COLOMBIE - Encyclopædia Universalis

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Inscrite dans les limites territoriales de l'Audience coloniale de Nouvelle-Grenade, elle a repris le nom de la Grande-Colombie de Simon Bolivar, qui comprenait aussi le Venezuela , le Panamá et l' Équateur (1821-1830). Elle s'est..." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/colombie/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="fr_FR" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopædia Universalis" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.universalis.fr/_web/static/icons/favicon.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="256" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="252" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="COLOMBIE" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="La Colombie porte le nom du découvreur des Amériques. Inscrite dans les limites territoriales de l'Audience coloniale de Nouvelle-Grenade, elle a repris le nom de la Grande-Colombie de Simon Bolivar, qui comprenait aussi le Venezuela , le Panamá et l' Équateur (1821-1830). 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Géographie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="COLOMBIE, Histoire de la Colombie" href="/encyclopedie/colombie/2-histoire-de-la-colombie/"> 2. Histoire de la Colombie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="COLOMBIE, La Colombie après la Violencia" href="/encyclopedie/colombie/3-la-colombie-apres-la-violencia/"> 3. La Colombie après la Violencia </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="COLOMBIE, Chronologie contemporaine" href="/encyclopedie/colombie/4-chronologie-contemporaine/"> 4. Chronologie contemporaine </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="COLOMBIE, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/colombie/5-bibliographie/"> 5. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>COLOMBIE</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="card factbox mt-3 mb-5 mx-auto shadow-sm" data-print-label="les informations géographiques" data-print-target=".factbox"><div class="card-body p-0"><table class="table table-sm table-striped mb-0"><tbody><tr><td class="col-4 col-md-3 text-end"><strong>Nom officiel</strong></td><td class="col-8 col-md-9 text-start"><p>République de Colombie (CO)</p><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-4 col-md-3 text-end"><strong>Chef de l'État et du gouvernement</strong></td><td class="col-8 col-md-9 text-start"><p>Gustavo Petro (depuis le 7 août 2022)</p><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-4 col-md-3 text-end"><strong>Capitale</strong></td><td class="col-8 col-md-9 text-start"><p>Bogotá</p><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-4 col-md-3 text-end"><strong>Langue officielle</strong></td><td class="col-8 col-md-9 text-start"><p>Espagnol</p><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-4 col-md-3 text-end"><strong>Unité monétaire</strong></td><td class="col-8 col-md-9 text-start"><p>Peso colombien (COP)</p><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-6 text-end"><strong>Population (estim.)</strong></td><td class="col-6 text-start"> 52 848 000 <em style="font-size: 0.8rem">(2024)</em><ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="col-6 text-end"><strong>Superficie</strong></td><td class="col-6 text-start"> 1 141 748 km² <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div><nav class="d-flex justify-content-center d-print-none"><a href=" /atlas /amerique /amerique-du-sud /colombie " class="btn btn-sm btn-primary flex-grow-1 m-1"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-globe"></i> Cartes</a><a href=" /atlas /amerique /amerique-du-sud /colombie #chiffres" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary flex-grow-1 m-1"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-list"></i> Données clés </a><a href="/datapays/?c=co" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary flex-grow-1 m-1"><i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chart-simple"></i> Data Pays </a></nav></div><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC070661_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC070661_0"></i><p>La Colombie porte le nom du découvreur des Amériques. Inscrite dans les limites territoriales de l'Audience coloniale de Nouvelle-Grenade, elle a repris le nom de la Grande-Colombie de Simon Bolivar, qui comprenait aussi le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Venezuela, devenu République bolivarienne du Venezuela avec la Constitution de 1999, en référence à Bolivar, héros national, est bordé par la mer des Caraïbes et par l'océan Atlantique. Il a des frontières, à l'est, avec le Guyana , au sud, avec le Brésil et, à l'ouest et au sud-ouest, avec la Colombie . Sa superficie est de 912 050 kilomètres carrés pour une population d'e..." title="Article : VENEZUELA" href="/encyclopedie/venezuela/">Venezuela</a>, le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Ancienne province colombienne, le Panamá obtient son indépendance en 1903 à la suite de la politique menée par les États-Unis pour creuser et exploiter un canal permettant le transport des marchandises par voie maritime, sans rupture de charge, entre les océans Pacifique et Atlantique. L'existence du canal va structurer la vie de ce pays de petite superficie (75 517 km 2 ), où le relie..." title="Article : PANAMÁ" href="/encyclopedie/panama/">Panamá</a> et l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="« Vous vous trouvez à la moitié du monde », a proclamé le président populiste Abdalá Bucaram, en 1996, lors de son discours d'investiture. L'Équateur (15,2 millions d'habitants en 2012), en effet, ne doit pas son nom à un passé chargé d'histoire comme la plupart de ses voisins, mais à un repère géographique, la ligne équinoxiale qui le traverse au nord. Une situation géographiqu..." title="Article : ÉQUATEUR" href="/encyclopedie/equateur/">Équateur</a> (1821-1830). Elle s'est successivement appelée État puis République de Nouvelle-Grenade (1830-1858), Confédération Néogrenadine (1858), États-Unis de Colombie (1863) et enfin République de Colombie (1886).</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="row"><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="AT004304" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Colombie : carte physique" href="/media/colombie-carte-physique-at004304/"><img id="AT004304" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/7/csm_at004304_0edc042a38.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Colombie : carte physique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte physique de la Colombie." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1933" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Colombie : carte physique </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="DE050541" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Colombie : drapeau" href="/media/colombie-drapeau-de050541/"><img id="DE050541" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/c/csm_de050541_e3182ec1b3.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Colombie : drapeau - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Colombie (1861). Trois bandes horizontales jaune, bleue et rouge – la jaune occupant toute la moitié supérieure –, couleurs et disposition que l'on retrouve dans le drapeau de l'Équateur. Il s'agit des couleurs choisies en 1806 par le général vénézuélien Francisco Miranda, en lutte aux côtés de…" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1333" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Colombie : drapeau </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div></div><p>Ce pays, deux fois grand comme la France (1 141 000 kilomètres carrés), est, avec une population de 46,3 millions d'habitants en 2010, le troisième pays le plus peuplé et la cinquième puissance économique de l'Amérique latine. Mais la présence des plus anciennes guérillas marxistes encore en activité dans le monde (les Forces armées révolutionnaires de Colombie, FARC), la prospérité du narcotrafic et la persistance de graves troubles de l'ordre public depuis la sanglante <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les groupes humains, quelle que soit leur taille, se reconnaissent comme tels et affirment leur unité en se distinguant d'autres groupes. Il y a entre eux à la fois des affinités et des oppositions qui affectent leurs relations, dans la mesure où celles-ci ont une réalité, c'est-à-dire lorsque la proximité dans l'espace ou les moyens de communication les amènent à se poser les uns par ra..." title="Article : GUERRE" href="/encyclopedie/guerre/">guerre</a> civile de l'époque de la <em>Violencia</em> (1948-1956) donnent une image négative de la Colombie. Cette nation andine, mais aussi caraïbe et amazonienne, possède pourtant de nombreux atouts. Située à un carrefour stratégique entre l'Amérique centrale et le continent sud-américain, elle compte deux façades maritimes, l'une sur le Pacifique et l'autre sur l'Atlantique. Lieu de passage et nœud de communication depuis l'époque précolombienne, la population de la Colombie, d'origine indienne, européenne et africaine, est l'une des plus métissées au monde. Par ailleurs, le territoire colombien représente la deuxième réserve mondiale (après le Brésil) en termes de biodiversité, en raison de la variété de ses paysages. L'espace andin, organisé autour de trois cordillères, rassemble l'essentiel de la population, à l'exception des Afrocolombiens qui y sont minoritaires. Ceux-ci se concentrent dans la grande plaine côtière caraïbe, la <em>Costa</em>, et sur les rivages du Pacifique. À l'est, dans les vastes bassins de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Grand fleuve d'Amérique du Sud, l'Orénoque s'écoule en formant un croissant géant sur plus de 2 740 kilomètres depuis sa source, dans le massif des Guyanes, jusqu'à son embouchure, dans l'océan Atlantique. Il traverse ainsi le Venezuela et forme, sur une section, la frontière entre ce pays et la Colombie . Le fleuve tire son nom d'une expression warao qui signifie « lieu ..." title="Article : ORÉNOQUE" href="/encyclopedie/orenoque/">Orénoque</a> et de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Un peu plus long que le Nil , avec les 7 025 km de son cours, l'Amazone se place au premier rang, parmi les fleuves du monde, pour l'étendue de la superficie drainée : environ 6 millions de kilomètres carrés qui se répartissent sur six États d'Amérique latine. Sa supério rité est encore plus manifeste en ce qui concerne l'abondance de l'alimentation : le débit moyen à l'e..." title="Article : AMAZONE, fleuve" href="/encyclopedie/amazone-fleuve/">Amazone</a>, presque vides d'hommes, se trouvent les savanes herbeuses – les <em>Llanos</em> – et les forêts.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH990776" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Bogota (Colombie)" href="/media/bogota-colombie-ph990776/"><img id="PH990776" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/c/csm_ph990776_99e0252414.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Bogota (Colombie) - crédits : Robert Frerck/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" data-description="Le centre d'affaires international et bancaire dans la ville nouvelle de Bogota, capitale de la Colombie." data-copyright="Robert Frerck/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" width="681" height="1024" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bogota (Colombie) </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Robert Frerck/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Longtemps rurale et enclavée, la Colombie est désormais un pays dual. D'un côté, les fronts pionniers et les bidonvilles, délaissés par l'État, subissent la violence des acteurs armés (guérillas, paramilitaires, narcotrafiquants), la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Contrairement aux apparences, le crime est une notion beaucoup plus complexe qu'on ne le croit généralement. Depuis que les questions de sécurité sont devenues un problème politique majeur se pose la question de la mesure et du classement des actes dits criminels. La question des instruments de connaissance est donc un enjeu stratégique particulièrement douloureux en France, à la diff�..." title="Article : CRIMINALITÉ" href="/encyclopedie/criminalite/">criminalité</a> commune et le trafic de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Depuis des décennies, nombre de médecins, d'éducateurs, de sociologues, d'anciens « drogués », d'associations ont travaillé à modifier les approches contemporaines de la toxicomanie. On ne parle plus simplement de « drogue » à moins d'accepter d'être considéré comme réactionnaire ou répressif ; on parle de substances psychoactives, de dépendance, d'addiction, de comportement ..." title="Article : DROGUE" href="/encyclopedie/drogue/">drogue</a>. De l'autre côté, une nation moderne, largement urbanisée, connaît une croissance économique continue depuis les années 1940. La société civile colombienne, aux très anciennes traditions démocratiques – ancrées depuis le <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle –, est l'une des plus actives et courageuses d'Amérique latine : beaucoup d'organisations et de militants continuent de lutter et de débattre malgré les intimidations et les risques qu'ils encourent.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC070661_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC070661_1"></i><h2>Géographie</h2><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yC070661_1_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC070661_1_0"></i><h3>Les structures élémentaires de l'espace</h3><div class="block_3" data-ucode="yC070661_1_0_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC070661_1_0_0"></i><h4>Atouts et contraintes de situation</h4><p>Avec une superficie de 1,1 million de kilomètres carrés – taille moyenne en Amérique latine – la Colombie s'étire de la pointe de la Guajira semi-aride, extrémité septentrionale du sous-continent (12<sup>0 </sup>nord), à Leticia, sur l'Amazone, au-delà de l'équateur (4<sup>0</sup> sud). Elle s'étend sur plus de 12<sup>0</sup> de longitude, depuis les berges du rio Negro, à la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot « frontière » a pour origine l’ancien adjectif « frontier », qui dérive de « front » et signifie littéralement « faire face » ou « être voisin de ». Le terme s’impose à la fin du Moyen Âge au moment où se construit l’État moderne fondé sur un rassemblement territorial qui nécessite l’assignation de limites, permettant l’exercice de la souveraineté..." title="Article : FRONTIÈRE" href="/encyclopedie/frontiere/">frontière</a> du Venezuela et du Brésil, jusqu'aux rives du Pacifique. La Colombie n'a pas achevé sa construction : des pans entiers du territoire restent à coloniser. Associée au mythe de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="De tous les mirages qu'a fait naître la découverte de l' Amérique, aucun n'a été plus obstinément poursuivi, au prix d'incroyables fatigues, que celui de l'Eldorado. C'est à juste titre, sans doute, que le mot désigne, dans le langage courant, une contrée imaginaire aux richesses surabondantes. Mais avant que Voltaire ne transforme définitivement le mythe en caricature en y situant un ..." title="Article : ELDORADO" href="/encyclopedie/eldorado/">Eldorado</a> lors de la conquête espagnole, elle fait encore l'objet de convoitises du fait de ses ressources (émeraude et charbon, dont elle possède les plus grandes mines à ciel ouvert de la planète) et d'une variété exceptionnelle de conditions écologiques propices à toutes les cultures : des <a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" 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class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C070661_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="NIEDERGANG, Marcel"><a title="Auteur : Marcel NIEDERGANG" rel="author" href="/auteurs/marcel-niedergang/"><strong>Marcel NIEDERGANG</strong></a> : journaliste </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="PISSOAT, Olivier"><a title="Auteur : Olivier PISSOAT" rel="author" href="/auteurs/olivier-pissoat/"><strong>Olivier PISSOAT</strong></a> : ingénieur d'études, C.N.R.S. </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="THIBAUD, Clément"><a title="Auteur : Clément THIBAUD" rel="author" href="/auteurs/clement-thibaud/"><strong>Clément THIBAUD</strong></a> : maître de conférences en histoire contemporaine à l'université de Nantes </li><li class="list-group-item"><strong> Encyclopædia Universalis</strong> : services rédactionnels de l'Encyclopædia Universalis</li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : COLOMBIE" href="/carte-mentale/colombie/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC070661_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire par régions et pays" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/"> Histoire par régions et pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Amérique" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-amerique/"> Histoire de l'Amérique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Amérique du Sud" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-amerique/histoire-de-l-amerique-du-sud/"> Histoire de l'Amérique du Sud </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Colombie, histoire"> <a title="Classification : Colombie, histoire" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-amerique/histoire-de-l-amerique-du-sud/colombie-histoire/"> Colombie, histoire </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie" href="/classification/geographie/"> Géographie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie par pays" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/"> Géographie par pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie de l'Amérique" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/geographie-de-l-amerique/"> Géographie de l'Amérique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie de l'Amérique du Sud" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/geographie-de-l-amerique/geographie-de-l-amerique-du-sud/"> Géographie de l'Amérique du Sud </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Colombie, géographie"> <a title="Classification : Colombie, géographie" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-par-pays/geographie-de-l-amerique/geographie-de-l-amerique-du-sud/colombie-geographie/"> Colombie, géographie </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC070661_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="AT004304" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Colombie : carte physique" href="/media/colombie-carte-physique-at004304/"> <img id="AT004304" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/7/csm_at004304_0edc042a38.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Colombie : carte physique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte physique de la Colombie." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1933" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Colombie : carte physique </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="DE050541" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Colombie : drapeau" href="/media/colombie-drapeau-de050541/"> <img id="DE050541" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/c/csm_de050541_e3182ec1b3.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Colombie : drapeau - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Colombie (1861). Trois bandes horizontales jaune, bleue et rouge – la jaune occupant toute la moitié supérieure –, couleurs et disposition que l'on retrouve dans le drapeau de l'Équateur. Il s'agit des couleurs choisies en 1806 par le général vénézuélien Francisco Miranda, en lutte aux côtés de…" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1333" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Colombie : drapeau </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH990776" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Bogota (Colombie)" href="/media/bogota-colombie-ph990776/"> <img id="PH990776" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/c/csm_ph990776_99e0252414.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Bogota (Colombie) - crédits : Robert Frerck/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" data-description="Le centre d'affaires international et bancaire dans la ville nouvelle de Bogota, capitale de la Colombie." data-copyright="Robert Frerck/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" width="681" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bogota (Colombie) </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Robert Frerck/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" rel="related" href="/medias/colombie/"> Afficher les 5 médias de l'article <span class="rg">COLOMBIE</span> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC070661_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/chronologie/colombie/"> <span class="rg">COLOMBIE, </span><em class="it">chronologie contemporaine</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par Universalis</li> </ul> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/altiplano/"> <span class="rg">ALTIPLANO</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Olivier DOLLFUS</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">549 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ALTIPLANO" href="/encyclopedie/altiplano/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Lac Titicaca - crédits : Ralph Bräumer/ Panther Media/ Age Fotostock" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/3/csm_ph00i408_6f3589dc98.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Une partie des Andes est occupée par de hautes plaines, appelées altiplano, dont on distingue plusieurs types, de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="En cinquante années, la physionomie de la Bolivie, pays de 1 098 581 kilomètres carrés enclavé entre le Chili et le Pérou à l'ouest, le Brésil au nord et à l'est, le Paraguay et l' Argentine au sud, a considérablement changé. La population est passée de 2 713 630 habitants en 1950 à 8 274 325 en 2001 et elle atteignait 10 millions d’habitants lors du recensemen..." title="Article : BOLIVIE" href="/encyclopedie/bolivie/">Bolivie</a> à la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Colombie porte le nom du découvreur des Amériques. Inscrite dans les limites territoriales de l'Audience coloniale de Nouvelle-Grenade, elle a repris le nom de la Grande-Colombie de Simon Bolivar, qui comprenait aussi le Venezuela , le Panamá et l' Équateur (1821-1830). Elle s'est successivement appelée État puis République de Nouvelle-Grenade (1830-1858), Confédération Néogre..." title="Article : COLOMBIE" href="/encyclopedie/colombie/">Colombie</a>. L'Altiplano péruvo-bolivien est un ensemble de hautes plaines, entre 3 600 et 4 200 mètres, coupées de petits chaînons montagneux, qui s'étire sur...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/amerique-structure-et-milieu-geologie/#c30942"> <span class="rg">AMÉRIQUE </span><span class="rm">(Structure et milieu) - Géologie</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean AUBOUIN</span> , <span rel="author">René BLANCHET</span> , <span rel="author">Jacques BOURGOIS</span> , <span rel="author">Jean-Louis MANSY</span> , <span rel="author">Bernard MERCIER DE LÉPINAY</span> , <span rel="author">Jean-François STEPHAN</span> , <span rel="author">Marc TARDY</span> et <span rel="author">Jean-Claude VICENTE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">24 173 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">23 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AM&Eacute;RIQUE (Structure et milieu) - G&eacute;ologie" href="/encyclopedie/amerique-structure-et-milieu-geologie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Amériques : schéma structural simplifié - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/4/csm_v020096_621bf7a2bf.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Les <em>bassins de Colombie</em> et <em>du </em><em>Venezuela</em> ont une profondeur moyenne de 4 000 mètres. Ils possèdent une croûte océanique anormalement épaisse (de 15 à 20 km), considérée d'âge jurassique supérieur à crétacé inférieur (de 150 à 125 Ma), recouverte par d'épais épanchements basaltiques dont le sommet (qui... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/amerique-histoire-amerique-espagnole/#c30942"> <span class="rg">AMÉRIQUE </span><span class="rm">(Histoire) - Amérique espagnole</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre BERTHE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">21 858 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">13 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AM&Eacute;RIQUE (Histoire) - Am&eacute;rique espagnole" href="/encyclopedie/amerique-histoire-amerique-espagnole/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Christianisation des Andes - crédits : Frédéric Duchesne" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/9/csm_ph050006_4f48507ded.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...(1818-1819). En juillet 1819, il franchit les Andes, défit les Espagnols à Boyaca (7 juillet) et prit Bogotá (10 août) où il proclama la république de Colombie. En décembre 1819, le congrès d'Angostura, où figuraient des députés colombiens, approuvait la loi fondamentale de la république de Colombie... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/amerique-latine-la-question-indienne/#c30942"> <span class="rg">AMÉRIQUE LATINE - </span><span class="rm">La question indienne</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">David RECONDO</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 826 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AM&Eacute;RIQUE LATINE - La question indienne" href="/encyclopedie/amerique-latine-la-question-indienne/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Femmes quechua, Équateur - crédits : John Beatty/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/d/csm_ph990456_3866e11894.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...les Assemblées constituantes des pays concernés, les réformes n'auraient pas été aussi marquées en ce qui concerne les droits des peuples originaires. Le cas le plus exemplaire est celui de la Colombie où, malgré leur faible poids démographique (moins de 2 p. 100 de la population totale), les Indiens,... </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/colombie/"> Afficher les 50 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC070661_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AGRAIRES RÉFORMES" href="/index/reformes-agraires/"> <span class="rg">AGRAIRES </span><span class="pc">RÉFORMES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BIDONVILLE" href="/index/bidonville/"> <span class="rg">BIDONVILLE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MAOÏSME" href="/index/maoisme/"> <span class="rg">MAOÏSME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FÉCONDITÉ, démographie" href="/index/fecondite-demographie/"> <span class="rg">FÉCONDITÉ, </span><em class="it">démographie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CARAÏBES MER DES & GOLFE DU MEXIQUE" href="/index/caraibes-et-golfe-du-mexique/"> <span class="rg">CARAÏBES </span><span class="pc">MER DES </span><span class="rg">& GOLFE DU MEXIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AGRAIRES STRUCTURES" href="/index/structures-agraires/"> <span class="rg">AGRAIRES </span><span class="pc">STRUCTURES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AMÉRIQUE ESPAGNOLE" href="/index/amerique-espagnole/"> <span class="rg">AMÉRIQUE ESPAGNOLE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PAUVRETÉ" href="/index/pauvrete/"> <span class="rg">PAUVRETÉ</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RÉSERVES, Indiens et autres populations" href="/index/reserves-indiens-et-autres-populations/"> <span class="rg">RÉSERVES, </span><em class="it">Indiens et autres populations</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : GUERRE CIVILE" href="/index/guerre-civile/"> <span class="rg">GUERRE CIVILE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FARC (Forces armées révolutionnaires de Colombie)" href="/index/farc-forces-armees-revolutionnaires-de-colombie/"> <span class="rg">FARC </span><span class="rm">(Forces armées révolutionnaires de Colombie)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CORDILLÈRES, géomorphologie" href="/index/cordilleres-geomorphologie/"> <span class="rg">CORDILLÈRES, </span><em class="it">géomorphologie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : GRANDE-COLOMBIE RÉPUBLIQUE DE (1819-1830)" href="/index/republique-de-grande-colombie/"> <span class="rg">GRANDE-COLOMBIE </span><span class="pc">RÉPUBLIQUE DE </span><span class="rm">(1819-1830)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INÉGALITÉS ÉCONOMIQUES" href="/index/inegalites-economiques/"> <span class="rg">INÉGALITÉS ÉCONOMIQUES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ESPAGNOL EMPIRE COLONIAL" href="/index/empire-colonial-espagnol/"> <span class="rg">ESPAGNOL </span><span class="pc">EMPIRE COLONIAL</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CONSENSUS DE WASHINGTON, économie" href="/index/consensus-de-washington-economie/"> <span class="rg">CONSENSUS DE WASHINGTON, </span><em class="it">économie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AMÉRIQUE DU SUD" href="/index/amerique-du-sud/"> <span class="rg">AMÉRIQUE DU SUD</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AUTODÉFENSES UNIES DE COLOMBIE (AUC)" href="/index/autodefenses-unies-de-colombie-auc/"> <span class="rg">AUTODÉFENSES UNIES DE COLOMBIE </span><span class="rm">(AUC)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TORRES CAMILO (1776-1815)" href="/index/camilo-torres/"> <span class="rg">TORRES </span><span class="pc">CAMILO </span><span class="rm">(1776-1815)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AGRICOLES EXPLOITATIONS" href="/index/exploitations-agricoles/"> <span class="rg">AGRICOLES </span><span class="pc">EXPLOITATIONS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : GAITÁN JORGE ELIÉCER (1902-1948)" href="/index/jorge-eliecer-gaitan/"> <span class="rg">GAITÁN </span><span class="pc">JORGE ELIÉCER </span><span class="rm">(1902-1948)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : NOUVELLE-GRENADE" href="/index/nouvelle-grenade/"> <span class="rg">NOUVELLE-GRENADE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CAUCA, fleuve" href="/index/cauca-fleuve/"> <span class="rg">CAUCA, </span><em class="it">fleuve</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AMÉRINDIENS ou INDIENS D'AMÉRIQUE, Amérique du Sud" href="/index/amerindiens-ou-indiens-d-amerique-amerique-du-sud/"> <span class="rg">AMÉRINDIENS </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">INDIENS D'AMÉRIQUE, </span><em class="it">Amérique du Sud</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MARIJUANA" href="/index/marijuana/"> <span class="rg">MARIJUANA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : POLITIQUE MONÉTAIRE" href="/index/politique-monetaire/"> <span class="rg">POLITIQUE MONÉTAIRE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : POLITIQUE ÉCONOMIQUE" href="/index/politique-economique/"> <span class="rg">POLITIQUE ÉCONOMIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ELN (Armée de libération nationale)" href="/index/eln-armee-de-liberation-nationale/"> <span class="rg">ELN </span><span class="rm">(Armée de libération nationale)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CROISSANCE ÉCONOMIQUE" href="/index/croissance-economique/"> <span class="rg">CROISSANCE ÉCONOMIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CONCENTRATION ÉCONOMIQUE" href="/index/concentration-economique/"> <span class="rg">CONCENTRATION ÉCONOMIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : EXPORTATIONS" href="/index/exportations/"> <span class="rg">EXPORTATIONS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PAYSAN CONDITION DU" href="/index/condition-du-paysan/"> <span class="rg">PAYSAN </span><span class="pc">CONDITION DU</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : URBANISATION" href="/index/urbanisation/"> <span class="rg">URBANISATION</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : EXODE RURAL" href="/index/exode-rural/"> <span class="rg">EXODE RURAL</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FRENTE NACIONAL (Front national), Colombie" href="/index/frente-nacional-colombie/"> <span class="rg">FRENTE NACIONAL </span><span class="rm">(Front national), </span><em class="it">Colombie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE, histoire, de 1945 à nos jours" href="/index/etats-unis-d-amerique-histoire-de-1945-a-nos-jours/"> <span class="rg">ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE, </span><em class="it">histoire, de 1945 à nos jours</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SECTEUR AGRICOLE" href="/index/secteur-agricole/"> <span class="rg">SECTEUR AGRICOLE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : KARIB ou CARAÏBE, ethnie" href="/index/karib-caraibe/"> <span class="rg">KARIB </span><span class="rm">ou 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