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href="https://github.com/features/copilot"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M23.922 16.992c-.861 1.495-5.859 5.023-11.922 5.023-6.063 0-11.061-3.528-11.922-5.023A.641.641 0 0 1 0 16.736v-2.869a.841.841 0 0 1 .053-.22c.372-.935 1.347-2.292 2.605-2.656.167-.429.414-1.055.644-1.517a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.499 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952 1.399-1.136 3.392-2.093 6.122-2.093 2.731 0 4.767.957 6.166 2.093.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086.23.462.477 1.088.644 1.517 1.258.364 2.233 1.721 2.605 2.656a.832.832 0 0 1 .053.22v2.869a.641.641 0 0 1-.078.256ZM12.172 11h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.703 12.455 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a2.005 2.005 0 0 1-.085-.104L4 11.741v6.585c1.435.779 4.514 2.179 8 2.179 3.486 0 6.565-1.4 8-2.179v-6.585l-.098-.104s-.033.045-.085.104c-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.545-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.016.016Zm.641-2.935c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 2.344-.938.475-.584.742-1.44.878-2.497Z"></path><path d="M14.5 14.25a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link 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2h13.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 18.75 13H5.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75Zm-2 12c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v4a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM5.25 3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h13.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 12a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v4c0 .138.112.25.25.25h17.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M10 17.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div> Instant dev environments </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;issues&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;product&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;issues_link_product_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/features/issues"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1ZM2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12 2.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 2.5 12Zm9.5 2a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 12 14Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Issues</div> Plan and track work </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" 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1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" 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</li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 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data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ci_cd&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ci_cd_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/ci-cd"> CI/CD </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case"> View all use cases </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-industry-heading">By industry</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-industry-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;healthcare&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;healthcare_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/healthcare"> Healthcare </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;financial_services&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;financial_services_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/financial-services"> Financial services </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;manufacturing&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;manufacturing_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/manufacturing"> Manufacturing </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;government&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;government_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/government"> Government </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry"> View all industries </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-trailing-link rounded-bottom-2 flex-shrink-0 mt-lg-4 px-lg-4 py-4 py-lg-3 f5 text-semibold"> <a href="/solutions"> View all solutions <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right HeaderMenu-trailing-link-icon"> <path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Resources <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 mb-lg-0 pr-lg-7"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 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class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eC++03 / C++11 / C++14 / C++17 / C++20 / C++23 / C++26\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-c03--c11----c14----c17---c20--c23--c26\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: C++03 / C++11 / C++14 / C++17 / C++20 / C++23 / C++26\" href=\"#c03--c11----c14----c17---c20--c23--c26\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis \u003cem\u003eopen-access\u003c/em\u003e course is directed at those who are already familiar with C and object-oriented programming towards a proficiency level of C++ programming. The course covers the basics of C++ programming and moves on to advanced C++ semantics and concepts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKey features\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eFree and frequently updated\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003e26 lectures, 1800+ slides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInclude the \u003cem\u003elast language standard\u003c/em\u003e concepts and features\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003ePractical teaching\u003c/em\u003e: non-verbose, short structured descriptions associated with code\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eMinimal code examples\u003c/em\u003e for showing just a specific feature or issue without digressing\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eComplementary language aspects\u003c/em\u003e: tools, coding conventions, project organization, and code optimization\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eExperience-based\u003c/em\u003e: many aspects, examples, and problems come from real-world cases faced during my work as software engineer\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eIf you enjoy the course or you find it useful\u003c/em\u003e, please add a \u003cstrong\u003eStar\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/ddf81668aedb28c958d3703592dd641903bce91051d9880f987cda3a6c7a5f07/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f6769746875622f73746172732f666564657269636f2d62757361746f2f4d6f6465726e2d4350502d50726f6772616d6d696e673f7374796c653d736f6369616c\" alt=\"stars - Modern-CPP-Programming\" data-canonical-src=\"https://img.shields.io/github/stars/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming?style=social\" style=\"max-width: 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href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/02.Preparation.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreparation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/02.Preparation.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eBooks, How to compile, Hello world\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/03.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasic Concepts I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/03.Basic_Concepts_I.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eType System, Fundamental types, and Operators\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasic Concepts II\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/04.Basic_Concepts_II.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIntegral and Floating-point types and their arithmetic\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasic Concepts III\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/05.Basic_Concepts_III.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eEntities, Enumerators, Structures, Control flow statements\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasic Concepts IV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/06.Basic_Concepts_IV.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eHeap, Stack, Pointers, References, Const properties, Conversion operators\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/07.Basic_Concepts_V.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasic Concepts V\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/07.Basic_Concepts_V.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFunctions, Lambda expressions, Preprocessing directives\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Object_Oriented_I.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObject-Oriented Programming I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/08.Object_Oriented_I.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eClass hierarchy, Constructor, Destructor, Class keywords\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/09.Object_Oriented_II.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObject Oriented Programming II\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/09.Object_Oriented_II.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePolymorphism, Operators overloading\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/10.Templates_I.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemplates and Meta-programming I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/10.Templates_I.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFunction template, Type traits, Compile-time utilities\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/11.Templates_II.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemplates and Meta-programming II\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/11.Templates_II.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eClass template, SFINAE\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/12.Translation_Units_I.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTranslation Units I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/12.Translation_Units_I.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eLinkage and One Definition Rule\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/13.Translation_Units_II.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTranslation Units II\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/13.Translation_Units_II.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDealing with multiple translation units and files,\u003ccode\u003e#include\u003c/code\u003e, Modules\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/14.Code_Convention_I.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode Conventions I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/14.Code_Convention_I.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eProject organization, code conventions intro, entities conventions\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/15.Code_Convention_II.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode Conventions II\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/15.Code_Convention_II.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTemplate, namespace, modern c++, maintainability , naming, and formatting conventions\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/16.Debugging.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDebugging and Testing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/16.Debugging.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eExecution/memory debugging, Sanitizers, Harding techniques, Unit test, Test-Driven Development\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/17.Ecosystem.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEcosystem\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/17.Ecosystem.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCmake, Documenting, and Other Tools\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/18.Utilities.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUtilities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/18.Utilities.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMain \u003ccode\u003estd\u003c/code\u003e libraries\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/19.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContainers, Iterators, and Algorithms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/19.Iterators_Containers_Alg.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eContainers, Iterators, Algorithms, Ranges\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/20.Advanced_Topics_I.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdvanced Topics I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/20.Advanced_Topics_I.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMove semantics, Universal reference, Type deduction\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/21.Advanced_Topics_II.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdvanced Topics II\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/21.Advanced_Topics_II.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eError handling, C++ idioms, Smart pointers\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/22.Optimization_I.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerformance Optimizations I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/22.Optimization_I.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eAhmdal Law, Performance bounds, Architecture concepts (ILP, SIMD, etc.), Memory hierarchy\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/23.Optimization_II.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerformance Optimizations II\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/23.Optimization_II.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eArithmetic optimizations, Memory optimizations, etc.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/24.Optimization_III.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerformance Optimizations III\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/24.Optimization_III.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCompiler optimizations, Profiling, Benchmarking tools\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/25.Software_Design_I.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoftware Design I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/25.Software_Design_I.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eBasic Concepts, Principles, Use cases\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/26.Software_Design_II.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoftware Design II\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/26.Software_Design_II.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDesign Patterns and Idioms\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eALL-IN-ONE BOOK\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: \u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/modern-cpp.pdf\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emodern-cpp.pdf\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (could be a few commits behind), \u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/modern-cpp.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehtml\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTOPICS IN DETAILS\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-topics-in-details\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: TOPICS IN DETAILS\" href=\"#topics-in-details\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/01.Introduction.pdf\"\u003e1. Introduction\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA Little History of C/C++ Programming Languages\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAreas of Application and Popularity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC++ Philosophy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC++ Weakness\u003c/strong\u003e: C++ alternatives, Why switching to a new language is hard?\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Course\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/02.Preparation.pdf\"\u003e2. Preparation\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBooks and References\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSlide Legend\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat Editor/ IDE/Compiler Should I Use?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow to compile?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHello World\u003c/strong\u003e: I/O Stream\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/03.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf\"\u003e3. Basic Concepts I - Type System, Fundamental Types, and Operators\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe C++ Type System\u003c/strong\u003e: Type categories, Type properties\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC++ Fundamental Types Overview\u003c/strong\u003e: Arithmetic types, Suffix and prefix, Non-standard arithmetic types, \u003ccode\u003evoid\u003c/code\u003e type, \u003ccode\u003enullptr\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConversion Rules\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ccode\u003eauto\u003c/code\u003e Keyword\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC++ Operators\u003c/strong\u003e: Operators precedence, Prefix/Postfix increment/decrement semantic, Assignment, compound, and comma operators, Spaceship operator \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;=\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e , Safe comparison operators\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf\"\u003e4. Basic Concepts II - Integral and Floating-point Types\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntegral Data Types\u003c/strong\u003e: Fixed width integers, \u003ccode\u003esize_t\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eptrdiff_t\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003euintptr_t\u003c/code\u003e, Arithmetic Operation Semantics, Promotion, Truncation, Undefined behavior, Saturation Arithmentic\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFloating-point Types and Arithmetic\u003c/strong\u003e: IEEE Floating-point standard and other representations, Normal/Denormal values, Infinity, Not a Number (\u003ccode\u003eNaN\u003c/code\u003e), Machine Epsilon, Units at the Last Place (ULP), Cheatsheet, Limits and useful functions, Arithmetic properties, Special values behavior, Undefined behavior, Detect floating-point errors\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFloating-point Issues\u003c/strong\u003e: Catastrophic cancellation, Floating-point comparison\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf\"\u003e5. Basic Concepts III - Entities and Control Flow\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEntities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration and Definition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnumerators\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ccode\u003estruct\u003c/code\u003e, Bitfield, \u003ccode\u003eunion\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl Flow\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003eif\u003c/code\u003e statement, \u003ccode\u003efor\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003ewhile\u003c/code\u003e loops, Range-base \u003ccode\u003efor\u003c/code\u003e loop, \u003ccode\u003eswitch\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003egoto\u003c/code\u003e, Avoid unused variable warning\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNamespace\u003c/strong\u003e: Explicit global namespace, namespace alias, \u003ccode\u003eusing\u003c/code\u003e-declaration, \u003ccode\u003eusing namespace\u003c/code\u003e-directive, \u003ccode\u003einline\u003c/code\u003e namespace\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAttributes\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003e[[nodiscard]]\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003e[[maybe_unused]]\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003e[[deprecated]]\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003e[[noreturn]]\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf\"\u003e6. Basic Concepts IV - Memory Concepts\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePointers\u003c/strong\u003e: Pointer operations, Address-of operator \u003ccode\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estruct\u003c/code\u003e member access, \u003ccode\u003evoid\u003c/code\u003e pointer, Pointer conversion, Pointer arithmetic, Wild and dangling pointers\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeap and Stack\u003c/strong\u003e: Stack memory, \u003ccode\u003enew\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003edelete\u003c/code\u003e, Non-allocating placement allocation, Non-throwing allocation, Memory leak\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInitialization\u003c/strong\u003e: Variable initialization, Uniform initialization, Array initialization, Structure initialization, Structure Binding, Dynamic memory initialization\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferences\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ccode\u003eConst\u003c/code\u003e and Constant Expressions\u003c/strong\u003e: Contants and literals, \u003ccode\u003econst\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003econstexpr\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003econsteval\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003econstinit\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eif constexpr\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::is constant evaluated()\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eif consteval\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ccode\u003evolatile\u003c/code\u003e keyword\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExplicit Type Conversion\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003estatic_cast\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003econst_cast\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003ereinterpret_cast\u003c/code\u003e, Type punning, \u003ccode\u003estd::bit_cast\u003c/code\u003e, Uniform initialization conversion, \u003ccode\u003egls::narrow_cast\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ccode\u003esizeof\u003c/code\u003e Operator\u003c/strong\u003e: overview, \u003ccode\u003e[[no_unique_address]]\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/07.Basic_Concepts_V.pdf\"\u003e7. Basic Concepts V - Functions and Preprocessing\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunctions\u003c/strong\u003e: Pass-by-value, Pass-by-pointer, Pass-by-reference, Function signature and overloading, Overloading and \u003ccode\u003e=delete\u003c/code\u003e, Default parameters\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunction Pointer and Function Objects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLambda Expressions\u003c/strong\u003e: Capture list, Lambda expression and function relation, Parameter notes, Composability, Recursion, \u003ccode\u003econstexpr/consteval\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003etemplate\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003emutable\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003e[[nodiscard]]\u003c/code\u003e, Capture list and classes\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreprocessing\u003c/strong\u003e: Preprocessors, Common errors, Source location macros, Conditional compiling macros, Stringizing operator (\u003ccode\u003e#\u003c/code\u003e), \u003ccode\u003e#error\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e#warning\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003e#pragma\u003c/code\u003e, Token-pasting operator \u003ccode\u003e##\u003c/code\u003e, Variadic macro\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Object_Oriented_I.pdf\"\u003e8. Object-Oriented Programming I - Class Concepts\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC++ Classes\u003c/strong\u003e: RAII idiom\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClass Hierarchy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccess specifiers\u003c/strong\u003e: Inheritance access specifiers, When use \u003ccode\u003epublic/protected/private\u003c/code\u003e for data members?\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClass Constructor\u003c/strong\u003e: Default constructor, Class initialization, Uniform initialization for objects, Delegate constructor, \u003ccode\u003eexplicit\u003c/code\u003e keyword, \u003ccode\u003e[[nodiscard]]\u003c/code\u003e and classes\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCopy Constructor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClass Destructor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDefaulted Constructors, Destructor, and Operators\u003c/strong\u003e (\u003ccode\u003e= default\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClass Keywords\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003ethis\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estatic\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003econst\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003emutable\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eusing\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003efriend\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003edelete\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/09.Object_Oriented_II.pdf\"\u003e9. Object-Oriented Programming II - Polymorphism and Operator Overloading\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolymorphism\u003c/strong\u003e: C++ mechanisms for polymorphism, \u003ccode\u003evirtual\u003c/code\u003e methods, Virtual table, \u003ccode\u003eoverride\u003c/code\u003e keyword, \u003ccode\u003efinal\u003c/code\u003e keyword, Common errors, Pure virtual method, Abstract class and interface\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInheritance Casting and Run-time Type Identification\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOperator Overloading\u003c/strong\u003e: Overview, Comparison operator \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/code\u003e, Spaceship operator \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;=\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e, Subscript operator \u003ccode\u003e[]\u003c/code\u003e, Multidimensional subscript operator \u003ccode\u003e[]\u003c/code\u003e, Function call operator \u003ccode\u003e()\u003c/code\u003e, static operator \u003ccode\u003e[]\u003c/code\u003e and operator \u003ccode\u003e()\u003c/code\u003e, Conversion operator \u003ccode\u003eT()\u003c/code\u003e, Return type overloading resolution, Increment and decrement operators \u003ccode\u003e++\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003e--\u003c/code\u003e, Assignment operator \u003ccode\u003e=\u003c/code\u003e, Stream operator \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026lt;\u003c/code\u003e, Operator notes\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC++ Object Layout\u003c/strong\u003e: Aggregate, Trivial class, Standard-layout class, Plain old data (POD), Hierarchy\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/10.Templates_I.pdf\"\u003e10. Templates and Meta-programming I - Function Templates and Compile-Time Utilities\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunction Template\u003c/strong\u003e: Overview, Template instantiation, Templat parameters, Template parameter - default value, Overloading, Specialization\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemplate Variable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemplate Parameter Types\u003c/strong\u003e: Generic Type Notes, \u003ccode\u003eauto\u003c/code\u003e Placeholder, Class template parameter type, Array and pointer types, Function type\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompile-Time Utilities\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003estatic_assert\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eusing\u003c/code\u003e keyword, \u003ccode\u003edecltype\u003c/code\u003e keyword\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType Traits\u003c/strong\u003e: Overview, Type traits library, Type manipulation\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/11.Templates_II.pdf\"\u003e11. Templates and Meta-programming II - Class Templates and SFINAE\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClass Template\u003c/strong\u003e: Class specialization, Class template constructor\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstructor template automatic deduction (CTAD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClass Template - Advanced Concepts\u003c/strong\u003e: Class + Function - specialization, Dependent names - \u003ccode\u003etypename\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003etemplate\u003c/code\u003e keywords, Class template hierarchy and \u003ccode\u003eusing\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003efriend\u003c/code\u003e keyword, Template template arguments\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemplate Meta-Programming\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSFINAE: Substitution Failure Is Not An Error\u003c/strong\u003e: Function SFINAE, Class SFINAE\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariadic Template\u003c/strong\u003e: Folding expression, Variadic class template\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC++20 Concepts\u003c/strong\u003e: Overview, \u003ccode\u003econcept\u003c/code\u003e keyword, \u003ccode\u003erequires\u003c/code\u003e clause, \u003ccode\u003erequires\u003c/code\u003e expression, \u003ccode\u003erequires\u003c/code\u003e expression + clause, \u003ccode\u003erequires\u003c/code\u003e clause + expression, \u003ccode\u003erequires\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003econstexpr\u003c/code\u003e, Nested \u003ccode\u003erequires\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemplate Debugging\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/12.Translation_Units_I.pdf\"\u003e12. Translation Units I - Linkage and One Definition Rule\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasic Concepts\u003c/strong\u003e: Translation unit, Local and global scope, Linkage\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStorage Class and Duration\u003c/strong\u003e: Storage duration, Storage class, \u003ccode\u003estatic\u003c/code\u003e keyword, Anonymous namespace, \u003ccode\u003eextern\u003c/code\u003e keywords\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLinkage of \u003ccode\u003econst\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003econstexpr\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: Static initialization order fiasco\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLinkage Summary\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDealing with Multiple Translation Units\u003c/strong\u003e: Class in multiple translation units\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOne Definition Rule (ODR)\u003c/strong\u003e: Global variable issues, ODR - Point 3, \u003ccode\u003einline\u003c/code\u003e functions/variables, \u003ccode\u003econstexpr\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003einline\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eODR - Function Template\u003c/strong\u003e: Cases, \u003ccode\u003eextern\u003c/code\u003e keyword\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eODR - Class Template\u003c/strong\u003e: Cases, \u003ccode\u003eextern\u003c/code\u003e keyword\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eODR Undefined Behavior and Summary\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/13.Translation_Units_II.pdf\"\u003e13. Translation Units II - Include, Module, and Namespace\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ccode\u003e#include\u003c/code\u003e Issues\u003c/strong\u003e: Include guard, Forward declaration, Circular dependencies, Common linking errors\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC++20 Modules\u003c/strong\u003e: Overview, Terminology, Visibility and reachability, Module unit types, Keywords, Global module fragment, Private module fragment, Header module unit, Module partitions\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompiling Multiple Translation Units\u003c/strong\u003e: Fundamental compiler flags, Compile Methods\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLibraries in C++\u003c/strong\u003e: Static library, Build static libraries, Using static libraries, Dynamic library, Build dynamic libraries, Using dynamic libraries, Application binary interface (ABI), Demangling, Find Dynamic library dependencies, Analyze object/executable symbols\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/14.Code_Convention_I.pdf\"\u003e14. Code Conventions I\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC++ Project Organization\u003c/strong\u003e: Project directories, Project files, \"Common\" project organization notes, Alternative - “Canonical” project organization\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoding Styles and Conventions\u003c/strong\u003e: Overview, Popular coding styles\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeader Files and \u003ccode\u003e#include\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003e#include\u003c/code\u003e guard, \u003ccode\u003e#include\u003c/code\u003e syntax, order of \u003ccode\u003e#include\u003c/code\u003e, Common header/source filename conventions\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreprocessing\u003c/strong\u003e: Macro, Preprocessing statements\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003estatic\u003c/code\u003e global variables, conversions\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnumerators\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArithmetic Types\u003c/strong\u003e: Signed vs. unsigned integral types, integral types conversion, Integral types: size and other issues, Floating-point types\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunctions\u003c/strong\u003e: Function parameters, Function arguments, function return values, Function specifiers, lambda expressions\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStructs and Classes\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003estruct\u003c/code\u003e vs \u003ccode\u003eclass\u003c/code\u003e, Initialization, Braced initializer lists, Special member functions, \u003ccode\u003e=default\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003e=delete\u003c/code\u003e, Other issues, Inheritance, Style\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/15.Code_Convention_II.pdf\"\u003e15. Code Conventions II\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ccode\u003eauto\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemplates and Type Deduction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl Flow\u003c/strong\u003e: Redundant control flow , \u003ccode\u003eif/else\u003c/code\u003e, Comparison, \u003ccode\u003eswitch\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003efor/while\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNamespace\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003eusing namespace\u003c/code\u003e directive, Anoymous/unnamed namespace, Namespace and class design, Style\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModern C++ Features\u003c/strong\u003e: Keywords, Features, Class, Library\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaintainability\u003c/strong\u003e: Code comprehension, Functions, Template and Debuction, Library\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePortability\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNaming\u003c/strong\u003e: Entities, Variables, Functions, Style conventions, Enforcing naming styles\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReadability and Formatting\u003c/strong\u003e: Horizontal spacing, Pointers/References, Vertical spacing, Braces, Type decorators, Reduce code verbosity, Other issues\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode Documentation\u003c/strong\u003e: Function documentation, Comment syntax, File documentation\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/16.Debugging.pdf\"\u003e16. Debugging and Testing\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDebugging Overview\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssertions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExecution debugging\u003c/strong\u003e: Breakpoints, Watchpoints / Catchpoints, Control flow, Stack and info, Print, Disassemble, \u003ccode\u003estd::breakpoint\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMemory Debugging\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003evalgrind\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHardening Techniques\u003c/strong\u003e: Stack usage, Standard library checks, Undefined behavior protections, Control flow protections\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSanitizers\u003c/strong\u003e: Address sanitizer, Leak sanitizer, Memory sanitizers, Undefined behavior sanitizer, Sampling-baed sanitizer\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDebugging Summary\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompiler Warnings\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatic Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode Testing\u003c/strong\u003e: Unit testing, Test-Driven Development (TDD), Code coverage, Fuzz testing\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode Quality\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003eclang-tidy\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/17.Ecosystem.pdf\"\u003e17. Ecosystem - Cmake and Other Tools\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCMake\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003ecmake\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003ectest\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode Documentation\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003edoxygen\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode Statistics\u003c/strong\u003e: Count lines of code, Cyclomatic complexity analyzer\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOther Tools\u003c/strong\u003e: Code formatting - \u003ccode\u003eclang-format\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eCompiler Explorer\u003c/code\u003e, Code transformation - \u003ccode\u003eCppInsights\u003c/code\u003e, AI-powered code completion -Local code search - \u003ccode\u003eugrep\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eripgrep\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003ehypergrep\u003c/code\u003e, Code search engine - \u003ccode\u003esearchcode/grep.app\u003c/code\u003e, Code benchmarking - \u003ccode\u003eQuick-Bench\u003c/code\u003e, Font for coding\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/18.Utilities.pdf\"\u003e18. Utilities\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI/O Stream\u003c/strong\u003e: Manipulator, \u003ccode\u003eofstream/ifstream\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrings\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003estd::string\u003c/code\u003e, Conversion from/to numeric values, \u003ccode\u003estd::string_view\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::format\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::print\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eView\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003estd::span\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMath Libraries\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRandom Number\u003c/strong\u003e: Basic concepts, C++ \u003ccode\u003e\u0026lt;random\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e, Seed, PRNG period and quality, Distribution, Recent algorithms and Performance, Quasi-random\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTime Measuring\u003c/strong\u003e: Wall-Clock time, User time, System time\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStd Class Templates\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003estd::pair\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::tuple\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::variant\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::optional\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::any\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::stacktrace\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFilesystem Library\u003c/strong\u003e: Query methods, Modify methods\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/19.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf\"\u003e19. Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContainers and Iterators\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSequence Containers\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003estd::array\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::vector\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::deque\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::list\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::forward_list\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssociative Containers\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003estd::set\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::map\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::multiset\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContainer Adaptors\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003estd::stack\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::queue\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::priority_queue\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImplement a Custom Iterator\u003c/strong\u003e: Implement a simple Iterator\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIterator Notes\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIterator Utility Methods\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003estd::advance\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::next\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::prev\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::distance\u003c/code\u003e, Container access methods, Iterator traits\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlgorithms Library\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003estd::find_if\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::sort\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::accumulate\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::generate\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::remove_if\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC++20 Ranges\u003c/strong\u003e: Key concepts, Range view, Range adaptor, Range factory, Range algorithms, Range actions\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/20.Advanced_Topics_I.pdf\"\u003e20. Advanced Topics I\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMove Semantic\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003elvalues\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003ervalues\u003c/code\u003e references, Move semantic, \u003ccode\u003estd::move\u003c/code\u003e, Class declaration semantic\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUniversal Reference and Perfect Forwarding\u003c/strong\u003e: Universal reference, Reference collapsing rules, Perfect forwarding\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValue Categories\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003e\u0026amp;\u0026amp;\u003c/code\u003e Ref-qualifiers and \u003ccode\u003evolatile\u003c/code\u003e Overloading\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCopy Elision and RVO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType Deduction\u003c/strong\u003e: Pass by-reference, Pass-by-pointer, Pass-by-value, \u003ccode\u003eauto\u003c/code\u003e deduction, \u003ccode\u003eauto(x)\u003c/code\u003e: Decay-copy\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ccode\u003econst\u003c/code\u003e Correctness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/21.Advanced_Topics_II.pdf\"\u003e21. Advanced Topics II\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUndefined Behavior:\u003c/strong\u003e Illegal behavior, Platform specific behavior, unspecified behavior, Detecting undefined behavior\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eError Handling\u003c/strong\u003e: Recoverable error handing, Return code, C++ Exceptions, Defining custom exceptions, \u003ccode\u003enoexcept\u003c/code\u003e keyword, Memory allocation issues, Return code and exception summary, \u003ccode\u003estd::expected\u003c/code\u003e, Alternative error handling approaches\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSmart pointers\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003estd::unique_ptr\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::shared_ptr\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003estd::weak_ptr\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConcurrency\u003c/strong\u003e: Thread methods, Mutex, Atomic, Task-based parallelism\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/22.Optimization_I.pdf\"\u003e22. Optimization I - Basic Concepts\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntroduction\u003c/strong\u003e: Moore's Law, Moore's Law limitations, Reasons for optimizing\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasic Concepts\u003c/strong\u003e: Asymptotic complexity, Time-Memory trade-off, Developing cycle, Ahmdal's law, Throughput, Bandwidth, Latency, Performance bounds, Arithmetic intensity\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasic Architecture Concepts\u003c/strong\u003e: Instruction throughput (IPC), In-Order, and Out-of-Order Execution, Instruction pipelining, Instruction-level parallelism (ILP), Little’s law, Data-level parallelism (DLP) and vector instructions (SIMD), Thread-level parallelism (TLP), Single Instruction Multiple Threads (SIMT), RISC, CISC instruction sets\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMemory Hierarchy\u003c/strong\u003e: Memory hierarchy concepts, Memory locality, Core-to-core latency and thread affinity, Memory ordering model\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/23.Optimization_II.pdf\"\u003e23. Optimization II - Code Optimization\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI/O Operations\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003eprintf\u003c/code\u003e, Memory mapped I/O, Speed up raw data loading\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMemory Optimizations\u003c/strong\u003e: Heap memory, Stack memory, Cache utilization, Data alignment, Memory Prefetch\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArithmetic Types\u003c/strong\u003e: Data types, Arithmetic operations, Conversion, Floating-point, Compiler intrinsic functions, Value in a range, Lookup table\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl Flow\u003c/strong\u003e: Branhes, Branch Hints - \u003ccode\u003e[[likely]]\u003c/code\u003e / \u003ccode\u003e[[unlikely]]\u003c/code\u003e, Signed/Unsigned integers, Loops, Loop hoisting, Loop unrolling, Assertions, Compiler hints \u003ccode\u003e[[assume]]/std::unreacheable()\u003c/code\u003e, Recursion\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunctions\u003c/strong\u003e: Function call cost, Argument passing, Function inlining, Function attributes, Pointers aliasing\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObject-Oriented Programming\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStd Library and Other Language Aspects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/24.Optimization_III.pdf\"\u003e24. Optimization III - Non-Coding Optimizations and Benchmarking\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompiler Optimizations\u003c/strong\u003e: About the compiler, Compiler optimization flags, Floating-point optimization flags, Linker optimization flags, Architecture flags, Help the compiler to produce better code, Profile guided optimization (PGO), Post-processing binary optimizer, Polyhedral optimizations\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompiler Transformation Techniques\u003c/strong\u003e: Basic transformations, Loop unswitching, Loop fusion, Loop fission, Loop interchange, Loop tiling\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLibraries and Data Structures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerformance Benchmarking\u003c/strong\u003e: What to test?, Workload/Dataset quality, Cache behavior, Stable CPU performance, Multi-threads considerations, Program memory layout, Measurement overhead, Compiler optimizations, Metric evaluation\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfiling\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003ccode\u003egprof\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003euftrace\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003ecallgrind\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003ecachegrind\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eperf\u003c/code\u003e Linux profiler\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParallel Computing\u003c/strong\u003e: Concurrency vs. parallelism, Performance scaling, Gustafson's Law, Parallel programming languages\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/25.Software_Design_I.pdf\"\u003e25. Software Design I - Basic Concepts (DRAFT)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBooks and References\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasic Concepts\u003c/strong\u003e: Abstraction, interface, and module, Class Invariant\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoftware Design Principles\u003c/strong\u003e: Separation of concern, Low coupling, high cohesion, Encapsulation and information hiding, Design by contract, Problem decomposition, Code reuse\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoftware Complexity\u003c/strong\u003e: Software entropy, Technical debt\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe SOLID Design Principles\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClass Design\u003c/strong\u003e: The class interface principle, Member functions vs. free functions, namespace functions vs. class static methods\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBLAS GEMM Case Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOwning Objects and Views\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValue vs. Reference Semantic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlobal Variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/26.Software_Design_II.pdf\"\u003e26. Software Design II - Design Patterns and Idioms (DRAFT)\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC++ Idioms\u003c/strong\u003e: Rule of Zero, Rule of Three, Rule of Five\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDesign Pattern\u003c/strong\u003e: Singleton, Pointer to implementation (PIMPL), Curiously Recurring Template Pattern (CRTP), Template virtual functions\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRoadmap\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-roadmap\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Roadmap\" href=\"#roadmap\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eImprove Software Design Chapters\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBuild Aspects Chapter (e.g. reducing build time)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReporting bugs 🐛 and contributing\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-reporting-bugs--and-contributing\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Reporting bugs 🐛 and contributing\" href=\"#reporting-bugs--and-contributing\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you find any typo, conceptual error, or section to improve, please report them by using the \u003ccode\u003eissue\u003c/code\u003e panel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAuthor\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-author\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Author\" href=\"#author\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eFederico Busato\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://federico-busato.github.io/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://federico-busato.github.io/\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLinkedIn: \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/federico-busato/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ewww.linkedin.com/in/federico-busato/\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTwitter: \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/fedebusato\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003etwitter.com/fedebusato\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"Modern C++ Programming","anchor":"modern-c-programming","htmlText":"Modern C++ Programming"},{"level":2,"text":"C++03 / C++11 / C++14 / C++17 / C++20 / C++23 / C++26","anchor":"c03--c11----c14----c17---c20--c23--c26","htmlText":"C++03 / C++11 / C++14 / C++17 / C++20 / C++23 / C++26"},{"level":2,"text":"CHAPTERS","anchor":"chapters","htmlText":"CHAPTERS"},{"level":2,"text":"TOPICS IN DETAILS","anchor":"topics-in-details","htmlText":"TOPICS IN DETAILS"},{"level":3,"text":"Roadmap","anchor":"roadmap","htmlText":"Roadmap"},{"level":3,"text":"Reporting bugs 🐛 and contributing","anchor":"reporting-bugs--and-contributing","htmlText":"Reporting bugs 🐛 and contributing"},{"level":2,"text":"Author","anchor":"author","htmlText":"Author"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Ffederico-busato%2FModern-CPP-Programming"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0}},"appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-1583894afd38.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-67668e8c2caa.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":false,"react_blob_overlay":false,"copilot_conversational_ux_embedding_update":false,"copilot_smell_icebreaker_ux":true,"copilot_workspace":false,"blob_edit_unsaved_changes_storage":true,"accessible_code_button":true}}}}</script> <div data-target="react-partial.reactRoot"><style data-styled="true" data-styled-version="5.3.11">.iVEunk{margin-top:16px;margin-bottom:16px;}/*!sc*/ 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id="user-content-c03--c11----c14----c17---c20--c23--c26" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: C++03 / C++11 / C++14 / C++17 / C++20 / C++23 / C++26" href="#c03--c11----c14----c17---c20--c23--c26"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This <em>open-access</em> course is directed at those who are already familiar with C and object-oriented programming towards a proficiency level of C++ programming. The course covers the basics of C++ programming and moves on to advanced C++ semantics and concepts.</p> <p dir="auto"><strong>Key features</strong>:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><em>Free and frequently updated</em></li> <li><em>26 lectures, 1800+ slides</em></li> <li>Include the <em>last language standard</em> concepts and features</li> <li><em>Practical teaching</em>: non-verbose, short structured descriptions associated with code</li> <li><em>Minimal code examples</em> for showing just a specific feature or issue without digressing</li> <li><em>Complementary language aspects</em>: tools, coding conventions, project organization, and code optimization</li> <li><em>Experience-based</em>: many aspects, examples, and problems come from real-world cases faced during my work as software engineer</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><em>If you enjoy the course or you find it useful</em>, please add a <strong>Star</strong></p> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://github.com/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/ddf81668aedb28c958d3703592dd641903bce91051d9880f987cda3a6c7a5f07/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f6769746875622f73746172732f666564657269636f2d62757361746f2f4d6f6465726e2d4350502d50726f6772616d6d696e673f7374796c653d736f6369616c" alt="stars - Modern-CPP-Programming" data-canonical-src="https://img.shields.io/github/stars/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming?style=social" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">CHAPTERS</h2><a id="user-content-chapters" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: CHAPTERS" href="#chapters"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th>#</th> <th>TITLE</th> <th>MAIN FOCUS</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>1</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/01.Introduction.pdf"><strong>Introduction</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/01.Introduction.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>History of C/C++, Areas of applications, Course introduction</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>2</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/02.Preparation.pdf"><strong>Preparation</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/02.Preparation.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Books, How to compile, Hello world</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>3</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/03.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf"><strong>Basic Concepts I</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/03.Basic_Concepts_I.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Type System, Fundamental types, and Operators</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>4</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf"><strong>Basic Concepts II</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/04.Basic_Concepts_II.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Integral and Floating-point types and their arithmetic</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>5</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf"><strong>Basic Concepts III</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/05.Basic_Concepts_III.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Entities, Enumerators, Structures, Control flow statements</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>6</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf"><strong>Basic Concepts IV</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/06.Basic_Concepts_IV.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Heap, Stack, Pointers, References, Const properties, Conversion operators</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>7</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/07.Basic_Concepts_V.pdf"><strong>Basic Concepts V</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/07.Basic_Concepts_V.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Functions, Lambda expressions, Preprocessing directives</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>8</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Object_Oriented_I.pdf"><strong>Object-Oriented Programming I</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/08.Object_Oriented_I.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Class hierarchy, Constructor, Destructor, Class keywords</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>9</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/09.Object_Oriented_II.pdf"><strong>Object Oriented Programming II</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/09.Object_Oriented_II.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Polymorphism, Operators overloading</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>10</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/10.Templates_I.pdf"><strong>Templates and Meta-programming I</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/10.Templates_I.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Function template, Type traits, Compile-time utilities</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>11</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/11.Templates_II.pdf"><strong>Templates and Meta-programming II</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/11.Templates_II.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Class template, SFINAE</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>12</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/12.Translation_Units_I.pdf"><strong>Translation Units I</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/12.Translation_Units_I.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Linkage and One Definition Rule</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>13</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/13.Translation_Units_II.pdf"><strong>Translation Units II</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/13.Translation_Units_II.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Dealing with multiple translation units and files,<code>#include</code>, Modules</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>14</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/14.Code_Convention_I.pdf"><strong>Code Conventions I</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/14.Code_Convention_I.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Project organization, code conventions intro, entities conventions</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>15</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/15.Code_Convention_II.pdf"><strong>Code Conventions II</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/15.Code_Convention_II.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Template, namespace, modern c++, maintainability , naming, and formatting conventions</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>16</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/16.Debugging.pdf"><strong>Debugging and Testing</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/16.Debugging.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Execution/memory debugging, Sanitizers, Harding techniques, Unit test, Test-Driven Development</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>17</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/17.Ecosystem.pdf"><strong>Ecosystem</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/17.Ecosystem.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Cmake, Documenting, and Other Tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>18</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/18.Utilities.pdf"><strong>Utilities</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/18.Utilities.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Main <code>std</code> libraries</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>19</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/19.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf"><strong>Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/19.Iterators_Containers_Alg.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Containers, Iterators, Algorithms, Ranges</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>20</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/20.Advanced_Topics_I.pdf"><strong>Advanced Topics I</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/20.Advanced_Topics_I.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Move semantics, Universal reference, Type deduction</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>21</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/21.Advanced_Topics_II.pdf"><strong>Advanced Topics II</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/21.Advanced_Topics_II.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Error handling, C++ idioms, Smart pointers</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>22</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/22.Optimization_I.pdf"><strong>Performance Optimizations I</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/22.Optimization_I.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Ahmdal Law, Performance bounds, Architecture concepts (ILP, SIMD, etc.), Memory hierarchy</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>23</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/23.Optimization_II.pdf"><strong>Performance Optimizations II</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/23.Optimization_II.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Arithmetic optimizations, Memory optimizations, etc.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>24</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/24.Optimization_III.pdf"><strong>Performance Optimizations III</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/24.Optimization_III.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Compiler optimizations, Profiling, Benchmarking tools</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>25</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/25.Software_Design_I.pdf"><strong>Software Design I</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/25.Software_Design_I.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Basic Concepts, Principles, Use cases</td> </tr> <tr> <td><strong>26</strong></td> <td><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/26.Software_Design_II.pdf"><strong>Software Design II</strong></a> (<a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/26.Software_Design_II.html" rel="nofollow">html</a>)</td> <td>Design Patterns and Idioms</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <p dir="auto"><em><strong>ALL-IN-ONE BOOK</strong></em>: <a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/modern-cpp.pdf"><strong>modern-cpp.pdf</strong></a> (could be a few commits behind), <a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/Modern-CPP-Programming/htmls/modern-cpp.html" rel="nofollow">html</a></p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">TOPICS IN DETAILS</h2><a id="user-content-topics-in-details" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: TOPICS IN DETAILS" href="#topics-in-details"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/01.Introduction.pdf">1. Introduction</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>A Little History of C/C++ Programming Languages</strong></li> <li><strong>Areas of Application and Popularity</strong></li> <li><strong>C++ Philosophy</strong></li> <li><strong>C++ Weakness</strong>: C++ alternatives, Why switching to a new language is hard?</li> <li><strong>The Course</strong></li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/02.Preparation.pdf">2. Preparation</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Books and References</strong></li> <li><strong>Slide Legend</strong></li> <li><strong>What Editor/ IDE/Compiler Should I Use?</strong></li> <li><strong>How to compile?</strong></li> <li><strong>Hello World</strong>: I/O Stream</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/03.Basic_Concepts_I.pdf">3. Basic Concepts I - Type System, Fundamental Types, and Operators</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>The C++ Type System</strong>: Type categories, Type properties</li> <li><strong>C++ Fundamental Types Overview</strong>: Arithmetic types, Suffix and prefix, Non-standard arithmetic types, <code>void</code> type, <code>nullptr</code></li> <li><strong>Conversion Rules</strong></li> <li><strong><code>auto</code> Keyword</strong></li> <li><strong>C++ Operators</strong>: Operators precedence, Prefix/Postfix increment/decrement semantic, Assignment, compound, and comma operators, Spaceship operator <code>&lt;=&gt;</code> , Safe comparison operators</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/04.Basic_Concepts_II.pdf">4. Basic Concepts II - Integral and Floating-point Types</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Integral Data Types</strong>: Fixed width integers, <code>size_t</code>, <code>ptrdiff_t</code>, <code>uintptr_t</code>, Arithmetic Operation Semantics, Promotion, Truncation, Undefined behavior, Saturation Arithmentic</li> <li><strong>Floating-point Types and Arithmetic</strong>: IEEE Floating-point standard and other representations, Normal/Denormal values, Infinity, Not a Number (<code>NaN</code>), Machine Epsilon, Units at the Last Place (ULP), Cheatsheet, Limits and useful functions, Arithmetic properties, Special values behavior, Undefined behavior, Detect floating-point errors</li> <li><strong>Floating-point Issues</strong>: Catastrophic cancellation, Floating-point comparison</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/05.Basic_Concepts_III.pdf">5. Basic Concepts III - Entities and Control Flow</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Entities</strong></li> <li><strong>Declaration and Definition</strong></li> <li><strong>Enumerators</strong></li> <li><strong><code>struct</code>, Bitfield, <code>union</code></strong></li> <li><strong>Control Flow</strong>: <code>if</code> statement, <code>for</code> and <code>while</code> loops, Range-base <code>for</code> loop, <code>switch</code>, <code>goto</code>, Avoid unused variable warning</li> <li><strong>Namespace</strong>: Explicit global namespace, namespace alias, <code>using</code>-declaration, <code>using namespace</code>-directive, <code>inline</code> namespace</li> <li><strong>Attributes</strong>: <code>[[nodiscard]]</code>, <code>[[maybe_unused]]</code>, <code>[[deprecated]]</code>, <code>[[noreturn]]</code></li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/06.Basic_Concepts_IV.pdf">6. Basic Concepts IV - Memory Concepts</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Pointers</strong>: Pointer operations, Address-of operator <code>&amp;</code>, <code>struct</code> member access, <code>void</code> pointer, Pointer conversion, Pointer arithmetic, Wild and dangling pointers</li> <li><strong>Heap and Stack</strong>: Stack memory, <code>new</code>, <code>delete</code>, Non-allocating placement allocation, Non-throwing allocation, Memory leak</li> <li><strong>Initialization</strong>: Variable initialization, Uniform initialization, Array initialization, Structure initialization, Structure Binding, Dynamic memory initialization</li> <li><strong>References</strong></li> <li><strong><code>Const</code> and Constant Expressions</strong>: Contants and literals, <code>const</code>, <code>constexpr</code>, <code>consteval</code>, <code>constinit</code>, <code>if constexpr</code>, <code>std::is constant evaluated()</code>, <code>if consteval</code></li> <li><strong><code>volatile</code> keyword</strong></li> <li><strong>Explicit Type Conversion</strong>: <code>static_cast</code>, <code>const_cast</code>, <code>reinterpret_cast</code>, Type punning, <code>std::bit_cast</code>, Uniform initialization conversion, <code>gls::narrow_cast</code></li> <li><strong><code>sizeof</code> Operator</strong>: overview, <code>[[no_unique_address]]</code></li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/07.Basic_Concepts_V.pdf">7. Basic Concepts V - Functions and Preprocessing</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Functions</strong>: Pass-by-value, Pass-by-pointer, Pass-by-reference, Function signature and overloading, Overloading and <code>=delete</code>, Default parameters</li> <li><strong>Function Pointer and Function Objects</strong></li> <li><strong>Lambda Expressions</strong>: Capture list, Lambda expression and function relation, Parameter notes, Composability, Recursion, <code>constexpr/consteval</code>, <code>template</code>, <code>mutable</code>, <code>[[nodiscard]]</code>, Capture list and classes</li> <li><strong>Preprocessing</strong>: Preprocessors, Common errors, Source location macros, Conditional compiling macros, Stringizing operator (<code>#</code>), <code>#error</code> and <code>#warning</code>, <code>#pragma</code>, Token-pasting operator <code>##</code>, Variadic macro</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/08.Object_Oriented_I.pdf">8. Object-Oriented Programming I - Class Concepts</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>C++ Classes</strong>: RAII idiom</li> <li><strong>Class Hierarchy</strong></li> <li><strong>Access specifiers</strong>: Inheritance access specifiers, When use <code>public/protected/private</code> for data members?</li> <li><strong>Class Constructor</strong>: Default constructor, Class initialization, Uniform initialization for objects, Delegate constructor, <code>explicit</code> keyword, <code>[[nodiscard]]</code> and classes</li> <li><strong>Copy Constructor</strong></li> <li><strong>Class Destructor</strong></li> <li><strong>Defaulted Constructors, Destructor, and Operators</strong> (<code>= default</code>)</li> <li><strong>Class Keywords</strong>: <code>this</code>, <code>static</code>, <code>const</code>, <code>mutable</code>, <code>using</code>, <code>friend</code>, <code>delete</code></li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/09.Object_Oriented_II.pdf">9. Object-Oriented Programming II - Polymorphism and Operator Overloading</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Polymorphism</strong>: C++ mechanisms for polymorphism, <code>virtual</code> methods, Virtual table, <code>override</code> keyword, <code>final</code> keyword, Common errors, Pure virtual method, Abstract class and interface</li> <li><strong>Inheritance Casting and Run-time Type Identification</strong></li> <li><strong>Operator Overloading</strong>: Overview, Comparison operator <code>&lt;</code>, Spaceship operator <code>&lt;=&gt;</code>, Subscript operator <code>[]</code>, Multidimensional subscript operator <code>[]</code>, Function call operator <code>()</code>, static operator <code>[]</code> and operator <code>()</code>, Conversion operator <code>T()</code>, Return type overloading resolution, Increment and decrement operators <code>++</code>/<code>--</code>, Assignment operator <code>=</code>, Stream operator <code>&lt;&lt;</code>, Operator notes</li> <li><strong>C++ Object Layout</strong>: Aggregate, Trivial class, Standard-layout class, Plain old data (POD), Hierarchy</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/10.Templates_I.pdf">10. Templates and Meta-programming I - Function Templates and Compile-Time Utilities</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Function Template</strong>: Overview, Template instantiation, Templat parameters, Template parameter - default value, Overloading, Specialization</li> <li><strong>Template Variable</strong></li> <li><strong>Template Parameter Types</strong>: Generic Type Notes, <code>auto</code> Placeholder, Class template parameter type, Array and pointer types, Function type</li> <li><strong>Compile-Time Utilities</strong>: <code>static_assert</code>, <code>using</code> keyword, <code>decltype</code> keyword</li> <li><strong>Type Traits</strong>: Overview, Type traits library, Type manipulation</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/11.Templates_II.pdf">11. Templates and Meta-programming II - Class Templates and SFINAE</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Class Template</strong>: Class specialization, Class template constructor</li> <li><strong>Constructor template automatic deduction (CTAD)</strong></li> <li><strong>Class Template - Advanced Concepts</strong>: Class + Function - specialization, Dependent names - <code>typename</code> and <code>template</code> keywords, Class template hierarchy and <code>using</code>, <code>friend</code> keyword, Template template arguments</li> <li><strong>Template Meta-Programming</strong></li> <li><strong>SFINAE: Substitution Failure Is Not An Error</strong>: Function SFINAE, Class SFINAE</li> <li><strong>Variadic Template</strong>: Folding expression, Variadic class template</li> <li><strong>C++20 Concepts</strong>: Overview, <code>concept</code> keyword, <code>requires</code> clause, <code>requires</code> expression, <code>requires</code> expression + clause, <code>requires</code> clause + expression, <code>requires</code> and <code>constexpr</code>, Nested <code>requires</code></li> <li><strong>Template Debugging</strong></li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/12.Translation_Units_I.pdf">12. Translation Units I - Linkage and One Definition Rule</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Basic Concepts</strong>: Translation unit, Local and global scope, Linkage</li> <li><strong>Storage Class and Duration</strong>: Storage duration, Storage class, <code>static</code> keyword, Anonymous namespace, <code>extern</code> keywords</li> <li><strong>Linkage of <code>const</code> and <code>constexpr</code></strong>: Static initialization order fiasco</li> <li><strong>Linkage Summary</strong></li> <li><strong>Dealing with Multiple Translation Units</strong>: Class in multiple translation units</li> <li><strong>One Definition Rule (ODR)</strong>: Global variable issues, ODR - Point 3, <code>inline</code> functions/variables, <code>constexpr</code> and <code>inline</code></li> <li><strong>ODR - Function Template</strong>: Cases, <code>extern</code> keyword</li> <li><strong>ODR - Class Template</strong>: Cases, <code>extern</code> keyword</li> <li><strong>ODR Undefined Behavior and Summary</strong></li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/13.Translation_Units_II.pdf">13. Translation Units II - Include, Module, and Namespace</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong><code>#include</code> Issues</strong>: Include guard, Forward declaration, Circular dependencies, Common linking errors</li> <li><strong>C++20 Modules</strong>: Overview, Terminology, Visibility and reachability, Module unit types, Keywords, Global module fragment, Private module fragment, Header module unit, Module partitions</li> <li><strong>Compiling Multiple Translation Units</strong>: Fundamental compiler flags, Compile Methods</li> <li><strong>Libraries in C++</strong>: Static library, Build static libraries, Using static libraries, Dynamic library, Build dynamic libraries, Using dynamic libraries, Application binary interface (ABI), Demangling, Find Dynamic library dependencies, Analyze object/executable symbols</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/14.Code_Convention_I.pdf">14. Code Conventions I</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>C++ Project Organization</strong>: Project directories, Project files, "Common" project organization notes, Alternative - “Canonical” project organization</li> <li><strong>Coding Styles and Conventions</strong>: Overview, Popular coding styles</li> <li><strong>Header Files and <code>#include</code></strong>: <code>#include</code> guard, <code>#include</code> syntax, order of <code>#include</code>, Common header/source filename conventions</li> <li><strong>Preprocessing</strong>: Macro, Preprocessing statements</li> <li><strong>Variables</strong>: <code>static</code> global variables, conversions</li> <li><strong>Enumerators</strong></li> <li><strong>Arithmetic Types</strong>: Signed vs. unsigned integral types, integral types conversion, Integral types: size and other issues, Floating-point types</li> <li><strong>Functions</strong>: Function parameters, Function arguments, function return values, Function specifiers, lambda expressions</li> <li><strong>Structs and Classes</strong>: <code>struct</code> vs <code>class</code>, Initialization, Braced initializer lists, Special member functions, <code>=default</code>, <code>=delete</code>, Other issues, Inheritance, Style</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/15.Code_Convention_II.pdf">15. Code Conventions II</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong><code>auto</code></strong></li> <li><strong>Templates and Type Deduction</strong></li> <li><strong>Control Flow</strong>: Redundant control flow , <code>if/else</code>, Comparison, <code>switch</code>, <code>for/while</code></li> <li><strong>Namespace</strong>: <code>using namespace</code> directive, Anoymous/unnamed namespace, Namespace and class design, Style</li> <li><strong>Modern C++ Features</strong>: Keywords, Features, Class, Library</li> <li><strong>Maintainability</strong>: Code comprehension, Functions, Template and Debuction, Library</li> <li>Portability</li> <li><strong>Naming</strong>: Entities, Variables, Functions, Style conventions, Enforcing naming styles</li> <li><strong>Readability and Formatting</strong>: Horizontal spacing, Pointers/References, Vertical spacing, Braces, Type decorators, Reduce code verbosity, Other issues</li> <li><strong>Code Documentation</strong>: Function documentation, Comment syntax, File documentation</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/16.Debugging.pdf">16. Debugging and Testing</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Debugging Overview</strong></li> <li><strong>Assertions</strong></li> <li><strong>Execution debugging</strong>: Breakpoints, Watchpoints / Catchpoints, Control flow, Stack and info, Print, Disassemble, <code>std::breakpoint</code></li> <li><strong>Memory Debugging</strong>: <code>valgrind</code></li> <li><strong>Hardening Techniques</strong>: Stack usage, Standard library checks, Undefined behavior protections, Control flow protections</li> <li><strong>Sanitizers</strong>: Address sanitizer, Leak sanitizer, Memory sanitizers, Undefined behavior sanitizer, Sampling-baed sanitizer</li> <li><strong>Debugging Summary</strong></li> <li><strong>Compiler Warnings</strong></li> <li><strong>Static Analysis</strong></li> <li><strong>Code Testing</strong>: Unit testing, Test-Driven Development (TDD), Code coverage, Fuzz testing</li> <li><strong>Code Quality</strong>: <code>clang-tidy</code></li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/17.Ecosystem.pdf">17. Ecosystem - Cmake and Other Tools</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>CMake</strong>: <code>cmake</code> and <code>ctest</code></li> <li><strong>Code Documentation</strong>: <code>doxygen</code></li> <li><strong>Code Statistics</strong>: Count lines of code, Cyclomatic complexity analyzer</li> <li><strong>Other Tools</strong>: Code formatting - <code>clang-format</code>, <code>Compiler Explorer</code>, Code transformation - <code>CppInsights</code>, AI-powered code completion -Local code search - <code>ugrep</code>, <code>ripgrep</code>, <code>hypergrep</code>, Code search engine - <code>searchcode/grep.app</code>, Code benchmarking - <code>Quick-Bench</code>, Font for coding</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/18.Utilities.pdf">18. Utilities</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>I/O Stream</strong>: Manipulator, <code>ofstream/ifstream</code></li> <li><strong>Strings</strong>: <code>std::string</code>, Conversion from/to numeric values, <code>std::string_view</code>, <code>std::format</code>, <code>std::print</code></li> <li><strong>View</strong>: <code>std::span</code></li> <li><strong>Math Libraries</strong></li> <li><strong>Random Number</strong>: Basic concepts, C++ <code>&lt;random&gt;</code>, Seed, PRNG period and quality, Distribution, Recent algorithms and Performance, Quasi-random</li> <li><strong>Time Measuring</strong>: Wall-Clock time, User time, System time</li> <li><strong>Std Class Templates</strong>: <code>std::pair</code>, <code>std::tuple</code>, <code>std::variant</code>, <code>std::optional</code>, <code>std::any</code>, <code>std::stacktrace</code></li> <li><strong>Filesystem Library</strong>: Query methods, Modify methods</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/19.Iterators_Containers_Alg.pdf">19. Containers, Iterators, and Algorithms</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Containers and Iterators</strong></li> <li><strong>Sequence Containers</strong>: <code>std::array</code>, <code>std::vector</code>, <code>std::deque</code>, <code>std::list</code>, <code>std::forward_list</code></li> <li><strong>Associative Containers</strong>: <code>std::set</code>, <code>std::map</code>, <code>std::multiset</code></li> <li><strong>Container Adaptors</strong>: <code>std::stack</code>, <code>std::queue</code>, <code>std::priority_queue</code></li> <li><strong>Implement a Custom Iterator</strong>: Implement a simple Iterator</li> <li><strong>Iterator Notes</strong>:</li> <li><strong>Iterator Utility Methods</strong>: <code>std::advance</code>, <code>std::next</code>, <code>std::prev</code>, <code>std::distance</code>, Container access methods, Iterator traits</li> <li><strong>Algorithms Library</strong>: <code>std::find_if</code>, <code>std::sort</code>, <code>std::accumulate</code>, <code>std::generate</code>, <code>std::remove_if</code></li> <li><strong>C++20 Ranges</strong>: Key concepts, Range view, Range adaptor, Range factory, Range algorithms, Range actions</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/20.Advanced_Topics_I.pdf">20. Advanced Topics I</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Move Semantic</strong>: <code>lvalues</code> and <code>rvalues</code> references, Move semantic, <code>std::move</code>, Class declaration semantic</li> <li><strong>Universal Reference and Perfect Forwarding</strong>: Universal reference, Reference collapsing rules, Perfect forwarding</li> <li><strong>Value Categories</strong></li> <li><strong><code>&amp;</code>, <code>&amp;&amp;</code> Ref-qualifiers and <code>volatile</code> Overloading</strong></li> <li><strong>Copy Elision and RVO</strong></li> <li><strong>Type Deduction</strong>: Pass by-reference, Pass-by-pointer, Pass-by-value, <code>auto</code> deduction, <code>auto(x)</code>: Decay-copy</li> <li><strong><code>const</code> Correctness</strong></li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/21.Advanced_Topics_II.pdf">21. Advanced Topics II</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Undefined Behavior:</strong> Illegal behavior, Platform specific behavior, unspecified behavior, Detecting undefined behavior</li> <li><strong>Error Handling</strong>: Recoverable error handing, Return code, C++ Exceptions, Defining custom exceptions, <code>noexcept</code> keyword, Memory allocation issues, Return code and exception summary, <code>std::expected</code>, Alternative error handling approaches</li> <li><strong>Smart pointers</strong>: <code>std::unique_ptr</code>, <code>std::shared_ptr</code>, <code>std::weak_ptr</code></li> <li><strong>Concurrency</strong>: Thread methods, Mutex, Atomic, Task-based parallelism</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/22.Optimization_I.pdf">22. Optimization I - Basic Concepts</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Introduction</strong>: Moore's Law, Moore's Law limitations, Reasons for optimizing</li> <li><strong>Basic Concepts</strong>: Asymptotic complexity, Time-Memory trade-off, Developing cycle, Ahmdal's law, Throughput, Bandwidth, Latency, Performance bounds, Arithmetic intensity</li> <li><strong>Basic Architecture Concepts</strong>: Instruction throughput (IPC), In-Order, and Out-of-Order Execution, Instruction pipelining, Instruction-level parallelism (ILP), Little’s law, Data-level parallelism (DLP) and vector instructions (SIMD), Thread-level parallelism (TLP), Single Instruction Multiple Threads (SIMT), RISC, CISC instruction sets</li> <li><strong>Memory Hierarchy</strong>: Memory hierarchy concepts, Memory locality, Core-to-core latency and thread affinity, Memory ordering model</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/23.Optimization_II.pdf">23. Optimization II - Code Optimization</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>I/O Operations</strong>: <code>printf</code>, Memory mapped I/O, Speed up raw data loading</li> <li><strong>Memory Optimizations</strong>: Heap memory, Stack memory, Cache utilization, Data alignment, Memory Prefetch</li> <li><strong>Arithmetic Types</strong>: Data types, Arithmetic operations, Conversion, Floating-point, Compiler intrinsic functions, Value in a range, Lookup table</li> <li><strong>Control Flow</strong>: Branhes, Branch Hints - <code>[[likely]]</code> / <code>[[unlikely]]</code>, Signed/Unsigned integers, Loops, Loop hoisting, Loop unrolling, Assertions, Compiler hints <code>[[assume]]/std::unreacheable()</code>, Recursion</li> <li><strong>Functions</strong>: Function call cost, Argument passing, Function inlining, Function attributes, Pointers aliasing</li> <li><strong>Object-Oriented Programming</strong></li> <li><strong>Std Library and Other Language Aspects</strong></li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/24.Optimization_III.pdf">24. Optimization III - Non-Coding Optimizations and Benchmarking</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Compiler Optimizations</strong>: About the compiler, Compiler optimization flags, Floating-point optimization flags, Linker optimization flags, Architecture flags, Help the compiler to produce better code, Profile guided optimization (PGO), Post-processing binary optimizer, Polyhedral optimizations</li> <li><strong>Compiler Transformation Techniques</strong>: Basic transformations, Loop unswitching, Loop fusion, Loop fission, Loop interchange, Loop tiling</li> <li><strong>Libraries and Data Structures</strong></li> <li><strong>Performance Benchmarking</strong>: What to test?, Workload/Dataset quality, Cache behavior, Stable CPU performance, Multi-threads considerations, Program memory layout, Measurement overhead, Compiler optimizations, Metric evaluation</li> <li><strong>Profiling</strong>: <code>gprof</code>, <code>uftrace</code>, <code>callgrind</code>, <code>cachegrind</code>, <code>perf</code> Linux profiler</li> <li><strong>Parallel Computing</strong>: Concurrency vs. parallelism, Performance scaling, Gustafson's Law, Parallel programming languages</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/25.Software_Design_I.pdf">25. Software Design I - Basic Concepts (DRAFT)</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Books and References</strong></li> <li><strong>Basic Concepts</strong>: Abstraction, interface, and module, Class Invariant</li> <li><strong>Software Design Principles</strong>: Separation of concern, Low coupling, high cohesion, Encapsulation and information hiding, Design by contract, Problem decomposition, Code reuse</li> <li><strong>Software Complexity</strong>: Software entropy, Technical debt</li> <li><strong>The SOLID Design Principles</strong></li> <li><strong>Class Design</strong>: The class interface principle, Member functions vs. free functions, namespace functions vs. class static methods</li> <li><strong>BLAS GEMM Case Study</strong></li> <li><strong>Owning Objects and Views</strong></li> <li><strong>Value vs. Reference Semantic</strong></li> <li><strong>Global Variables</strong></li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong><a href="/federico-busato/Modern-CPP-Programming/blob/master/26.Software_Design_II.pdf">26. Software Design II - Design Patterns and Idioms (DRAFT)</a></strong></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>C++ Idioms</strong>: Rule of Zero, Rule of Three, Rule of Five</li> <li><strong>Design Pattern</strong>: Singleton, Pointer to implementation (PIMPL), Curiously Recurring Template Pattern (CRTP), Template virtual functions</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Roadmap</h3><a id="user-content-roadmap" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Roadmap" href="#roadmap"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ol dir="auto"> <li>Improve Software Design Chapters</li> <li>Build Aspects Chapter (e.g. reducing build time)</li> </ol> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Reporting bugs 🐛 and contributing</h3><a id="user-content-reporting-bugs--and-contributing" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Reporting bugs 🐛 and contributing" href="#reporting-bugs--and-contributing"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">If you find any typo, conceptual error, or section to improve, please report them by using the <code>issue</code> panel.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Author</h2><a id="user-content-author" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Author" href="#author"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>Federico Busato</code>, <a href="https://federico-busato.github.io/" rel="nofollow">https://federico-busato.github.io/</a></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>LinkedIn: <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/federico-busato/" rel="nofollow">www.linkedin.com/in/federico-busato/</a></li> <li>Twitter: <a href="https://twitter.com/fedebusato" rel="nofollow">twitter.com/fedebusato</a></li> </ul> </article></div></div></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" 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</div> <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button-unpositioned"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn btn-invisible js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> </div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" ></div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice-assertive" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></div> </body> </html>

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