CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Stomach cancer - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5cad5dcb-1e8c-45e1-9949-150c195552cb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Stomach_cancer","wgTitle":"Stomach cancer","wgCurRevisionId":1256724211,"wgRevisionId":1256724211,"wgArticleId":261613,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with self-published sources","Articles with self-published sources from August 2023","Harv and Sfn no-target errors","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from February 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from March 2022","Pages using div col with small parameter", "All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from November 2021","Commons category link from Wikidata","Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate","Stomach cancer","Abdomen","Epstein–Barr virus–associated diseases","Infectious causes of cancer"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Stomach_cancer","wgRelevantArticleId":261613,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Gastric_cancer","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Stomach_cancer","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q189588","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles": "ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Adenocarcinoma_of_the_stomach.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="762"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Adenocarcinoma_of_the_stomach.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="508"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="406"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Stomach cancer - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_cancer"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_cancer"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Stomach_cancer rootpage-Stomach_cancer skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Stomach+cancer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Stomach+cancer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Stomach+cancer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Stomach+cancer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Signs and symptoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Risk factors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Risk factors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Infections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smoking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smoking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Smoking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smoking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Alcohol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Histopathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histopathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Histopathology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Histopathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Staging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Management </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Management subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Surgery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Chemotherapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Targeted_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targeted_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Targeted therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targeted_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Radiation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lymphoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lymphoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Lymphoma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lymphoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Prognosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Other animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Stomach cancer</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" > 65 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="سرطان المعدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرطان المعدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99d%C9%99_x%C9%99r%C3%A7%C9%99ngi" title="Mədə xərçəngi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mədə xərçəngi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="معده سرطانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="معده سرطانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="পাকস্থলীর ক্যান্সার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাকস্থলীর ক্যান্সার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рак страўніка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рак страўніка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рак страўніка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рак страўніка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Рак на стомаха – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рак на стомаха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_%C5%BEeluca" title="Rak želuca – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rak želuca" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ncer_d%27est%C3%B3mac" title="Càncer d'estómac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càncer d'estómac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Хырăмлăх ракĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хырăмлăх ракĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karcinom_%C5%BEaludku" title="Karcinom žaludku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karcinom žaludku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventrikelcancer" title="Ventrikelcancer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ventrikelcancer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magenkarzinom" title="Magenkarzinom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magenkarzinom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8B%DE%A7%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="މައިދާގެ ކެންސަރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މައިދާގެ ކެންސަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maov%C3%A4hk" title="Maovähk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maovähk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Καρκίνος του στομάχου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρκίνος του στομάχου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncer_de_est%C3%B3mago" title="Cáncer de estómago – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cáncer de estómago" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomaka_kancero" title="Stomaka kancero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stomaka kancero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdaileko_minbizi" title="Urdaileko minbizi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urdaileko minbizi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87" title="سرطان معده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرطان معده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_de_l%27estomac" title="Cancer de l'estomac – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cancer de l'estomac" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailse_ghoile" title="Ailse ghoile – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ailse ghoile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancro_de_est%C3%B3mago" title="Cancro de estómago – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cancro de estómago" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%95%94" title="위암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Ստամոքսի քաղցկեղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստամոքսի քաղցկեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_%C5%BEeludca" title="Rak želudca – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rak želudca" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker_lambung" title="Kanker lambung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanker lambung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumore_dello_stomaco" title="Tumore dello stomaco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tumore dello stomaco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94" title="סרטן הקיבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרטן הקיבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Аденокарцинома – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аденокарцинома" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_stomachi" title="Cancer stomachi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cancer stomachi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrand%C5%BEio_adenokarcinoma" title="Skrandžio adenokarcinoma – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skrandžio adenokarcinoma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyomorr%C3%A1k" title="Gyomorrák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyomorrák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Рак на желудник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рак на желудник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="जठराचा कर्करोग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जठराचा कर्करोग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barah_perut" title="Barah perut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barah perut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maagkanker" title="Maagkanker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maagkanker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%83%E7%99%8C" title="胃癌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="胃癌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magekreft" title="Magekreft – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Magekreft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F" title="ପାକସ୍ଥଳୀ କର୍କଟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପାକସ୍ଥଳୀ କର୍କଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshqozon_saratoni" title="Oshqozon saratoni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oshqozon saratoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਢਿੱਡ ਦਾ ਕੈਂਸਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਢਿੱਡ ਦਾ ਕੈਂਸਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="د معدی سرطان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د معدی سرطان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_%C5%BCo%C5%82%C4%85dka_cz%C5%82owieka" title="Rak żołądka człowieka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rak żołądka człowieka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancro_do_est%C3%B4mago" title="Cancro do estômago – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cancro do estômago" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_stomacal" title="Cancer stomacal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cancer stomacal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рак желудка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рак желудка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱞᱟᱡ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱟᱡ ᱠᱮᱱᱥᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_cancer" title="Stomach cancer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stomach cancer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakovina_%C5%BEal%C3%BAdka" title="Rakovina žalúdka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rakovina žalúdka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_%C5%BEelodca" title="Rak želodca – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rak želodca" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95" title="شێرپەنجەی گەدە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێرپەنجەی گەدە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Рак желуца – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рак желуца" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasy%C3%B6p%C3%A4" title="Mahasyöpä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mahasyöpä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mags%C3%A4ckscancer" title="Magsäckscancer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Magsäckscancer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="இரைப்பைப் புற்றுநோய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரைப்பைப் புற்றுநோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="జీర్ణాశయ క్యాన్సర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీర్ణాశయ క్యాన్సర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mide_kanseri" title="Mide kanseri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mide kanseri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рак шлунка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рак шлунка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizcwng_dungx" title="Aizcwng dungx – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Aizcwng dungx" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung_th%C6%B0_d%E1%BA%A1_d%C3%A0y" title="Ung thư dạ dày – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ung thư dạ dày" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%83%E7%99%8C" title="胃癌 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="胃癌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%83%E7%99%8C" title="胃癌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="胃癌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanser%C3%AA_pizey" title="Qanserê pizey – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qanserê pizey" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%83%E7%99%8C" title="胃癌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="胃癌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189588#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stomach_cancer" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Stomach_cancer" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stomach_cancer">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stomach_cancer">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Stomach_cancer" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Stomach_cancer" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&oldid=1256724211" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Stomach_cancer&id=1256724211&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStomach_cancer">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStomach_cancer">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Stomach_cancer&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stomach_cancer" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q189588" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastric_cancer&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric cancer">Gastric cancer</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cancerous tumor originating in the stomach lining</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Stomach cancer</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Gastric cancer</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Adenocarcinoma_of_the_stomach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Adenocarcinoma_of_the_stomach.jpg/220px-Adenocarcinoma_of_the_stomach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Adenocarcinoma_of_the_stomach.jpg/330px-Adenocarcinoma_of_the_stomach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Adenocarcinoma_of_the_stomach.jpg/440px-Adenocarcinoma_of_the_stomach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="381" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A <a href="/wiki/Stomach_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach ulcer">stomach ulcer</a> that was diagnosed as cancer on <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Early: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heartburn" title="Heartburn">Heartburn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">bloating</a></li><li>upper <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal pain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Burping" title="Burping">belching</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">loss of appetite</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014TxPt-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div>Later: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">Weight loss</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hematemesis" title="Hematemesis">vomiting blood</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">difficulty swallowing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Melena" title="Melena">blood in the stool</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014TxPt-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">Over years<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data">Gastric carcinomas, <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesenchymal_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenchymal tumor">mesenchymal tumor</a><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChangParsonnet2010-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Smoking, dietary factors such as <a href="/wiki/Pickled_vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickled vegetables">pickled vegetables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24011243-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">Biopsy</a> done during <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014TxPt-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a>, not smoking<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Prevent-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Surgery, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Targeted_therapy" title="Targeted therapy">targeted therapy</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014TxPt-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival_rate" title="Five-year survival rate">Five-year survival rate</a>: < 10% (advanced cases),<a href="#cite_note-WJG14-6">[6]</a> 32% (US),<a href="#cite_note-SEER2020-7">[7]</a> 71% (Japan)<a href="#cite_note-Jap2011-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">968,350 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-Bray2022-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">659,853 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-Bray2022-9">[9]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> that develops from the <a href="/wiki/Gastric_mucosa" title="Gastric mucosa">lining of the stomach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Most cases of stomach cancers are gastric <a href="/wiki/Carcinomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinomas">carcinomas</a>, which can be divided into a number of subtypes, including gastric <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenocarcinomas">adenocarcinomas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lymphomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphomas">Lymphomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesenchymal_tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenchymal tumors">mesenchymal tumors</a> may also develop in the stomach.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> Early symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Heartburn" title="Heartburn">heartburn</a>, upper abdominal pain, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">loss of appetite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014TxPt-1">[1]</a> Later signs and symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematemesis" title="Hematemesis">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">difficulty swallowing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Melena" title="Melena">blood in the stool</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014TxPt-1">[1]</a> The cancer may <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">spread</a> from the stomach to other parts of the body, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">lining of the abdomen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacterium</a> <a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a> accounts for more than 60% of cases of stomach cancer<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChangParsonnet2010-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Certain strains of H. pylori have greater risks than others.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> Smoking, dietary factors such as <a href="/wiki/Pickled_vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickled vegetables">pickled vegetables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> are other risk factors.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24011243-4">[4]</a> About 10% of cases run in families, and between 1% and 3% of cases are due to <a href="/wiki/Cancer_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer syndrome">genetic syndromes</a> <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">inherited</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_diffuse_gastric_cancer" title="Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer">hereditary diffuse gastric cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> Most of the time, stomach cancer develops in stages over years.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> Diagnosis is usually by <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> done during <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014TxPt-1">[1]</a> This is followed by <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> to determine if the disease has spread to other parts of the body.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014TxPt-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, two countries that have high rates of the disease, <a href="/wiki/Cancer_screening" title="Cancer screening">screen for stomach cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a> lowers the risk of stomach cancer, as does not smoking.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Prevent-5">[5]</a> Tentative evidence indicates that treating <a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">H. pylori</a> decreases the future risk.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Prevent-5">[5]</a> If stomach cancer is treated early, it can be cured.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> Treatments may include some combination of surgery, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Targeted_therapy" title="Targeted therapy">targeted therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014TxPt-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wagner17-13">[13]</a> For certain subtypes of gastric cancer, <a href="/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy" title="Cancer immunotherapy">cancer immunotherapy</a> is an option as well.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> If treated late, <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative care</a> may be advised.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> Some types of lymphoma can be cured by eliminating H. pylori.<a href="#cite_note-St2010-15">[15]</a> Outcomes are often poor, with a less than 10% <a href="/wiki/Five-year_survival_rate" title="Five-year survival rate">five-year survival rate</a> in the Western world for advanced cases.<a href="#cite_note-WJG14-6">[6]</a> This is largely because most people with the condition present with advanced disease.<a href="#cite_note-WJG14-6">[6]</a> In the United States, five-year survival is 31.5%,<a href="#cite_note-SEER2020-7">[7]</a> while in South Korea it is over 65% and Japan over 70%, partly due to screening efforts.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jap2011-8">[8]</a> Globally, stomach cancer is the fifth-leading type of cancer and the third-leading cause of death from cancer, making up 7% of cases and 9% of deaths.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014Epi-16">[16]</a> In 2018, it newly occurred in 1.03 million people and caused 783,000 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Bray2018-17">[17]</a> Before the 1930s, it was a leading cause of cancer deaths in the <a href="/wiki/Western_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Western countries">Western world</a>, however rates have sharply declined among younger generations in the West, while they remain high for people living in East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The decline in the West is believed to be due to the decline of salted and pickled food consumption, as a result of the development of <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a> as a method of preserving food.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Stomach cancer occurs most commonly in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> It occurs twice as often in males as in females.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linitis_plastica_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Linitis_plastica_2.jpg/220px-Linitis_plastica_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Linitis_plastica_2.jpg/330px-Linitis_plastica_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Linitis_plastica_2.jpg/440px-Linitis_plastica_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Endoscopic image of <a href="/wiki/Linitis_plastica" title="Linitis plastica">linitis plastica</a>, a type of stomach cancer where the entire <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> is invaded, leading to a leather bottle-like appearance with <a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">blood</a> coming out of it</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Por-sig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Por-sig.jpg/220px-Por-sig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Por-sig.jpg/330px-Por-sig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Por-sig.jpg/440px-Por-sig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Endoscopic images of the stomach <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> in early stage. Its histology was poorly differentiated <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</a> with <a href="/wiki/Signet_ring_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Signet ring cells">signet ring cells</a>. Left above: normal, right above: FICE, left low: acetate stained, right low: AIM stained</figcaption></figure> Stomach cancer is often either <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic">asymptomatic</a> (producing no noticeable symptoms) or it may cause only <a href="/wiki/Nonspecific_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonspecific symptoms">nonspecific symptoms</a> (which may also be present in other related or unrelated disorders) in its early stages. By the time symptoms are recognized, the cancer has often reached an advanced stage (see below) and may have metastasized (spread to other, perhaps distant, parts of the body), which is one of the main reasons for its relatively poor prognosis.<a href="#cite_note-SAOGC-22">[22]</a> Stomach cancer can cause the following signs and symptoms: Unexplained nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and constipation. Patients also can experience unexplained weight loss.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Early cancers may be associated with <a href="/wiki/Indigestion" title="Indigestion">indigestion</a> or a burning sensation (<a href="/wiki/Heartburn" title="Heartburn">heartburn</a>). However, fewer than one in every 50 people referred for endoscopy due to indigestion has cancer.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">Abdominal discomfort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_appetite" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of appetite">loss of appetite</a> can occur.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Gastric cancers that have enlarged and invaded normal tissue can cause <a href="/wiki/Weakness" title="Weakness">weakness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (physical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">bloating</a> of the stomach after meals, <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal pain</a> in the upper abdomen, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and occasional <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>. Further enlargement may cause <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">bleeding</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vomiting_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Vomiting blood">vomiting blood</a> or having <a href="/wiki/Blood_in_the_stool" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood in the stool">blood in the stool</a>, the latter apparent as black discolouration (<a href="/wiki/Melena" title="Melena">melena</a>) and sometimes leading to <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">Dysphagia</a> suggests a tumour in the <a href="/wiki/Cardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardia">cardia</a> or extension of the gastric tumour into the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These can be symptoms of other problems such as a <a href="/wiki/Stomach_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach virus">stomach virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastric_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric ulcer">gastric ulcer</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tropical_sprue" title="Tropical sprue">tropical sprue</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Risk factors">edit</a>]</div> Gastric cancer can occur as a result of many factors.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> It occurs twice as commonly in males as females. <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen</a> may protect women against the development of this form of cancer.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infections">Infections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Infections">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a> infection is an essential risk factor in 65–80% of gastric cancers, but only 2% of people with H. pylori infections develop stomach cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24011243-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-GVRF-4-30">[30]</a> The mechanism by which H. pylori induces stomach cancer potentially involves chronic inflammation, the action of H. pylori virulence factors such as <a href="/wiki/CagA" class="mw-redirect" title="CagA">CagA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid16367902-31">[31]</a> or an interaction between H. pylori infection and germline pathogenic variants in homologous-recombination genes.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> It was estimated that <a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus" title="Epstein–Barr virus">Epstein–Barr virus</a> is responsible for 84,000 cases per year.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> is also associated with elevated risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24011243-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smoking">Smoking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Smoking">edit</a>]</div> Smoking increases the risk of developing gastric cancer significantly, from 40% increased risk for current smokers to 82% increase for heavy smokers. Gastric cancers due to smoking mostly occur in the upper part of the stomach near the esophagus.<a href="#cite_note-ACS_Risk-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohol">Alcohol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alcohol">edit</a>]</div> Some studies show <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancer" title="Alcohol and cancer">increased risk with alcohol consumption</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24011243-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24191271-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diet">edit</a>]</div> Dietary factors are not proven causes, and the association between stomach cancer and various foods and beverages is weak.<a href="#cite_note-Theodoratou2017-38">[38]</a> Some foods including <a href="/wiki/Fried_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Fried foods">fried foods</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Smoked_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoked foods">smoked foods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_sodium_diet#High_sodium_content" title="Low sodium diet">salt-rich foods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ferro-meat-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Processed_meat" title="Processed meat">processed meat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ferro-meat-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ferro-meat-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pickled_vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickled vegetables">pickled vegetables</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bracken" title="Bracken">brackens</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> are <a href="/wiki/Association_(statistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Association (statistics)">associated</a> with a higher risk of stomach cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24011243-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16865769-42">[42]</a> Fresh fruit and vegetable intake,<a href="#cite_note-ferro-fruits-43">[43]</a> citrus fruit intake,<a href="#cite_note-ferro-fruits-43">[43]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> intake are associated with a lower risk of stomach cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24011243-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ACS_Risk-34">[34]</a> A Mediterranean diet is associated with lower rates of stomach cancer,<a href="#cite_note-American_Journal_of_Clinical_Nutrition-44">[44]</a> as is regular <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> use.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24011243-4">[4]</a> Obesity is a physical risk factor that has been found to increase the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma by contributing to the development of <a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD).<a href="#cite_note-crew-45">[45]</a> The exact mechanism by which obesity causes GERD is not completely known. Studies hypothesize that increased dietary fat leading to increased pressure on the stomach and the lower esophageal sphincter, due to excess adipose tissue, could play a role, yet no statistically significant data have been collected.<a href="#cite_note-hamp-46">[46]</a> However, the risk of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, with GERD present, has been found to increase more than two times for an obese person.<a href="#cite_note-crew-45">[45]</a> There is a correlation between <a href="/wiki/Iodine_deficiency" title="Iodine deficiency">iodine deficiency</a> and gastric cancer.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> About 10% of cases run in families, and between 1 and 3% of cases are due to <a href="/wiki/Genetic_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic syndrome">genetic syndromes</a> <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">inherited</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_diffuse_gastric_cancer" title="Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer">hereditary diffuse gastric cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014-2">[2]</a> A genetic risk factor for gastric cancer is a genetic defect of the <a href="/wiki/CDH1_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="CDH1 (gene)">CDH1 gene</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_diffuse_gastric_cancer" title="Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer">hereditary diffuse gastric cancer</a> (HDGC). The CDH1 gene, which codes for E-cadherin, lies on the 16th chromosome.<a href="#cite_note-chel-48">[48]</a> When the gene experiences a particular mutation, gastric cancer develops through a mechanism that is not fully understood.<a href="#cite_note-chel-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> This mutation is considered autosomal dominant, meaning that half of a carrier's children will likely experience the same mutation.<a href="#cite_note-chel-48">[48]</a> Diagnosis of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer usually takes place when at least two cases involving a family member, such as a parent or grandparent, are diagnosed, with at least one diagnosed before the age of 50.<a href="#cite_note-chel-48">[48]</a> The diagnosis can also be made if at least three cases occur in the family, in which case age is not considered.<a href="#cite_note-chel-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Cancer_Genome_Consortium" title="International Cancer Genome Consortium">International Cancer Genome Consortium</a> is leading efforts to identify <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomic</a> changes involved in stomach cancer.<a href="#cite_note-ICGC-USA-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICGC-China-51">[51]</a> A very small percentage of diffuse-type gastric cancers (see Histopathology below) arise from an <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">inherited</a> abnormal <a href="/wiki/CDH1_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="CDH1 (gene)">CDH1</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>. <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a> and treatment options are available for families at risk.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15235021-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> To find the cause of symptoms, the doctor asks about the patient's medical history, does a physical examination, and may order laboratory studies.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The patient may also have one or all of these exams: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastroscopic_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastroscopic exam">Gastroscopic exam</a> is the diagnostic method of choice. This involves insertion of a <a href="/wiki/Fibre_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre optic">fibre optic</a> camera into the stomach to visualise it.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24191271-37">[37]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_GI_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper GI series">Upper GI series</a> (may be called barium roentgenogram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">Computed tomography</a> or CT scanning of the abdomen may reveal gastric cancer. It is more useful to determine invasion into adjacent tissues or the presence of spread to local lymph nodes. Wall thickening of more than 1 cm that is focal, eccentric, and enhancing favours malignancy.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li></ul> In 2013, Chinese and Israeli scientists reported a successful <a href="/wiki/Pilot_study" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot study">pilot study</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Breathalyzer" title="Breathalyzer">breathalyzer</a>-style breath test intended to diagnose stomach cancer by analyzing exhaled chemicals without the need for an intrusive <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> A larger-scale <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trial</a> of this technology was completed in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Abnormal tissue seen in a gastroscope examination is <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsied</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgeon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gastroenterologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastroenterologist">gastroenterologist</a>. This tissue is then sent to a <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathologist</a> for <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histological</a> examination under a microscope to check for the presence of cancerous cells. A biopsy, with subsequent histological analysis, is the only sure way to confirm the presence of cancer cells.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24191271-37">[37]</a> Various gastroscopic modalities have been developed to increase yield of detected mucosa with a dye that accentuates the cell structure and can identify areas of dysplasia. Endocytoscopy involves ultra-high magnification to visualise cellular structure to better determine areas of dysplasia. Other gastroscopic modalities such as <a href="/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomography" title="Optical coherence tomography">optical coherence tomography</a> are being tested investigationally for similar applications.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutaneous condition">cutaneous conditions</a> are associated with gastric cancer. A condition of darkened <a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">hyperplasia</a> of the skin, frequently of the <a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">axilla</a> and groin, known as <a href="/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricans" title="Acanthosis nigricans">acanthosis nigricans</a>, is associated with intra-abdominal cancers such as gastric cancer. Other cutaneous manifestations of gastric cancer include "tripe palms" (a similar darkening hyperplasia of the skin of the palms) and the <a href="/wiki/Leser-Trelat_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Leser-Trelat sign">Leser-Trelat sign</a>, which is the rapid development of skin lesions known as <a href="/wiki/Seborrheic_keratosis" title="Seborrheic keratosis">seborrheic keratoses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15230897-60">[60]</a> Various blood tests may be done, including a <a href="/wiki/Complete_Blood_Count" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Blood Count">complete blood count</a> to check for anaemia, and a <a href="/wiki/Fecal_occult_blood" title="Fecal occult blood">fecal occult blood test</a> to check for blood in the stool.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Histopathology">Histopathology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Histopathology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pie_chart_of_stomach_cancer_types_by_relative_incidence.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pie_chart_of_stomach_cancer_types_by_relative_incidence.png/220px-Pie_chart_of_stomach_cancer_types_by_relative_incidence.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pie_chart_of_stomach_cancer_types_by_relative_incidence.png/330px-Pie_chart_of_stomach_cancer_types_by_relative_incidence.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pie_chart_of_stomach_cancer_types_by_relative_incidence.png/440px-Pie_chart_of_stomach_cancer_types_by_relative_incidence.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>Stomach cancer types by relative incidence<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Gastric <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</a> is a malignant epithelial tumour, originating from glandular epithelium of the gastric mucosa. Stomach cancers are about 90% <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenocarcinomas">adenocarcinomas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Histologically, there are two major types of gastric adenocarcinoma (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lauren_classification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lauren classification (page does not exist)">Lauren classification</a>): intestinal type or diffuse type. Adenocarcinomas tend to aggressively invade the gastric wall, infiltrating the <a href="/wiki/Muscularis_mucosae" title="Muscularis mucosae">muscularis mucosae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">submucosa</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Muscularis_propria" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscularis propria">muscularis propria</a>. Intestinal type adenocarcinoma tumour cells describe irregular tubular structures, harbouring pluristratification, multiple lumens, reduced stroma ("back to back" aspect). Often, it associates intestinal metaplasia in neighbouring mucosa. Depending on glandular architecture, cellular pleomorphism and mucosecretion, adenocarcinoma may present 3 degrees of differentiation: well, moderate and poorly differentiated. <a href="/wiki/Linitis_plastica" title="Linitis plastica">Diffuse type</a> adenocarcinoma (mucinous, colloid, <a href="/wiki/Linitis_plastica" title="Linitis plastica">linitis plastica</a> or leather-bottle stomach) tumour cells are discohesive and secrete mucus, which is delivered in the interstitium, producing large pools of mucus/colloid (optically "empty" spaces). It is poorly differentiated. In <a href="/wiki/Signet_ring_cell_carcinoma" title="Signet ring cell carcinoma">signet ring cell carcinomas</a>, the mucus remains inside the tumour cell and pushes the nucleus to the periphery, giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Signet-ring_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Signet-ring cell">signet-ring cells</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Around 5% of gastric cancers are lymphomas.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> These may include <a href="/wiki/Marginal_zone_B-cell_lymphoma#Extranodal_marginal_zone_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma">extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas</a> (MALT type)<a href="#cite_note-Bur2017-65">[65]</a> and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_large_B-cell_lymphoma" title="Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma">diffuse large B-cell lymphomas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25052386-66">[66]</a> MALT type make up about half of stomach lymphomas.<a href="#cite_note-St2010-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoid" title="Carcinoid">Carcinoid</a> and stromal tumors may occur.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Adenocarcinoma_low_differentiated_(stomach)_H%26E_magn_400x.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poor to moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach. H&E stain."><img alt="Poor to moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach. H&E stain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Adenocarcinoma_low_differentiated_%28stomach%29_H%26E_magn_400x.jpg/175px-Adenocarcinoma_low_differentiated_%28stomach%29_H%26E_magn_400x.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Adenocarcinoma_low_differentiated_%28stomach%29_H%26E_magn_400x.jpg/263px-Adenocarcinoma_low_differentiated_%28stomach%29_H%26E_magn_400x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Adenocarcinoma_low_differentiated_%28stomach%29_H%26E_magn_400x.jpg/350px-Adenocarcinoma_low_differentiated_%28stomach%29_H%26E_magn_400x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poor to moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach. <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gastric_signet_ring_cell_carcinoma_histopatholgy_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gastric signet ring cell carcinoma. H&E stain."><img alt="Gastric signet ring cell carcinoma. H&E stain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gastric_signet_ring_cell_carcinoma_histopatholgy_%281%29.jpg/180px-Gastric_signet_ring_cell_carcinoma_histopatholgy_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gastric_signet_ring_cell_carcinoma_histopatholgy_%281%29.jpg/270px-Gastric_signet_ring_cell_carcinoma_histopatholgy_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gastric_signet_ring_cell_carcinoma_histopatholgy_%281%29.jpg/360px-Gastric_signet_ring_cell_carcinoma_histopatholgy_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="376" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gastric <a href="/wiki/Signet_ring_cell_carcinoma" title="Signet ring cell carcinoma">signet ring cell carcinoma</a>. <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gastric_adenocarcinoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adenocarcinoma of the stomach and intestinal metaplasia. H&E stain."><img alt="Adenocarcinoma of the stomach and intestinal metaplasia. H&E stain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gastric_adenocarcinoma.jpg/180px-Gastric_adenocarcinoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gastric_adenocarcinoma.jpg/270px-Gastric_adenocarcinoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gastric_adenocarcinoma.jpg/360px-Gastric_adenocarcinoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adenocarcinoma of the stomach and <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_metaplasia" title="Intestinal metaplasia">intestinal metaplasia</a>. <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staging">Staging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Staging">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_the_T_stages_of_stomach_cancer_CRUK_374.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Diagram_showing_the_T_stages_of_stomach_cancer_CRUK_374.svg/220px-Diagram_showing_the_T_stages_of_stomach_cancer_CRUK_374.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Diagram_showing_the_T_stages_of_stomach_cancer_CRUK_374.svg/330px-Diagram_showing_the_T_stages_of_stomach_cancer_CRUK_374.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Diagram_showing_the_T_stages_of_stomach_cancer_CRUK_374.svg/440px-Diagram_showing_the_T_stages_of_stomach_cancer_CRUK_374.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>T stages of stomach cancer</figcaption></figure> If cancer cells are found in the tissue sample, the next step is to <a href="/wiki/Cancer_staging" title="Cancer staging">stage</a>, or find out the extent of the disease. Various tests determine whether the cancer has spread, and if so, what parts of the body are affected. Because stomach cancer can spread to the liver, pancreas, and other organs near the stomach, as well as to the lungs, the doctor may order a <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/PET_scan" class="mw-redirect" title="PET scan">PET scan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid16418249-67">[67]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_ultrasound" title="Endoscopic ultrasound">endoscopic ultrasound</a> exam, or other tests to check these areas. Blood tests for <a href="/wiki/Tumor_marker" title="Tumor marker">tumor markers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen" title="Carcinoembryonic antigen">carcinoembryonic antigen</a> and carbohydrate antigen may be ordered, as their levels correlate to extent of metastasis, especially to the liver, and the cure rate.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Staging may not be complete until after surgery. The surgeon removes nearby lymph nodes and possibly samples of tissue from other areas in the abdomen for examination by a pathologist.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The clinical stages of stomach cancer are:<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <ul><li>Stage 0 – Limited to the inner lining of the stomach, it is treatable by endoscopic mucosal resection when found very early (in routine screenings), or otherwise by <a href="/wiki/Gastrectomy" title="Gastrectomy">gastrectomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymphadenectomy" title="Lymphadenectomy">lymphadenectomy</a> without need for chemotherapy or radiation.</li> <li>Stage I – Penetration to the second or third layers of the stomach (stage 1A) or to the second layer and nearby <a href="/wiki/Lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymph nodes">lymph nodes</a> (stage 1B): Stage 1A is treated by surgery, including removal of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_omentum" title="Greater omentum">omentum</a>. Stage 1B may be treated with chemotherapy (<a href="/wiki/5-fluorouracil" class="mw-redirect" title="5-fluorouracil">5-fluorouracil</a>) and radiation therapy.</li> <li>Stage II – Penetration to the second layer and more distant lymph nodes, or the third layer and only nearby lymph nodes, or all four layers but not the lymph nodes, it is treated as for stage I, sometimes with additional <a href="/wiki/Adjuvant_chemotherapy#Neoadjuvant_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjuvant chemotherapy">neoadjuvant chemotherapy</a>.</li> <li>Stage III – Penetration to the third layer and more distant lymph nodes, or penetration to the fourth layer and either nearby tissues or nearby or more distant lymph nodes, it is treated as for stage II; a cure is still possible in some cases.</li> <li>Stage IV – Cancer has spread to nearby tissues and more distant lymph nodes, or has <a href="/wiki/Metastasize" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasize">metastasized</a> to other organs. A cure is very rarely possible at this stage. Some other techniques to prolong life or improve symptoms are used, including laser treatment, surgery, and/or stents to keep the digestive tract open, and chemotherapy by drugs such as 5-fluorouracil, <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirubicin" title="Epirubicin">epirubicin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etoposide" title="Etoposide">etoposide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Docetaxel" title="Docetaxel">docetaxel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxaliplatin" title="Oxaliplatin">oxaliplatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capecitabine" title="Capecitabine">capecitabine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Irinotecan" title="Irinotecan">irinotecan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner17-13">[13]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_secondary_stomach_cancer_in_the_lungs_CRUK_186.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Diagram_showing_secondary_stomach_cancer_in_the_lungs_CRUK_186.svg/220px-Diagram_showing_secondary_stomach_cancer_in_the_lungs_CRUK_186.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Diagram_showing_secondary_stomach_cancer_in_the_lungs_CRUK_186.svg/330px-Diagram_showing_secondary_stomach_cancer_in_the_lungs_CRUK_186.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Diagram_showing_secondary_stomach_cancer_in_the_lungs_CRUK_186.svg/440px-Diagram_showing_secondary_stomach_cancer_in_the_lungs_CRUK_186.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Stomach cancer metastasized to the lungs</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/TNM_staging_system" title="TNM staging system">TNM staging system</a> is also used.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In a study of open-access endoscopy in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, patients were diagnosed 7% in stage I, 17% in stage II, and 28% in stage III.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> A Minnesota population was diagnosed 10% in stage I, 13% in stage II, and 18% in stage III.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> However, in a high-risk population in the <a href="/wiki/Valdivia_Province" title="Valdivia Province">Valdivia Province</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, only 5% of patients were diagnosed in the first two stages and 10% in stage III.<a href="#cite_note-Valdivia-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> Getting rid of H. pylori in those who are infected decreases the risk of stomach cancer.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> A 2014 meta-analysis of observational studies found that a diet high in <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">mushrooms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Green_onion" class="mw-redirect" title="Green onion">green onions</a> was associated with a lower risk of stomach cancer in the Korean population.<a href="#cite_note-Woo2014-75">[75]</a> Low doses of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>, especially from a <a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">healthy diet</a>, decrease the risk of stomach cancer.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> A previous review of <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> supplementation did not find supporting evidence and possibly worse outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Modern technology is used to promote early diagnosis, e.g. based on serum markers.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a>]</div> Cancer of the stomach is difficult to cure unless it is found at an early stage (before it has begun to spread). Unfortunately, because early stomach cancer causes few symptoms, the disease is usually advanced when the diagnosis is made.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23639645-80">[80]</a> Treatment for stomach cancer may include surgery,<a href="#cite_note-pmid23983442-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wagner17-13">[13]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23622077-82">[82]</a> New treatment approaches such as <a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">immunotherapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a> and improved ways of using current methods are being studied in clinical trials.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21556317-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Surgery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagam_showing_the_anatomy_before_Roux-en-y_surgery_for_stomach_cancer_CRUK_002.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Diagam_showing_the_anatomy_before_Roux-en-y_surgery_for_stomach_cancer_CRUK_002.svg/220px-Diagam_showing_the_anatomy_before_Roux-en-y_surgery_for_stomach_cancer_CRUK_002.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Diagam_showing_the_anatomy_before_Roux-en-y_surgery_for_stomach_cancer_CRUK_002.svg/330px-Diagam_showing_the_anatomy_before_Roux-en-y_surgery_for_stomach_cancer_CRUK_002.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Diagam_showing_the_anatomy_before_Roux-en-y_surgery_for_stomach_cancer_CRUK_002.svg/440px-Diagam_showing_the_anatomy_before_Roux-en-y_surgery_for_stomach_cancer_CRUK_002.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Anatomy before Roux-en-y surgery to resect stomach cancer</figcaption></figure> Surgery remains the only curative therapy for stomach cancer.<a href="#cite_note-WJG14-6">[6]</a> A 2016 <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane review">Cochrane review</a> found low-quality evidence of no difference in short-term mortality between laparoscopic and open gastrectomy (removal of stomach), and that benefits or harms of laparoscopic gastrectomy cannot be ruled out.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Post-operatively, up to 70% of people undergoing total gastrectomy develop complications such as dumping syndrome and reflux esophagitis.<a href="#cite_note-:0-85">[85]</a> Construction of a "pouch", which serves as a "stomach substitute", reduced the incidence of dumping syndrome and reflux esophagitis by 73% and 63% respectively, and led to improvements in quality-of-life, nutritional outcomes, and body mass index.<a href="#cite_note-:0-85">[85]</a> Proximal gastrectomy (PG) can be considered a viable alternative for upper third early gastric cancer (EGC)<a href="#cite_note-Narayan2024-86">[86]</a> Of the different surgical techniques, <a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_mucosal_resection" title="Endoscopic mucosal resection">endoscopic mucosal resection</a> (EMR) is a treatment for early gastric cancer (tumor only involves the <a href="/wiki/Mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosa">mucosa</a>) that was pioneered in Japan and is available in the United States at some centers.<a href="#cite_note-WJG14-6">[6]</a> In EMR, the tumor, together with the inner lining of stomach (mucosa), is removed from the wall of the stomach using an electrical wire loop through the endoscope. The advantage is that it is a much smaller operation than removing the stomach.<a href="#cite_note-WJG14-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopic submucosal dissection</a> is a similar technique pioneered in Japan, used to resect a large area of mucosa in one piece.<a href="#cite_note-WJG14-6">[6]</a> If the pathologic examination of the resected specimen shows incomplete resection or deep invasion by tumor, the patient would need a formal stomach resection.<a href="#cite_note-WJG14-6">[6]</a> Those with metastatic disease at the time of presentation may receive palliative surgery, and while it remains controversial, due to the possibility of complications from the surgery itself and because it may delay chemotherapy, the data so far are mostly positive, with improved survival rates being seen in those treated with this approach.<a href="#cite_note-WJG14-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chemotherapy">edit</a>]</div> The use of chemotherapy to treat stomach cancer has no firmly established <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_care" title="Standard of care">standard of care</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner17-13">[13]</a> Unfortunately, stomach cancer has not been particularly sensitive to these drugs, and chemotherapy, if used, has usually served to palliatively reduce the size of the tumor, relieve symptoms of the disease, and increase survival time.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner17-13">[13]</a> Some drugs used in stomach cancer treatment have included: fluorouracil or its analog <a href="/wiki/Capecitabine" title="Capecitabine">capecitabine</a>, BCNU (<a href="/wiki/Carmustine" title="Carmustine">carmustine</a>), methyl-CCNU (<a href="/wiki/Semustine" title="Semustine">semustine</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Doxorubicin" title="Doxorubicin">doxorubicin</a> (Adriamycin), as well as <a href="/wiki/Mitomycin_C" title="Mitomycin C">mitomycin C</a>, and more recently <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxotere" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxotere">taxotere</a>, often using drugs in various combinations.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner17-13">[13]</a> The relative benefits of these different drugs, alone and in combination, are unclear.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner17-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17425475-88">[88]</a> Clinical researchers are exploring the benefits of giving chemotherapy before surgery to shrink the tumor, or as adjuvant therapy after surgery to destroy remaining cancer cells.<a href="#cite_note-WJG14-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Targeted_therapy">Targeted therapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Targeted therapy">edit</a>]</div> Recently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>], treatment with <a href="/wiki/HER2/neu" class="mw-redirect" title="HER2/neu">human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)</a> inhibitor, <a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab" title="Trastuzumab">trastuzumab</a>, has been demonstrated to increase <a href="/wiki/Overall_survival_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Overall survival rate">overall survival</a> in inoperable locally advanced or metastatic gastric carcinoma over-expressing the <a href="/wiki/HER2/neu" class="mw-redirect" title="HER2/neu">HER2/neu</a> gene.<a href="#cite_note-WJG14-6">[6]</a> In particular, <a href="/wiki/HER2/neu" class="mw-redirect" title="HER2/neu">HER2</a> is overexpressed in 13–22% of patients with gastric cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21556317-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fusco13-89">[89]</a> Of note, HER2 overexpression in gastric neoplasia is heterogeneous and comprises a minority of tumor cells (less than 10% of gastric cancers overexpress HER2 in more than 5% of tumor cells). Hence, this heterogeneous expression should be taken into account for HER2 testing, particularly in small samples such as biopsies, requiring the evaluation of more than one bioptic sample.<a href="#cite_note-Fusco13-89">[89]</a> A recent clinical study reported promising results for a combination therapy using Nivolumab and Anlotinib in the treatment of advanced gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), that improve the immune response against cancer while simultaneously slowing tumor progression.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The research, conducted by Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, and BGI Genomics, was published in Nature Communications in October 2024. The study evaluated the efficacy of combining Nivolumab, an immunotherapy that enhances the immune system's ability to attack cancer cells, with anlotinib hydrochloride, a drug that inhibits tumor angiogenesis by blocking signals essential for the growth of new blood vessels.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiation">Radiation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Radiation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation therapy</a> (also called radiotherapy) may be used to treat stomach cancer, often as an adjuvant to chemotherapy and/or surgery.<a href="#cite_note-WJG14-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lymphoma">Lymphoma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lymphoma">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/MALT_lymphoma" title="MALT lymphoma">MALT lymphomas</a> are often completely resolved after the underlying H. pylori infection is treated.<a href="#cite_note-St2010-15">[15]</a> This results in remission in about 80% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-St2010-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Prognosis">edit</a>]</div> The prognosis of stomach cancer is generally poor, because the tumor has often metastasized by the time of discovery, and most people with the condition are elderly (median age is between 70 and 75 years) at presentation.<a href="#cite_note-MSR-92">[92]</a> The average life expectancy after being diagnosed is around 24 months, and the five-year survival rate for stomach cancer is less than 10%.<a href="#cite_note-WJG14-6">[6]</a> Almost 300 genes are related to outcomes in stomach cancer, with both unfavorable genes where high expression is related to poor survival and favorable genes where high expression is associated with longer survival times.<a href="#cite_note-atlas-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Examples of poor prognosis genes include <a href="/wiki/ITGAV" class="mw-redirect" title="ITGAV">ITGAV</a>, <a href="/wiki/DUSP1" title="DUSP1">DUSP1</a> and <a href="/wiki/P2RX7" title="P2RX7">P2RX7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stomach_cancer_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stomach_cancer_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/280px-Stomach_cancer_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stomach_cancer_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/420px-Stomach_cancer_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Stomach_cancer_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/560px-Stomach_cancer_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Stomach cancer deaths per million persons in 2012 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  0–11</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  12–16</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  17–24</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  25–33</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  34–51</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  52–76</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  77–102</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  103–128</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  129–175</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  176–400</div></div></figcaption></figure> In 2018, stomach cancer was the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide, representing 5.7% of all cancer cases, and the third leading cause of death from cancers, being responsible for 8.2% of all cancer deaths.<a href="#cite_note-:1-96">[96]</a> Among men, 683 754 cases were diagnosed, accounting for 7.2% of all cancer cases, and among women, stomach cancer was diagnosed in 349 947 cases, accounting for 4.1% of all cancer cases.<a href="#cite_note-:1-96">[96]</a> In 2012, stomach cancer was the fifth most-common cancer with 952,000 cases diagnosed.<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014Epi-16">[16]</a> It is more common both in men and in developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-Parkin-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO-QA15-98">[98]</a> In 2012, it represented 8.5% of cancer cases in men, making it the fourth most-common cancer in men.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Also in 2012, the number of deaths was 700,000, having decreased slightly from 774,000 in 1990, making it the third-leading cause of cancer-related death (after <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver cancer</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Loz2012-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Less than 5% of stomach cancers occur in people under 40 years of age, with 81.1% of that 5% in the age-group of 30 to 39 and 18.9% in the age-group of 20 to 29.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In 2014, stomach cancer resulted in 0.61% of deaths (13,303 cases) in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In China, stomach cancer accounted for 3.56% of all deaths (324,439 cases).<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] The highest rate of stomach cancer was in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, at 28 cases per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] In the United Kingdom, stomach cancer is the 15th most-common cancer (around 7,100 people were diagnosed with stomach cancer in 2011), and it is the 10th most-common cause of cancer-related deaths (around 4,800 people died in 2012).<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Incidence and mortality rates of gastric cancer vary greatly in Africa. The GLOBOCAN system is currently the most widely used method to compare these rates between countries, but African incidence and mortality rates are seen to differ among countries, possibly due to the lack of universal access to a registry system for all countries.<a href="#cite_note-asom-107">[107]</a> Variation as drastic as estimated rates from 0.3/100000 in Botswana to 20.3/100000 in Mali have been observed.<a href="#cite_note-asom-107">[107]</a> In Uganda, the incidence of gastric cancer has increased from the 1960s measurement of 0.8/100000 to 5.6/100000.<a href="#cite_note-asom-107">[107]</a> Gastric cancer, though present, is relatively low when compared to countries with high incidence like Japan and China. One suspected cause of the variation within Africa and between other countries is due to different strains of the H. pylori bacteria. The trend commonly seen is that H. pylori infection increases the risk for gastric cancer, but this is not the case in Africa, giving this phenomenon the name the "African enigma".<a href="#cite_note-louw-108">[108]</a> Although this bacterial species is found in Africa, evidence has supported that different strains with mutations in the bacterial genotype may contribute to the difference in cancer development between African countries and others outside the continent.<a href="#cite_note-louw-108">[108]</a> Increasing access to health care and treatment measures have been commonly associated with the rising incidence, though, particularly in Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-asom-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other animals">edit</a>]</div> The stomach is a muscular organ of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal">gastrointestinal</a> tract that holds food and begins the digestive process by secreting gastric juice. The most common cancers of the stomach are adenocarcinomas, but other histological types have been reported. Signs vary, but may include vomiting (especially if blood is present), weight loss, anemia, and lack of appetite. Bowel movements may be dark and tarry in nature. To determine whether cancer is present in the stomach, special X-rays and/or abdominal ultrasounds may be performed. <a href="/wiki/Gastroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastroscopy">Gastroscopy</a>, a test using an endoscope to examine the stomach, is a useful diagnostic tool that can also take samples of the suspected mass for histopathological analysis to confirm or rule out cancer. The most definitive method of cancer diagnosis is through open surgical biopsy.<a href="#cite_note-MacEwan_2013-109">[109]</a> Most stomach tumors are malignant with evidence of spread to lymph nodes or liver, making treatment difficult. Except for lymphoma, surgery is the most frequent treatment option for stomach cancers but it is associated with significant risks.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">carcinogenic</a> interaction was demonstrated between <a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">bile acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a> in a mouse model of gastric cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid35575088-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid35316215-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NCI2014TxPt-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014TxPt_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014TxPt_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014TxPt_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014TxPt_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014TxPt_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014TxPt_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014TxPt_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014TxPt_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014TxPt_1-8">i</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/gastric/Patient/page1/AllPages">"Gastric Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)"</a>. NCI. 17 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705231337/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/gastric/Patient/page1/AllPages">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCI&rft.atitle=Gastric+Cancer+Treatment+%28PDQ%C2%AE%29&rft.date=2014-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fcancertopics%2Fpdq%2Ftreatment%2Fgastric%2FPatient%2Fpage1%2FAllPages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WCR2014-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014_2-20">u</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"5.4 Stomach Cancer". <a href="#CITEREFWorld_Cancer_Report_2014">World Cancer Report 2014</a>. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.4+Stomach+Cancer&rft.btitle=World+Cancer+Report+2014&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChangParsonnet2010-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChangParsonnet2010_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChangParsonnet2010_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangParsonnet2010" class="citation journal cs1">Chang AH, <a href="/wiki/Julie_Parsonnet" title="Julie Parsonnet">Parsonnet J</a> (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952975">"Role of bacteria in oncogenesis"</a>. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 23 (4): 837–857. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.00012-10">10.1128/CMR.00012-10</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2952975">2952975</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20930075">20930075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Role+of+bacteria+in+oncogenesis&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=837-857&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2952975%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20930075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FCMR.00012-10&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=AH&rft.au=Parsonnet%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2952975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24011243-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24011243_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24011243_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24011243_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24011243_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24011243_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24011243_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24011243_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24011243_4-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzálezSalaRokkas2013" class="citation journal cs1">González CA, Sala N, Rokkas T (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhel.12082">"Gastric cancer: epidemiologic aspects"</a>. Helicobacter. 18 (Suppl 1): 34–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhel.12082">10.1111/hel.12082</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24011243">24011243</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22918077">22918077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helicobacter&rft.atitle=Gastric+cancer%3A+epidemiologic+aspects&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=34-38&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22918077%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24011243&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhel.12082&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=CA&rft.au=Sala%2C+N&rft.au=Rokkas%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fhel.12082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCI2014Prevent-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014Prevent_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014Prevent_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2014Prevent_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/gastric/HealthProfessional">"Stomach (Gastric) Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)"</a>. NCI. 27 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704195947/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/gastric/HealthProfessional">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCI&rft.atitle=Stomach+%28Gastric%29+Cancer+Prevention+%28PDQ%C2%AE%29&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fcancertopics%2Fpdq%2Fprevention%2Fgastric%2FHealthProfessional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WJG14-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WJG14_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJG14_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJG14_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJG14_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJG14_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJG14_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJG14_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJG14_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJG14_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJG14_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJG14_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJG14_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJG14_6-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrdituraGaliziaSforzaGambardella2014" class="citation journal cs1">Orditura M, Galizia G, Sforza V, Gambardella V, Fabozzi A, Laterza MM, et al. (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930964">"Treatment of gastric cancer"</a>. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (7): 1635–1649. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v20.i7.1635">10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1635</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930964">3930964</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24587643">24587643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+gastric+cancer&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1635-1649&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3930964%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24587643&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3748%2Fwjg.v20.i7.1635&rft.aulast=Orditura&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Galizia%2C+G&rft.au=Sforza%2C+V&rft.au=Gambardella%2C+V&rft.au=Fabozzi%2C+A&rft.au=Laterza%2C+MM&rft.au=Andreozzi%2C+F&rft.au=Ventriglia%2C+J&rft.au=Savastano%2C+B&rft.au=Mabilia%2C+A&rft.au=Lieto%2C+E&rft.au=Ciardiello%2C+F&rft.au=De+Vita%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3930964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEER2020-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEER2020_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEER2020_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/stomach.html">"Cancer of the Stomach - Cancer Stat Facts"</a>. SEER. Retrieved 1 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SEER&rft.atitle=Cancer+of+the+Stomach+-+Cancer+Stat+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseer.cancer.gov%2Fstatfacts%2Fhtml%2Fstomach.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jap2011-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jap2011_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jap2011_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ganjoho.jp/reg_stat/statistics/brochure/hosp_c_reg_surv.html">"がん診療連携拠点病院等院内がん登録生存率集計: [国立がん研究センターがん登録・統計]"</a>. ganjoho.jp. Retrieved 2 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ganjoho.jp&rft.atitle=%E3%81%8C%E3%82%93%E8%A8%BA%E7%99%82%E9%80%A3%E6%90%BA%E6%8B%A0%E7%82%B9%E7%97%85%E9%99%A2%E7%AD%89%E9%99%A2%E5%86%85%E3%81%8C%E3%82%93%E7%99%BB%E9%8C%B2%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%98%E7%8E%87%E9%9B%86%E8%A8%88%3A+%5B%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E3%81%8C%E3%82%93%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC+%E3%81%8C%E3%82%93%E7%99%BB%E9%8C%B2%E3%83%BB%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fganjoho.jp%2Freg_stat%2Fstatistics%2Fbrochure%2Fhosp_c_reg_surv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bray2022-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bray2022_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bray2022_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrayLaversanneSungFerlay2024" class="citation journal cs1">Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. (4 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcaac.21834">"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries"</a>. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 74 (3): 229–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcaac.21834">10.3322/caac.21834</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-9235">0007-9235</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38572751">38572751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CA%3A+A+Cancer+Journal+for+Clinicians&rft.atitle=Global+cancer+statistics+2022%3A+GLOBOCAN+estimates+of+incidence+and+mortality+worldwide+for+36+cancers+in+185+countries&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=229-263&rft.date=2024-04-04&rft.issn=0007-9235&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38572751&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3322%2Fcaac.21834&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Freddie&rft.au=Laversanne%2C+Mathieu&rft.au=Sung%2C+Hyuna&rft.au=Ferlay%2C+Jacques&rft.au=Siegel%2C+Rebecca+L.&rft.au=Soerjomataram%2C+Isabelle&rft.au=Jemal%2C+Ahmedin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3322%252Fcaac.21834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/stomach">"Stomach (Gastric) Cancer"</a>. NCI. January 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704181619/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/stomach">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCI&rft.atitle=Stomach+%28Gastric%29+Cancer&rft.date=1980-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fcancertopics%2Ftypes%2Fstomach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuddon2007" class="citation book cs1">Ruddon RW (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223">Cancer biology</a> (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517543-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517543-1"><bdi>978-0-19-517543-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915231411/https://books.google.com/books?id=PymZ1ORk0TcC&pg=PA223">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cancer+biology&rft.pages=223&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517543-1&rft.aulast=Ruddon&rft.aufirst=RW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPymZ1ORk0TcC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimMcKee2011" class="citation book cs1">Sim F, McKee M, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn8xC6_UW8YC&pg=PA74">Issues in public health</a> (2nd ed.). Open University Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-24422-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-24422-5"><bdi>978-0-335-24422-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Issues+in+public+health&rft.pages=74&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-335-24422-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJn8xC6_UW8YC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner17-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner17_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner17_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner17_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner17_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner17_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner17_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner17_13-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerSynMoehlerGrothe2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner AD, Syn NL, Moehler M, Grothe W, Yong WP, Tai BC, et al. (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6483552">"Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (8): CD004064. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd004064.pub4">10.1002/14651858.cd004064.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6483552">6483552</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28850174">28850174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+for+advanced+gastric+cancer&rft.volume=2017&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=CD004064&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6483552%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28850174&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd004064.pub4&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=AD&rft.au=Syn%2C+NL&rft.au=Moehler%2C+M&rft.au=Grothe%2C+W&rft.au=Yong%2C+WP&rft.au=Tai%2C+BC&rft.au=Ho%2C+J&rft.au=Unverzagt%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6483552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKodachPeppelenbosch2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kodach LL, Peppelenbosch MP (August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2021.03.047">"Targeting the Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Compartment for Inducing Responsiveness to Immune Checkpoint Blockade Is Best Limited to Specific Subtypes of Gastric Cancers"</a>. Gastroenterology. 161 (2): 727. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2021.03.047">10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.047</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33798523">33798523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Targeting+the+Myeloid-Derived+Suppressor+Cell+Compartment+for+Inducing+Responsiveness+to+Immune+Checkpoint+Blockade+Is+Best+Limited+to+Specific+Subtypes+of+Gastric+Cancers&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=727&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2021.03.047&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33798523&rft.aulast=Kodach&rft.aufirst=LL&rft.au=Peppelenbosch%2C+MP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1053%252Fj.gastro.2021.03.047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-St2010-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-St2010_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-St2010_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-St2010_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-St2010_15-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStathisBertoniZucca2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stathis A, Bertoni F, Zucca E (September 2010). "Treatment of gastric marginal zone lymphoma of MALT type". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 11 (13): 2141–2152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14656566.2010.497141">10.1517/14656566.2010.497141</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20586708">20586708</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6796557">6796557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opinion+on+Pharmacotherapy&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+gastric+marginal+zone+lymphoma+of+MALT+type&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=2141-2152&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6796557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20586708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F14656566.2010.497141&rft.aulast=Stathis&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Bertoni%2C+F&rft.au=Zucca%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WCR2014Epi-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014Epi_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014Epi_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Cancer_Report_2014" class="citation book cs1">Stewart BW, Wild C, et al. (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (2014). "1.1 The global and regional burden of cancer". World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-832-0429-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-832-0429-9"><bdi>978-92-832-0429-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.1+The+global+and+regional+burden+of+cancer&rft.btitle=World+Cancer+Report+2014&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-92-832-0429-9&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=BW&rft.au=Wild%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bray2018-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Bray2018_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrayFerlaySoerjomataramSiegel2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcaac.21492">"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries"</a>. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 68 (6): 394–424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcaac.21492">10.3322/caac.21492</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30207593">30207593</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52188256">52188256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CA%3A+A+Cancer+Journal+for+Clinicians&rft.atitle=Global+cancer+statistics+2018%3A+GLOBOCAN+estimates+of+incidence+and+mortality+worldwide+for+36+cancers+in+185+countries&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=394-424&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52188256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30207593&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3322%2Fcaac.21492&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Ferlay%2C+J&rft.au=Soerjomataram%2C+I&rft.au=Siegel%2C+RL&rft.au=Torre%2C+LA&rft.au=Jemal%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3322%252Fcaac.21492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobiasHochhauserSouhami2010" class="citation book cs1">Tobias SJ, Hochhauser D, Souhami RL (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9sW0eCoZFt4C&pg=PA259">Cancer and its management</a> (6th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0637-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-0637-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-0637-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cancer+and+its+management&rft.pages=259&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-0637-8&rft.aulast=Tobias&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Hochhauser%2C+D&rft.au=Souhami%2C+RL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9sW0eCoZFt4C%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhleifSkeel2011" class="citation book cs1">Khleif RT, Skeel SN, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nz_87OLrtcC&pg=PA127">Handbook of cancer chemotherapy</a> (8th ed.). Wolter Kluwer. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60831-782-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60831-782-0"><bdi>978-1-60831-782-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+cancer+chemotherapy&rft.pages=127&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Wolter+Kluwer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60831-782-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Nz_87OLrtcC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2010" class="citation book cs1">Knight JA (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HBY_GxOY_6oC&pg=PA339">Human Longevity: The Major Determining Factors</a>. Author House. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4520-6722-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4520-6722-3"><bdi>978-1-4520-6722-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150916003533/https://books.google.com/books?id=HBY_GxOY_6oC&pg=PA339">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Longevity%3A+The+Major+Determining+Factors&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Author+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4520-6722-3&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHBY_GxOY_6oC%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreSpiegel2004" class="citation book cs1">Moore RJ, Spiegel D, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b105731">Cancer, culture, and communication</a>. Kluwer Academic. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-b105731/page/n157">139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47885-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47885-7"><bdi>978-0-306-47885-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cancer%2C+culture%2C+and+communication&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47885-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspringer_10.1007-b105731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAOGC-22"><a href="#cite_ref-SAOGC_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/type/stomach-cancer/treatment/statistics-and-outlook-for-stomach-cancer">"Statistics and outlook for stomach cancer"</a>. Cancer Research UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105105505/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/type/stomach-cancer/treatment/statistics-and-outlook-for-stomach-cancer">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+and+outlook+for+stomach+cancer&rft.pub=Cancer+Research+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerresearchuk.org%2Fcancer-help%2Ftype%2Fstomach-cancer%2Ftreatment%2Fstatistics-and-outlook-for-stomach-cancer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-AzriAl-KindiAl-HarthiAl-Dahri2019" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Azri M, Al-Kindi J, Al-Harthi T, Al-Dahri M, Panchatcharam SM, Al-Maniri A (June 2019). "Awareness of Stomach and Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors, Symptoms and Time Taken to Seek Medical Help Among Public Attending Primary Care Setting in Muscat Governorate, Oman". Journal of Cancer Education. 34 (3): 423–434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13187-017-1266-8">10.1007/s13187-017-1266-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28782080">28782080</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4017466">4017466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cancer+Education&rft.atitle=Awareness+of+Stomach+and+Colorectal+Cancer+Risk+Factors%2C+Symptoms+and+Time+Taken+to+Seek+Medical+Help+Among+Public+Attending+Primary+Care+Setting+in+Muscat+Governorate%2C+Oman&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=423-434&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4017466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28782080&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13187-017-1266-8&rft.aulast=Al-Azri&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Al-Kindi%2C+J&rft.au=Al-Harthi%2C+T&rft.au=Al-Dahri%2C+M&rft.au=Panchatcharam%2C+SM&rft.au=Al-Maniri%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013060159/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4080278.pdf">"Guidance on Commissioning Cancer Services Improving Outcomes in Upper Gastro-intestinal Cancers"</a> (PDF). NHS. January 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4080278.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidance+on+Commissioning+Cancer+Services+Improving+Outcomes+in+Upper+Gastro-intestinal+Cancers&rft.pub=NHS&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dh.gov.uk%2Fprod_consum_dh%2Fgroups%2Fdh_digitalassets%2F%40dh%2F%40en%2Fdocuments%2Fdigitalasset%2Fdh_4080278.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stomach-cancer/symptoms/">"Symptoms of stomach cancer"</a>. nhs.uk. 17 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nhs.uk&rft.atitle=Symptoms+of+stomach+cancer&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Fconditions%2Fstomach-cancer%2Fsymptoms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhretJatoi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ehret C, Jatoi A (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7914034">"Should Loss of Appetite Be Palliated in Patients with Advanced Cancer?"</a>. Current Treatment Options in Oncology. 22 (4): 31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11864-021-00829-0">10.1007/s11864-021-00829-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7914034">7914034</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33641020">33641020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Treatment+Options+in+Oncology&rft.atitle=Should+Loss+of+Appetite+Be+Palliated+in+Patients+with+Advanced+Cancer%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7914034%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33641020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11864-021-00829-0&rft.aulast=Ehret&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Jatoi%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7914034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeDerakhshan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lee YY, Derakhshan MH (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200918232240/http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/6/0010.pdf">"Environmental and lifestyle risk factors of gastric cancer"</a> (PDF). Archives of Iranian Medicine. 16 (6): 358–365. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23725070">23725070</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/13/16/6/0010.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Iranian+Medicine&rft.atitle=Environmental+and+lifestyle+risk+factors+of+gastric+cancer&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=358-365&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23725070&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=YY&rft.au=Derakhshan%2C+MH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.ac.ir%2FAIM%2FNEWPUB%2F13%2F16%2F6%2F0010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandanosLagergren2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chandanos E, Lagergren J (November 2008). "Oestrogen and the enigmatic male predominance of gastric cancer". European Journal of Cancer. 44 (16): 2397–2403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejca.2008.07.031">10.1016/j.ejca.2008.07.031</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18755583">18755583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=Oestrogen+and+the+enigmatic+male+predominance+of+gastric+cancer&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=2397-2403&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejca.2008.07.031&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18755583&rft.aulast=Chandanos&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Lagergren%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQinLiuDingJi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Qin J, Liu M, Ding Q, Ji X, Hao Y, Wu X, et al. (October 2014). "The direct effect of estrogen on cell viability and apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 395 (1–2): 99–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11010-014-2115-2">10.1007/s11010-014-2115-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24934239">24934239</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14288660">14288660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+and+Cellular+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=The+direct+effect+of+estrogen+on+cell+viability+and+apoptosis+in+human+gastric+cancer+cells&rft.volume=395&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=99-107&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14288660%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24934239&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11010-014-2115-2&rft.aulast=Qin&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Liu%2C+M&rft.au=Ding%2C+Q&rft.au=Ji%2C+X&rft.au=Hao%2C+Y&rft.au=Wu%2C+X&rft.au=Xiong%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GVRF-4-30"><a href="#cite_ref-GVRF-4_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727175108/http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/documents/en/gvrf2003.pdf">"Proceedings of the fourth Global Vaccine Research Forum"</a> (PDF). Initiative for Vaccine Research team of the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. WHO. April 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/vaccine_research/documents/en/gvrf2003.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2009. <q>Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Initiative+for+Vaccine+Research+team+of+the+Department+of+Immunization%2C+Vaccines+and+Biologicals&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+the+fourth+Global+Vaccine+Research+Forum&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fvaccine_research%2Fdocuments%2Fen%2Fgvrf2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16367902-31"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16367902_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatakeyamaHigashi2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hatakeyama M, Higashi H (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11159386">"Helicobacter pylori CagA: a new paradigm for bacterial carcinogenesis"</a>. Cancer Science. 96 (12): 835–843. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1349-7006.2005.00130.x">10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00130.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11159386">11159386</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16367902">16367902</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5721063">5721063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Science&rft.atitle=Helicobacter+pylori+CagA%3A+a+new+paradigm+for+bacterial+carcinogenesis&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=835-843&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11159386%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5721063%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16367902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1349-7006.2005.00130.x&rft.aulast=Hatakeyama&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Higashi%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11159386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsuiTaniyamaEndoKoyanagi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Usui Y, Taniyama Y, Endo M, Koyanagi YN, Kasugai Y, Oze I, et al. (March 2023). "Helicobacter pylori, Homologous-Recombination Genes, and Gastric Cancer". The New England Journal of Medicine. 388 (13): 1181–1190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa2211807">10.1056/NEJMoa2211807</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36988593">36988593</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257804097">257804097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Helicobacter+pylori%2C+Homologous-Recombination+Genes%2C+and+Gastric+Cancer&rft.volume=388&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1181-1190&rft.date=2023-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257804097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36988593&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa2211807&rft.aulast=Usui&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Taniyama%2C+Y&rft.au=Endo%2C+M&rft.au=Koyanagi%2C+YN&rft.au=Kasugai%2C+Y&rft.au=Oze%2C+I&rft.au=Ito%2C+H&rft.au=Imoto%2C+I&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+T&rft.au=Tajika%2C+M&rft.au=Niwa%2C+Y&rft.au=Iwasaki%2C+Y&rft.au=Aoi%2C+T&rft.au=Hakozaki%2C+N&rft.au=Takata%2C+S&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+K&rft.au=Terao%2C+C&rft.au=Hatakeyama%2C+M&rft.au=Hirata%2C+M&rft.au=Sugano%2C+K&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+T&rft.au=Kamatani%2C+Y&rft.au=Nakagawa%2C+H&rft.au=Matsuda%2C+K&rft.au=Murakami%2C+Y&rft.au=Spurdle%2C+AB&rft.au=Matsuo%2C+K&rft.au=Momozawa%2C+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-us/cancer-news/press-release/2014-03-24-developing-a-vaccine-for-the-epstein-barr-virus-could-prevent-up-to-200000-cancers-globally-say">"Developing a vaccine for the Epstein–Barr Virus could prevent up to 200,000 cancers globally say experts"</a>. Cancer Research UK. 24 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319073808/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-us/cancer-news/press-release/2014-03-24-developing-a-vaccine-for-the-epstein-barr-virus-could-prevent-up-to-200000-cancers-globally-say">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research+UK&rft.atitle=Developing+a+vaccine+for+the+Epstein%E2%80%93Barr+Virus+could+prevent+up+to+200%2C000+cancers+globally+say+experts&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerresearchuk.org%2Fabout-us%2Fcancer-news%2Fpress-release%2F2014-03-24-developing-a-vaccine-for-the-epstein-barr-virus-could-prevent-up-to-200000-cancers-globally-say&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACS_Risk-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACS_Risk_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACS_Risk_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/cancer/stomachcancer/detailedguide/stomach-cancer-risk-factors">"What Are The Risk Factors For Stomach Cancer(Website)"</a>. American Cancer Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706014402/http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/StomachCancer/DetailedGuide/stomach-cancer-risk-factors">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Are+The+Risk+Factors+For+Stomach+Cancer%28Website%29&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fcancer%2Fstomachcancer%2Fdetailedguide%2Fstomach-cancer-risk-factors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNomuraGroveStemmermannSeverson1990" class="citation journal cs1">Nomura A, Grove JS, Stemmermann GN, Severson RK (November 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2208177">"Cigarette smoking and stomach cancer"</a>. Cancer Research. 50 (21): 7084. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2208177">2208177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research&rft.atitle=Cigarette+smoking+and+stomach+cancer&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=7084&rft.date=1990-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2208177&rft.aulast=Nomura&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Grove%2C+JS&rft.au=Stemmermann%2C+GN&rft.au=Severson%2C+RK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcancerres.aacrjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D2208177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrédanielBoffettaBuiattiSaracci1997" class="citation journal cs1">Trédaniel J, Boffetta P, Buiatti E, Saracci R, Hirsch A (August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0215%2819970807%2972%3A4%3C565%3A%3AAID-IJC3%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O">"Tobacco smoking and gastric cancer: review and meta-analysis"</a>. International Journal of Cancer. 72 (4): 565–573. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0215%2819970807%2972%3A4%3C565%3A%3AAID-IJC3%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O">10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970807)72:4<565::AID-IJC3>3.0.CO;2-O</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9259392">9259392</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42758668">42758668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=Tobacco+smoking+and+gastric+cancer%3A+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=565-573&rft.date=1997-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42758668%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9259392&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0215%2819970807%2972%3A4%3C565%3A%3AAID-IJC3%3E3.0.CO%3B2-O&rft.aulast=Tr%C3%A9daniel&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Boffetta%2C+P&rft.au=Buiatti%2C+E&rft.au=Saracci%2C+R&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F%2528SICI%25291097-0215%252819970807%252972%253A4%253C565%253A%253AAID-IJC3%253E3.0.CO%253B2-O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24191271-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24191271_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24191271_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid24191271_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrumurthyChaudryHochhauserMughal2013" class="citation journal cs1">Thrumurthy SG, Chaudry MA, Hochhauser D, Mughal M (November 2013). "The diagnosis and management of gastric cancer". BMJ. 347 (16): f6367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.f6367">10.1136/bmj.f6367</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24191271">24191271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16351105">16351105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=The+diagnosis+and+management+of+gastric+cancer&rft.volume=347&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=f6367&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16351105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24191271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.f6367&rft.aulast=Thrumurthy&rft.aufirst=SG&rft.au=Chaudry%2C+MA&rft.au=Hochhauser%2C+D&rft.au=Mughal%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theodoratou2017-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Theodoratou2017_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodoratouTimofeevaLiMeng2017" class="citation journal cs1">Theodoratou E, Timofeeva M, Li X, Meng X, Ioannidis JP (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6143166">"Nature, Nurture, and Cancer Risks: Genetic and Nutritional Contributions to Cancer"</a>. Annual Review of Nutrition (Review). 37: 293–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-nutr-071715-051004">10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6143166">6143166</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28826375">28826375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Nature%2C+Nurture%2C+and+Cancer+Risks%3A+Genetic+and+Nutritional+Contributions+to+Cancer&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=293-320&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6143166%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28826375&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-nutr-071715-051004&rft.aulast=Theodoratou&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Timofeeva%2C+M&rft.au=Li%2C+X&rft.au=Meng%2C+X&rft.au=Ioannidis%2C+JP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6143166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangSongLiuPark2023" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang T, Song SS, Liu M, Park S (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10347084">"Association of Fried Food Intake with Gastric Cancer Risk: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies"</a>. Nutrients. 15 (13): 2982. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu15132982">10.3390/nu15132982</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10347084">10347084</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37447308">37447308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrients&rft.atitle=Association+of+Fried+Food+Intake+with+Gastric+Cancer+Risk%3A+A+Systemic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis+of+Case-Control+Studies&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=2982&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10347084%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37447308&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fnu15132982&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Song%2C+SS&rft.au=Liu%2C+M&rft.au=Park%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10347084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferro-meat-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ferro-meat_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferro-meat_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferro-meat_40-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerroRosatoRotaCosta2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ferro A, Rosato V, Rota M, Costa AR, Morais S, Pelucchi C, et al. (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8550819">"Meat intake and risk of gastric cancer in the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) project"</a>. Int J Cancer. 147 (1): 45–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.32707">10.1002/ijc.32707</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8550819">8550819</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31584199">31584199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Cancer&rft.atitle=Meat+intake+and+risk+of+gastric+cancer+in+the+Stomach+cancer+Pooling+%28StoP%29+project&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-55&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8550819%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31584199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fijc.32707&rft.aulast=Ferro&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Rosato%2C+V&rft.au=Rota%2C+M&rft.au=Costa%2C+AR&rft.au=Morais%2C+S&rft.au=Pelucchi%2C+C&rft.au=Johnson%2C+KC&rft.au=Hu%2C+J&rft.au=Palli%2C+D&rft.au=Ferraroni%2C+M&rft.au=Zhang%2C+ZF&rft.au=Bonzi%2C+R&rft.au=Yu%2C+GP&rft.au=Peleteiro%2C+B&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Carrillo%2C+L&rft.au=Tsugane%2C+S&rft.au=Hamada%2C+GS&rft.au=Hidaka%2C+A&rft.au=Zaridze%2C+D&rft.au=Maximovitch%2C+D&rft.au=Vioque%2C+J&rft.au=Navarrete-Munoz%2C+EM&rft.au=Aragon%C3%A9s%2C+N&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn%2C+V&rft.au=Hern%C3%A1ndez-Ram%C3%ADrez%2C+RU&rft.au=Bertuccio%2C+P&rft.au=Ward%2C+MH&rft.au=Malekzadeh%2C+R&rft.au=Pourfarzi%2C+F&rft.au=Mu%2C+L&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Cervantes%2C+M&rft.au=Persiani%2C+R&rft.au=Kurtz%2C+RC&rft.au=Lagiou%2C+A&rft.au=Lagiou%2C+P&rft.au=Boffetta%2C+P&rft.au=Boccia%2C+S&rft.au=Negri%2C+E&rft.au=Camargo%2C+MC&rft.au=Curado%2C+MP&rft.au=La+Vecchia%2C+C&rft.au=Lunet%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8550819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlonso-AmelotAvendaño2002" class="citation journal cs1">Alonso-Amelot ME, Avendaño M (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006102621/http://www.benthamdirect.org/pages/content.php?CMC%2F2002%2F00000009%2F00000006%2F0004C.SGM">"Human carcinogenesis and bracken fern: a review of the evidence"</a>. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 9 (6): 675–686. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F0929867023370743">10.2174/0929867023370743</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11945131">11945131</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.benthamdirect.org/pages/content.php?CMC/2002/00000009/00000006/0004C.SGM">the original</a> on 6 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Human+carcinogenesis+and+bracken+fern%3A+a+review+of+the+evidence&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=675-686&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F0929867023370743&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11945131&rft.aulast=Alonso-Amelot&rft.aufirst=ME&rft.au=Avenda%C3%B1o%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.benthamdirect.org%2Fpages%2Fcontent.php%3FCMC%2F2002%2F00000009%2F00000006%2F0004C.SGM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16865769-42"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16865769_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakszynGonzalez2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jakszyn P, Gonzalez CA (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4087738">"Nitrosamine and related food intake and gastric and oesophageal cancer risk: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence"</a>. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 12 (27): 4296–4303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v12.i27.4296">10.3748/wjg.v12.i27.4296</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4087738">4087738</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16865769">16865769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Nitrosamine+and+related+food+intake+and+gastric+and+oesophageal+cancer+risk%3A+a+systematic+review+of+the+epidemiological+evidence&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=4296-4303&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4087738%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16865769&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3748%2Fwjg.v12.i27.4296&rft.aulast=Jakszyn&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4087738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferro-fruits-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ferro-fruits_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferro-fruits_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerroCostaMoraisBertuccio2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ferro A, Costa AR, Morais S, Bertuccio P, Rota M, Pelucchi C, et al. (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8545605">"Fruits and vegetables intake and gastric cancer risk: A pooled analysis within the Stomach cancer Pooling Project"</a>. Int J Cancer. 147 (11): 3090–3101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.33134">10.1002/ijc.33134</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10216%2F143193">10216/143193</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8545605">8545605</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32525569">32525569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Cancer&rft.atitle=Fruits+and+vegetables+intake+and+gastric+cancer+risk%3A+A+pooled+analysis+within+the+Stomach+cancer+Pooling+Project&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=3090-3101&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8545605%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32525569&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10216%2F143193&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fijc.33134&rft.aulast=Ferro&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Costa%2C+AR&rft.au=Morais%2C+S&rft.au=Bertuccio%2C+P&rft.au=Rota%2C+M&rft.au=Pelucchi%2C+C&rft.au=Hu%2C+J&rft.au=Johnson%2C+KC&rft.au=Zhang%2C+ZF&rft.au=Palli%2C+D&rft.au=Ferraroni%2C+M&rft.au=Yu%2C+GP&rft.au=Bonzi%2C+R&rft.au=Peleteiro%2C+B&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Carrillo%2C+L&rft.au=Tsugane%2C+S&rft.au=Hamada%2C+GS&rft.au=Hidaka%2C+A&rft.au=Malekzadeh%2C+R&rft.au=Zaridze%2C+D&rft.au=Maximovich%2C+D&rft.au=Vioque%2C+J&rft.au=Navarrete-Mu%C3%B1oz%2C+EM&rft.au=Alguacil%2C+J&rft.au=Casta%C3%B1o-Vinyals%2C+G&rft.au=Wolk%2C+A&rft.au=H%C3%A5kansson%2C+N&rft.au=Hern%C3%A1ndez-Ram%C3%ADrez%2C+RU&rft.au=Pakseresht%2C+M&rft.au=Ward%2C+MH&rft.au=Pourfarzi%2C+F&rft.au=Mu%2C+L&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Cervantes%2C+M&rft.au=Persiani%2C+R&rft.au=Kurtz%2C+RC&rft.au=Lagiou%2C+A&rft.au=Lagiou%2C+P&rft.au=Boffetta%2C+P&rft.au=Boccia%2C+S&rft.au=Negri%2C+E&rft.au=Camargo%2C+MC&rft.au=Curado%2C+MP&rft.au=La+Vecchia%2C+C&rft.au=Lunet%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8545605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Journal_of_Clinical_Nutrition-44"><a href="#cite_ref-American_Journal_of_Clinical_Nutrition_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucklandAgudoLujánJakszyn2010" class="citation journal cs1">Buckland G, Agudo A, Luján L, Jakszyn P, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Palli D, et al. (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.2009.28209">"Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and risk of gastric adenocarcinoma within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort study"</a>. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 91 (2): 381–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.2009.28209">10.3945/ajcn.2009.28209</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20007304">20007304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Adherence+to+a+Mediterranean+diet+and+risk+of+gastric+adenocarcinoma+within+the+European+Prospective+Investigation+into+Cancer+and+Nutrition+%28EPIC%29+cohort+study&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=381-390&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3945%2Fajcn.2009.28209&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20007304&rft.aulast=Buckland&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Agudo%2C+A&rft.au=Luj%C3%A1n%2C+L&rft.au=Jakszyn%2C+P&rft.au=Bueno-de-Mesquita%2C+HB&rft.au=Palli%2C+D&rft.au=Boeing%2C+H&rft.au=Carneiro%2C+F&rft.au=Krogh%2C+V&rft.au=Sacerdote%2C+C&rft.au=Tumino%2C+R&rft.au=Panico%2C+S&rft.au=Nesi%2C+G&rft.au=Manjer%2C+J&rft.au=Regn%C3%A9r%2C+S&rft.au=Johansson%2C+I&rft.au=Stenling%2C+R&rft.au=Sanchez%2C+MJ&rft.au=Dorronsoro%2C+M&rft.au=Barricarte%2C+A&rft.au=Navarro%2C+C&rft.au=Quir%C3%B3s%2C+JR&rft.au=Allen%2C+NE&rft.au=Key%2C+TJ&rft.au=Bingham%2C+S&rft.au=Kaaks%2C+R&rft.au=Overvad%2C+K&rft.au=Jensen%2C+M&rft.au=Olsen%2C+A&rft.au=Tj%C3%B8nneland%2C+A&rft.au=Peeters%2C+PH&rft.au=Numans%2C+ME&rft.au=Ock%C3%A9%2C+MC&rft.au=Clavel-Chapelon%2C+F&rft.au=Morois%2C+S&rft.au=Boutron-Ruault%2C+MC&rft.au=Trichopoulou%2C+A&rft.au=Lagiou%2C+P&rft.au=Trichopoulos%2C+D&rft.au=Lund%2C+E&rft.au=Couto%2C+E&rft.au=Boffeta%2C+P&rft.au=Jenab%2C+M&rft.au=Riboli%2C+E&rft.au=Romaguera%2C+D&rft.au=Mouw%2C+T&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3945%252Fajcn.2009.28209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-crew-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crew_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crew_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrewNeugut2006" class="citation journal cs1">Crew KD, Neugut AI (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4066052">"Epidemiology of gastric cancer"</a>. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 12 (3): 354–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v12.i3.354">10.3748/wjg.v12.i3.354</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4066052">4066052</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16489633">16489633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Epidemiology+of+gastric+cancer&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=354-362&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4066052%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16489633&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3748%2Fwjg.v12.i3.354&rft.aulast=Crew&rft.aufirst=KD&rft.au=Neugut%2C+AI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4066052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamp-46"><a href="#cite_ref-hamp_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampelAbrahamEl-Serag2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hampel H, Abraham NS, El-Serag HB (August 2005). "Meta-analysis: obesity and the risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications". Annals of Internal Medicine. 143 (3): 199–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-143-3-200508020-00006">10.7326/0003-4819-143-3-200508020-00006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16061918">16061918</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15540274">15540274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Meta-analysis%3A+obesity+and+the+risk+for+gastroesophageal+reflux+disease+and+its+complications&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=199-211&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15540274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16061918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-143-3-200508020-00006&rft.aulast=Hampel&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Abraham%2C+NS&rft.au=El-Serag%2C+HB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosefsssonEkblad2009" class="citation book cs1">Josefssson M, Ekblad E (2009). "22. Sodium Iodide Symporter (NIS) in Gastric Mucosa: Gastric Iodide Secretion". In Preedy VR, Burrow GN, Watson R (eds.). Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine: Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects. Elsevier. pp. 215–220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374135-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374135-6"><bdi>978-0-12-374135-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=22.+Sodium+Iodide+Symporter+%28NIS%29+in+Gastric+Mucosa%3A+Gastric+Iodide+Secretion&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Handbook+of+Iodine%3A+Nutritional%2C+Biochemical%2C+Pathological+and+Therapeutic+Aspects&rft.pages=215-220&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-12-374135-6&rft.aulast=Josefssson&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Ekblad%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chel-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chel_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chel_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chel_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chel_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chel_48-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nostomachforcancer.org/gastric-cancer/hereditary-diffuse-gastric-cancer">"Hereditary Diffuse Cancer"</a>. No Stomach for Cancer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020042257/http://www.nostomachforcancer.org/gastric-cancer/hereditary-diffuse-gastric-cancer">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=No+Stomach+for+Cancer&rft.atitle=Hereditary+Diffuse+Cancer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nostomachforcancer.org%2Fgastric-cancer%2Fhereditary-diffuse-gastric-cancer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulmambetovaShtefanovAitkulovaImanbekova2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kulmambetova G, Shtefanov I, Aitkulova A, Imanbekova M, Iskakova A, Makishev A, et al. (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664782">"Association of polymorphisms in TP53 and the promoter region of IL10 with gastric cancer in a Kazakh population"</a>. Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 20 (4): 539–546. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17305%2Fbjbms.2020.4761">10.17305/bjbms.2020.4761</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664782">7664782</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32651972">32651972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bosnian+Journal+of+Basic+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Association+of+polymorphisms+in+TP53+and+the+promoter+region+of+IL10+with+gastric+cancer+in+a+Kazakh+population&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=539-546&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664782%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32651972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17305%2Fbjbms.2020.4761&rft.aulast=Kulmambetova&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Shtefanov%2C+I&rft.au=Aitkulova%2C+A&rft.au=Imanbekova%2C+M&rft.au=Iskakova%2C+A&rft.au=Makishev%2C+A&rft.au=Ramankulov%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICGC-USA-50"><a href="#cite_ref-ICGC-USA_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icgc.org/icgc/cgp/69/509/70268">"Gastric Cancer — Adenocarcinoma"</a>. International Cancer Genome Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140421063815/http://icgc.org/icgc/cgp/69/509/70268">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gastric+Cancer+%E2%80%94+Adenocarcinoma&rft.pub=International+Cancer+Genome+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icgc.org%2Ficgc%2Fcgp%2F69%2F509%2F70268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICGC-China-51"><a href="#cite_ref-ICGC-China_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icgc.org/icgc/cgp/69/371/811">"Gastric Cancer—Intestinal- and diffuse-type"</a>. International Cancer Genome Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207190902/http://icgc.org/icgc/cgp/69/371/811">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gastric+Cancer%E2%80%94Intestinal-+and+diffuse-type&rft.pub=International+Cancer+Genome+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icgc.org%2Ficgc%2Fcgp%2F69%2F371%2F811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15235021-52"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15235021_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks-WilsonKaurahSurianoLeach2004" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks-Wilson AR, Kaurah P, Suriano G, Leach S, Senz J, Grehan N, et al. (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1735838">"Germline E-cadherin mutations in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: assessment of 42 new families and review of genetic screening criteria"</a>. Journal of Medical Genetics. 41 (7): 508–517. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjmg.2004.018275">10.1136/jmg.2004.018275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1735838">1735838</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15235021">15235021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Genetics&rft.atitle=Germline+E-cadherin+mutations+in+hereditary+diffuse+gastric+cancer%3A+assessment+of+42+new+families+and+review+of+genetic+screening+criteria&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=508-517&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1735838%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15235021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjmg.2004.018275&rft.aulast=Brooks-Wilson&rft.aufirst=AR&rft.au=Kaurah%2C+P&rft.au=Suriano%2C+G&rft.au=Leach%2C+S&rft.au=Senz%2C+J&rft.au=Grehan%2C+N&rft.au=Butterfield%2C+YS&rft.au=Jeyes%2C+J&rft.au=Schinas%2C+J&rft.au=Bacani%2C+J&rft.au=Kelsey%2C+M&rft.au=Ferreira%2C+P&rft.au=MacGillivray%2C+B&rft.au=MacLeod%2C+P&rft.au=Micek%2C+M&rft.au=Ford%2C+J&rft.au=Foulkes%2C+W&rft.au=Australie%2C+K&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+C&rft.au=LaPointe%2C+M&rft.au=Gilpin%2C+C&rft.au=Nikkel%2C+S&rft.au=Gilchrist%2C+D&rft.au=Hughes%2C+R&rft.au=Jackson%2C+CE&rft.au=Monaghan%2C+KG&rft.au=Oliveira%2C+MJ&rft.au=Seruca%2C+R&rft.au=Gallinger%2C+S&rft.au=Caldas%2C+C&rft.au=Huntsman%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1735838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/gastric-cancer/">"Gastric Cancer"</a>. The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 22 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lecturio+Medical+Concept+Library&rft.atitle=Gastric+Cancer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecturio.com%2Fconcepts%2Fgastric-cancer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirmaniKhandelwalSethiFraser-Hill2012" class="citation journal cs1">Virmani V, Khandelwal A, Sethi V, Fraser-Hill M, Fasih N, Kielar A (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3458788">"Neoplastic stomach lesions and their mimickers: spectrum of imaging manifestations"</a>. Cancer Imaging. 12 (1): 269–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1102%2F1470-7330.2012.0031">10.1102/1470-7330.2012.0031</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3458788">3458788</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22935192">22935192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Imaging&rft.atitle=Neoplastic+stomach+lesions+and+their+mimickers%3A+spectrum+of+imaging+manifestations&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=269-278&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3458788%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22935192&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1102%2F1470-7330.2012.0031&rft.aulast=Virmani&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Khandelwal%2C+A&rft.au=Sethi%2C+V&rft.au=Fraser-Hill%2C+M&rft.au=Fasih%2C+N&rft.au=Kielar%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3458788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuBrozaIonsecuTisch2013" class="citation journal cs1">Xu ZQ, Broza YY, Ionsecu R, Tisch U, Ding L, Liu H, et al. (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3590679">"A nanomaterial-based breath test for distinguishing gastric cancer from benign gastric conditions"</a>. British Journal of Cancer. 108 (4): 941–950. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbjc.2013.44">10.1038/bjc.2013.44</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3590679">3590679</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23462808">23462808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.atitle=A+nanomaterial-based+breath+test+for+distinguishing+gastric+cancer+from+benign+gastric+conditions&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=941-950&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3590679%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23462808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fbjc.2013.44&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=ZQ&rft.au=Broza%2C+YY&rft.au=Ionsecu%2C+R&rft.au=Tisch%2C+U&rft.au=Ding%2C+L&rft.au=Liu%2C+H&rft.au=Song%2C+Q&rft.au=Pan%2C+YY&rft.au=Xiong%2C+FX&rft.au=Gu%2C+KS&rft.au=Sun%2C+GP&rft.au=Chen%2C+ZD&rft.au=Leja%2C+M&rft.au=Haick%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3590679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaddock2013" class="citation web cs1">Paddock C (6 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/257245.php">"Breath Test Could Detect And Diagnose Stomach Cancer"</a>. Medical News Today. Retrieved 11 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breath+Test+Could+Detect+And+Diagnose+Stomach+Cancer&rft.pub=Medical+News+Today&rft.date=2013-03-06&rft.aulast=Paddock&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalnewstoday.com%2Farticles%2F257245.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmalLejaFunkaSkapars2016" class="citation journal cs1">Amal H, Leja M, Funka K, Skapars R, Sivins A, Ancans G, et al. (March 2016). "Detection of precancerous gastric lesions and gastric cancer through exhaled breath". Gut. 65 (3): 400–407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fgutjnl-2014-308536">10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308536</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25869737">25869737</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206961387">206961387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gut&rft.atitle=Detection+of+precancerous+gastric+lesions+and+gastric+cancer+through+exhaled+breath&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=400-407&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206961387%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25869737&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fgutjnl-2014-308536&rft.aulast=Amal&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Leja%2C+M&rft.au=Funka%2C+K&rft.au=Skapars%2C+R&rft.au=Sivins%2C+A&rft.au=Ancans%2C+G&rft.au=Liepniece-Karele%2C+I&rft.au=Kikuste%2C+I&rft.au=Lasina%2C+I&rft.au=Haick%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangLiXiongHao2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wang L, Li J, Xiong X, Hao T, Zhang C, Gao Z, et al. (December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8660806">"Volatile organic compounds as a potential screening tool for neoplasm of the digestive system: a meta-analysis"</a>. Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 23716. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1123716W">2021NatSR..1123716W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-02906-8">10.1038/s41598-021-02906-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8660806">8660806</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34887450">34887450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Volatile+organic+compounds+as+a+potential+screening+tool+for+neoplasm+of+the+digestive+system%3A+a+meta-analysis&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23716&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8660806%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34887450&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-02906-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021NatSR..1123716W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Li%2C+J&rft.au=Xiong%2C+X&rft.au=Hao%2C+T&rft.au=Zhang%2C+C&rft.au=Gao%2C+Z&rft.au=Zhong%2C+L&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8660806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInoueKudoShiokawa2005" class="citation journal cs1">Inoue H, Kudo SE, Shiokawa A (January 2005). "Technology insight: Laser-scanning confocal microscopy and endocytoscopy for cellular observation of the gastrointestinal tract". Nature Clinical Practice. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2 (1): 31–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncpgasthep0072">10.1038/ncpgasthep0072</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16265098">16265098</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34445155">34445155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Clinical+Practice.+Gastroenterology+%26+Hepatology&rft.atitle=Technology+insight%3A+Laser-scanning+confocal+microscopy+and+endocytoscopy+for+cellular+observation+of+the+gastrointestinal+tract&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-37&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34445155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16265098&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncpgasthep0072&rft.aulast=Inoue&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Kudo%2C+SE&rft.au=Shiokawa%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15230897-60"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15230897_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenteneroCarrozzoPaganoGandolfo2004" class="citation journal cs1">Pentenero M, Carrozzo M, Pagano M, Gandolfo S (July 2004). "Oral acanthosis nigricans, tripe palms and sign of leser-trélat in a patient with gastric adenocarcinoma". International Journal of Dermatology. 43 (7): 530–532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-4632.2004.02159.x">10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02159.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15230897">15230897</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37434568">37434568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Oral+acanthosis+nigricans%2C+tripe+palms+and+sign+of+leser-tr%C3%A9lat+in+a+patient+with+gastric+adenocarcinoma&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=530-532&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37434568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15230897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-4632.2004.02159.x&rft.aulast=Pentenero&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Carrozzo%2C+M&rft.au=Pagano%2C+M&rft.au=Gandolfo%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBegSinghSaraswatRewari2002" class="citation journal cs1">Beg M, Singh M, Saraswat MK, Rewari BB (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medind.nic.in/jac/t02/i2/jact02i2p153.pdf">"Occult Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Detection, Interpretation, and Evaluation"</a> (PDF). JIACM. 3 (2): 153–58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122112908/http://medind.nic.in/jac/t02/i2/jact02i2p153.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JIACM&rft.atitle=Occult+Gastrointestinal+Bleeding%3A+Detection%2C+Interpretation%2C+and+Evaluation&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-58&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Beg&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Singh%2C+M&rft.au=Saraswat%2C+MK&rft.au=Rewari%2C+BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedind.nic.in%2Fjac%2Ft02%2Fi2%2Fjact02i2p153.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsonnetFriedmanVandersteenChang1991" class="citation journal cs1">Parsonnet J, Friedman GD, Vandersteen DP, Chang Y, Vogelman JH, Orentreich N, et al. (October 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199110173251603">"Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma"</a>. The New England Journal of Medicine. 325 (16): 1127–1131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199110173251603">10.1056/NEJM199110173251603</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1891020">1891020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Helicobacter+pylori+infection+and+the+risk+of+gastric+carcinoma&rft.volume=325&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=1127-1131&rft.date=1991-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM199110173251603&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1891020&rft.aulast=Parsonnet&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Friedman%2C+GD&rft.au=Vandersteen%2C+DP&rft.au=Chang%2C+Y&rft.au=Vogelman%2C+JH&rft.au=Orentreich%2C+N&rft.au=Sibley%2C+RK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%252FNEJM199110173251603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbinsCotranKuma2010" class="citation book cs1">Robbins SL, Cotran RS, Kuma V (2010). Pathologic Basis of Disease (8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. p. 784. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-3121-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-3121-5"><bdi>978-1-4160-3121-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathologic+Basis+of+Disease&rft.pages=784&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Saunders+Elsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-3121-5&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=SL&rft.au=Cotran%2C+RS&rft.au=Kuma%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKumar2010">Kumar 2010</a>, p. 786 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKumar2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bur2017-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Bur2017_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkittDuckworthWilliamsPritchard2017" class="citation journal cs1">Burkitt MD, Duckworth CA, Williams JM, Pritchard DM (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312008">"Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric pathology: insights from in vivo and ex vivo models"</a>. Disease Models & Mechanisms. 10 (2): 89–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fdmm.027649">10.1242/dmm.027649</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312008">5312008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28151409">28151409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Disease+Models+%26+Mechanisms&rft.atitle=Helicobacter+pylori-induced+gastric+pathology%3A+insights+from+in+vivo+and+ex+vivo+models&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-104&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5312008%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28151409&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fdmm.027649&rft.aulast=Burkitt&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Duckworth%2C+CA&rft.au=Williams%2C+JM&rft.au=Pritchard%2C+DM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5312008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25052386-66"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25052386_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuXuanFan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Qu Q, Xuan W, Fan GH (January 2015). "Roles of resolvins in the resolution of acute inflammation". Cell Biology International. 39 (1): 3–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcbin.10345">10.1002/cbin.10345</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25052386">25052386</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10160642">10160642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+Biology+International&rft.atitle=Roles+of+resolvins+in+the+resolution+of+acute+inflammation&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-22&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10160642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25052386&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcbin.10345&rft.aulast=Qu&rft.aufirst=Q&rft.au=Xuan%2C+W&rft.au=Fan%2C+GH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16418249-67"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16418249_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimYunKimHyung2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lim JS, Yun MJ, Kim MJ, Hyung WJ, Park MS, Choi JY, et al. (2006). "CT and PET in stomach cancer: preoperative staging and monitoring of response to therapy". Radiographics. 26 (1): 143–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1148%2Frg.261055078">10.1148/rg.261055078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16418249">16418249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiographics&rft.atitle=CT+and+PET+in+stomach+cancer%3A+preoperative+staging+and+monitoring+of+response+to+therapy&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=143-156&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1148%2Frg.261055078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16418249&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Yun%2C+MJ&rft.au=Kim%2C+MJ&rft.au=Hyung%2C+WJ&rft.au=Park%2C+MS&rft.au=Choi%2C+JY&rft.au=Kim%2C+TS&rft.au=Lee%2C+JD&rft.au=Noh%2C+SH&rft.au=Kim%2C+KW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_4x_treatment_choices_by_type_and_stage_of_stomach_cancer_40.asp">"Detailed Guide: Stomach Cancer Treatment Choices by Type and Stage of Stomach Cancer"</a>. American Cancer Society. 3 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008105442/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_4x_treatment_choices_by_type_and_stage_of_stomach_cancer_40.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Guide%3A+Stomach+Cancer+Treatment+Choices+by+Type+and+Stage+of+Stomach+Cancer&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft.date=2009-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fdocroot%2Fcri%2Fcontent%2Fcri_2_4_4x_treatment_choices_by_type_and_stage_of_stomach_cancer_40.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlowik2009" class="citation web cs1">Slowik G (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehealthmd.com/library/stomachcancer/STC_stages.html">"What Are The Stages Of Stomach Cancer?"</a>. ehealthmd.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102013902/http://ehealthmd.com/library/stomachcancer/STC_stages.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Are+The+Stages+Of+Stomach+Cancer%3F&rft.pub=ehealthmd.com&rft.date=2009-10&rft.aulast=Slowik&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehealthmd.com%2Flibrary%2Fstomachcancer%2FSTC_stages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_3X_How_is_stomach_cancer_staged_40.asp">"Detailed Guide: Stomach Cancer: How Is Stomach Cancer Staged?"</a>. American Cancer Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080325104115/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_3X_How_is_stomach_cancer_staged_40.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Guide%3A+Stomach+Cancer%3A+How+Is+Stomach+Cancer+Staged%3F&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fdocroot%2FCRI%2Fcontent%2FCRI_2_4_3X_How_is_stomach_cancer_staged_40.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatersonMcColeAuld2006" class="citation journal cs1">Paterson HM, McCole D, Auld CD (May 2006). "Impact of open-access endoscopy on detection of early oesophageal and gastric cancer 1994 - 2003: population-based study". Endoscopy. 38 (5): 503–507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2006-925124">10.1055/s-2006-925124</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16767587">16767587</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31841360">31841360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endoscopy&rft.atitle=Impact+of+open-access+endoscopy+on+detection+of+early+oesophageal+and+gastric+cancer+1994+-+2003%3A+population-based+study&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=503-507&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31841360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16767587&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-2006-925124&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=HM&rft.au=McCole%2C+D&rft.au=Auld%2C+CD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraneLockeHarmsenZinsmeister2008" class="citation journal cs1">Crane SJ, Locke GR, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Romero Y, Talley NJ (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2597541">"Survival trends in patients with gastric and esophageal adenocarcinomas: a population-based study"</a>. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 83 (10): 1087–1094. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4065%2F83.10.1087">10.4065/83.10.1087</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2597541">2597541</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18828967">18828967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Survival+trends+in+patients+with+gastric+and+esophageal+adenocarcinomas%3A+a+population-based+study&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1087-1094&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2597541%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18828967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4065%2F83.10.1087&rft.aulast=Crane&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft.au=Locke%2C+GR&rft.au=Harmsen%2C+WS&rft.au=Zinsmeister%2C+AR&rft.au=Romero%2C+Y&rft.au=Talley%2C+NJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2597541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valdivia-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Valdivia_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiseBertranAndiaFerreccio2009" class="citation journal cs1">Heise K, Bertran E, Andia ME, Ferreccio C (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670413">"Incidence and survival of stomach cancer in a high-risk population of Chile"</a>. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 15 (15): 1854–1862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.15.1854">10.3748/wjg.15.1854</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2670413">2670413</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19370783">19370783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Incidence+and+survival+of+stomach+cancer+in+a+high-risk+population+of+Chile&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=1854-1862&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2670413%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19370783&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3748%2Fwjg.15.1854&rft.aulast=Heise&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Bertran%2C+E&rft.au=Andia%2C+ME&rft.au=Ferreccio%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2670413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordFormanHuntYuan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ford AC, Forman D, Hunt RH, Yuan Y, Moayyedi P (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4027797">"Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy to prevent gastric cancer in healthy asymptomatic infected individuals: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"</a>. BMJ. 348: g3174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.g3174">10.1136/bmj.g3174</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4027797">4027797</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24846275">24846275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Helicobacter+pylori+eradication+therapy+to+prevent+gastric+cancer+in+healthy+asymptomatic+infected+individuals%3A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+randomised+controlled+trials&rft.volume=348&rft.pages=g3174&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4027797%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24846275&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.g3174&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=AC&rft.au=Forman%2C+D&rft.au=Hunt%2C+RH&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Y&rft.au=Moayyedi%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4027797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woo2014-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Woo2014_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooParkOhKim2014" class="citation journal cs1">Woo HD, Park S, Oh K, Kim HJ, Shin HR, Moon HK, et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7314%2Fapjcp.2014.15.19.8509">"Diet and cancer risk in the Korean population: a meta- analysis"</a>. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 15 (19): 8509–8519. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7314%2Fapjcp.2014.15.19.8509">10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.19.8509</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25339056">25339056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Pacific+Journal+of+Cancer+Prevention&rft.atitle=Diet+and+cancer+risk+in+the+Korean+population%3A+a+meta-+analysis&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=8509-8519&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7314%2Fapjcp.2014.15.19.8509&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25339056&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=HD&rft.au=Park%2C+S&rft.au=Oh%2C+K&rft.au=Kim%2C+HJ&rft.au=Shin%2C+HR&rft.au=Moon%2C+HK&rft.au=Kim%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7314%252Fapjcp.2014.15.19.8509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKongCaiGengWang2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kong P, Cai Q, Geng Q, Wang J, Lan Y, Zhan Y, et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4280145">"Vitamin intake reduce the risk of gastric cancer: meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized and observational studies"</a>. PLOS ONE. 9 (12): e116060. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9k6060K">2014PLoSO...9k6060K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0116060">10.1371/journal.pone.0116060</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4280145">4280145</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25549091">25549091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Vitamin+intake+reduce+the+risk+of+gastric+cancer%3A+meta-analysis+and+systematic+review+of+randomized+and+observational+studies&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e116060&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4280145%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25549091&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0116060&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...9k6060K&rft.aulast=Kong&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Cai%2C+Q&rft.au=Geng%2C+Q&rft.au=Wang%2C+J&rft.au=Lan%2C+Y&rft.au=Zhan%2C+Y&rft.au=Xu%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4280145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjelakovicNikolovaSimonettiGluud2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, Gluud C (July 2008). "Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD004183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004183.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD004183.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18677777">18677777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antioxidant+supplements+for+preventing+gastrointestinal+cancers&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD004183&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004183.pub3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18677777&rft.aulast=Bjelakovic&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Nikolova%2C+D&rft.au=Simonetti%2C+RG&rft.au=Gluud%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjelakovicNikolovaGluudSimonetti2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8407395">"Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Submitted manuscript). 2012 (3): CD007176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD007176.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10138%2F136201">10138/136201</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8407395">8407395</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22419320">22419320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antioxidant+supplements+for+prevention+of+mortality+in+healthy+participants+and+patients+with+various+diseases&rft.volume=2012&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD007176&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8407395%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22419320&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10138%2F136201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD007176.pub2&rft.aulast=Bjelakovic&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Nikolova%2C+D&rft.au=Gluud%2C+LL&rft.au=Simonetti%2C+RG&rft.au=Gluud%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8407395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzizRasheedZahraKönig2022" class="citation journal cs1">Aziz S, Rasheed F, Zahra R, König S (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9099457">"Gastric Cancer Pre-Stage Detection and Early Diagnosis of Gastritis Using Serum Protein Signatures"</a>. Molecules. 27 (9): 2857. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules27092857">10.3390/molecules27092857</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9099457">9099457</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35566209">35566209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecules&rft.atitle=Gastric+Cancer+Pre-Stage+Detection+and+Early+Diagnosis+of+Gastritis+Using+Serum+Protein+Signatures&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2857&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9099457%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35566209&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmolecules27092857&rft.aulast=Aziz&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Rasheed%2C+F&rft.au=Zahra%2C+R&rft.au=K%C3%B6nig%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9099457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23639645-80"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23639645_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadhwaTaketaSudoBlum2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wadhwa R, Taketa T, Sudo K, Blum MA, Ajani JA (June 2013). "Modern oncological approaches to gastric adenocarcinoma". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 42 (2): 359–369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gtc.2013.01.011">10.1016/j.gtc.2013.01.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23639645">23639645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Modern+oncological+approaches+to+gastric+adenocarcinoma&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=359-369&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gtc.2013.01.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23639645&rft.aulast=Wadhwa&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Taketa%2C+T&rft.au=Sudo%2C+K&rft.au=Blum%2C+MA&rft.au=Ajani%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23983442-81"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23983442_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenXuZhangPan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chen K, Xu XW, Zhang RC, Pan Y, Wu D, Mou YP (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3752573">"Systematic review and meta-analysis of laparoscopy-assisted and open total gastrectomy for gastric cancer"</a>. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 19 (32): 5365–5376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v19.i32.5365">10.3748/wjg.v19.i32.5365</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3752573">3752573</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23983442">23983442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+laparoscopy-assisted+and+open+total+gastrectomy+for+gastric+cancer&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=5365-5376&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3752573%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23983442&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3748%2Fwjg.v19.i32.5365&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Xu%2C+XW&rft.au=Zhang%2C+RC&rft.au=Pan%2C+Y&rft.au=Wu%2C+D&rft.au=Mou%2C+YP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3752573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23622077-82"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23622077_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPretzWoMamonKachnic2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pretz JL, Wo JY, Mamon HJ, Kachnic LA, Hong TS (July 2013). "Chemoradiation therapy: localized esophageal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer". Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America. 22 (3): 511–524. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.soc.2013.02.005">10.1016/j.soc.2013.02.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23622077">23622077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Oncology+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Chemoradiation+therapy%3A+localized+esophageal%2C+gastric%2C+and+pancreatic+cancer&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=511-524&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.soc.2013.02.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23622077&rft.aulast=Pretz&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Wo%2C+JY&rft.au=Mamon%2C+HJ&rft.au=Kachnic%2C+LA&rft.au=Hong%2C+TS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21556317-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21556317_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21556317_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeza-JuncoAuSawyer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Meza-Junco J, Au HJ, Sawyer MB (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085240">"Critical appraisal of trastuzumab in treatment of advanced stomach cancer"</a>. Cancer Management and Research. 3: 57–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FCMAR.S12698">10.2147/CMAR.S12698</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085240">3085240</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21556317">21556317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Management+and+Research&rft.atitle=Critical+appraisal+of+trastuzumab+in+treatment+of+advanced+stomach+cancer&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=57-64&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3085240%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21556317&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FCMAR.S12698&rft.aulast=Meza-Junco&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Au%2C+HJ&rft.au=Sawyer%2C+MB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3085240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBestMughalGurusamy2016" class="citation journal cs1">Best LM, Mughal M, Gurusamy KS (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6769173">"Laparoscopic versus open gastrectomy for gastric cancer"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (3): CD011389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD011389.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD011389.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6769173">6769173</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27030300">27030300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Laparoscopic+versus+open+gastrectomy+for+gastric+cancer&rft.volume=2016&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD011389&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6769173%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27030300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD011389.pub2&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=LM&rft.au=Mughal%2C+M&rft.au=Gurusamy%2C+KS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6769173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSynWeeShabbirKim2018" class="citation journal cs1">Syn NL, Wee I, Shabbir A, Kim G, So JB (December 2018). "Pouch Versus No Pouch Following Total gastrectomy: Meta-analysis of Randomized and Non-randomized Studies". Annals of Surgery. 269 (6): 1041–1053. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fsla.0000000000003082">10.1097/sla.0000000000003082</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30571657">30571657</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58584460">58584460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=Pouch+Versus+No+Pouch+Following+Total+gastrectomy%3A+Meta-analysis+of+Randomized+and+Non-randomized+Studies&rft.volume=269&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1041-1053&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58584460%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30571657&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Fsla.0000000000003082&rft.aulast=Syn&rft.aufirst=NL&rft.au=Wee%2C+I&rft.au=Shabbir%2C+A&rft.au=Kim%2C+G&rft.au=So%2C+JB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narayan2024-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Narayan2024_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanKimPark2024" class="citation journal cs1">Narayan R, Kim J, Park DJ (2024). "Robotic-assisted proximal gastrectomy with a laparoscopic-assisted double-tract reconstruction for proximal early gastric cancer". J Med Insight. 2024 (427). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24296%2Fjomi%2F427">10.24296/jomi/427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Med+Insight&rft.atitle=Robotic-assisted+proximal+gastrectomy+with+a+laparoscopic-assisted+double-tract+reconstruction+for+proximal+early+gastric+cancer&rft.volume=2024&rft.issue=427&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24296%2Fjomi%2F427&rft.aulast=Narayan&rft.aufirst=Raja&rft.au=Kim%2C+Jane&rft.au=Park%2C+Do+Joong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunSongWangChen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sun J, Song Y, Wang Z, Chen X, Gao P, Xu Y, et al. (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2407-13-577.pdf">"Clinical significance of palliative gastrectomy on the survival of patients with incurable advanced gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis"</a> (PDF). BMC Cancer. 13 (1): 577. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2407-13-577">10.1186/1471-2407-13-577</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235220">4235220</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24304886">24304886</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074334/http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2407-13-577.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Cancer&rft.atitle=Clinical+significance+of+palliative+gastrectomy+on+the+survival+of+patients+with+incurable+advanced+gastric+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=577&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4235220%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24304886&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2407-13-577&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Song%2C+Y&rft.au=Wang%2C+Z&rft.au=Chen%2C+X&rft.au=Gao%2C+P&rft.au=Xu%2C+Y&rft.au=Zhou%2C+B&rft.au=Xu%2C+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biomedcentral.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F1471-2407-13-577.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17425475-88"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17425475_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScartozziGaliziaVerdecchiaBerardi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Scartozzi M, Galizia E, Verdecchia L, Berardi R, Antognoli S, Chiorrini S, et al. (April 2007). "Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer: across the years for a standard of care". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 8 (6): 797–808. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14656566.8.6.797">10.1517/14656566.8.6.797</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17425475">17425475</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24196381">24196381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opinion+on+Pharmacotherapy&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+for+advanced+gastric+cancer%3A+across+the+years+for+a+standard+of+care&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=797-808&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24196381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17425475&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F14656566.8.6.797&rft.aulast=Scartozzi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Galizia%2C+E&rft.au=Verdecchia%2C+L&rft.au=Berardi%2C+R&rft.au=Antognoli%2C+S&rft.au=Chiorrini%2C+S&rft.au=Cascinu%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fusco13-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fusco13_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fusco13_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuscoRoccoDel_ContePellegrini2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fusco N, Rocco EG, Del Conte C, Pellegrini C, Bulfamante G, Di Nuovo F, et al. (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fmodpathol.2012.228">"HER2 in gastric cancer: a digital image analysis in pre-neoplastic, primary and metastatic lesions"</a>. Modern Pathology. 26 (6): 816–824. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fmodpathol.2012.228">10.1038/modpathol.2012.228</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23348899">23348899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Pathology&rft.atitle=HER2+in+gastric+cancer%3A+a+digital+image+analysis+in+pre-neoplastic%2C+primary+and+metastatic+lesions&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=816-824&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fmodpathol.2012.228&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23348899&rft.aulast=Fusco&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Rocco%2C+EG&rft.au=Del+Conte%2C+C&rft.au=Pellegrini%2C+C&rft.au=Bulfamante%2C+G&rft.au=Di+Nuovo%2C+F&rft.au=Romagnoli%2C+S&rft.au=Bosari%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fmodpathol.2012.228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuZhangYuAn2024" class="citation journal cs1">Wu J, Zhang S, Yu S, An G, Wang Y, Yu Y, et al. (15 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-53109-4">"Nivolumab plus anlotinib hydrochloride in advanced gastric adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: the phase II OASIS trial"</a>. Nature Communications. 15 (1): 8876. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-024-53109-4">10.1038/s41467-024-53109-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11480398">11480398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Nivolumab+plus+anlotinib+hydrochloride+in+advanced+gastric+adenocarcinoma+and+esophageal+squamous+cell+carcinoma%3A+the+phase+II+OASIS+trial&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8876&rft.date=2024-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11480398%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-024-53109-4&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Jing&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Shilong&rft.au=Yu%2C+Shan&rft.au=An%2C+Guo&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yi&rft.au=Yu%2C+Yiyi&rft.au=Liang%2C+Li&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yan&rft.au=Xu%2C+Xiaojing&rft.au=Xiong%2C+YanShi&rft.au=Shao%2C+Di&rft.au=Shi%2C+Zhun&rft.au=Li%2C+Nannan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jingyuan&rft.au=Jin%2C+Dawei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41467-024-53109-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgi.com/global/news/new-combined-therapy-for-advanced-stomach-cancer">"New Combined Therapy Shows Promise for Advanced Stomach Cancer Treatment | Nature Communication"</a>. www.bgi.com. Retrieved 21 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bgi.com&rft.atitle=New+Combined+Therapy+Shows+Promise+for+Advanced+Stomach+Cancer+Treatment+%7C+Nature+Communication&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgi.com%2Fglobal%2Fnews%2Fnew-combined-therapy-for-advanced-stomach-cancer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSR-92"><a href="#cite_ref-MSR_92-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278744-overview">Gastric Cancer</a> at <a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlas-93"><a href="#cite_ref-atlas_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanpathology/stomach+cancer">"The stomach cancer proteome – The Human Protein Atlas"</a>. www.proteinatlas.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.proteinatlas.org&rft.atitle=The+stomach+cancer+proteome+%E2%80%93+The+Human+Protein+Atlas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proteinatlas.org%2Fhumanpathology%2Fstomach%2Bcancer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhlenZhangLeeSjöstedt2017" class="citation journal cs1">Uhlen M, Zhang C, Lee S, Sjöstedt E, Fagerberg L, Bidkhori G, et al. (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aan2507">"A pathology atlas of the human cancer transcriptome"</a>. Science. 357 (6352): eaan2507. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aan2507">10.1126/science.aan2507</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28818916">28818916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+pathology+atlas+of+the+human+cancer+transcriptome&rft.volume=357&rft.issue=6352&rft.pages=eaan2507&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aan2507&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28818916&rft.aulast=Uhlen&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Zhang%2C+C&rft.au=Lee%2C+S&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6stedt%2C+E&rft.au=Fagerberg%2C+L&rft.au=Bidkhori%2C+G&rft.au=Benfeitas%2C+R&rft.au=Arif%2C+M&rft.au=Liu%2C+Z&rft.au=Edfors%2C+F&rft.au=Sanli%2C+K&rft.au=von+Feilitzen%2C+K&rft.au=Oksvold%2C+P&rft.au=Lundberg%2C+E&rft.au=Hober%2C+S&rft.au=Nilsson%2C+P&rft.au=Mattsson%2C+J&rft.au=Schwenk%2C+JM&rft.au=Brunnstr%C3%B6m%2C+H&rft.au=Glimelius%2C+B&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6blom%2C+T&rft.au=Edqvist%2C+PH&rft.au=Djureinovic%2C+D&rft.au=Micke%2C+P&rft.au=Lindskog%2C+C&rft.au=Mardinoglu%2C+A&rft.au=Ponten%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aan2507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalikCalikSarikayaOzercan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Calik I, Calik M, Sarikaya B, Ozercan IH, Arslan R, Artas G, et al. (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7202194">"P2X7 receptor as an independent prognostic indicator in gastric cancer"</a>. Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 20 (2): 188–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17305%2Fbjbms.2020.4620">10.17305/bjbms.2020.4620</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7202194">7202194</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32070268">32070268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bosnian+Journal+of+Basic+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=P2X7+receptor+as+an+independent+prognostic+indicator+in+gastric+cancer&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=188-196&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7202194%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32070268&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17305%2Fbjbms.2020.4620&rft.aulast=Calik&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Calik%2C+M&rft.au=Sarikaya%2C+B&rft.au=Ozercan%2C+IH&rft.au=Arslan%2C+R&rft.au=Artas%2C+G&rft.au=Dagli%2C+AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7202194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">WHO report on cancer: setting priorities, investing wisely and providing care for all. World Health Organization (WHO). 2020. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-000129-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-000129-9"><bdi>978-92-4-000129-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WHO+report+on+cancer%3A+setting+priorities%2C+investing+wisely+and+providing+care+for+all.&rft.pages=p.+26&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization+%28WHO%29&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-92-4-000129-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parkin-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Parkin_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinBrayFerlayPisani2005" class="citation journal cs1">Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcanjclin.55.2.74">"Global cancer statistics, 2002"</a>. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 55 (2): 74–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcanjclin.55.2.74">10.3322/canjclin.55.2.74</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15761078">15761078</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13746942">13746942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CA%3A+A+Cancer+Journal+for+Clinicians&rft.atitle=Global+cancer+statistics%2C+2002&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=74-108&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13746942%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15761078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3322%2Fcanjclin.55.2.74&rft.aulast=Parkin&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Bray%2C+F&rft.au=Ferlay%2C+J&rft.au=Pisani%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3322%252Fcanjclin.55.2.74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO-QA15-98"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO-QA15_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514012915/http://www.who.int/features/qa/15/en/index.html">"Are the number of cancer cases increasing or decreasing in the world?"</a>. WHO Online Q&A. WHO. 1 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/features/qa/15/en/index.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 11 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO+Online+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Are+the+number+of+cancer+cases+increasing+or+decreasing+in+the+world%3F&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ffeatures%2Fqa%2F15%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="#CITEREFWorld_Cancer_Report_2014">World Cancer Report 2014</a>. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Cancer+Report+2014&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loz2012-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Loz2012_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLozanoNaghaviForemanLim2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repozitorij.upr.si/Dokument.php?id=7123&dn=">"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"</a>. Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–2128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961728-0">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10536%2FDRO%2FDU%3A30050819">10536/DRO/DU:30050819</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10790329">10790329</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23245604">23245604</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1541253">1541253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Global+and+regional+mortality+from+235+causes+of+death+for+20+age+groups+in+1990+and+2010%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2010&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=9859&rft.pages=2095-2128&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10536%2FDRO%2FDU%3A30050819&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1541253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961728-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23245604&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10790329%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.aulast=Lozano&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Naghavi%2C+M&rft.au=Foreman%2C+K&rft.au=Lim%2C+S&rft.au=Shibuya%2C+K&rft.au=Aboyans%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepozitorij.upr.si%2FDokument.php%3Fid%3D7123%26dn%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2014/pdfs/pr224_E.pdf">"PRESS RELEASE N° 224 Global battle against cancer won't be won with treatment alone: Effective prevention measures urgently needed to prevent cancer crisis"</a> (PDF). World Health Organization. 3 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303133031/http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2014/pdfs/pr224_E.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=PRESS+RELEASE+N%C2%B0+224+Global+battle+against+cancer+won%27t+be+won+with+treatment+alone%3A+Effective+prevention+measures+urgently+needed+to+prevent+cancer+crisis&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iarc.fr%2Fen%2Fmedia-centre%2Fpr%2F2014%2Fpdfs%2Fpr224_E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauadNogueiraSouzaWohnrath2000" class="citation journal cs1">Mauad EC, Nogueira JL, Souza JM, Wohnrath DR, Oliveira AT, Colli G, et al. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inca.gov.br/rbc/n_46/v03/english/article6.html">"Câncer gástrico em adultos jovens"</a> [Gastric Cancer in Young Adults]. Rev. Bras. Cancerol. 46 (3): 299–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32635%2F2176-9745.RBC.2000v46n3.2441">10.32635/2176-9745.RBC.2000v46n3.2441</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:179189212">179189212</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703104120/http://www.inca.gov.br/rbc/n_46/v03/english/article6.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rev.+Bras.+Cancerol.&rft.atitle=C%C3%A2ncer+g%C3%A1strico+em+adultos+jovens&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=299-304&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32635%2F2176-9745.RBC.2000v46n3.2441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A179189212%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mauad&rft.aufirst=EC&rft.au=Nogueira%2C+JL&rft.au=Souza%2C+JM&rft.au=Wohnrath%2C+DR&rft.au=Oliveira%2C+AT&rft.au=Colli%2C+G&rft.au=Colli%2C+AM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inca.gov.br%2Frbc%2Fn_46%2Fv03%2Fenglish%2Farticle6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/country-health-profile/united-states">"Health profile: United States"</a>. Le Duc Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114181325/http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/country-health-profile/united-states">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+profile%3A+United+States&rft.pub=Le+Duc+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldlifeexpectancy.com%2Fcountry-health-profile%2Funited-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/country-health-profile/china">"Health profile: China"</a>. Le Duc Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160103182525/http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/country-health-profile/china">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+profile%3A+China&rft.pub=Le+Duc+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldlifeexpectancy.com%2Fcountry-health-profile%2Fchina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/stomach-cancer/by-country/">"Stomach Cancer: Death Rate Per 100,000"</a>. Le Duc Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913035347/http://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/stomach-cancer/by-country/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stomach+Cancer%3A+Death+Rate+Per+100%2C000&rft.pub=Le+Duc+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldlifeexpectancy.com%2Fcause-of-death%2Fstomach-cancer%2Fby-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/stomach/">"Stomach cancer statistics"</a>. Cancer Research UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007170251/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/stomach/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research+UK&rft.atitle=Stomach+cancer+statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerresearchuk.org%2Fcancer-info%2Fcancerstats%2Ftypes%2Fstomach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-asom-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asom_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-asom_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-asom_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-asom_107-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsombangRahmanIbdah2014" class="citation journal cs1">Asombang AW, Rahman R, Ibdah JA (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3983443">"Gastric cancer in Africa: current management and outcomes"</a>. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (14): 3875–3879. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v20.i14.3875">10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.3875</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3983443">3983443</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24833842">24833842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Gastric+cancer+in+Africa%3A+current+management+and+outcomes&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=3875-3879&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3983443%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24833842&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3748%2Fwjg.v20.i14.3875&rft.aulast=Asombang&rft.aufirst=AW&rft.au=Rahman%2C+R&rft.au=Ibdah%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3983443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-louw-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-louw_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-louw_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouwKiddKummerTaylor2001" class="citation journal cs1">Louw JA, Kidd MS, Kummer AF, Taylor K, Kotze U, Hanslo D (December 2001). "The relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection, the virulence genotypes of the infecting strain and gastric cancer in the African setting". Helicobacter. 6 (4): 268–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1523-5378.2001.00044.x">10.1046/j.1523-5378.2001.00044.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11843958">11843958</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25990463">25990463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helicobacter&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+Helicobacter+pylori+infection%2C+the+virulence+genotypes+of+the+infecting+strain+and+gastric+cancer+in+the+African+setting&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=268-273&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25990463%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11843958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1523-5378.2001.00044.x&rft.aulast=Louw&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Kidd%2C+MS&rft.au=Kummer%2C+AF&rft.au=Taylor%2C+K&rft.au=Kotze%2C+U&rft.au=Hanslo%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacEwan_2013-109"><a href="#cite_ref-MacEwan_2013_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithrow2013" class="citation book cs1">Withrow SJ (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYYlauGf0D4C&pg=PA402">"22 Cancer of the Gastrointestinal tract § E: Gastric Cancer: Diagnostic Techniques and Work-Up"</a>. In Vail DM (ed.). Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology (5th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 402–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-24197-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-24197-7"><bdi>978-0-323-24197-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=22+Cancer+of+the+Gastrointestinal+tract+%C2%A7+E%3A+Gastric+Cancer%3A+Diagnostic+Techniques+and+Work-Up&rft.btitle=Withrow+and+MacEwen%27s+Small+Animal+Clinical+Oncology&rft.pages=402-3&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-323-24197-7&rft.aulast=Withrow&rft.aufirst=SJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYYlauGf0D4C%26pg%3DPA402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid35575088-110"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid35575088_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlizadehRaufman2022" class="citation journal cs1">Alizadeh M, Raufman JP (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9106340">"Gastrointestinal neoplasia: carcinogenic interaction between bile acids and Helicobacter pylori in the stomach"</a>. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 132 (10). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI160194">10.1172/JCI160194</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9106340">9106340</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35575088">35575088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.atitle=Gastrointestinal+neoplasia%3A+carcinogenic+interaction+between+bile+acids+and+Helicobacter+pylori+in+the+stomach&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2022-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9106340%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35575088&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI160194&rft.aulast=Alizadeh&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Raufman%2C+JP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9106340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid35316215-111"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid35316215_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotoPiazueloShahRomero-Gallo2022" class="citation journal cs1">Noto JM, Piazuelo MB, Shah SC, Romero-Gallo J, Hart JL, Di C, et al. (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9106351">"Iron deficiency linked to altered bile acid metabolism promotes Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation-driven gastric carcinogenesis"</a>. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 132 (10). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI147822">10.1172/JCI147822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9106351">9106351</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35316215">35316215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.atitle=Iron+deficiency+linked+to+altered+bile+acid+metabolism+promotes+Helicobacter+pylori-induced+inflammation-driven+gastric+carcinogenesis&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2022-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9106351%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35316215&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI147822&rft.aulast=Noto&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Piazuelo%2C+MB&rft.au=Shah%2C+SC&rft.au=Romero-Gallo%2C+J&rft.au=Hart%2C+JL&rft.au=Di%2C+C&rft.au=Carmichael%2C+JD&rft.au=Delgado%2C+AG&rft.au=Halvorson%2C+AE&rft.au=Greevy%2C+RA&rft.au=Wroblewski%2C+LE&rft.au=Sharma%2C+A&rft.au=Newton%2C+AB&rft.au=Allaman%2C+MM&rft.au=Wilson%2C+KT&rft.au=Washington%2C+MK&rft.au=Calcutt%2C+MW&rft.au=Schey%2C+KL&rft.au=Cummings%2C+BP&rft.au=Flynn%2C+CR&rft.au=Zackular%2C+JP&rft.au=Peek%2C+RM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9106351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189588" class="extiw" title="d:Q189588">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/C16">C16</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=151">151</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/137215">137215</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D013274">D013274</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb12445.htm">12445</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000223.htm">000223</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/845-overview">med/845</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">NCI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/stomach">Stomach cancer</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stomach_cancer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stomach cancer">Stomach cancer</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/stomach/hp/stomach-treatment-pdq#section/all">"Gastric cancer treatment guidelines"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a>. 14 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Gastric+cancer+treatment+guidelines&rft.date=2022-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Ftypes%2Fstomach%2Fhp%2Fstomach-treatment-pdq%23section%2Fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStomach+cancer" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digestive_system_neoplasia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_neoplasia" title="Template:Digestive system neoplasia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_neoplasia" title="Template talk:Digestive system neoplasia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_neoplasia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system neoplasia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digestive_system_neoplasia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_neoplasm" title="Digestive system neoplasm">Digestive system neoplasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_alimentary_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper alimentary tract">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">Squamous cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric carcinoma">Gastric carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signet_ring_cell_carcinoma" title="Signet ring cell carcinoma">Signet ring cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_lymphoma" title="Gastric lymphoma">Gastric lymphoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MALT_lymphoma" title="MALT lymphoma">MALT lymphoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linitis_plastica" title="Linitis plastica">Linitis plastica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_diffuse_gastric_cancer" title="Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer">Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine_cancer" title="Small intestine cancer">Small intestine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenal_cancer" title="Duodenal cancer">Duodenal cancer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Appendix_cancer" title="Appendix cancer">Appendix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoid" title="Carcinoid">Carcinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomyxoma_peritonei" title="Pseudomyxoma peritonei">Pseudomyxoma peritonei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">Colon/rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_polyp" title="Colorectal polyp">Colorectal polyp</a>: <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_adenoma" title="Colorectal adenoma">adenoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperplastic_polyp" title="Hyperplastic polyp">hyperplastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_polyp" title="Juvenile polyp">juvenile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sessile_serrated_adenoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sessile serrated adenoma">sessile serrated adenoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_serrated_adenoma" title="Traditional serrated adenoma">traditional serrated adenoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peutz%E2%80%93Jeghers_syndrome" title="Peutz–Jeghers syndrome">Peutz–Jeghers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cronkhite%E2%80%93Canada_syndrome" title="Cronkhite–Canada syndrome">Cronkhite–Canada</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Polyposis syndromes: <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_polyposis_syndrome" title="Juvenile polyposis syndrome">Juvenile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUTYH-associated_polyposis" title="MUTYH-associated polyposis">MUTYH-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposis" title="Familial adenomatous polyposis">Familial adenomatous</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gardner%27s_syndrome" title="Gardner's syndrome">Gardner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_proofreading-associated_polyposis" title="Polymerase proofreading-associated polyposis">Polymerase proofreading-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrated_polyposis_syndrome" title="Serrated polyposis syndrome">Serrated polyposis</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Neoplasm: <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposis" title="Familial adenomatous polyposis">Familial adenomatous polyposis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancer" title="Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer">Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_cancer" title="Anal cancer">Anus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">Squamous cell carcinoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper and/or lower</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_stromal_tumor" title="Gastrointestinal stromal tumor">Gastrointestinal stromal tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krukenberg_tumor" title="Krukenberg tumor">Krukenberg tumor (metastatic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_tumor" title="Liver tumor">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrolamellar_hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma">Fibrolamellar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatoblastoma" title="Hepatoblastoma">Hepatoblastoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_angiosarcoma" title="Liver angiosarcoma">Liver angiosarcoma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">benign</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_adenoma" title="Hepatocellular adenoma">Hepatocellular adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavernous_hemangioma" title="Cavernous hemangioma">Cavernous hemangioma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">hyperplasia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Focal_nodular_hyperplasia" title="Focal nodular hyperplasia">Focal nodular hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodular_regenerative_hyperplasia" title="Nodular regenerative hyperplasia">Nodular regenerative hyperplasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile duct</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma" title="Cholangiocarcinoma">Cholangiocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klatskin_tumor" title="Klatskin tumor">Klatskin tumor</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_cancer" title="Gallbladder cancer">Gallbladder cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocrine pancreas">exocrine pancreas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_ductal_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic ductal carcinoma">Pancreatic ductal carcinoma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">cystic</a> <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasms</a>: <a href="/wiki/Serous_microcystic_adenoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Serous microcystic adenoma">Serous microcystic adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraductal_papillary_mucinous_neoplasm" title="Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm">Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_mucinous_cystic_neoplasm" title="Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm">Mucinous cystic neoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_pseudopapillary_neoplasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm">Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatoblastoma" title="Pancreatoblastoma">Pancreatoblastoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">Peritoneum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_peritoneal_carcinoma" title="Primary peritoneal carcinoma">Primary peritoneal carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_mesothelioma" title="Peritoneal mesothelioma">Peritoneal mesothelioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmoplastic_small_round_cell_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Desmoplastic small round cell tumor">Desmoplastic small round cell tumor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189588#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4036951-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85128258">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563908">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph257182&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000287448&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536297505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&oldid=1256724211">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&oldid=1256724211</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stomach_cancer" title="Category:Stomach cancer">Stomach cancer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abdomen" title="Category:Abdomen">Abdomen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus%E2%80%93associated_diseases" title="Category:Epstein–Barr virus–associated diseases">Epstein–Barr virus–associated diseases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infectious_causes_of_cancer" title="Category:Infectious causes of cancer">Infectious causes of cancer</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from August 2023">Articles with self-published sources from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2024">Use dmy dates from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_March_2022" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from March 2022">Vague or ambiguous time from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_div_col_with_small_parameter" title="Category:Pages using div col with small parameter">Pages using div col with small parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from November 2021">Articles lacking reliable references from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_medicine_articles_ready_to_translate" title="Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate">Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 08:04 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stomach_cancer&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-hchr7","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.643","walltime":"1.826","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9977,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":363770,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10327,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":489842,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1617.151 1 -total"," 56.17% 908.351 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.19% 423.526 69 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.64% 188.179 28 Template:Cite_web"," 11.14% 180.133 13 Template:Cite_book"," 8.12% 131.302 1 Template:Infobox_medical_condition_(new)"," 7.18% 116.064 11 Template:Fix"," 6.90% 111.655 6 Template:Navbox"," 6.82% 110.223 3 Template:Harvnb"," 6.78% 109.705 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.029","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9136164,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAl-AzriAl-KindiAl-HarthiAl-Dahri2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlizadehRaufman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlonso-AmelotAvendaño2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmalLejaFunkaSkapars2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsombangRahmanIbdah2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzizRasheedZahraKönig2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBegSinghSaraswatRewari2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBestMughalGurusamy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBjelakovicNikolovaGluudSimonetti2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBjelakovicNikolovaSimonettiGluud2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrayFerlaySoerjomataramSiegel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrayLaversanneSungFerlay2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks-WilsonKaurahSurianoLeach2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBucklandAgudoLujánJakszyn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkittDuckworthWilliamsPritchard2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalikCalikSarikayaOzercan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandanosLagergren2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChangParsonnet2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenXuZhangPan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraneLockeHarmsenZinsmeister2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrewNeugut2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhretJatoi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerroCostaMoraisBertuccio2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerroRosatoRotaCosta2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFordFormanHuntYuan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuscoRoccoDel_ContePellegrini2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzálezSalaRokkas2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHampelAbrahamEl-Serag2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatakeyamaHigashi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeiseBertranAndiaFerreccio2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInoueKudoShiokawa2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakszynGonzalez2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosefsssonEkblad2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhleifSkeel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKodachPeppelenbosch2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKongCaiGengWang2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulmambetovaShtefanovAitkulovaImanbekova2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeDerakhshan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLimYunKimHyung2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouwKiddKummerTaylor2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLozanoNaghaviForemanLim2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMauadNogueiraSouzaWohnrath2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeza-JuncoAuSawyer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreSpiegel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayanKimPark2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNomuraGroveStemmermannSeverson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNotoPiazueloShahRomero-Gallo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrdituraGaliziaSforzaGambardella2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaddock2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkinBrayFerlayPisani2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsonnetFriedmanVandersteenChang1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatersonMcColeAuld2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenteneroCarrozzoPaganoGandolfo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPretzWoMamonKachnic2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQinLiuDingJi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuXuanFan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbinsCotranKuma2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuddon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScartozziGaliziaVerdecchiaBerardi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimMcKee2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlowik2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStathisBertoniZucca2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunSongWangChen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSynWeeShabbirKim2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheodoratouTimofeevaLiMeng2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThrumurthyChaudryHochhauserMughal2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobiasHochhauserSouhami2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrédanielBoffettaBuiattiSaracci1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUhlenZhangLeeSjöstedt2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUsuiTaniyamaEndoKoyanagi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVirmaniKhandelwalSethiFraser-Hill2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWadhwaTaketaSudoBlum2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagnerSynMoehlerGrothe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangLiXiongHao2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWithrow2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWooParkOhKim2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Cancer_Report_2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWuZhangYuAn2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXuBrozaIonsecuTisch2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangSongLiuPark2023\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 69,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 28,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Cs1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Stomach Cancer\"] = 1,\n [\"Digestive system neoplasia\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EMedicine\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"ICD10\"] = 1,\n [\"ICD9\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox medical condition (new)\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 10,\n [\"Medical resources\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","23.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","10.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","8.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","5.4"],["?","60","5.4"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","40","3.6"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:4383\u003E","40","3.6"],["(for generator)","40","3.6"],["[others]","280","25.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pj8zz","timestamp":"20241124161020","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Stomach cancer","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stomach_cancer","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q189588","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q189588","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-05T16:09:32Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T08:04:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/94\/Adenocarcinoma_of_the_stomach.jpg","headline":"gastrointestinal system cancer that is located in the stomach"}</script> </body> </html>