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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caractéristiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Caractéristiques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caractéristiques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Caractéristiques</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caractéristiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disque_et_halo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disque_et_halo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Disque et halo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disque_et_halo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diamètre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diamètre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Diamètre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diamètre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nombre_de_galaxies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nombre_de_galaxies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Nombre de galaxies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nombre_de_galaxies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Masse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adresse_cosmique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adresse_cosmique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Adresse cosmique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adresse_cosmique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Membres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_connexe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_connexe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Article connexe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_connexe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Superamas de la Vierge</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 43 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo-superswerm" title="Virgo-superswerm – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Virgo-superswerm" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85" title="عنقود مجرات العذراء العظيم – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنقود مجرات العذراء العظيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Мясцовае звышскопішча галактык – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мясцовае звышскопішча галактык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superc%C3%BAmul_de_la_Verge" title="Supercúmul de la Verge – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Supercúmul de la Verge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADstn%C3%AD_nadkupa_galaxi%C3%AD" title="Místní nadkupa galaxií – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Místní nadkupa galaxií" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwch_Glwstwr_Virgo" title="Uwch Glwstwr Virgo – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Uwch Glwstwr Virgo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo-superhoben" title="Virgo-superhoben – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Virgo-superhoben" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo-Superhaufen" title="Virgo-Superhaufen – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Virgo-Superhaufen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Υπερσμήνος της Παρθένου – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπερσμήνος της Παρθένου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Virgo Supercluster" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superc%C3%BAmulo_de_Virgo" title="Supercúmulo de Virgo – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Supercúmulo de Virgo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohalik_Superparv" title="Kohalik Superparv – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kohalik Superparv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_superkumulua" title="Virgo superkumulua – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Virgo superkumulua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87" title="ابرخوشه سنبله – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابرخوشه سنبله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neitsyen_superjoukko" title="Neitsyen superjoukko – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neitsyen superjoukko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8-%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="צביר-על הבתולה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צביר-על הבתולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjesni_superskup" title="Mjesni superskup – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mjesni superskup" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergugus_Virgo" title="Supergugus Virgo – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Supergugus Virgo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superammasso_della_Vergine" title="Superammasso della Vergine – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Superammasso della Vergine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%8A%E3%81%A8%E3%82%81%E5%BA%A7%E8%B6%85%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3%E5%9B%A3" title="おとめ座超銀河団 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="おとめ座超銀河団" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%98%EB%85%80%EC%9E%90%EB%A6%AC_%EC%B4%88%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A8" title="처녀자리 초은하단 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="처녀자리 초은하단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercumulus_Virginis" title="Supercumulus Virginis – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Supercumulus Virginis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo-Superkoup" title="Virgo-Superkoup – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Virgo-Superkoup" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietinis_galaktik%C5%B3_superspie%C4%8Dius" title="Vietinis galaktikų superspiečius – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vietinis galaktikų superspiečius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE)" title="Девица (суперјато) – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Девица (суперјато)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugusan_Besar_Virgo" title="Gugusan Besar Virgo – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gugusan Besar Virgo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Virgo Supercluster" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgosupercluster" title="Virgosupercluster – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Virgosupercluster" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_lokale_superhopen" title="Den lokale superhopen – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den lokale superhopen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergromada_Lokalna" title="Supergromada Lokalna – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Supergromada Lokalna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superaglomerado_de_Virgem" title="Superaglomerado de Virgem – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Superaglomerado de Virgem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecioara_(super-roi_de_galaxii)" title="Fecioara (super-roi de galaxii) – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fecioara (super-roi de galaxii)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Местное сверхскопление галактик – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Местное сверхскопление галактик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Virgo Supercluster" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miestna_superkopa_galaxi%C3%AD" title="Miestna superkopa galaxií – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Miestna superkopa galaxií" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgosuperhopen" title="Virgosuperhopen – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Virgosuperhopen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="கன்னி விண்மீன் மீகொத்து – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கன்னி விண்மீன் மீகொத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete defaut" style="background-color:#003399;color:#ffffff;">Superamas de la Vierge </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fichier:6_Virgo_Supercluster_fr.svg&lang=fr" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/6_Virgo_Supercluster_fr.svg/langfr-280px-6_Virgo_Supercluster_fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/6_Virgo_Supercluster_fr.svg/langfr-420px-6_Virgo_Supercluster_fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/6_Virgo_Supercluster_fr.svg/langfr-560px-6_Virgo_Supercluster_fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="2953" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; color:#000000">Données d’observation - <small><a href="/wiki/%C3%89poque_(astronomie)" title="Époque (astronomie)">Époque</a> {{{époque}}}</small></th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#6295da; color:#ffffff">Autres caractéristiques</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Galaxie#Classification" title="Galaxie">Type</a> </th> <td>Super amas de Galaxie </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Masse" title="Masse">Masse</a> </th> <td>10<sup>15</sup> <a href="/wiki/Masses_solaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Masses solaires">masses solaires</a> <a href="/wiki/Masse_solaire" title="Masse solaire">M<sub>⊙</sub></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #6295da solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Galaxie_Groupe_Local" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Le <b>Superamas Local</b>, anciennement appelé à tort le Superamas de la Vierge, est un <a href="/wiki/Superamas_de_galaxies" title="Superamas de galaxies">superamas de galaxies</a> contenant le <a href="/wiki/Groupe_local" title="Groupe local">Groupe local</a>, comprenant la <a href="/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e" title="Voie lactée">Voie lactée</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Galaxie_d%27Androm%C3%A8de" title="Galaxie d'Andromède">galaxie d'Andromède</a>. </p><p>Jadis, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Vaucouleurs" title="Gérard de Vaucouleurs">Gérard de Vaucouleurs</a> et d'autres l'appelaient « superamas de la Vierge » du fait que l'<a href="/wiki/Amas_de_la_Vierge" title="Amas de la Vierge">amas de la Vierge</a> se situe en son centre. Cependant, les nouvelles découvertes en cosmologie ont rendu cette appellationn obsolète au profit du nom de Superamas Local. </p><p>Le Superamas Local se situe dans un ensemble encore plus vaste, nommé <a href="/wiki/Laniakea" title="Laniakea">Laniakea</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Découverte"><span id="D.C3.A9couverte"></span>Découverte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Découverte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Découverte"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La surabondance de nébuleuses dans la <a href="/wiki/Constellation_de_la_Vierge" class="mw-redirect" title="Constellation de la Vierge">constellation de la Vierge</a> a été reconnue comme structure par l'astrophysicien <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Vaucouleurs" title="Gérard de Vaucouleurs">Gérard de Vaucouleurs</a> sous l'appellation « Supergalaxie Locale » en 1953 puis « Superamas Local » en 1958<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caractéristiques"><span id="Caract.C3.A9ristiques"></span>Caractéristiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Caractéristiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Caractéristiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disque_et_halo">Disque et halo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Disque et halo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Disque et halo"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le Superamas Local est constitué de deux éléments : un disque et un halo. Le disque a plus ou moins la forme d'une crêpe et contient 60 % des galaxies lumineuses du superamas. Le halo comprend beaucoup d'objets allongés et comprend donc les 40 % d'éléments restants<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diamètre"><span id="Diam.C3.A8tre"></span>Diamètre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Diamètre" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Diamètre"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le diamètre du superamas est d'environ 200 millions d'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e-lumi%C3%A8re" title="Année-lumière">années-lumière</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nombre_de_galaxies">Nombre de galaxies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Nombre de galaxies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Nombre de galaxies"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le Superamas Local regroupe environ 10 000 galaxies, réparties dans une centaine d'<a href="/wiki/Amas_de_galaxies" title="Amas de galaxies">amas</a> dominés par l'<a href="/wiki/Amas_de_la_Vierge" title="Amas de la Vierge">amas de la Vierge</a> situé près de son centre. Le <a href="/wiki/Groupe_local" title="Groupe local">Groupe local</a> est situé près du bord et est attiré par l'amas de la Vierge<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masse">Masse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Masse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Masse"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>À partir de l'effet gravitationnel du superamas sur le mouvement des galaxies qui le constituent, on peut estimer que sa <a href="/wiki/Masse" title="Masse">masse</a> totale est environ 10<sup>15</sup> <a href="/wiki/Masse_solaire" title="Masse solaire">masses solaires</a>, soit 2 × 10<sup>46</sup> <abbr class="abbr" title="kilogramme">kg</abbr>. Comme sa <a href="/wiki/Luminosit%C3%A9" title="Luminosité">luminosité</a> est bien trop faible par rapport au nombre d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89toile" title="Étoile">étoiles</a> qui le composent, on suppose qu'une grande partie de sa masse est constituée de <a href="/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re_noire" title="Matière noire">matière noire</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adresse_cosmique">Adresse cosmique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Adresse cosmique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Adresse cosmique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le Superamas Local appartient au <a href="/wiki/Complexe_de_superamas_Poissons-Baleine" title="Complexe de superamas Poissons-Baleine">complexe de superamas Poissons-Baleine</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et se situe dans le superamas <a href="/wiki/Laniakea" title="Laniakea">Laniakea</a> qui, selon ses découvreurs comme <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Courtois" title="Hélène Courtois">Hélène Courtois</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pomar%C3%A8de" title="Daniel Pomarède">Daniel Pomarède</a>, est une <i>nouvelle ligne sur notre adresse cosmique</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les adresses précédant le Superamas Local sont : planète <a href="/wiki/Terre" title="Terre">Terre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_solaire" title="Système solaire">Système solaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuage_de_Oort" title="Nuage de Oort">nuage de Oort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Orion" title="Bras d'Orion">bras d'Orion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e" title="Voie lactée">Voie lactée</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groupe_local" title="Groupe local">Groupe Local</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Une anomalie gravitationnelle, le <a href="/wiki/Grand_attracteur" title="Grand attracteur">Grand attracteur</a> au centre de Laniakea, se situe près de l'<a href="/wiki/Amas_de_la_R%C3%A8gle" title="Amas de la Règle">amas de la Règle</a> et attire vers lui l'intégralité du Superamas Local<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Laniakea_with_Galaktika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Laniakea_with_Galaktika.jpg/350px-Laniakea_with_Galaktika.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Laniakea_with_Galaktika.jpg/525px-Laniakea_with_Galaktika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Laniakea_with_Galaktika.jpg/700px-Laniakea_with_Galaktika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Laniakea, le superamas Local est autour du point rouge.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Subdivisions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Subdivisions"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le Superamas Local est subdivisé en groupe d'amas appelées <a href="/wiki/Nuage_de_galaxies" title="Nuage de galaxies">nuages de galaxies</a>. La majeure partie du volume du disque est vide, il contient trois nuages de galaxies  : l'<a href="/wiki/Amas_de_la_Vierge" title="Amas de la Vierge">amas de la Vierge</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_M94" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe de M94">nuage des Chiens de chasse</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Amas_de_la_Vierge_II" title="Amas de la Vierge II">nuage de la Vierge II</a>. Le halo est constitué de plusieurs nuages allongés pointant vers l'amas de la Vierge<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membres">Membres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Membres" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Membres"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parmi les membres du superamas de la Vierge : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_local" title="Groupe local">Groupe local</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuage_des_Chiens_de_Chasse" title="Nuage des Chiens de Chasse">Nuage des Chiens de chasse</a>; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_M94" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe de M94">Amas des Chiens de chasse I</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amas_des_Chiens_de_chasse_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amas des Chiens de chasse II (page inexistante)">Amas des Chiens de chasse II</a> ;</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amas_du_Fourneau" title="Amas du Fourneau">Amas du Fourneau</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amas_de_la_Grande_Ourse" title="Amas de la Grande Ourse">Amas de la Grande Ourse</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amas_du_Lion_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Amas du Lion I">Amas du Lion I</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amas_du_Lion_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amas du Lion II (page inexistante)">Amas du Lion II</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amas_de_Maffei_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amas de Maffei I (page inexistante)">Amas de Maffei I</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_M81" title="Groupe de M81">Groupe de M81</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amas_de_M101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amas de M101 (page inexistante)">Amas de M101</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amas_de_NGC_5128&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amas de NGC 5128 (page inexistante)">Amas de NGC 5128</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amas_du_Sculpteur" class="mw-redirect" title="Amas du Sculpteur">Amas du Sculpteur</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amas_de_la_Vierge" title="Amas de la Vierge">Amas de la Vierge</a> ; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amas_de_la_Vierge_II" title="Amas de la Vierge II">Amas de la Vierge II</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amas_de_la_Vierge_III" title="Amas de la Vierge III">Amas de la Vierge III</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1986ApJ...303...25T&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_VIEW&classic=YES"><cite style="font-style:normal;">1986ApJ...303...25T Page 25</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">articles.adsabs.harvard.edu</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-02-27" data-sort-value="2024-02-27">27 février 2024</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~dfabricant/huchra/seminar/lsc/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">The Local Supercluster</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">lweb.cfa.harvard.edu</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-02-27" data-sort-value="2024-02-27">27 février 2024</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2024"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allthescience.org/what-is-the-virgo-supercluster.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en-us">What is the Virgo Supercluster?</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">All the Science</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-02-18" data-sort-value="2024-02-18">18 février 2024</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-02-24" data-sort-value="2024-02-24">24 février 2024</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Baudoin2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Emmanuel_Baudoin2015">Emmanuel Baudoin, <cite class="italique">101 Merveilles du Ciel</cite>, Paris, Dunod, <time>2015</time>, 240 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2100738021" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2100738021"><span class="nowrap">978-2100738021</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 216<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=101+Merveilles+du+Ciel&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Dunod&rft.aulast=Baudoin&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft.date=2015&rft.pages=216&rft.tpages=240&rft.isbn=978-2100738021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASuperamas+de+la+Vierge"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/cosmic/local_supercluster_info.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Imagine the Universe!</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-02-24" data-sort-value="2024-02-24">24 février 2024</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="@NatGeoFrance2021"><span class="nom_auteur">@NatGeoFrance</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/espace/laniakea-le-superamas-de-galaxies-dans-lequel-gravite-la-voie-lactee"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Laniakea, le superamas de galaxies dans lequel gravite la Voie lactée</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">National Geographic</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-04-30" data-sort-value="2021-04-30">30 avril 2021</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-02-24" data-sort-value="2024-02-24">24 février 2024</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/space-science/cosmic-address"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">How to work out your cosmic address</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">www.skyatnightmagazine.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-02-24" data-sort-value="2024-02-24">24 février 2024</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="KlypinHoffmanKravtsovGottlober2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Anatoly_KlypinYehuda_HoffmanAndrey_V._KravtsovStefan_Gottlober2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Anatoly <span class="nom_auteur">Klypin</span>, Yehuda <span class="nom_auteur">Hoffman</span>, Andrey V. <span class="nom_auteur">Kravtsov</span> et Stefan <span class="nom_auteur">Gottlober</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Constrained Simulations of the Real Universe: The Local Supercluster</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Astrophysical Journal</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 596, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2003-10-10" data-sort-value="2003-10-10">10 octobre 2003</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">19–33</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a></span> et <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1538-4357">1538-4357</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/377574">10.1086/377574</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/377574">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-02-25" data-sort-value="2024-02-25">25 février 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Constrained+Simulations+of+the+Real+Universe%3A+The+Local+Supercluster&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Klypin&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Yehuda&rft.au=Kravtsov%2C+Andrey+V.&rft.au=Gottlober%2C+Stefan&rft.date=2003-10-10&rft.volume=596&rft.pages=19%E2%80%9333&rft.issn=0004-637X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F377574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASuperamas+de+la+Vierge"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tully"><span class="ouvrage" id="Brent_Tully"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Brent Tully, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Local Supercluster</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> Astrophys. J., vol. 257 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/159999">10.1086/159999</a></span>)</small>, P 389-422(1982)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Local+Supercluster&rft.aulast=Tully&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft.volume=Astrophys.+J.%2C+vol.+257&rft.pages=P+389-422%281982%29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F159999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASuperamas+de+la+Vierge"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">« <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster?oldid=182185905">Virgo Supercluster</a> » <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_connexe">Article connexe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Article connexe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Article connexe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superamas_de_galaxies" title="Superamas de galaxies">Superamas de galaxies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Superamas_de_la_Vierge&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atunivers.free.fr/virgo.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Le Superamas de la Vierge</cite></a> », Un Atlas de l'Univers <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-11-21" data-sort-value="2007-11-21">21 novembre 2007</time>)</small></span></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?protocol=html&Ident=Virgo+Supercluster&bibdisplay=none">Superamas de la Vierge</a> sur la base de données <i><a href="/wiki/Simbad" title="Simbad">Simbad</a></i> du <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_donn%C3%A9es_astronomiques_de_Strasbourg" title="Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg">Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Groupe_Local2" title="Modèle:Palette Groupe Local2"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Groupe_Local2&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%">Le <a href="/wiki/Groupe_local" title="Groupe local">Groupe local</a> et sa périphérie</div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Principaux membres</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_local" title="Groupe local">Groupe local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_IC_342/Maffei" title="Groupe IC 342/Maffei">Groupe IC 342/Maffei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filament_du_Sculpteur" title="Filament du Sculpteur">Filament du Sculpteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_M81" title="Groupe de M81">Groupe de M81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuage_des_Chiens_de_Chasse" title="Nuage des Chiens de Chasse">Nuage des Chiens de Chasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_M96" title="Groupe de M96">Groupe de M96</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Structures plus grandes</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amas_de_la_Vierge" title="Amas de la Vierge">Amas de la Vierge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Superamas de la Vierge</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Situation_Terre" title="Modèle:Palette Situation Terre"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Situation_Terre&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Situation_de_la_Terre_dans_l%27Univers" title="Situation de la Terre dans l'Univers">Situation de la Terre dans l'Univers</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terre" title="Terre">Terre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Terre-Lune" title="Système Terre-Lune">Système Terre-Lune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_solaire" title="Système solaire">Système solaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuage_interstellaire_local" title="Nuage interstellaire local">Nuage interstellaire local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexe_de_nuages_interstellaires_locaux" title="Complexe de nuages interstellaires locaux">Complexe de nuages interstellaires locaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulle_locale" title="Bulle locale">Bulle locale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceinture_de_Gould" title="Ceinture de Gould">Ceinture de Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bras_d%27Orion" title="Bras d'Orion">Bras d’Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voie_lact%C3%A9e" title="Voie lactée">Voie lactée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sous-groupe_local" title="Sous-groupe local">Sous-groupe local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_local" title="Groupe local">Groupe local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feuille_locale" title="Feuille locale">Feuille locale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_local" title="Volume local">Volume local</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Superamas de la Vierge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superamas_Vierge-Hydre-Centaure" title="Superamas Vierge-Hydre-Centaure">Superamas Vierge-Hydre-Centaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laniakea" title="Laniakea">Superamas Laniakea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complexe_de_superamas_Poissons-Baleine" title="Complexe de superamas Poissons-Baleine">Complexe de superamas Poissons-Baleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers_observable" title="Univers observable">Univers local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers_observable" title="Univers observable">Univers observable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">Univers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Astronomie" title="Portail de l’astronomie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg/25px-Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg/37px-Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg/50px-Noun_Astronomy_Icon2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Astronomie" title="Portail:Astronomie">Portail de l’astronomie</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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