CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "journals.aps.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '92a068f7e80e9f68',cH: 'jBUI5Kq2jvpoKKgy6r_lmyoc.MAkagDFbxe7jU.coDg-1743597786-1.2.1.1-yN3UnFRBt0ZEbt_u5eFTHxmavQaHkgys8LjILbahgTjAjss2ZGRmjtE1YMqhfN_w',cUPMDTk: "\/prd\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevD.52.142?__cf_chl_tk=JBghlZU3Tr61_Z_5SoRjvgZgHrY.lrxyxvGmHbfilqw-1743597786-1.0.1.1-dcSu7YggaA.tb04_uYLWPL6hyNWpz5Zrh6DYlELCFJE",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1743597786',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/prd\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevD.52.142?__cf_chl_f_tk=JBghlZU3Tr61_Z_5SoRjvgZgHrY.lrxyxvGmHbfilqw-1743597786-1.0.1.1-dcSu7YggaA.tb04_uYLWPL6hyNWpz5Zrh6DYlELCFJE",md: "yFEZWajlMAoCCUx7dGrPK6wvz2yxeMoOeMQzBw4nKhI-1743597786-1.2.1.1-NH_cJHNHBaQjQr5qcnBnpeIeWxHeSPJ2FjMqES9ecNbhxsw2oxR3oz1kcTcDKpWrGKifCQO40vX_DJkxZ5oKJ0FaasmMMHa9LN2rrDURZJ8M65CRQe_izFhAZGZZXLpV2BVQ58dkvXdx6URJFQK1uQ_drWA3CyKBLDDB0nJEwiH0wNQ_XrtKp.80OBMKkBsE9QFHs91ZtYa4axhjD.A0qCyspL4M0ihGE8RWqc4bisteD_wes3D70t9dNDXC0tgMs.9ZafA0vj159yaTAajH5y6EzQzC.78zwhpx6Pn_UAs0LawJk8K0W1rIp1sJOK1gN.bBg9HbEw5RpovBCUY65pD6S6uCKz1vBBOMw5nqOoRXgFLvMeXmjWzq5_9AiWci4rYcEozohp3Ggl.6fwfSQmh7I4nAU.0lRhuSrl3JDPlwIwOgIkOWQWr1oyWqSiMvuPgWZ20tmAVWNgKNZ_THIl_l56tg5ZsZq0GuUFCizuhTcIUZJqL.3nSqPU16hfpWGus6rNfEKKngcB4i4.eBo5OwrPcHiL0hMxdKJfpD_v80vXHEkXfcpxe5.XkqXgEpq5nGPNObw0IM4Hv0e2PAh_vQoNCBLwlQL_F_x4ZmPC1FUjIB26z_4k0it8q7Qhj8b7dhuaHkRQGBBNpVp44IP4jJCZKtAPbs5qalWLSruZQ77b3WvukrGd_QvMKdRtTU6VWVg5Hi.C9i_7j5rKccIIw2XynlKWBwE9zR8KvxxwArNC1bqcqxDP3XGwHZHcwL5hrTgxjjrlCO3AFKFyBsvwP0Zl2xTf.AlO_9aO.EoGs9d8mSKgX6bnXrdwaSScJuL1bpS4oVoAAQ1..TITMbWHdGkaMu3MXmat8wlLyW5BpIpBnsVzP6yzFMC7ZrDAqm8jqw9UwXqOwZyhN.djMeFzXqbmu4ZYObX_w0XBFtqZLeV63kSfu8KuGRUXDfmNIUcvn8c2NiHofkB42VWyj12ZNmPnjo_ddUIF3yrdF15NDuFhnamgpaoDzNtCkriTNvBjMV_.IwMnO06x26ZeB_KPVSsKfpcnX50HsCnblAzic8cC3wNmB4GKAYqtpGDrQsJ1HIvk.vg16i.wJVRy_fJ63NAqCPpupxbi1AtmGwhRuRt6tfZ_pSO6VDRztC9B3smcqmHlRCzELywG67oixkjq2WnUrQVn.6gpoXSGxo999_qtoll6091pgdOCVWfMrpYKMcODGOaUAO5xcnLGMaXRPooKQ6GjwMEfcha9VWkUN4Wfhs6u8H81J.4.FCNrq70PLDQhSs22zjeoZdpSvdBg",mdrd: "g.f.nfv4q00.MtGlwISDBxQNmRkRZ3MaWC6IRNso2bI-1743597786-1.2.1.1-AEpw6LiDvlI6okDceguTiTppWfUUKEE7OVLlK1OgmkkaTeUuQFRFvXrmlRcuMnVPeqYMnypboymc3bBBvfVognRzjyU_f2DFzoDIEA6451qnN583Bxefwygbc9DRlRzRSOT3XwXOEIb9.IL4SsW3V8pFqm895jGM_nCapk4gmI_aJ4u7CB8RG_gz1IbhHsktKdwQJqzNv7vkWo04zpHegsuoaLqZiJo6huDhMPRGclEhRhAfvOtHTPyQD4vlAaoP1lQEpW9iPeRER1UY9K6FtFLACVI4bgj976Khc5SicWiXlu1.8CArvx7S0xjUaaq9HsyRHoJwee5NlbtWzxW0D0R6fXS7QUhjHmE2lK9AI3FSMjGc457ItfX9PXfEIMr3iGHMJBkocoYZFmy3KVeENAKLcD1H2Rz0QBCGXYIH6kzhzJpwPgBtBuaOF1g5gtAJ1p0_MVSo9EXrLtThYSPz4OQKsSpGgVC9IJ0AseSQa3i934CoAQjlcsvcqcAP_xSahF2VX_W2e_xA.gdV_o61D.gdCQ0q5U6YBuv1HzfxBZFKlJvzUnFytUhfstN7rnmJW.Rs3UqzrzswbIwWwQDQxBXkaB5FH8WDtMfyTkge_1LY9kn7Oz8L8W3sLJtgWHifDrl0q9hHTizFHhv8GcvunbjkL9NuDPaRXoyLyWW6UWh1xp5q8mRlyoIcCl8KrMdyyqETKxs7K.Xl6Oa25tYNxN4cATzIt5iRCrGlgj0PNcNHgz5zNVN_8nwunn9bQHhcvs8SW_d78jMdluHmqQuewbvoIEUfUKaHM3pmRX_Z.OmMt94t3hsuCCUdkWZUfPR02vFZ2NhIzEvbgvBGtcGL3eXMAUqa9QBHejDK_tDQI.aaQSDAu9ev55kQIB7.z.YYaP9JuZRNwx17TxMeONe8EZape12_8SQwgSnBBqaBKNBSbz3RL5RWVU.ydZJAALaP3cgXu1neS_yKqAazD2tUI66aN9wm5sL6nEkJ9JxaMb0veyQGkOVUOCt7Rzz70Kk2Xz3Z0YDoYwhgWhLV55wMkIEQgkfcqM.lMUiHOuAPbI1xSUx4LSTeZJDTHWjfwcE_P8XP1K8VGzTV1Dyp4FbmMgw9JjkfVzQ1eG.u0cE1x4tiTaG6evPCYVcFJQX9HuzlzhVjv7rVnbQtSEqlD471CgqIplOq7Ej9XS0IlCfodIvQS6KrMmGY77I0FcKfyFTq6w8cmw6H6jQFTFzBo8VVY4va_spq63sZN.b3.8ZtYdywQdSHLGRPSPgaLz8UFWfAzUW7s567y23Xp0eJAqvxnI7cEjnMj1R4n7JoMbOeeiaadfxJ5ogqd6AAEvZZI5Sa69EeW7zTEypEA9HkSJb_CCQjc171h05GSDSBLQnpWXyBTR0JpZ.BycAMpbYOuunoaE1g642iaWdiOblI5on6pG6u8t3ugJtpm79E5Cw3WHfnwneEcSmrhIWKDkyiOc.xMffOGA3weKHxS6TyDIMpifm3zKGyzYXpanCu1Pn_6gxuuDE9khVjE7drziTCORMzrtYjwKbHa5.4p02m9G7aIQVXAyLBvVsMoNJlH2kYoS12PO6rGhqDXKFLRqMyF2FDiCvwymHxuK3hqyndipDDD_BczZWTV0d4PS8aiwT9O_aeEMDTJk2dIQSpyL2pzEx7e49odABTLBPtsgBsPhb5Vem7yXk5FX8mQfsa_0Cve7McVsKcd2rsMdq4XF9zBMCOuRc4VlzDM5lIZ0D4e4tyOXdZNBihVjQ.slFeR7jWamwsohHCIjO9xxL0IobPUwonBGgeuhI0AomLaj0qFgmB8LIE5SxCucn0FWQ7oWd31phXNnUtBLFIVXDPkosnB8Qm7GnCvVxyGyGO7JqHgGlwz7GPhic1GT0NgRjgtp7WjDljllH8EsGZJeBhaAd.OdHOdkF3BGvrCpDMvITzRdykNLk8K3N5tx.mmMpp2sHoW8u0vN4Ev5iuIYLUq9lrANBU1gwtwL7OuANcaRpfTz2ZU8Kv9gxDsPVs9sshTXwCqYGiOGjkGYwW6mFEWIFmLuo98YDocZ7jc8ZEJlU9N865f.1uCSxLS5ELymyjcH82htM"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=92a068f7e80e9f68';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/prd\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevD.52.142?__cf_chl_rt_tk=JBghlZU3Tr61_Z_5SoRjvgZgHrY.lrxyxvGmHbfilqw-1743597786-1.0.1.1-dcSu7YggaA.tb04_uYLWPL6hyNWpz5Zrh6DYlELCFJE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>