibot ng arktiko. 1: [[European Herring Gull|''L. argentatus argentatus'']], 2: [[Lesser Black-backed Gull|''L. fuscus'']], 3: [[Heuglin's Gull|''L. heuglini'']], 4: [[Birula's Gull|''L. vegae birulai'']], 5: [[East Siberian Herring Gull|''L. vegae'']], 6: [[American Herring Gull|''L. smithsonianus'']], 7: [[European Herring Gull#Subspecies|''L. argentatus argenteus'']].]] Ayon sa mahalagang biologo ng [[ebolusyon]] na si [[Ernst Mayr]] sa kanyang aklat na [[Systematics and the Origin of Species]] (1942), ang isang espesye ay hindi lamang isang pangkat ng mga organismo na magkatulad sa morpolohiya ngunit isang pangkat na makakapagpaparami lamang sa kanilang mga sarili at hindi sa iba pa. Kapag ang populasyon sa loob ng isang espesye ay nahiwalay sa heograpiya, stratehiya sa pagkain at pagpili ng makakatalik o iba pang paraan, ang mga ito ay magiging iba sa ibang mga populasyon sa pamamagitan ng [[genetic drift]] at [[natural na seleksiyon]] at sa paglipas ng panahon ay mag-e[[ebolb]] sa isang bagong espesye. Ang pinakamahalaga at mabilis na organisasyong henetiko ay nangyayari sa labis na maliit na mga populasyon na nahwalay gaya halimbawa sa isang isla. Ang isang simpleng kahulugan sa mga aklat pampaaralan ng konsepto ni [[Ernst Mayr]] ay lumalapat sa karamihan ng mga organismong multiselyular ngunit gumuguho sa ilang sitwasyon: *Kapag ang mga organismo ay nagpaparami ng [[aseksuwal]] gaya ng mga oganismong uniselyular gaya ng [[bakterya]] at ibang mga [[prokaryote]],<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1236 |pmid=16138101 |title=Opinion: Re-evaluating prokaryotic species |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=733–9 |year=2005 |last1=Gevers |first1=Dirk |last2=Cohan |first2=Frederick M. |last3=Lawrence |first3=Jeffrey G. |last4=Spratt |first4=Brian G. |last5=Coenye |first5=Tom |last6=Feil |first6=Edward J. |last7=Stackebrandt |first7=Erko|last8=De Peer |first8=Yves Van |last9=Vandamme |first9=Peter |last10=Thompson |first10=Fabiano L. |last11=Swings |first11=Jean|s2cid=41706247 }}</ref> at [[partenohenesis|partenohenetiko]] o [[apomixis|apomiktiko]]ng organismong multiselyular. Ang [[DNA barcoding]] at [[pilohenetika]] ay karaniwang ginagamit sa mga kasong ito.<ref>{{cite book |last=Templeton |first=A. R. |year=1989 |title=Speciation and its Consequences |chapter=The meaning of species and speciation: A genetic perspective |publisher=Sinauer Associates |editor1-first=D. |editor1-last=Otte |editor2-first=J. A. |editor2-last=Endler |pages=3–27}}</ref><ref name=Reekie2005>{{cite book |author1=Edward G. Reekie |author2=Fakhri A. Bazzaz |title=Reproductive allocation in plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KJdaiLKAogC&pg=PA99 |year=2005 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-088386-8 |page=99 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617224832/http://books.google.com/books?id=_KJdaiLKAogC&pg=PA99 |archive-date=17 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosselló-Mora |first1=Ramon |last2=Amann |first2=Rudolf |date=January 2001 |title=The species concept for prokaryotes |journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=39–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00571.x |pmid=11152940 |df=dmy-all |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ang katagang ''quasispecies'' ay minsang ginagamit para sa mabilisang nag-[[mutasyon|mumutate]] na mga organismo gaya ng mga [[virus]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Andino |first1=Raul |last2=Domingo |first2=Esteban |title=Viral quasispecies |journal=Virology |volume=479–480 |pages=46–51 |doi=10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.022 |pmid=25824477 |df=dmy-all |pmc=4826558 |year=2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Biebricher |first1=C. K. |last2=Eigen |first2=M. |title=Quasispecies: Concept and Implications for Virology |volume=299 |year=2006 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-26397-5 |series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |pages=1–31 |doi=10.1007/3-540-26397-7_1|pmid=16568894 }}</ref> * Kapat hindi alam ng mga siyentipiko kung ang dalawang magkatulad sa morpolohiyang mga grupo ng mga organismo ay may kakayahan sa [[interbreeding]]. Ito ang kaso sa lahat ng mga ekstinkt na anyo ng buhay sa paleontolohiya dahil ang mga experimento sa pagpaparami ay hindi posible.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Teueman |first=A. E. |title=The Species-Concept in Palaeontology |journal=Geological Magazine |date=2009 |volume=61 |issue=8 |pages=355–360 |doi=10.1017/S001675680008660X |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/div-classtitlethe-species-concept-in-palaeontologydiv/A203CDD72F8979A98B134274082C1A1D# |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314155325/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/div-classtitlethe-species-concept-in-palaeontologydiv/A203CDD72F8979A98B134274082C1A1D |archive-date=14 March 2017 |df=dmy-all |bibcode=1924GeoM...61..355T |s2cid=84339122 }}</ref> * Kapag ang [[hybrid]]isasyon ay pumapayag sa lubos na pagdaloy ng [[gene]] sa pagitan ng dalawang espesye. {{sfn|Zachos|2016|p=101}} * Sa [[singsing na espesye]] kung saan ang mga kasapi ng magkalapit na mga populasyon sa isang malawak na patuloy na saklaw na distribusyon ay nagtatalik at nagpaparami ng matagumpay ngunit ang mga kasapi nito sa mas malayong populasyon ay hindi ito magagawa.{{sfn|Zachos|2016|pp=156–157}} {{multiple image |align=right |width = 150 |image1 = Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus.jpg |alt1 = Willow warbler |image2 = Common Chiff-Chaff - Italy S4E1681 (19081363189) (cropped).jpg |alt2 = Chiffchaff |footer = The [[willow warbler]] and [[Common chiffchaff|chiffchaff]] are almost identical in appearance but do not interbreed. }} Ang pagtukoy ng espesye ay nagiging mahirap sa kawalang pag-ayon sa mga imbestigasyong molekular at morpolohikal. Ito ay kinakategorya bilang dalawang espesye: isang morpolohiya na maraming pinagmulang lahi ( halimbawa [[ebolusyong komberhente]], [[espesyeng kriptiko]]) at isang pinagmulang lahi ngunit maraming morpolohiya (halimbawa [[plastisidad na penotikpiko]] at maraming yugtong siklo ng buhay).<ref>{{cite journal |year=2014 |title=How discordant morphological and molecular evolution among microorganisms can revise our notions of biodiversity on Earth |journal=BioEssays |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=950–959 |doi=10.1002/bies.201400056 |last1=Lahr |first1=D. J. |last2=Laughinghouse |first2=H. D. |author3=Oliverio, A. M. |author4=Gao, F. |author5=Katz, L. A. |pmid=25156897 |pmc=4288574}}</ref> Sa karagdagan, ang [[horizontal gene transfer]] (HGT) ay gumagawa sa paglalarawan ng isang espesye.<ref name=Melcher/> Ang lahat ng mga depinisyon ng isang espesye ay nagpapalgay na ang organismo ay nakakakuha ng mga [[gene]] nito mula sa isa o dalwang magulang tulad ng anak na organismo ngunit hindi ito nangyayari sa HGT.<ref name=Bapteste2005>{{cite journal |last=Bapteste |first=E. |date=May 2005 |title=Do orthologous gene phylogenies really support tree-thinking? |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=5 |issue=33 |pages=33 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-5-33 |display-authors=etal |pmid=15913459 |pmc=1156881}}</ref>May malakas na ebidesniya ng HGT sa pagitan ng malabis na magkaibang mga pangkat ng mga [[prokaryote]] at sa pagitan ng magkaibang mga pangkat ng mga [[eukaryote].<ref name=Melcher>{{cite web |url=http://bioinfosu.okstate.edu/MG/MGW3/MG334.html |last=Melcher |first=Ulrich |date=2001 |title=Molecular genetics: Horizontal gene transfer |publisher=Oklahoma State University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071146/http://bioinfosu.okstate.edu/MG/MGW3/MG334.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Kabilang dito ang mga [[crustacean]] at mga [[echinoderm]].<ref name="Williamson 2003">{{cite book |last=Williamson |first=David I. |title=The Origins of Larvae |url=https://archive.org/details/originsoflarvae0000will |publisher=Kluwer |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-4020-1514-4}}</ref> == Mga sanggunian == {{English2|Species}} {{reflist}} {{Taxonomic ranks}} {{speciation}} [[Kategorya:Pagtitipun-tipong pang-agham]] [[Kategorya:Pagpapangalang pang-botanika]] [[Kategorya:Pagpapangalang pang-soolohiya]] [[Kategorya:Taksonomiya ng halaman]] [[Kategorya:Biyolohiya]] [[Kategorya:Espesye]] [[Kategorya:Ebolusyon]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Mga padron na ginamit sa pahinang ito: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Padron:Biological_classification" 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