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id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skryť</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Začiatok</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Diela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Diela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Názory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Názory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Názory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Názory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Názory</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Názory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biblia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Biblia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poznanie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poznanie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Poznanie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poznanie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racionálna_intuícia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racionálna_intuícia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Racionálna intuícia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racionálna_intuícia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monizmus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monizmus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Monizmus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monizmus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sloboda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sloboda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Sloboda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sloboda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referencie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iné_projekty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iné_projekty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Iné projekty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iné_projekty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externé_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externé_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Externé odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externé_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prepnúť obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prepnúť obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Baruch Spinoza</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prejsť na článok v inom jazyku. Je dostupný v 115 jazykoch" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 jazykov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – afrikánčina" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_de_Spinoza" title="Baruch de Spinoza – nemčina (švajčiarska)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Baruch de Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemčina (švajčiarska)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%A9%E1%8A%AD_%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%92%E1%8A%96%E1%8B%9B" title="ባሩክ ስፒኖዛ – amharčina" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባሩክ ስፒኖዛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – aragónčina" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="باروخ سبينوزا – arabčina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باروخ سبينوزا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="اسبينوزا – arabština (egyptská)" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسبينوزا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabština (egyptská)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – astúrčina" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astúrčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_Spinoza" title="Benedikt Spinoza – azerbajdžančina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Benedikt Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="باروخ اسپینوزا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باروخ اسپینوزا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бенедикт Спиноза – baškirčina" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бенедикт Спиноза" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikts_Spinuoza" title="Benedikts Spinuoza – žemaitština" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Benedikts Spinuoza" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="žemaitština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бенедыкт Спіноза – bieloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бенедыкт Спіноза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bieloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бэнэдыкт Сьпіноза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэнэдыкт Сьпіноза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Барух Спиноза – bulharčina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Барух Спиноза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="বারুখ স্পিনোজা – bengálčina" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বারুখ স্পিনোজা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – bretónčina" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – bosniačtina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniačtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – katalánčina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE_%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="باروخ سپینۆزا – kurdčina (sorání)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باروخ سپینۆزا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdčina (sorání)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – čeština" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čeština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бенедикт Спиноза – čuvaština" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бенедикт Спиноза" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – waleština" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="waleština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_de_Spinoza" title="Baruch de Spinoza – dánčina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baruch de Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_de_Spinoza" title="Baruch de Spinoza – nemčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baruch de Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%87_%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%B1" title="Μπαρούχ Σπινόζα – gréčtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπαρούχ Σπινόζα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gréčtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baru%C4%A5_Spinozo" title="Baruĥ Spinozo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baruĥ Spinozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – španielčina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španielčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – estónčina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – extremadurština" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremadurština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="باروخ اسپینوزا – perzština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باروخ اسپینوزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – fínčina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – faerčina" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faerčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – francúzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francúzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – franko-provensálština" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="franko-provensálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_de_Spinoza" title="Baruch de Spinoza – severná frízština" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Baruch de Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="severná frízština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článok"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_de_Spinoza" title="Baruch de Spinoza – západná frízština" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Baruch de Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="západná frízština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – škótska gaelčina" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škótska gaelčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_de_Spinoza" title="Baruch de Spinoza – galícijčina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Baruch de Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galícijčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%96%D7%94" title="ברוך שפינוזה – hebrejčina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברוך שפינוזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="बारूथ स्पिनोज़ा – hindčina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बारूथ स्पिनोज़ा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_de_Spinoza" title="Baruch de Spinoza – chorvátčina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baruch de Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – maďarčina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%BF_%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A1" title="Բենեդիկտ Սպինոզա – arménčina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բենեդիկտ Սպինոզա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedicto_de_Spinoza" title="Benedicto de Spinoza – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Benedicto de Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_de_Spinoza" title="Baruch de Spinoza – indonézština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Baruch de Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonézština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_de_Spinoza" title="Benedictus de Spinoza – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Benedictus de Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – islandčina" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – taliančina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="taliančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%94%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B6" title="バールーフ・デ・スピノザ – japončina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バールーフ・デ・スピノザ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japončina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="ბარუხ სპინოზა – gruzínčina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბარუხ სპინოზა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – kabylčina" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бенедикт Спиноза – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бенедикт Спиноза" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A4%BC%ED%9D%90_%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%BC%EB%85%B8%EC%9E%90" title="바뤼흐 스피노자 – kórejčina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바뤼흐 스피노자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kórejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – kurdčina" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бенедикт Спиноза – kirgizština" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бенедикт Спиноза" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_de_Spinoza" title="Benedictus de Spinoza – latinčina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Benedictus de Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – židovská španielčina" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="židovská španielčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinoza" title="Spinoza – limburčina" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_de_Spinoza" title="Benedict de Spinoza – litovčina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Benedict de Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikts_Spinoza" title="Benedikts Spinoza – lotyština" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Benedikts Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lotyština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – malgaština" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Барух Спиноза – macedónčina" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Барух Спиноза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="najlepší článok"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8" title="ബറൂക്ക് സ്പിനോസ – malajálamčina" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബറൂക്ക് സ്പിനോസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бенедикт Спиноза – mongolčina" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бенедикт Спиноза" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE" title="बारुथ स्पिनोझा – maráthčina" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बारुथ स्पिनोझा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maráthčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%86%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%87%E1%80%AC" title="ဗာရွတ် ဆပင်နိုဇာ – barmčina" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗာရွတ် ဆပင်နိုဇာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="barmčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="باروخ اسپینوزا – mázandaránčina" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="باروخ اسپینوزا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mázandaránčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_de_Spinoza" title="Baruch de Spinoza – dolná nemčina" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Baruch de Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="dolná nemčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictus_de_Spinoza" title="Benedictus de Spinoza – holandčina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Benedictus de Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – nórčina (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nórčina (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článok"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_de_Spinoza" title="Baruch de Spinoza – nórčina (bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baruch de Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="nórčina (bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – okcitánčina" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਪੀਨੋਜ਼ਾ – pandžábčina" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਪੀਨੋਜ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžábčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – poľština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poľština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – piemonština" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="سپینوزا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سپینوزا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="باروچ سپینوزا – paštčina" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باروچ سپینوزا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Espinoza" title="Baruch Espinoza – portugalčina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baruch Espinoza" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – kečuánčina" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – rumunčina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Спиноза, Бенедикт – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спиноза, Бенедикт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – sicílčina" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicílčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – škótčina" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škótčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="najlepší článok"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="برووخ اسپنوزا – sindhčina" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برووخ اسپنوزا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – srbochorvátčina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrux_Spinu%E1%BA%93a" title="Barrux Spinuẓa – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Barrux Spinuẓa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – slovinčina" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruk_Spinoza" title="Baruk Spinoza – albánčina" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Baruk Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Барух Спиноза – srbčina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Барух Спиноза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_de_Spinoza" title="Baruch de Spinoza – fríština (saterlandská)" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Baruch de Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="fríština (saterlandská)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – švédčina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – swahilčina" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE" title="பரூக் இசுப்பினோசா – tamilčina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பரூக் இசுப்பினோசா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE" title="బరూచ్ స్పినోజా – telugčina" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బరూచ్ స్పినోజా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="บารุค สปิโนซา – thajčina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บารุค สปิโนซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – tagalčina" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бенедикт Спиноза – tatárčina" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бенедикт Спиноза" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatárčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бенедикт Спіноза – ukrajinčina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бенедикт Спіноза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="اسپینوزا – urdčina" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسپینوزا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendito_Spinoza" title="Bendito Spinoza – benátština" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bendito Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="benátština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – vietnamčina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – valónčina" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%AD%AF%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%B3%93%E8%AB%BE%E8%8E%8E" title="巴魯赫·斯賓諾莎 – čínština (wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴魯赫·斯賓諾莎" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="čínština (wu)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="ბარუხ სპინოზა – mingrelština" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბარუხ სპინოზა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90" title="ברוך שפינאזא – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ברוך שפינאזא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza – jorubčina" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Baruch Spinoza" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%AD%AF%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%B3%93%E8%AB%BE%E8%8E%8E" title="巴魯赫·斯賓諾莎 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴魯赫·斯賓諾莎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%B3%93%E8%AB%BE%E6%B2%99" title="史賓諾沙 – kantončina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="史賓諾沙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantončina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">z Wikipédie, slobodnej encyklopédie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sk" dir="ltr"><table style="" class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content"> <tbody><tr> <td class="ambox-image"> <div style="width:52px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Question_book-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/40px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/60px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/80px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div></td> <td class="ambox-text"><b>Tomuto článku alebo sekcii chýbajú <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Referencie" title="Pomoc:Referencie">odkazy</a> na spoľahlivé zdroje, môže preto obsahovať informácie, ktoré je potrebné ešte <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Overite%C4%BEnos%C5%A5" title="Wikipédia:Overiteľnosť">overiť</a>.</b><br /><small>Pomôžte Wikipédii a <a class="external text" href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&action=edit">doplňte do článku</a> citácie, odkazy na <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Spo%C4%BEahliv%C3%A9_zdroje" title="Wikipédia:Spoľahlivé zdroje">spoľahlivé zdroje</a>.</small></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="infobox" cellspacing="3" align="right" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.5em;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;">Baruch de Spinoza</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; font-weight: normal;">holandský filozof</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Spinoza.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baruch Spinoza"><img alt="Baruch Spinoza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Spinoza.jpg/230px-Spinoza.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Spinoza.jpg/345px-Spinoza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Spinoza.jpg/460px-Spinoza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr><th style="padding:0.05em; width:30%;">Narodenie</th><td style="vertical-align: middle; padding:0.05em; background:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/24._november" title="24. november">24. november</a> <a href="/wiki/1632" title="1632">1632</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holandsk%C3%A9_gr%C3%B3fstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holandské grófstvo (stránka neexistuje)">Holandské grófstvo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republika_siedmich_spojen%C3%BDch_provinci%C3%AD" title="Republika siedmich spojených provincií">Republika siedmich spojených provincií</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.05em; width:30%;">Úmrtie</th><td style="vertical-align: middle; padding:0.05em; background:transparent;"><a href="/wiki/21._febru%C3%A1r" title="21. február">21. február</a> <a href="/wiki/1677" title="1677">1677</a> (44 rokov)<br /><a href="/wiki/Haag" title="Haag">Haag</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holandsk%C3%A9_gr%C3%B3fstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holandské grófstvo (stránka neexistuje)">Holandské grófstvo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republika_siedmich_spojen%C3%BDch_provinci%C3%AD" title="Republika siedmich spojených provincií">Republika siedmich spojených provincií</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.05em; width:30%;">Podpis</th><td style="vertical-align: middle; padding:0.05em; background:transparent;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Spinoza%27s_signature_(1664).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baruch Spinoza, podpis (z wikidata)"><img alt="Baruch Spinoza, podpis (z wikidata)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Spinoza%27s_signature_%281664%29.svg/145px-Spinoza%27s_signature_%281664%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Spinoza%27s_signature_%281664%29.svg/218px-Spinoza%27s_signature_%281664%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Spinoza%27s_signature_%281664%29.svg/290px-Spinoza%27s_signature_%281664%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="73" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:0.05em;">Odkazy</th></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.05em; width:30%;"><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Projekt<br />Gutenberg</a></th><td style="vertical-align: middle; padding:0.05em; background:transparent;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/473">Baruch Spinoza</a><small><br />(plné texty diel autora)</small></td></tr><tr><th style="padding:0.05em; width:30%;">Commons</th><td style="vertical-align: middle; padding:0.05em; background:transparent;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hlavn%C3%A1_str%C3%A1nka" title="Spolupracuj na Commons"><img alt="Spolupracuj na Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benedictus_de_Spinoza" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Benedictus de Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" title="Portál, ktorého súčasťou je táto stránka" style="text-align:center; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="border: solid #aaa 1px; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 0ex 1ex; display:inline-table; padding: 0ex 0.05ex; border-style:none; background:transparent;" title="Portál, ktorého súčasťou je táto stránka"> <table style="margin: 0; padding: 0ex"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;margin: 0;border:none;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border:none;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:%C4%BDudia" title="Biografický portál"><img alt="Biografický portál" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nuvola_apps_kdmconfig.png/18px-Nuvola_apps_kdmconfig.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nuvola_apps_kdmconfig.png/27px-Nuvola_apps_kdmconfig.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nuvola_apps_kdmconfig.png/36px-Nuvola_apps_kdmconfig.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:%C4%BDudia" title="Portál:Ľudia">Biografický portál</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Baruch de Spinoza</b>, známy aj ako <b>Benedictus de Spinoza</b>, <b>Bento de Spinoza</b> alebo <b>Bento d’Espiñoza</b> (* <a href="/wiki/24._november" title="24. november">24. november</a> <a href="/wiki/1632" title="1632">1632</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holandsk%C3%A9_gr%C3%B3fstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holandské grófstvo (stránka neexistuje)">Holandské grófstvo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republika_siedmich_spojen%C3%BDch_provinci%C3%AD" title="Republika siedmich spojených provincií">Republika siedmich spojených provincií</a> – † <a href="/wiki/21._febru%C3%A1r" title="21. február">21. február</a> <a href="/wiki/1677" title="1677">1677</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haag" title="Haag">Haag</a>) bol holandský (amsterdamský) <a href="/wiki/Filozof" title="Filozof">filozof</a> židovského pôvodu. Je potomkom židovských utečencov z <a href="/wiki/Portugalsko" title="Portugalsko">Portugalska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cez <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descarta</a> a <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">G. Bruna</a> sa dostal k filozofii.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Referencie" title="Pomoc:Referencie"><span class="chýba_zdroj" title="Predchádzajúce tvrdenie je potrebné doložiť zdrojom">chýba zdroj</span></a>]</sup> </p><p>Učil sa za <a href="/wiki/Rab%C3%ADn" title="Rabín">rabína</a>, ale už počas štúdia zaujal kritický postoj k náboženským dogmám a za svoje názory bol vylúčený z amsterdamskej náboženskej obce<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, prekliaty a obvinený z kacírstva. Bol vykázaný z <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdamu</a>. V roku <a href="/wiki/1672" title="1672">1672</a> dostal ponuku, aby vyučoval na univerzite, ale odmietol to. Jeho spisy za jeho života neboli vydané. Aby si udržal materiálnu a duchovnú nezávislosť, zarábal si brúsením šošoviek, čo podľa niektorých autorov prispelo k zhoršeniu jeho pľúcnej choroby a na následky choroby vo veku 44 rokov zomrel.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diela">Diela</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Upraviť sekciu: Diela" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Diela"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Krátke pojednanie o Bohu, človeku a jeho spokojnosti</li> <li>O náprave rozumu (<a href="/wiki/1662" title="1662">1662</a>)</li> <li>Princípy karteziánskej filozofie (<a href="/wiki/1663" title="1663">1663</a>)</li> <li>Teologickopolitický traktát (<a href="/wiki/1670" title="1670">1670</a>)</li> <li>Tractatus Politicus (1677)</li> <li>Etika (Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata) (<a href="/wiki/1677" title="1677">1677</a>)</li> <li>Gramatika hebrejčiny (<a href="/wiki/1677" title="1677">1677</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Názory"><span id="N.C3.A1zory"></span>Názory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Upraviť sekciu: Názory" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Názory"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblia">Biblia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Upraviť sekciu: Biblia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Biblia"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Podrobil <a href="/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia">Bibliu</a> textovej kritike. Snažil sa nájsť v nej cestu, ktorá by spojila židovstvo a kresťanstvo. O zázrakoch tvrdí, že nie sú pravdou, sú tam len preto, aby oslovili prostých ľudí. Ani <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%BEi%C5%A1_Kristus" title="Ježiš Kristus">Ježiša</a> nepovažuje za Božieho syna, ale za mimoriadne pravdivého človeka. Spinoza sa ho snažil priblížiť prostým ľuďom. </p><p>Podľa Spinozu Biblia nebola zjavená len niekoľkým vyvoleným, ale všetkým ľuďom. Pozastavuje sa nad tým, že Biblia je napriek tomu zrozumiteľná len kňazom. </p><p>Ľudia si majú odpúšťať. Nechcel, aby ľudia žili taký život ako on. </p><p>Prevzal racionalistickú koncepciu poznania od Descarta, ale jeho koncepciu vrodených ideí odmietol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poznanie">Poznanie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Upraviť sekciu: Poznanie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Poznanie"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spinoza je striktným zástancom racionalizmu. Za východisko poznania pokladá idey, ktoré sú nám dané tzv. racionálnou intuíciou, teda nie „vrodené idey“. Racionálna intuícia sa opiera o „vyšší rozum“, tzv. „intellectus“, ktorý presahuje bežné „ratio“. Racionálnou intuíciou vraj uchopujeme základné pravdy (napr. matematické axiómy). </p><p>V konkrétnom procese poznania tak narábame so skúsenosťou, ktorá zhromažďuje materiál poznania, ako aj s vyššími – racionálnymi a intelektuálnymi – postupmi. Tieto sú dominantné, a tak aj hlavnou metódou poznania je dedukcia. Pravdu zdôvodňujeme nadempiricky, t. j. vyvodzujeme ju z východísk, ktoré sú nášmu rozumu jasné a zreteľné. </p><p>Ideál deduktívnej (matematickej) vedy chcel Spinoza aplikovať aj vo filozofii. Usiloval sa budovať ju „na spôsob geometrie“. Vychádzajúc zo základných axióm, definícií a elementárnych viet či výrokov, vyvodzuje a dokazuje ďalšie, ktoré podľa potreby objasňuje doplňujúcimi poznámkami. Touto metódou vybudoval aj svoje hlavné dielo <i>Etika</i>. </p><p>Ak sa človek poznávaním nerozvíja, je nemravný. </p><p>Človek je spočiatku spútavaný strachom z neznámeho. Postupne, ak poznáva skutočnosť, zbavuje sa strachu, získava slobodu. Spinoza bojuje proti pasivite, slobodný je ten, kto nemá strach. </p><p>Poznanie rozdelil na: </p> <ul><li>racionálne – pravdivé,</li> <li>zreteľné,</li> <li>zmyslové – neurčité, nepravdivé, považuje ho iba pomocný prostriedok rozumového poznania.</li></ul> <p>Stupne poznania v Spinozovom ponímaní: </p> <ol><li>Z počutia – je to charakter všetkých dogiem (považuje ho za najviac omylné).</li> <li>Naše vedenie môže byť založené na jednoduchej empirickej skúsenosti – neurčitá skúsenosť (viac dokonalé).</li> <li>Racionálne poznanie založené na príčinnosti (už sa približuje sa dokonalému).</li> <li>Za najdokonalejšie považuje intuitívne poznanie. O ňom tvrdí, že uchopuje vec v jej bezprostrednej príčine.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racionálna_intuícia"><span id="Racion.C3.A1lna_intu.C3.ADcia"></span>Racionálna intuícia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Upraviť sekciu: Racionálna intuícia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Racionálna intuícia"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opiera o vyšší rozum – „intellectus“, ktorý presahuje bežné „ratio“ a predpokladá, že ním vieme uchopiť základné, čiže východiskové pravdy, napr. matematické axiómy. Dedukciu považuje za hlavnú metódu poznania. I vo filozofii chcel použiť ideál matematickej vedy. Na týchto svojich myšlienkach postavil aj svoje dielo <i>Etika</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monizmus">Monizmus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Upraviť sekciu: Monizmus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Monizmus"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V chápaní <i>substancie</i> sa dopracoval k monistickému stanovisku: Základom všetkého je jedna substancia – príroda, ktorá je nekonečná, jednoduchá a nedeliteľná, nevznikla nijakým vonkajším zásahom a pre svoj pohyb nepotrebuje nijakú vonkajšiu príčinu. Sama je príčinou samej seba (causa sui). Táto substancia je nekonečná, má nekonečné množstvo podstatných vlastností – atribútov, kým človek poznáva iba dve vlastnosti: myslenie (idea) a rozpriestranenosť (teleso). Synonymom prírody je u neho Boh (je <a href="/wiki/Panteista" class="mw-redirect" title="Panteista">panteistom</a>). Táto substancia sa prejavuje v našom svete prostredníctvom modov (modus – spôsob prejavovania sa substancie bytia). </p><p>Spinoza rozdeľuje prírodu na: 1. prírodu tvoriacu – Natura naturans – je to božská podstata, produkuje seba i všetko ostatné teda 2. prírodu stvorenú – natura naturata – samotné produkty, Boh vytvára rámec, z ktorého sa ostatné veci tvoria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sloboda">Sloboda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Upraviť sekciu: Sloboda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Sloboda"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hlavnou úlohou živej (i ľudskej) bytosti je jej snaha zachovať si svoju existenciu. A preto sa nemôžeme vyhnúť sprievodným znakom nášho života: vášni, láske, smútku, bolesti, trápeniu… </p><p>V jeho ponímaní je človek slobodný ako kameň vyhodený do vzduchu, ktorý si myslí, že určuje, kam dopadne. Ľudský život je držaný a ovládaný Bohom. </p><p>Poznávajúci človek je bytosť nadaná rozumom, no má v sebe citovosť (túžby a vášeň). Citovosť ho odtrhuje ho od poznávania. Nesmie ale byť v zajatí vášne. Rozum sám sa musí stať vášňou a tým ovládne pudy. Šťastie je viazané na stupeň poznania, vrcholí v rozumovej láske k Bohu, táto láska je aktívna a intelektuálna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencie">Referencie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Upraviť sekciu: Referencie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&action=edit&section=8" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Referencie"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> [online]. iep.utm.edu, [cit. 2021-12-10]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/spinoza/">Dostupné online.</a> </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nadler, Steven. “The Excommunication of Spinoza: Trouble and Toleration in the ‘Dutch Jerusalem.’” Shofar, vol. 19, no. 4, Purdue University Press, 2001, pp. 40–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">PROKHOVNIK, R.. <i>Spinoza and Republicanism</i>. [s.l.] : Springer, 2004. 280 s. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Kni%C5%BEn%C3%A9Zdroje/978-0-230-00090-2" title="Špeciálne:KnižnéZdroje/978-0-230-00090-2">ISBN <span class="ISBN">978-0-230-00090-2</span></a></span>. </cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iné_projekty"><span id="In.C3.A9_projekty"></span>Iné projekty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Upraviť sekciu: Iné projekty" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&action=edit&section=9" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Iné projekty"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="interProject wikiquote" style="display:none;"><a href="https://sk.wikiquote.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" class="extiw" title="q:Baruch Spinoza">Wikicitáty</a></div><div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baruch_Spinoza" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Baruch Spinoza">Commons</a></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spolupracuj na Wikicitátoch"><img alt="Spolupracuj na Wikicitátoch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> Wikicitáty ponúkajú citáty od alebo o <b><a href="https://sk.wikiquote.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" class="extiw" title="q:Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spolupracuj na Commons"><img alt="Spolupracuj na Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baruch_Spinoza" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externé_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.A9_odkazy"></span>Externé odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Upraviť sekciu: Externé odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_Spinoza&action=edit&section=10" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externé odkazy"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spinoza.vspace.sk/index.php">Baruch Spinoza</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Významní_západní_filozofi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0abl%C3%B3na:V%C3%BDznamn%C3%AD_z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_filozofi" title="Šablóna:Významní západní filozofi"><span title="Zobraz túto šablónu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; 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