CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="jam" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ischri - Wikipidia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )jamwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5056d184-5e8f-4b25-8bde-ae3c8f728806","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ischri","wgTitle":"Ischri","wgCurRevisionId":21229,"wgRevisionId":21229,"wgArticleId":601,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Pages using ISBN magic links","Gud aatikl","Ischri","Suoshal Sayans"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"jam","wgPageContentLanguage":"jam","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ischri","wgRelevantArticleId":601,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true, "wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"jam","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"jam"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q309","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready", "user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=jam&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=jam&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.jpg/800px-Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.jpg/640px-Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ischri - Wikipidia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//jam.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischri"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Change up" href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipidia (jam)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//jam.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischri"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.jam"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipidia Atom fiid" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ischri rootpage-Ischri skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mien_Piej" title="Guh back a di start [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Start</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipidia:Community" title="Yah suh yuh come fi fin' out more 'bout da projeck yah, wah yuh can do, an' 'ow di ting set."><span>Community</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipidia:Wah_gwaan" title="Dig up information bout di runnings"><span>Wah gwaan</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="All a di lates' change dem pon dis ya wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Lates' change</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Pull up one page, yuh nuh business which [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Any page, it nuh matta which</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Ef yuh nuh know wah gwaan, forward yah suh"><span>Help</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Mien_Piej" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipidia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-jam.svg" width="119" height="14" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipidia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipidia" aria-label="Search Wikipidia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipidia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Fi yuh special function dem"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=jam.wikipedia.org&uselang=jam" class=""><span>Sen' on a money</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ischri" title="Wi woulda glad fi see yuh set up a account an' log on, but a nuh nuttn if yuh nuh waan dweet." class=""><span>Set up a account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ischri" title="Wi woulda glad fi see yuh log on, but a nuh nuttn if yuh nuh waan dweet. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log on</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Fi yuh special function dem" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Fi yuh special function dem</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=jam.wikipedia.org&uselang=jam"><span>Sen' on a money</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ischri" title="Wi woulda glad fi see yuh set up a account an' log on, but a nuh nuttn if yuh nuh waan dweet."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Set up a account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ischri" title="Wi woulda glad fi see yuh log on, but a nuh nuttn if yuh nuh waan dweet. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log on</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kanchribyuushan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Taak fi dis IP ajres</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimalaji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimalaji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimalaji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimalaji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diskripshan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diskripshan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Diskripshan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diskripshan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ischriagrafi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ischriagrafi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ischriagrafi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ischriagrafi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filasafi_a_ischri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filasafi_a_ischri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Filasafi a ischri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filasafi_a_ischri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istarikal_metad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istarikal_metad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Istarikal metad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istarikal_metad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ieria_a_todi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ieria_a_todi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ieria a todi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ieria_a_todi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ieria a todi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ieria_a_todi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Piiriad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piiriad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Piiriad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piiriad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Priistarik_piiriadizieshan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priistarik_piiriadizieshan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Priistarik piiriadizieshan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priistarik_piiriadizieshan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jaagrafikal_lokieshan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jaagrafikal_lokieshan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Jaagrafikal lokieshan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jaagrafikal_lokieshan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milichri_ischri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milichri_ischri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Milichri ischri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milichri_ischri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ischri_a_rilijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ischri_a_rilijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Ischri a rilijan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ischri_a_rilijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suoshal_ischri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suoshal_ischri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Suoshal ischri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suoshal_ischri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kolchral_ischri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kolchral_ischri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Kolchral ischri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kolchral_ischri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplumatik_ischri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplumatik_ischri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Diplumatik ischri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplumatik_ischri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikanamik_ischri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikanamik_ischri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Ikanamik ischri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikanamik_ischri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invairamental_ischri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invairamental_ischri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Invairamental ischri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invairamental_ischri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wol_ischri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wol_ischri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Wol ischri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wol_ischri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piipl_ischri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piipl_ischri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Piipl ischri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piipl_ischri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intilekchal_ischri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intilekchal_ischri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Intilekchal ischri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intilekchal_ischri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poblik_ischri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poblik_ischri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>Poblik ischri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poblik_ischri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istuorian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istuorian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Istuorian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istuorian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suudoischri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suudoischri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Suudoischri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suudoischri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tiichin_ischri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiichin_ischri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Tiichin ischri</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tiichin_ischri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tiichin ischri subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tiichin_ischri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skalaship_vs_tiichin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skalaship_vs_tiichin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Skalaship vs tiichin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skalaship_vs_tiichin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nashinalizim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nashinalizim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Nashinalizim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nashinalizim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bayas_ina_skuul_tiichin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayas_ina_skuul_tiichin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Bayas ina skuul tiichin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayas_ina_skuul_tiichin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refrans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refrans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Refrans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refrans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ischri</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 234 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-234" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">234 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8A" title="Тарихъ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тарихъ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geskiedenis_(vakgebied)" title="Geskiedenis (vakgebied) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geskiedenis (vakgebied)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte" title="Geschichte – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Geschichte" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD" title="ታሪክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታሪክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C7%A3r" title="Stǣr – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Stǣr" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="تاريخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="تاريخ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تاريخ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="تاريخ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تاريخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ইতিহাস – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Тарих – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Тарих" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvopa" title="Izvopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Izvopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayra_sarnaqawi" title="Nayra sarnaqawi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Nayra sarnaqawi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarix" title="Tarix – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tarix" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="تاریخ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تاریخ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Тарих – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тарих" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gschicht" title="Gschicht – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gschicht" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istuor%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Istuorėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Istuorėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusipon" title="Uusipon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Uusipon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Гісторыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Гісторыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гісторыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah" title="Sejarah – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sejarah" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="इतिहास – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इतिहास" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB" title="သမဲင်ꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သမဲင်ꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariku" title="Tariku – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Tariku" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ལོ་རྒྱུས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལོ་རྒྱུས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istor" title="Istor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Istor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija" title="Historija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Historija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85%D1%8D" title="Түүхэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түүхэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria" title="Història – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ADk-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Lĭk-sṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lĭk-sṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Истори – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Истори" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaysayan" title="Kasaysayan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kasaysayan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88" title="مێژوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێژوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia" title="Storia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Storia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarih" title="Tarih – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tarih" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny" title="Dějiny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%87%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Їсторїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Їсторїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Истори – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Истори" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes" title="Hanes – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historie" title="Historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte" title="Geschichte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarix" title="Tarix – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tarix" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιστορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B2ria" title="Stòria – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Stòria" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" title="History – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="History" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio" title="Historio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajalugu" title="Ajalugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoria" title="Estoria – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estoria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="تاریخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aolugu" title="Aolugu – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aolugu" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ga" title="Søga – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Søga" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire" title="Histoire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histou%C3%A8re" title="Histouère – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Histouère" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoori" title="Histoori – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Histoori" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storie" title="Storie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Storie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiednis" title="Skiednis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skiednis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stair" title="Stair – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stair" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="歷史 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="歷史" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listw%C3%A8" title="Listwè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Listwè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eachdraidh" title="Eachdraidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eachdraidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marandeko" title="Marandeko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Marandeko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itihas" title="Itihas – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Itihas" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8" title="ઇતિહાસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઇતિહાસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennaghys" title="Shennaghys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shennaghys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihi" title="Tarihi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tarihi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%CC%8Dt-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%81" title="Li̍t-sṳ́ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Li̍t-sṳ́" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="היסטוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itihaas" title="Itihaas – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Itihaas" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest" title="Povijest – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istwa" title="Istwa – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Istwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelem" title="Történelem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Történelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah" title="Sejarah – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sejarah" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah" title="Sejarah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historie" title="Historie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Historie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81k%C3%ADk%C3%B3_mbu" title="Ákíkó mbu – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ákíkó mbu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakasaritaan" title="Pakasaritaan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pakasaritaan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тархьар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Тархьар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio" title="Historio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saga" title="Saga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Saga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia" title="Storia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%96%83%E1%90%85%E1%94%A8%E1%93%B4%E1%95%90%E1%93%82%E1%96%85_%E1%91%8E%E1%91%8E%E1%96%85%E1%91%B2%E1%91%8E%E1%92%8D%E1%91%A6_%E1%96%83%E1%93%84%E1%90%83%E1%93%95%E1%90%85%E1%96%85%E1%91%95%E1%90%85%E1%96%83%E1%91%A6%E1%91%95%E1%95%90%E1%93%82%E1%91%AF%E1%93%82%E1%92%83" title="ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᖅ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᑎᒍᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᓂᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᖅ ᑎᑎᖅᑲᑎᒍᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᐅᖅᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕐᓂᑯᓂᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/citri" title="citri – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="citri" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajarah" title="Sajarah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sajarah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amezruy" title="Amezruy – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amezruy" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Тарих – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тарих" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oqaluttuarisaaneq" title="Oqaluttuarisaaneq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Oqaluttuarisaaneq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8" title="ಇತಿಹಾಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇತಿಹಾಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Тарих – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тарих" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8E%D9%88%D9%B2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%AE" title="تَوٲریٖخ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تَوٲریٖخ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AErok" title="Dîrok – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dîrok" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D3%A7%D0%BC" title="Важвылӧм – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Важвылӧм" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istori" title="Istori – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Istori" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85" title="Тарых – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тарых" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria" title="Istoria – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Istoria" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschicht" title="Geschicht – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geschicht" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Тарих – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Тарих" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Тарих – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Тарих" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria" title="Istoria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Istoria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historie" title="Historie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Historie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B6ia" title="Stöia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Stöia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia" title="Storia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Storia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B2ria" title="Stòria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stòria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisol%C3%B3" title="Lisoló – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lisoló" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ປະຫວັດສາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະຫວັດສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorija" title="Istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viesture" title="Viesture – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Viesture" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93sture" title="Vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajh%C3%A2r%C3%A2" title="Sajhârâ – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Sajhârâ" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah" title="Sejarah – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Sejarah" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Историясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Историясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantara" title="Tantara – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tantara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Эртыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эртыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ചരിത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചരിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85" title="Түүх – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Түүх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯂꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯨꯋꯥꯂꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဝၚ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဝၚ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="इतिहास – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इतिहास" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah" title="Sejarah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storja" title="Storja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Storja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3ria" title="Stória – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Stória" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="သမိုင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သမိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="بگذشتی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بگذشتی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia" title="Storia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Storia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historie" title="Historie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Historie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis" title="Geschiedenis – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Geschiedenis" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="इतिहास – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इतिहास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="इतिहास – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इतिहास" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikaya" title="Hikaya – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Hikaya" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis" title="Geschiedenis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historie" title="Historie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historie" title="Historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historie" title="Historie – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Historie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histou%C3%A8re" title="Histouère – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Histouère" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditiragalo" title="Ditiragalo – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ditiragalo" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istòria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histourii" title="Histourii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Histourii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seenaa" title="Seenaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Seenaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8" title="ଇତିହାସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇତିହାସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Истори – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Истори" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਇਤਿਹਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਤਿਹਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amlat" title="Amlat – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amlat" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histo%C3%A8re" title="Histoère – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Histoère" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gschicht" title="Gschicht – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Gschicht" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte" title="Geschichte – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Geschichte" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histrei" title="Histrei – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Histrei" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="تریخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تریخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιστορία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ιστορία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="پېښليک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پېښليک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria" title="História – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/likisi" title="likisi – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="likisi" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi%C3%B1ay_kawsay" title="Wiñay kawsay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wiñay kawsay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorgia" title="Istorgia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Istorgia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorie" title="Istorie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istorie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorie" title="Istorie – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Istorie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storie" title="Storie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Storie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Історія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Історія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%83" title="इतिहासः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इतिहासः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="История" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Istòria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia" title="Storia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Storia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" title="History – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="History" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="تاريخ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تاريخ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija" title="Historija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Historija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amzruy" title="Amzruy – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Amzruy" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉතිහාසය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉතිහාසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/History" title="History – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="History" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejiny" title="Dejiny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dejiny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina" title="Zgodovina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhoroondo" title="Nhoroondo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nhoroondo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taariikh" title="Taariikh – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Taariikh" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geskichte" title="Geskichte – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Geskichte" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajarah" title="Sajarah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sajarah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia" title="Historia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyszichta" title="Gyszichta – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gyszichta" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/likisi" title="likisi – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="likisi" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0" title="చరిత్ర – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చరిత్ర" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%B3ria" title="Istória – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Istória" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Таърих – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Таърих" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ประวัติศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประวัติศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%BD" title="ታሪኽ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ታሪኽ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taryh" title="Taryh – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Taryh" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaysayan" title="Kasaysayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kasaysayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taryx" title="Taryx – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Taryx" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histori" title="Histori – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Histori" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarih" title="Tarih – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tarih" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Тарих – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тарих" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abak%C9%94s%C9%9Bm" title="Abakɔsɛm – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Abakɔsɛm" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%AE" title="تارىخ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تارىخ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Історія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="تاریخ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تاریخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarix" title="Tarix – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tarix" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria" title="Istoria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Istoria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorii" title="Istorii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Istorii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD" title="Lịch sử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenav" title="Jenav – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Jenav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istwere" title="Istwere – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Istwere" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaysayan" title="Kasaysayan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kasaysayan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taariix" title="Taariix – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Taariix" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="歷史 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="歷史" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbali" title="Imbali – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Imbali" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ისტორია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ისტორია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="היסטאריע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="היסטאריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ct%C3%A0n" title="Ìtàn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìtàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizsij" title="Lizsij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Lizsij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenisse" title="Geschiedenisse – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Geschiedenisse" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%A2" title="ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="历史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="历史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2" title="史 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="史" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%CC%8Dk-s%C3%BA" title="Le̍k-sú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Le̍k-sú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="歷史 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="歷史" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q309#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Change up di language link dem" class="wbc-editpage">Change up di link dem</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ischri" title="Look pan di page body [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Ischri&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Hol' a reasonin' 'bout di information inna di page body (da page yah nuh deh) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Reasonin'</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Patois</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Look"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ischri"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit" title="Change up da page yah [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Change up</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wuk pon di source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=history" title="Change pon di page weh done gaan [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Pree di change dem</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Special function" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Special function</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ischri"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit" title="Change up da page yah [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Change up</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wuk pon di source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=history"><span>Pree di change dem</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ischri" title="All a di wiki page dem weh link yah suh [j]" accesskey="j"><span>All a di page dem weh link yah suh</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ischri" rel="nofollow" title="Lates' change pon di page dem weh da page yah link to [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Change pon di page dem weh link to da one yah</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=jam" title="Fi sen' a file gi wi [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="All a di special page dem write dung pon one page [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special page</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&oldid=21229" title="Link to da version a di page weh naw guh change"><span>Page link weh naw guh change</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=info" title="Muo infamieshan bout da piej ya"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ischri&id=21229&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information bout 'ow fi cite da page yah"><span>Cite da page yah</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fjam.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIschri"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fjam.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIschri"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ischri"><span>Mek a book</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ischri&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download inna PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&printable=yes" title="Said page but one different look weh print out betta pan paper [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Page wah betta fi print</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Adaels prajek </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q309" title="Link fi di database entry [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata entry</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-badge-featured-article" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipidia:Gud_aatikl" title="Wikipidia:Gud aatikl"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Art%C3%ADculo_bueno.svg/20px-Art%C3%ADculo_bueno.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Art%C3%ADculo_bueno.svg/30px-Art%C3%ADculo_bueno.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Art%C3%ADculo_bueno.svg/40px-Art%C3%ADculo_bueno.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fram Wikipidia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="jam" dir="ltr"><p><span></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.jpg/220px-Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.jpg/330px-Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.jpg/440px-Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><i>Historia</i><br />bai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_Gysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaos Gysis (da page yah nuh deh)">Nikolaos Gysis</a> (1892)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ischri</b> (frah <a href="/wiki/Griik_languij" title="Griik languij">Griik</a> <i>ἱστορία</i>, historia, miinin "ingkwairi, nalij akwaya bai investigieshan")<sup id="cite_ref-JosephJanda_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JosephJanda-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a di todi a di paas, potikiula ou iriliet tu yuuman<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ia wah ambrela toerm we riliet tu paas ivent azwel di memri, diskovri, kalekshan, aaganizieshan, prezentieshan, ah intoerpritieshan a infamieshan bout demya ivent. Skala uu rait bout ischri kaal <a href="/wiki/Istuorian" title="Istuorian">istuorian</a>. Ivent we okor praya tu raitdong rekaad kansida <a href="/wiki/Priischri" class="mw-redirect" title="Priischri">priischri</a>. </p><p>Ischri kiah azwel refa tu di akademik disiplin we yuuz <a href="/wiki/Naritiv" title="Naritiv">naritiv</a> fi egzamin ah analaiz siikuens a paas ivent, ah abjektivli ditoermin di patan a kaaz ah ifek we ditoermin dem. Istuorian sohtaim dibiet di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niecha_a_ischri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niecha a ischri (da page yah nuh deh)">niecha a ischri</a> ah iyuusfulnis bai diskos di todi a di disiplin az a hen ina iself ah az a wie fi provaid "pospektiv" pah di prablem a di prezent. </p><p>Tuori kaman tu potikiula kolcha bot no supuot bai extoernal suos (laka di tuoridem bout <a href="/wiki/King_Aata" title="King Aata">King Aata</a>), yuujali klasifai az <a href="/wiki/Kolchral_eritij" title="Kolchral eritij">kolchral eritij</a> ar <a href="/wiki/Lejin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lejin">lejin</a>, bikaa deh no shuo di "disinchrestid investigieshan" rikwaya a di disiplin a ischri. <a href="/wiki/Eroduotus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eroduotus">Eroduotus</a>, wah 5f-senchri BKE Griik istuorian kansida widin di Westan chradishan fi bi di "faada a ischri", ah, langsaida ih kantempareri Tuusididiiz, elp faam di foundieshan fi di madan todi a yuuman ischri. Piipl kantiniu fi riid deh wok tide, ah di giap bitwiin di kolcha-fuokos Eroduotos ah di milichri-fuokos <a href="/wiki/Tuusididiiz" title="Tuusididiiz">Tuusididiiz</a> rimien a paint a kantenshan ar apruoch ina madan istarikal raitn. Ina Ieja, wah stiet kranikl, di <a href="/wiki/Pring_ah_Aatom_Anal" title="Pring ah Aatom Anal">Pring ah Aatom Anal</a> eh-nuo fi bi kompail frah az hoerli az 722 BKE alduo onggl 2n senchri BKE tex sovaiv. </p><p>Ienshent influens eh-elp spaan vieriant intoerpritieshan a di niecha a ischri we eh-ivalv uoba di senchri ah kantiniu fi chienj tide. Di madan todi a ischri waid-rienjin, ah ingkluud di todi a spisifik riijan ah di todi a soertn tapikal ar tiimatikal eliment a istarikal investigieshan. Noftaim ischri tiich az paat a praimri ah sekanderi edikieshan, ah di akademik todi a ischri a mieja disiplin ina yunivoersiti todi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimalaji">Etimalaji</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change up di section: Etimalaji" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimalaji"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di wod <i>ischri</i> oltimetli koh frah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ienshent_Griik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ienshent Griik (da page yah nuh deh)">Ienshent Griik</a> <i>ἱστορία</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (historía), miinin "ingkwairi", "nalij frah ingkwairi", ar "joj". A weh ina dat sens we Aristakl yuuz di wod ina ih Περὶ Τὰ Ζῷα Ἱστορίαι<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrater-Mora_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrater-Mora-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Perì Tà Zôa Ηistoríai "Ingkwairi bout Animal"). Di ansista wod <i>ἵστωρ</i> ates hoerli aan ina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uomerik_Im&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uomerik Im (da page yah nuh deh)">Uomerik Im</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eraklaitos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eraklaitos (da page yah nuh deh)">Eraklaitos</a>, di Atiinian ifiib uot, ah ina Boyotik inskripshan (ina liigal sens, aida "joj" ar "witnis", ar simila). </p><p>Di Griik wod eh-baara put ina Klasikal Latn az <i>historia</i>, miinin 'investigieshan, ingkwairi, risaach, akount, diskripshan, raitdong akount a paas ivent, raitin a ischri, istarikal naritiv, rikaadid nalij a paas ivent, tuori, naritiv'. Ischri weh baara frah Latn (pasibl vaya Uol Airish ar Uol Welsh) ina Uol Ingglish az stær ('ischri, naritiv, tuori'), bot dis wod jrapout a yuus ina di liet Uol Ingglish piiriad<sup id="cite_ref-OED_Online._Oxford_University_Press_2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED_Online._Oxford_University_Press_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Miinwail, az Latn eh-bikom Uol French (ah Angglo-Naaman), historia divelop ina faam laka istorie, estoire, ah historie, wid nyuu divelopment ina di miinin: 'akount a di ivent a smadi laif (bignin a di 12f senchri), kranikl, akount a ivent az relivant tu a gruup a piipl ar piipl jinarali (1155), jramatik ar piktuorial riprizentieshan a istarikal ivent (c. 1240), badi a nalij relitiv tu yuuman evaluushan, sayans (c. 1265), naritiv a riil ar imajineri ivent, tuori (c. 1462)'<sup id="cite_ref-OED_Online._Oxford_University_Press_2014_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED_Online._Oxford_University_Press_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>A weh frah Angglo-Naaman we history weh baara fram put ina Migl Ingglish, ah dis taim di luon stik. Iapier ina di toertiint-senchri Ancrene Riwle, bot siim fi bikom kaman wod ina di liet fuotiint senchri, wid wah hoerli atestieshan we apier ina Jan Gowa (John Gower) Confessio Amantis a di 1390z (VI.1383): 'I finde in a bok compiled | To this matiere an old histoire, | The which comth nou to mi memoire'. Ina Migl Ingglish, di miinin a ischri ena "tuori" jinarali. Di rischrikshan tu di miinin 'di branch a nalj we diil wid paas ivent; di faamal rekaad ar todi a paas ivent, esp. yuuman afier' kombout ina di mid-fiftiint senchri<sup id="cite_ref-OED_Online._Oxford_University_Press_2014_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED_Online._Oxford_University_Press_2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Wid di Renesans, uola sens a di wod eh-rivaiv, ah a wena ina di Griik sens we Fransis Biekan (Francis Bacon) yuuz di toerm ina di liet sixtiint senchri, wen ih eh-rait bout "Nachral Ischri". Fi im, historia wena "di nalij a abjek ditoermin bai spies ah taim", da saat a nalij provaid bai rimembrans (wails sayans eh-provaid bai riizn, ah puoychri eh-provaid bai fantasi)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ina hexpreshan a di lingguistik sintetik vs. analitik/aisolietin daikatami, Ingglish laka Chaini (史 vs. 诌) nou dezigniet sepret wod fi yuuman ischri ah tuoritelin jinarali. Siem wie, Jumiekan languij fala Ingglish. Ina madan Joerman, French, ah muos Joermanik ah Romans languij, we salidli sintetik ah aili inflek, di siem wod stil yuuz fi miin buot "ischri" ah "tuori". </p><p>Di ajitiv istarikal ates frah 1661, ah istarik frah 1669<sup id="cite_ref-Whitney_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitney-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Istuorian ina di sens a "risaacha a ischri" ates frah 1531. Ina haal Yuropiyan languij, di sobstantiv "ischri" stil yuuz fi miin buot "wa apm wid man", ah "di skalali todi a wa apm, di lata sens sohtaim distingguish wid a kiapital leta, "Ischri", ar di wod istuoriagrafi<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrater-Mora_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrater-Mora-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diskripshan">Diskripshan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change up di section: Diskripshan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Diskripshan"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg/220px-The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg/330px-The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg/440px-The_Historians%27_History_of_the_World_-_Title_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="1254" /></a><figcaption>Taikl piej tu <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Di_Istuorian_Ischri_a_di_Wol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Di Istuorian Ischri a di Wol (da page yah nuh deh)">Di Istuorian Ischri a di Wol</a></i> (The Historians' History of the World.</figcaption></figure> <p>Istuorian rait ina di kantex a fideh uona taim, ah wid juu rigyaad tu di korant daminant aidie a ou fi intoerprit di paas, ah sohtaim rait fi provaid lesn fi deh uona sasayati. Frah outa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benideto_Kroche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benideto Kroche (da page yah nuh deh)">Benideto Kroche</a> (Benedetto Croce) mout, "Aal ischri a kantempri ischri". Ischri fasilitiet bai di faamieshan a 'chuu diskuos a di paas' chuu di prodokshan a naritiv ah analisis a paas ivent we riliet tu di yuuman ries<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Di madan disiplin a ischri dedikiet tu di instityuushanal prodokshan a dis diskuos. </p><p>Aal ivent we memba ah prizaab ina som aatentik faam kanstityuut di istarikal rekaad<sup id="cite_ref-wordnet_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wordnet-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Di taas a istarikal diskuos a fi aidentifai di suos we kiah muos yuusfuli kanchribiut tu di prodokshan a akiuret akount a di paas. Sobiin, di kanstityuushan a di istuorian aakaiv a rizolt a soerkomskraib muo jinaral aakaiv bai invalidiet di yuusij a soertn tex ah dakiument (bai falsifai deh kliem fi riprizent di 'chuu paas'). </p><p>Di todi a ischri sohtaim eh-klasifai az paat a di yuumanitiz ah ada taim az paat a suoshal sayans<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ikiah azwel si az brij bitwiin demde tuu braad ieria, tu ou i ingkaapariet metadalaji frah buot. Som indivijual istuorian supuot chrang-chrang wan ar di ada klasifikieshan<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ina di 20t senchri, French istuorian Foernan Braadel (Fernand Braudel) revaluushanaiz di todi a ischri, bai yuuz soch outsaid disiplin az ikanamix, anchopalaji, ah jaagrafi ina di todi a gluobal ischri. </p><p>Chradishanali, istuorian eh-rikaad ivent a di paas, aida ina raitn ar bai paasaan uoral chradishan, ah eh-atemp fi hansa istarikal kuestian chuu di todi a raitdong dakiument ah uoral akount. Frah di bignin, istuorian eh-yuuz azwel soch suos laka maniument, inskripshan, ah picha. Jinarali, di suos a istarikal nalij kiah separiet ina chrii kiatigari: wa raitdong, wa se, ah wa fizikali prizaab, ah istuorian noftaim kansolt di chrii a dem<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bot raitn a di maaka we separiet ischri frah wa kom bifuo. </p><p>Aakialaji a disiplin we espeshal elpful fi diil wid beri sait ah abjik, we, wans deh anoert, kanchribiut tu di todi a ischri. Bot aakialaji rierli tan pani uon. Iyuuz naritiv suos fi kampliment idiskovridem. Ousomeba, aakialaji kanstityuut bai a rienj a metadalaji ah apruoch we indipendant frah ischri; dat a fi se, aakialaji no "ful di giap" widin texchal suos. A chuu se "istarikal aakialaji" a spisifik branch a aakialaji, ah noftaim wi kanchraas ikangkluujan gens demde a kantempareri texchal suos. Fi egzampl, Mark Leone, di exkivieta ah intoprita a istarikal Anapolis, Mierilan, USA, ena-siik fi andastan di kanchradikshan bitwiin texchal dakiument ah di matiirial rekaad, fi demanschriet di pozeshan a sliev ah di inikualiti a welt aparent vaya di todi a di tuotal istarikal invairament, dispait di aidialaji a "libati" inerent ina raitn dakiument a disya taim. </p><p>Uoliip a difrah-difrah wie de fi ou ischri kiah aaganaiz, ingkluudn kranalajikal, kolchral, terituorial, ah tiimatik. Demya divijan no myuuchali exkluusiv, ah signifikant uovalap noftaim prezant, laka ina "The International Women's Movement in an Age of Transition, 1830–1975." Ipasebl fi istuorian kansoern dehself wid buot di veri spisifik ah di veri jinaral, alduo di madan chren ena tuwadz speshalizieshan. Di ieria kaal Big Ischri rizis dis speshalizieshan, ah saach fi yunivoersal patan ar chren. Ischri muotaim eh-todi wid som praktikal ar tioretikal iem, bot aalso kiah todi outa simpl intilekchal kiuriasiti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ischriagrafi">Ischriagrafi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change up di section: Ischriagrafi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Ischriagrafi"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guicciardini_M_Francesco_La_Historia_dItalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Guicciardini_M_Francesco_La_Historia_dItalia.jpg/220px-Guicciardini_M_Francesco_La_Historia_dItalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Guicciardini_M_Francesco_La_Historia_dItalia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>Taikl piej tu "Di Ischri a Itali" (<i>La Historia d'Italia</i>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Ischriagrafi ab wah nomba a rilietid miinin. Fos, ikiah refa tu ou ischri eh-projuus: di tuori a di divelopment a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadalaji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metadalaji (da page yah nuh deh)">metadalaji</a> ah praktis (fi egzampl, di muuv frah shaat-toerm bayagrafikal naritiv tuwadz lang-toerm tiimatik analisis). Sekan, ikiah refa tu wa eh-projuus: spisifik badi a istarikal raitn (fi egzampl, "midiival ischriagrafi juurin di 1960z" miin "Wok a midiival ischri we rait juurin di 1960z"). Tod, imaita kiah refa tu wamek ischri projuus: di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filasafi_a_ischri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filasafi a ischri (da page yah nuh deh)">Filasafi a ischri</a>. Az <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meta-lebl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meta-lebl (da page yah nuh deh)">meta-lebl</a> analisis a diskripshan a di paas, dis tod kansepshan kiah riliet tu di fos tuu as ou di analisis yuujali fuokos pah di naritiv, intopritieshan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolvyuu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolvyuu (da page yah nuh deh)">wolvyuu</a>, yuus a evidens, ar metad a prizentieshan a ada istuorian. Profeshanal istuorian azwel dibiet di kuestian a weda ischri kiah tiich az singgl koerent naritiv ar az siiriz a kompiitin naritiv<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filasafi_a_ischri">Filasafi a ischri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change up di section: Filasafi a ischri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Filasafi a ischri"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filasafi a ischri a branch a filasafi kansoernin di ivenchal signifikans, ef heni, a yuuman ischri. Foerdamuo, ispekiuliet az tu pasibl tiliolajikal hen tu idivelopment—dat a, iax ef heni dizain, poerpos, direktiv prinsipl, ar fainaliti de ina di pruosesdem a yuuman ischri. Filasafi a ischri shudn kanfyuuz wid ischriagrafi, we a di todi a ischri az akademik disiplin, ah so kansoern imetad ah praktisdem, ah idivelopment az disiplin uoba taim. Filasafi a ischri shudn kanfyuuz naida wid di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri_a_filasafi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ischri a filasafi (da page yah nuh deh)">ischri a filasafi</a>, we a di todi a di divelopment a filasafikal aidie chuu taim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istarikal_metad">Istarikal metad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change up di section: Istarikal metad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Istarikal metad"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istarikal_metad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istarikal metad (da page yah nuh deh)">Istarikal metad</a></i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancientlibraryalex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ancientlibraryalex.jpg/220px-Ancientlibraryalex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ancientlibraryalex.jpg/330px-Ancientlibraryalex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ancientlibraryalex.jpg/440px-Ancientlibraryalex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Dipikshan a di ienshent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laibri_a_Aligzanjria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laibri a Aligzanjria (da page yah nuh deh)">Laibri a Aligzanjria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Di istarikal metad kompraiz di tekniik ah gaidlain fi ou istuorian fi yuuz praimri suos ah ada evidens fi risaach ah den fi rait ischri. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eroduotos_a_Alikaanasos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eroduotos a Alikaanasos (da page yah nuh deh)">Eroduotos a Alikaanasos</a> (484 BKE – ca.425 BKE)<sup id="cite_ref-lamberg-karlovsky-p5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamberg-karlovsky-p5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> jinarali akliem az di "faada a ischri". Ousomeba, ih kantempri Tuusididiiz (ca. 460 BKE – ca. 400 BKE) kredit fi fos apruoch ischri wi wel-divelop istarikal metad ina ih wok di Ischri a di Pelapaniijan Waar. Tuusididiiz, no komiin laka Eroduotos, eh-rigyaad ischri az di prodok a di chais ah akshan a yuuman biin, ah ih luk pah kaaz ah ifek, reda dah az di rizolt a divain intavenshan.<sup id="cite_ref-lamberg-karlovsky-p5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamberg-karlovsky-p5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ina ih istarikal metad, Tuusididiiz emfasaiz kranalaji, a nyuuchral paint a vyuu, ah se di yuuman wol ena di rizolt a di akshan a yuuman biin. Griik istuorian azwel vyuu ischri az saiklikal, wid ivent a-rikor pah di regla.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Istarikal chradishan ah sofistikietid yuus a istarikal metad eh yuuz ina ienshent ah midiival Chaina. Di grongwok fi profeshanal ischriagrafi ina Iis Ieja weh extablish bai di An Dainasti kuot istuorian nuo az Sima Chian (Sima Qian 145–90 BC), aata a di Shiji (Rekaad a di Gran Istuorian). Fi di kualiti a ih raitn wok, Sima Chian nuo pastyuumos az di Faada a Chaini Ischriagrafi. Chaini istuorian a sobsikuent dainastik piiriad a Chaina yuuz ih Shiji az di ofishal faamat fi istarikal tex, azwel fi bayografikal lichicha. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sint_Agostin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sint Agostin (da page yah nuh deh)">Sint Agostin</a> eh influenshal ina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristian (da page yah nuh deh)">Kristian</a> ah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Westan_taat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westan taat (da page yah nuh deh)">Westan taat</a> a di bignin a di midiival piiriad. Chuu di Midiival ah <a href="/wiki/Renesans" title="Renesans">Renesans</a> piiriad, ischri muotaim eh-todi chuu siekrid ar rilijos pospektiv. Arong 1800, Joerman filasafa ah istuorian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyaag_Vilem_Friijrik_Hiegel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyaag Vilem Friijrik Hiegel (da page yah nuh deh)">Gyaag Vilem Friijrik Hiegel</a> (Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel) bring iin <a href="/wiki/Filasafi" title="Filasafi">filasafi</a> ah muo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekiula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekiula (da page yah nuh deh)">sekiula</a> apruoch ina istarikal todi.<sup id="cite_ref-graham-ch1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graham-ch1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ina di prefes tu ih buk, di <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muqaddimah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muqaddimah (da page yah nuh deh)">Muqaddimah</a></i> (1377), di Arab istuorian ah hoerli suosialajis, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, waan bout sebm mistiek we ih tingk se istuorian komit pah di regla. Ina dis kritisizim, ih apruoch di paas az chrienj ah niid fi intoerprit. Di arijinaliti a Ibn Khaldun eh fi kliem se di kolchral difrans a waneda iej mos goban di ivaliuyeshan a relivant istarikal matiirial, fi distingguish di prinsipl askaadn tu we imaita pasibl fi atemp di ivaliuyeshan, ah laas, fi fiil di niid fi expiirians, adishanal tu rashanal prinsipl, az tu ou fi ases kolcha a di paas. Ibn Khaldun noftaim kritisaiz "aigl <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syuupastishan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syuupastishan (da page yah nuh deh)">syuupastishan</a> ah ankritikal axeptans a istarikal dieta." Az a rizolt, ih inchajuus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayantifik_metad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sayantifik metad (da page yah nuh deh)">sayantifik metad</a> tu di todi a ischri, ah ih muotaim refa tui az ih "nyuu sayans"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ih istarikal metad aalso lie di grongwok fi di abzavieshan a di ruol a stiet, komiunikieshan, prapagianda ah sistimatik bayas ina ischri,<sup id="cite_ref-Mowlana_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mowlana-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ah so ih kansida fi bi di "faada a ischriagrafi"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Enan_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enan-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ar di "faada a di filasafi a ischri".<sup id="cite_ref-Akhtar_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akhtar-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ina di Wes, istuorian divelop madan metad a ischriagrafi ina di 17t ah 18t senchri, espeshal ina Frans ah Joermani. Di 19t-senchri istuorian wid di grietis influens pah metad ena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liopuol_van_Rangk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liopuol van Rangk (da page yah nuh deh)">Liopuol van Rangk</a> (Leopold von Ranke) ina Joermani. </p><p>Ina di 20t senchri, akademik istuorian eh-fuokos les pah hepik nashinalistik naritiv, we muotaim eh-ten fi gluorifai di nieshan ar griet mandem, tu muo abjektiv ah komplex analisis a suoshal ah intilekchal fuos. Wah mieja chren a istarikal metadalaji ina di 20t senchri ena di tendansi fi chriit ischri muo az suoshal sayans reda dah az aat, we chradishanali eh di kies. Som a di liidn advoket a ischri az suoshal sayans ena wah daivoers kalekshan a skala we ingkluud <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernand_Braudel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernand Braudel (da page yah nuh deh)">Fernand Braudel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._H._Carr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. H. Carr (da page yah nuh deh)">E. H. Carr</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Fischer (da page yah nuh deh)">Fritz Fischer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Le_Roy_Ladurie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (da page yah nuh deh)">Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Ulrich_Wehler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Ulrich Wehler (da page yah nuh deh)">Hans-Ulrich Wehler</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Trigger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruce Trigger (da page yah nuh deh)">Bruce Trigger</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Bloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Bloch (da page yah nuh deh)">Marc Bloch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Dietrich_Bracher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher (da page yah nuh deh)">Karl Dietrich Bracher</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Gay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Gay (da page yah nuh deh)">Peter Gay</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Fogel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Fogel (da page yah nuh deh)">Robert Fogel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucien_Febvre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucien Febvre (da page yah nuh deh)">Lucien Febvre</a> ah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Stone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Stone (da page yah nuh deh)">Lawrence Stone</a>. Nof a di advoket a ischri az suoshal sayans nuot fi deh molti-disiplineri apruoch. Braudel eh-kombain ischri wid jaagrafi, Bracher ischri wid palitikal sayans, Fogel ischri wid ikanamix, Gay ischri wid saikalaji, Trigger ischri wid aakialaji wails Wehler, Bloch, Fischer, Stone, Febvre ah Le Roy Ladurie ina difrah-difrah wie eh-amalgamiet ischri wid suoshalaji, jaagrafi, anchopalaji, ahd ikanamix. Muo riisantli, di fiil a dijital ischri eh-bigin fi ajres wie fi yuuz kompyuuta teknalaji fi puoz nyuu kuestian tu istarikal dieta ah jinariet dijital skalaship. </p><p>Ina apozishan tu di kliem a ischri az suoshal sayans, istuorian laka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Trevor-Roper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper (da page yah nuh deh)">Hugh Trevor-Roper</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lukacs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lukacs (da page yah nuh deh)">John Lukacs</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Creighton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Creighton (da page yah nuh deh)">Donald Creighton</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Himmelfarb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb (da page yah nuh deh)">Gertrude Himmelfarb</a> ah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Ritter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Ritter (da page yah nuh deh)">Gerhard Ritter</a> eh-aagiu se di kii tu istuorian wok ena di powa a di imajinieshan, ah so deh kanten se ischri shuda andastan az aat. French istuorian asosiet wid di Annales Skuul inchajuus kuantitietiv ischri, bai yuuz raa dieta fi chrak di laif a tipikal indivijal, ah deh weh praminant ina di extablishment a kolchral ischri (cf. histoire des mentalités). Intilekchal istuorian laka Herbert Butterfield, Ernst Nolte ah George Mosse eh-aagiu fi di signifikans a aidie ina ischri. Amoerkan istuorian, motiviet bai di sivl raits era, fuokos pah di faamali uovaluk etnik, rieshal, ah suosho-ikanamik gruupdem. Wah nex jaahra a suoshal ischri fi imoerj ina di puos-WWII era ena Alltagsgeschichte (Ischri a Ebridie Laif). Skala laka Martin Broszat, Ian Kershaw ah Detlev Peukert ena-siik fi egzamin ou ebridie laif eh-tan fi aadineri piipl ina 20t-senchri Joermani, espeshal ina di Naatsi piiriad. </p><p>Maaxis istuorian laka Eric Hobsbawm, E. P. Thompson, Rodney Hilton, Georges Lefebvre, Eugene D. Genovese, Isaac Deutscher, C. L. R. James, Timothy Mason, Herbert Aptheker, Arno J. Mayer ah Christopher Hill ena-siik fi validiet Kaal Maax tiori bai analaiz ischri frah Maaxis pospektiv. Ina rispans tu di Maaxis intopritieshan a ischri, istuorian laka François Furet, Richard Pipes, J. C. D. Clark, Roland Mousnier, Henry Ashby Turner ah Robert Conquest aafa anti-Maaxis intopritieshan a ischri. Feminis istuorian laka Joan Wallach Scott, Claudia Koonz, Natalie Zemon Davis, Sheila Rowbotham, Gisela Bock, Gerda Lerner, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, ah Lynn Hunt eh-aagiu fi di impuotans a todi a di expiirians a uman ina di paas. Ina riisant ier, puosmadanis chalinj di validiti ah niid fi di todi a ischri pah di biesis se aal ischri bies pah di poersnal intopritieshan a suos. Ina ih 1997 buk In Defence of History, Richard J. Evans, profesa a madan ischri a Kiembrij Yunivoersiti, difen di wot a ischri. Wahneda difens a ischri frah puos-madanis kritisizim ena di Aschrielian istuorian Keith Windschuttle 1994 buk, The Killing of History. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ieria_a_todi">Ieria a todi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change up di section: Ieria a todi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Ieria a todi"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piiriad">Piiriad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change up di section: Piiriad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Piiriad"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istarikal todi noftaim fuokos pah ivent ah divelopment we okor ina potikiula blak a taim. Istuorian gi niem tu demya piiriad a taim fi lou fi "aaganaiz aidie ah klasifikiechri jinaralizieshan" fi kiah yuuz bai istuorian<sup id="cite_ref-Marwick-p169_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marwick-p169-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Di niem deh gi tu a piiriad kiah vieri wid jaagrafikal lokieshan, sieh wie di diet a di staat ah hen a potikiula piiriad. Senchri ah deked a kaman piiriad fi yuuz ah di taim deh riprizent dipen pah di dietin sistim deh yuuz. Muos piiriad kanschrok rechrospektivli ah so riflek valiu jojment deh mek bout di paas. Di wie piiriad kanschrok ah di niem deh gi dem kiah afek di wie deh vyuu ah todi<sup id="cite_ref-Tosh-p168-169_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tosh-p168-169-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Priistarik_piiriadizieshan">Priistarik piiriadizieshan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change up di section: Priistarik piiriadizieshan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Priistarik piiriadizieshan"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di fiil a ischri jinarali lef priischri tu aakialajis, uu ab wah wuol difrah set a tuul ah tiori. Di yuujal metad fi piiriadizieshan a di distant priistarik paas, ina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aakialaji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aakialaji (da page yah nuh deh)">aakialaji</a> a fi rilai pah chienj ina matiirial kolcha ah teknalaji, laka di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuon_Iej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuon Iej (da page yah nuh deh)">Stuon Iej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branz_Iej" title="Branz Iej">Branz Iej</a> ah <a href="/wiki/Ayan_Iej" title="Ayan Iej">hAyan Iej</a> ah deh sob-divijan azwel bies pah difrah-difrah stail a matiirial rimienz. Spaita di divelopment uoba riisant deked a di abiliti chuu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riediokaaban_dietin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riediokaaban dietin (da page yah nuh deh)">riediokaaban dietin</a> ah ada sayantifik metad fi gi akchual diet fi nof sait ar aatifak, demya lang-extablish skiim siim laikli fi rimien ina yuus. Ina nof kies niebarin kolcha wid raitn eh-lef som ischri a kolcha widoutni, we kiah yuuz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jaagrafikal_lokieshan">Jaagrafikal lokieshan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change up di section: Jaagrafikal lokieshan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Jaagrafikal lokieshan"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Potikiula jaagrafikal lokieshan kiah faam di biesis fi istarikal todi, fi egzampl, <a href="/wiki/Kantinent" title="Kantinent">kantinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konchri" title="Konchri">konchri</a> ah <a href="/wiki/Siti" title="Siti">siti</a>. Fi andastan wamek istarik ivent eh-tek plies impuotant. Fi du dis, istuorian noftaim ton tu jaagrafi. Weda patan, di waata soplai, ah di lanskiep a di plies aal a dem afek di laif a di piipl uu eh-lib de. Fi egzampl, fi explien wamek di ienshent Iijipshan divelop soch a soksesful siblaizieshan, i isenshal fi todi di jaagrafi a Iijip. Iijipshan siblaizieshan eh-bil pah di bangkin a di Nail Riva, we flod ebri ier, ah dipazit sail pah ibangkin. Di rich sail kuda eh-elp faama gruo anof krap fi fiid di piipl ina di sitidem. Dat eh-miin se a no ebribadi afi faam, so som piipl kuda pofaam adahels jab we elp divelop di siblaizieshan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milichri_ischri">Milichri ischri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change up di section: Milichri ischri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Milichri ischri"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milichri_ischri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milichri ischri (da page yah nuh deh)">Milichri ischri</a> kansoern waarfier, chratiji, bakl, wepan, ah di saikalaji a kombat. Di "nyuu milichri ischri" sens di 1970z kansoern wid suoja muo dah di jinaraldem, wid saikalaji muo dah tatix, ah wid di braada impak a waarfier pah sasayati ah kolcha<sup id="cite_ref-Pavkovic_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavkovic-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ischri_a_rilijan">Ischri a rilijan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change up di section: Ischri a rilijan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Ischri a rilijan"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di ischri a rilijan ena di mien tiim fi buot sekiula ah rilijos istuorian fi senchri, ah deh kantiniu fi tiichi ina semineri ah akadiim. Liidn joernal ingkluud Choch Ischri, Kiaklik Istarikal Rivyuu, ah Ischri a Rilijan. Tapik rienj waid-waid frah palitikal ah kolchral ah aatistik daimenshan, tu tiyalaji ah litaji<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dis sobjek todi rilijan frah aal riijan ah ieria a di wol eniwe yuuman eh-lib<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suoshal_ischri">Suoshal ischri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change up di section: Suoshal ischri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Suoshal ischri"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suoshal_ischri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suoshal ischri (da page yah nuh deh)">Suoshal ischri</a>, sohtaim kaal di nyuu suoshal ischri, a di fiil we ingkluud ischri a aadneri piipl ah deh chratiji ah instityuushan fi kuop wid laif<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ina i"guolin iej" iwena mieja gruot fiil ina di 1960z ah 1970z mongx skala, ah stil wel riprizent ina ischri dipaatment. Ina di tuu deked frah 1975 tu 1995, di propuoshan a profesa a ischri ina Moerkan yunivoersiti aidentifai wid suoshal ischri riez frah 31% tu 41%, wails di propuoshan a palitikal istuorian jrap frah 40% tu 30%<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ina di ischri dipaatment a British yunivoersiti ina 2007, a di 5723 fakolti memba, 1644 (29%) aidentifai dehself wid suoshal ischri wails palitikal ischri kom nex wid 1425 (25%)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Di "uol" suoshal ischri bifuo di 1960z ena ajpaj a tapik widoutn no senchral tiim, ah noftaim iweh-ingkluud palitikal muuvment, laka Papiulizim, we eh "suoshal" ina di sens se iweh-de outsaida di iliit sistim. Suoshal ischri eh-kanchraas wid palitikal ischri, intilekchual ischri ah di ischri a soh griet man. Ingglish istuorian G. M. Chrivelian (Trevelyan) eh-siit az di brijin paint bitwiin ikanamik ah palitikal ischri, ah riflek se, "Widoutn suoshal ischri, ikanamik ischri baren ah palitikal ischri anintelijebl"<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Wails di fiil noftaim eh-vyuu negitiv az ischri wid di palitix lefout, iweh difen azwel az "ischri wid di piipl putiin bak"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kolchral_ischri">Kolchral ischri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change up di section: Kolchral ischri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Kolchral ischri"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolchral_ischri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolchral ischri (da page yah nuh deh)">Kolchral ischri</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Kolchral ischri eh-riplies <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suoshal_ischri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suoshal ischri (da page yah nuh deh)">suoshal ischri</a> az di daminant faam ina di 1980z ah 1990z. Itipikali kombain di apruoch a anchopalaji ah ischri fi luk pah languij, papila kolchral chradishan ah kolchral intopritieshan a istarikal expiirians. Iegzamin di rekaad ah naritiv diskripshan a paas nalij, kostam, ah aats a gruup a piipl. Ou piipl kanschrok deh rimembrans a di paas a mieja tapik. Kolchral ischri ingkluud di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aat_ischri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aat ischri (da page yah nuh deh)">todi a aat</a> ina sasayati azwel di todi a himij ah yuuman vijual prodokshan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikanagrafi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aikanagrafi (da page yah nuh deh)">(aikanagrafi)</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplumatik_ischri">Diplumatik ischri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change up di section: Diplumatik ischri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Diplumatik ischri"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diplumatik ischri fuokos pah di rilieshanship bitwiin nieshan, praimerili rigyaadin diplumasi ah di kaaz a waar. Muo lietli iluk pah di kaaz a piis ah yuuman raits. Itipikali prizent di vyuupaint a di farin afis, ah lang-toerm schratiijik valiu, az di jraibin fuos a kantinyuiti ah chienj ina ischri. Dis taip a palitikal ischri a di todi a di kandok a intanashinal rilieshan bitwiin stiet ar kraas stiet bongjri uoba taim. Istuorian Murel Chiembalin (Muriel Chamberlain) nuot se afta di Fos Wol Waar: </p><p>diplumatik ischri riplies kanstityuushanal ischri az di flagship a istarikal investigieshan, sieh taim di muos impuotant, muos egzak ah muos sofistikietid a istarikal todi<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Shi had se dat afta 1945, di chren rivoers, fi lou suoshal ischri fi ripliesi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ikanamik_ischri">Ikanamik ischri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change up di section: Ikanamik ischri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Ikanamik ischri"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alduo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikanamik_ischri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikanamik ischri (da page yah nuh deh)">ikanamik ischri</a> eh wel extablish sens di liet 19t senchri, ina riisant ier akademik todi shif muo ah muo tuwadz ikanamix dipaatment ah awe frah chradishanal ischri dipaatment<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Biniz ischri diil wid di ischri a indivijal biniz aaganizieshan, biniz metad, gobament regilieshan, lieba rilieshan, ah impak pah sasayati. Iazwel ingkluud bayagrafi a indivijal kompini, egzekiutiv, ah anchapanior. Iriliet tu ikanamik ischri; Biniz ischri muostaim tiich ina biniz skuul<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invairamental_ischri">Invairamental ischri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change up di section: Invairamental ischri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Invairamental ischri"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invairamental_ischri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Invairamental ischri (da page yah nuh deh)">Invairamental ischri</a> a nyuu fiil we imoerj ina di 1980z fi luk pah di ischri a di invairament, espeshal ina di lang ron, ah di impak a yuuman aktiviti pani<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wol_ischri">Wol ischri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Change up di section: Wol ischri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Wol ischri"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wol_ischri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wol ischri (da page yah nuh deh)">Wol ischri</a> a di todi a mieja siblaizieshan uoba di laas 3000-ad ier. Wol ischri a praimerili a tiichin fiil, reda dah risaach fiil. Igien papilariti ina di Yunaitid Stiet<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Japan<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ah adaels konchri afta di 1980z wid di riilizieshan se schuudent niid braada expuoja tu di wol az gluobalaizieshan prosiid. </p><p>Iweh-liid tu aili kanchavoershal intopritieshan bai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azwal_Spenggla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azwal Spenggla (da page yah nuh deh)">Azwal Spenggla</a> (Oswald Spengler) ah <a href="/w/index.php?title=HAanal_J._Tainbii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HAanal J. Tainbii (da page yah nuh deh)">hAanal J. Tainbii</a> (Arnold J. Toynbee), mongx adawandem. </p><p>Di Wol Ischri Asosieshan poblish di <i>Joernal a Wol Ischri</i> ebri kwaata sens 1990<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Di H-Wol diskoshan lis<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saab az netwok komiunikieshan mongx praktishana a wol ischri, wid diskoshan mongx skala, anounsment, sylabos, bibliagrafi ah buk rivyuu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piipl_ischri">Piipl ischri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Change up di section: Piipl ischri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Piipl ischri"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piipl_ischri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piipl ischri (da page yah nuh deh)">Piipl ischri</a> a taip a istarikal wok we atemp fi akount fi istarikal ivent frah di pospektiv a kaman piipl. Piipl ischri a di ischri a di wol we a di tuori a mas muuvment ah bout di outsaidadem. Indivijal ar gruup we no ingkluud ina di paas ina adaels taip a raitn bout ischri a di praimeri fuokos, we ingkluud di disinfranchaiz, di opres, di puo, di nankanfaamis, ah di piipl we adawaiz deh figat. Di aatadem tipikali de pah di lef ah ab suoshalis magl ina deh main, laka ina di apruoch a di Ischri Wokshap muuvment ina Britn ina di 1960z<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intilekchal_ischri">Intilekchal ischri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Change up di section: Intilekchal ischri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Intilekchal ischri"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intilekchal_ischri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intilekchal ischri (da page yah nuh deh)">Intilekchal ischri</a> ah di ischri a aidie imoerj ina di migl-20t senchri, wid di fuokos pah di intilekchaldem ah deh buk pah di wan an, ah pah dieda di todi a aidie az disimbadi abjek wid fi deh uona kiarier<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poblik_ischri">Poblik ischri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Change up di section: Poblik ischri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Poblik ischri"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poblik_ischri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poblik ischri (da page yah nuh deh)">Poblik ischri</a> diskraib di braad rienj a aktiviti we piipl andatek wid soh chrienin ina di disiplin a ischri uu jinarali wok outsaida speshalaiz akademik setn. Poblik ischri praktis ab diip-diip ruut ina di ieria a istarik prezavieshan, aakaival sayans, uoral ischri, myuuziom kyuurietaship, ah ada rilietid fiil. Di toerm iself eh-bigin fi yuuz ina di Yunaitid Stiet ah Kianada ina di liet 1970z, ah di fiil bikom ingkriisinli profeshanalaiz sens dat taim de. Som a di muos kaman setn fi poblik ischri a myuuziom, istarik uom ah istarik sait, paak, baklfiil, aakaiv, flim ah telivijan kompini, ah aal lebl a gobament<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istuorian">Istuorian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Change up di section: Istuorian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Istuorian"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Profeshanal ah amatior istuorian diskova, kalek, aaganiaz, ah prizent infamieshan bout paas ivent. Ina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lis_a_istuorian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lis a istuorian (da page yah nuh deh)">lis a istuorian</a>, deh kiah gruup bai aada a di istarikal piiriad wen deh ena-rait ina, we a no nesiserili di siem az di piiriad deh speshalaiz ina. Kranikla ah analis, duo deh a no istuorian ina di chuu sens, aalso friikuentli ingkluud. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suudoischri">Suudoischri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Change up di section: Suudoischri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Suudoischri"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suudoischri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suudoischri (da page yah nuh deh)">Suudoischri</a> a toerm we aplai tu tex we popuot fi bi istarikal bai niecha bot we dipaat frah standad ischriagrafikal kanvenshan ina wie we andamain deh kangkluujan. Kluosli rilietid tu diseptiv istarikal rivijanizim, wok we jraa kanchovoshal kangkluujan frah nyuu, spekiuletiv, ar dispyuutid istarikal evidens, potikiula ina di fiil a nashinal, palitikal, milichri, ah rilijos afier, muotaim rijek az suudoischri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tiichin_ischri">Tiichin ischri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Change up di section: Tiichin ischri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Tiichin ischri"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skalaship_vs_tiichin">Skalaship vs tiichin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Change up di section: Skalaship vs tiichin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Skalaship vs tiichin"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wah mieja intilekchal bakl eh-tek plies a Britn ina di hoerli tuentiet senchri rigyaadin wa plies ischri tiichin ab ina yunivoersiti. A Axfad ah Kiembrij, skalaship eh-dongplie. Profesa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Harding_Firth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Harding Firth (da page yah nuh deh)">Charles Harding Firth</a>, Axfad Riijios Profesa a ischri ina 1904 ridikyuul di sistim az bes suut fi projuus syuupafishal joernalis. Di Axfad tyuutadem, uu eh-ab muo vuot dah di profesadem, fait bak fi defen deh sistim a-se iweh soksesfuli projuus Britn outstanin stietsman, adminischrieta, prelet, ah diplumat, ah datde mishan az valiebl az fi chrien skala. Di tyuutadem daminiet di dibiet antel afta di Sekan Wol Waar. Ifuos aspairin yong skala fi tiich a outlayin skuul, laka Manchesta Yunivoersiti, we <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Frederick_Tout&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Frederick Tout (da page yah nuh deh)">Thomas Frederick Tout</a> ena-profeshanalaiz di Ischri andagradiet pruogram bai inchajuus di todi a arijinal suos ah rikwaya dem fi rait tiisis<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ina di Yunaitid Stiet, skalaship eh-kansanchriet a di mieja PhD-projuusin yunivoersitidem, wails laaj nomba a ada kalij ah yunivoersiti fuokos pah andagradiet tiichin. A tendansi ina di 21s senchri weh fi di lata skuuldem fi ingkriisinli dimaan skalali prodoktiviti frah deh yongga tenia-chrak fakolti. Fodamuo, yunivoersiti ingkriisinli rilai pah inexpensiv paat-taim ajongk fi du muos a di klaasruum tiichin<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nashinalizim">Nashinalizim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Change up di section: Nashinalizim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Nashinalizim"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frah di arijin a nashinal skuul sistim ina di 19t senchri, di tiichin a ischri fi promuot nashinal sentiment ena ai prayariti. Ina di Yunaitid Stiet afta Wol Waar I, wah chrang muuvment imoerj a di yunivoersiti lebl fi tiich kuos ina Westan Siblizieshan, so az fi gi schuudent kaman eritij wid Yuurop. Ina di Yunaitid Stiet afta 1980 atenshan ingkriisinli muuv tuwadz tiichin <a href="/wiki/Ischri_a_di_Worl" title="Ischri a di Worl">wol ischri</a> ar rikwaya schuudent fi tek kuos ina nan-westan kolcha, fi pripier schuudent fi laif ina gluobalaiz ikanami<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>A di yunivoersiti lebl, istuorian dibiet di kuestian a weda ischri bilang muo tu suoshal sayans ar tu di yuumanitiz. Nof vyuu di fiil frah buot pospektiv. </p><p>Di tiichin a ischri ina French skuul eh-influens bai di <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nouvelle_histoire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nouvelle histoire (da page yah nuh deh)">Nouvelle histoire</a></i> az diseminiet afta di 1960z bai Cahiers pédagogiques ah Enseignement ah ada joernal fi tiicha. Aalso influenshal ena di Institut national de recherche et de documentation pédagogique, (INRDP). Joseph Leif, di Inspekta-jinaral a tiicha chrienin, se pyuupl pitnidem shuda laan bout istuorian apruoch azwel az fax ah diet. Louis François, Diin a di Ischri/Jaagrafi gruup ina di Inspektaret a Nashinal Edikieshan advaiz se tiicha shuda provaid istarik dakiument ah promuot "aktiv metad" we wuda gi pyuupl "di imens apinis a diskovri." Propuonent se iwena riakshan gens di memarizieshan a niem ah diet we kiaraktaraiz tiichin ah lef di schuudentdem buorin. Chradishanalis eh-protes loud-loud se a weh puosmadan inovieshan we chretn fi lef di yuut ignarant a French piechriatizim ah nashinal aidentiti<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bayas_ina_skuul_tiichin">Bayas ina skuul tiichin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Change up di section: Bayas ina skuul tiichin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Bayas ina skuul tiichin"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ina muos konchri ischri texbuk a tuul fi fasta nashinalizim ah piechriatizim, ah gi schuudent di ofishal lain bout nashinal henimidem<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ina nof konchri ischri texbuk spansa bai di nashinal gobament ah deh rait fi put di nashinal eritij ina di muos fievarebl lait. Fi egzampl, ina Japan, menshan a di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanking_Masakraa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanking Masakraa (da page yah nuh deh)">Nanking Masakraa</a> don-rimuuv kliin-kliin frah texbuk ah di wuola di Sekan Wol Waar get koersri chriitment. Ada konchri eh-komplien<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. A weh standad palisi ina kamiunis konchri fi prizent onggl a rijid Maaxis ischriagrafi<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Akademik istuorian eh-fait noftaim gens di palitisizieshan a di texbukdem, sohtaim wid sokses<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ina 21s-senchri Joermani, di ischri korikiulom kanchuol bai di 16 stiet, ah kiaraktaraiz no bai syuupapiechriatizim bot reda bai "aamuos pasifistik ah dilibretli anpiechriatik andatuon" ah riflek "prinsipl faamiuliet bai intanashinal aaganizieshan laka UNESCO ar di Kongsl a Yuurop, so deh uorient tuwadz yuuman raits, dimakrasi ah piis." Di rizolt a dat "Joerman texbuk yuujali dongplie nashinal praid ah ambishan ah iem fi divelop andastanin a sitiznship senta pah dimakrasi, pruogres, yuuman raits, piis, talarans ah Yuropiyanis"<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refrans">Refrans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Change up di section: Refrans" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change up</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ischri&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Refrans"><span>change up di source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JosephJanda-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-JosephJanda_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Joseph, Brian (Ed.); Janda, Richard (Ed.) (2008). <i>The Handbook of Historical Linguistics</i>. Blackwell Publishing (published 30 December 2004). p. 163. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (da page yah nuh deh)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2747-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2747-9">978-1-4051-2747-9</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Historical+Linguistics&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Brian+%28Ed.%29&rft.au=Joseph%2C%26%2332%3BBrian+%28Ed.%29&rft.au=Janda%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+%28Ed.%29&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B163&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-2747-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ischri"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.about.com/od/hterms/qt/history_definition.htm">History Definition</a>." Nuoroda tikrinta 21 January 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siena.edu/pages/3289.asp">What is History & Why Study It?</a>." Nuoroda tikrinta 21 January 2014.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=i(stori/a"><span lang="grc">ἱστορία</span></a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Category_handler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Category handler (da page yah nuh deh)">Template:Category handler</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferrater-Mora-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ferrater-Mora_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ferrater-Mora_5-1">5.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferrater-Mora, José. <i>Diccionario de Filosofia</i>. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED_Online._Oxford_University_Press_2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OED_Online._Oxford_University_Press_2014_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OED_Online._Oxford_University_Press_2014_6-1">6.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OED_Online._Oxford_University_Press_2014_6-2">6.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"history, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, December 2014. Web. 9 March 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. "history, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, December 2014. Web. 9 March 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitney-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitney_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, W. D. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrACAAAAIAAJ">The Century dictionary; an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language</a></i>. New York: The Century Co, 1889.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. D. Whitney, (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrACAAAAIAAJ">The Century dictionary; an encyclopedic lexicon of the English language</a>. Page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrACAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#PPA2842,M1">2842</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wordnet-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wordnet_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn">WordNet Search – 3.0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050917065532/http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn">Archived</a> 2005-09-17 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (da page yah nuh deh)">Wayback Machine</a>, "History".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott Gordon and James Gordon Irving, <i>The History and Philosophy of Social Science</i>. Routledge 1991. Page 1. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415056829" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-05682-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritter, H. (1986). Dictionary of concepts in history. Reference sources for the social sciences and humanities, no. 3. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. Page 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael C. Lemon (1995). The Discipline of History and the History of Thought. Routledge. Page 201. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415123461" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-12346-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Breisach, <i>Historiography: Ancient, medieval, and modern</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg G. Iggers, <i>Historiography in the twentieth century: From scientific objectivity to the postmodern challenge</i> (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lamberg-karlovsky-p5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lamberg-karlovsky-p5_16-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lamberg-karlovsky-p5_16-1">16.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C.; Jeremy A. Sabloff (1979). <i>Ancient Civilizations: The Near East and Mesoamerica</i>. Benjamin-Cummings Publishing. p. 5. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (da page yah nuh deh)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88133-834-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88133-834-6">0-88133-834-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Civilizations%3A+The+Near+East+and+Mesoamerica&rft.aulast=Lamberg-Karlovsky%2C+C.+C.&rft.au=Lamberg-Karlovsky%2C+C.+C.&rft.au=Jeremy+A.+Sabloff&rft.date=1979&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B5&rft.pub=Benjamin-Cummings+Publishing&rft.isbn=0-88133-834-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ischri"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, Franz Rosenthal, N. J. Dawood (1967), <i>The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History</i>, p. x, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691017549" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-01754-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-graham-ch1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-graham-ch1_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Graham, Gordon (1997). "Chapter 1". <i>The Shape of the Past</i>. Oxford University.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+1&rft.atitle=The+Shape+of+the+Past&rft.aulast=Graham%2C+Gordon&rft.au=Graham%2C+Gordon&rft.date=1997&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ischri"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Khaldun, Franz Rosenthal, N. J. Dawood (1967), <i>The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History</i>, p. x, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691017549" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-01754-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mowlana-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mowlana_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", <i>Cooperation South Journal</i> <b>1</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salahuddin Ahmed (1999). <i>A Dictionary of Muslim Names</i>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850653569" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-85065-356-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enan-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Enan_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Enan, Muhammed Abdullah (2007). <i>Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works</i>. The Other Press. p. v. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (da page yah nuh deh)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-9541-53-6" title="Special:BookSources/983-9541-53-6">983-9541-53-6</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khaldun%3A+His+Life+and+Works&rft.aulast=Enan&rft.aufirst=Muhammed+Abdullah&rft.au=Enan%2C%26%2332%3BMuhammed+Abdullah&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3Bv&rft.pub=The+Other+Press&rft.isbn=983-9541-53-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ischri"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akhtar-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Akhtar_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. S. W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", <i>Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture</i> <b>12</b> (3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marwick-p169-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Marwick-p169_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Marwick, Arthur (1970). <i>The Nature of History</i>. The Macmillan Press LTD. p. 169.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+History&rft.aulast=Marwick%2C+Arthur&rft.au=Marwick%2C+Arthur&rft.date=1970&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B169&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Press+LTD&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ischri"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tosh-p168-169-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tosh-p168-169_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Tosh, John (2006). <i>The Pursuit of History</i>. Pearson Education Limited. pp. 168–169.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+History&rft.aulast=Tosh%2C+John&rft.au=Tosh%2C+John&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B168%E2%80%93169&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ischri"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pavkovic-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pavkovic_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Pavkovic, Michael; Morillo, Stephen (2006). <i>What is Military History?</i>. Oxford: Polity Press (published 31 July 2006). pp. 3–4. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (da page yah nuh deh)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3390-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3390-9">978-0-7456-3390-9</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Military+History%3F&rft.aulast=Pavkovic&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Pavkovic%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&rft.au=Morillo%2C%26%2332%3BStephen&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B3%E2%80%934&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3390-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ischri"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Cochrane, Eric (1975). "What Is Catholic Historiography?". <i>Catholic Historical Review</i> <b>61</b> (2): 169–190.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+Is+Catholic+Historiography%3F&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Cochrane%2C%26%2332%3BEric&rft.date=1975&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169%E2%80%93190&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ischri"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">For example see <span class="citation Journal">Gajano, Sofia Boesch; Caliò, Tommaso (1998). "Italian Religious Historiography in the 1990s". <i>Journal of Modern Italian Studies</i> <b>3</b> (3): 293–306.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Italian+Religious+Historiography+in+the+1990s&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Italian+Studies&rft.aulast=Gajano&rft.aufirst=Sofia+Boesch&rft.au=Gajano%2C%26%2332%3BSofia+Boesch&rft.au=Cali%C3%B2%2C%26%2332%3BTommaso&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293%E2%80%93306&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ischri"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Stearns, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Social History</i> (1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diplomatic dropped from 5% to 3%, economic history from 7% to 5%, and cultural history grew from 14% to 16%. Based on full-time professors in U.S. history departments. Stephen H. Haber, David M. Kennedy, and Stephen D. Krasner, "Brothers under the Skin: Diplomatic History and International Relations," <i>International Security,</i> Vol. 22, No. 1 (Summer, 1997), pp. 34-43 at p. 4 2; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2539326">online at JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Resources/Teachers/a27.html">Teachers of History in the Universities of the UK 2007 - listed by research interest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060530073940/http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Resources/Teachers/a27.html">Archived</a> 2006-05-30 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (da page yah nuh deh)">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">G. M. Trevelyan (1973). "Introduction". <i>English Social History: A Survey of Six Centuries from Chaucer to Queen Victoria</i>. Book Club Associates. p. i. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (da page yah nuh deh)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-48488-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-48488-X">0-582-48488-X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.atitle=English+Social+History%3A+A+Survey+of+Six+Centuries+from+Chaucer+to+Queen+Victoria&rft.aulast=G.+M.+Trevelyan&rft.au=G.+M.+Trevelyan&rft.date=1973&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3Bi&rft.pub=Book+Club+Associates&rft.isbn=0-582-48488-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ischri"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Mary Fulbrook (2005). "Introduction: The people's paradox". <i>The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker</i>. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yale University Press (da page yah nuh deh)">Yale University Press</a>. p. 17. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Book Number (da page yah nuh deh)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14424-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14424-6">978-0-300-14424-6</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Introduction%3A+The+people%27s+paradox&rft.atitle=The+People%27s+State%3A+East+German+Society+from+Hitler+to+Honecker&rft.aulast=Mary+Fulbrook&rft.au=Mary+Fulbrook&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B17&rft.place=London&rft.pub=%5B%5BYale+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14424-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ischri"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The first World Dictionary of Images: Laurent Gervereau (ed.), "Dictionnaire mondial des images", Paris, Nouveau monde, 2006, 1120p, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782847361858" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-2-84736-185-8</a>. (with 275 specialists from all continents, all specialities, all periods from Prehistory to nowadays) ; Laurent Gervereau, "Images, une histoire mondiale", Paris, Nouveau monde, 2008, 272p., <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782847363623" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-2-84736-362-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Muriel E Chamberlain, <i>Pax Britannica'? British Foreign Policy 1789-1914</i> (1988) p 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Whaples, "Is Economic History a Neglected Field of Study?," Historically Speaking (April 2010) v. 11#2 pp 17-20, with responses pp 20-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Franco Amatori, and Geoffrey Jones, eds. <i>Business History Around the World</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/read/114846992">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619213940/http://www.questia.com/read/114846992">Archived</a> 2009-06-19 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (da page yah nuh deh)">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. D. Hughes, <i>What is Environmental History</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/What-Environmental-History/dp/0745631886/">excerpt and text search</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ainslie_T._Embree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ainslie T. Embree (da page yah nuh deh)">Ainslie T. Embree</a> and Carol Gluck, eds., <i>Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching</i> (M.E. Sharpe, 1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shigeru Akita, "World History and the Emergence of Global History in Japan,"<i>Chinese Studies in History,</i> Spring 2010, Vol. 43 Issue 3, pp 84-96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.historycooperative.org/jwhindex.html">http://www.historycooperative.org/jwhindex.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.h-net.org/~world/">http://www.h-net.org/~world/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Wade Matthews (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lfmZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20"><i>The New Left, National Identity, and the Break-up of Britain</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 20–21<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lfmZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">https://books.google.com/books?id=lfmZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Left%2C+National+Identity%2C+and+the+Break-up+of+Britain&rft.aulast=Wade+Matthews&rft.au=Wade+Matthews&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B20%E2%80%9321&rft.pub=BRILL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlfmZAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ischri"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Grafton, Anthony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sydney.edu.au/intellectual-history/documents/grafton-history-ideas.pdf">"The History of Ideas: Precept and Practice, 1950–2000 and beyond"</a>. <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> <b>67</b> (1): 1–32<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sydney.edu.au/intellectual-history/documents/grafton-history-ideas.pdf">http://sydney.edu.au/intellectual-history/documents/grafton-history-ideas.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Ideas%3A+Precept+and+Practice%2C+1950%E2%80%932000+and+beyond&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.aulast=Grafton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Grafton%2C%26%2332%3BAnthony&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9332&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsydney.edu.au%2Fintellectual-history%2Fdocuments%2Fgrafton-history-ideas.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ischri"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Horowitz, Maryanne Cline, ed (2004). <i>New Dictionary of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>6</b>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Dictionary+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ischri"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Glassberg, "Public history and the study of memory." <i>The Public Historian</i> (1996): 7-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3377910">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivan Roots, "Firth, Sir Charles Harding (1857–1936)", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> (Oxford University Press, 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33137,">Online; accessed 10 Nov 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reba Soffer, "Nation, duty, character and confidence: history at Oxford, 1850–1914." <i>Historical Journal</i> (1987) 30#01 pp: 77-104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Donoghue, <i>The Last Professors: The Corporate University and the Fate of the Humanities</i> (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacqueline Swansinger, "Preparing Student Teachers for a World History Curriculum in New York," <i>History Teacher,</i> (November 2009), 43#1 pp 87-96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abby Waldman, " The Politics of History Teaching in England and France during the 1980s," <i>History Workshop Journal</i> Issue 68, Autumn 2009 pp. 199-221 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/history_workshop_journal/v068/68.waldman.html">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jason Nicholls, ed. <i>School History Textbooks across Cultures: International Debates and Perspectives</i> (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Claudia Schneider, "The Japanese History Textbook Controversy in East Asian Perspective," <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,</i> May 2008, Vol. 617, pp 107-122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Problems of Teaching Contemporary Russian History," <i>Russian Studies in History,</i> Winter 2004, Vol. 43 Issue 3, pp 61-62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00708.x">Blackwell-Synergy</a>." Blackwell-Synergy. Nuoroda tikrinta 2010-05-16.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Teaching History in Schools: the Politics of Textbooks in India," <i>History Workshop Journal,</i> April 2009, Issue 67, pp 99-110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tatyana Volodina, "Teaching History in Russia After the Collapse of the USSR," <i>History Teacher,</i> February 2005, Vol. 38 Issue 2, pp 179-188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simone Lässig and Karl Heinrich Pohl, "History Textbooks and Historical Scholarship in Germany," <i>History Workshop Journal</i> Issue 67, Spring 2009 pp 128-9 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/history_workshop_journal/v067/67.lassig.html">online at project MUSE</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <table class="navbox collapsible collapsed nowraplinks noprint" style="margin:auto; width:100%; clear:both; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="text-align:center; width:100%; background:#ccf; font-size:90%;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="float:left; font-size:xx-small; width:6em; text-align:left; padding:0 10px;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sayans" title="Template:Sayans"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template.">v</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Sayans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Sayans (da page yah nuh deh)"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Discuti del template.">d</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sayans&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Per modificare il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare.">m</span></a></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sayans" title="Sayans">Sayans</a></span></th> </tr><tr><th style="background:#ddf; white-space:nowrap; padding:0 10px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;;">Faamal sayans</th><td style="width:100%; font-size:90%; text-align:left; text-align:left;; ;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Lajik" title="Lajik">Lajik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Matimatix" title="Matimatix">Matimatix</a></td><td rowspan="5" style="vertical-align:middle; padding-left:7px; width:0%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PrirodneNauke.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PrirodneNauke.svg/60px-PrirodneNauke.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PrirodneNauke.svg/90px-PrirodneNauke.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PrirodneNauke.svg/120px-PrirodneNauke.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style="background:#ddf; white-space:nowrap; padding:0 10px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laif_sayans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laif sayans (da page yah nuh deh)">Laif sayans</a></th> <td style="width:100%; font-size:90%; text-align:left;background:#f7f7f7; text-align:left;; ;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Aschranami" title="Aschranami">Aschranami</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bailoji" title="Bailoji">Bailoji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Batani" title="Batani">Batani</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zuulaji" title="Zuulaji">Zuulaji</a>)</td></tr><tr><th style="background:#ddf; white-space:nowrap; padding:0 10px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;;"><a href="/wiki/Suoshal_sayans" title="Suoshal sayans">Suoshal sayans</a></th> <td style="width:100%; font-size:90%; text-align:left; text-align:left;; ;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Anchopalaji" title="Anchopalaji">Anchopalaji</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jaagrafi" title="Jaagrafi">Jaagrafi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ikanamix" title="Ikanamix">Ikanamix</a> • <a href="/wiki/Saikalaji" title="Saikalaji">Saikalaji</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ischri</a> • <a href="/wiki/Filasafi" title="Filasafi">Filasafi</a></td></tr><tr><th style="background:#ddf; white-space:nowrap; padding:0 10px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;;">Fizikal sayans</th> <td style="width:100%; font-size:90%; text-align:left;background:#f7f7f7; text-align:left;; ;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fizix" title="Fizix">Fizix</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kimischri" title="Kimischri">Kimischri</a></td></tr><tr><th style="background:#ddf; white-space:nowrap; padding:0 10px; font-size:90%; text-align:right;;">Aplai sayans</th> <td style="width:100%; font-size:90%; text-align:left; text-align:left;; ;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Injinierin" title="Injinierin">Injinierin</a></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Fram "<a dir="ltr" href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ischri&oldid=21229">https://jam.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ischri&oldid=21229</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links (da page yah nuh deh)">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Pages using ISBN magic links (da page yah nuh deh)">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gud_aatikl" title="Category:Gud aatikl">Gud aatikl</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ischri" title="Category:Ischri">Ischri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suoshal_Sayans" title="Category:Suoshal Sayans">Suoshal Sayans</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Di las' time da page yah change a 04:21 pon 28 September 2023.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Di tex' deh pon <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; memba dat adda legal business weh nuh mention might can add on pon dis. Pree <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Condition fi use wi Service</a> fi more information.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy notice</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipidia:Info">Info pon Wikipidia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipidia:Legal_notice">Legal notice</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developer</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/jam.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//jam.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ischri&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Muobail vyuu‎</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-8mqtl","wgBackendResponseTime":205,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.284","walltime":"0.505","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9137,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":55806,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14814,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":39556,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 294.483 1 -total"," 76.54% 225.399 1 Template:Reflist"," 38.23% 112.581 14 Template:Citation/core"," 36.28% 106.828 11 Template:Cite_book"," 14.65% 43.140 1 Template:LSJ"," 14.63% 43.074 6 Template:Citation/identifier"," 10.40% 30.625 12 Template:Hide_in_print"," 7.75% 22.837 3 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.93% 20.407 3 Template:Webarchive"," 6.40% 18.838 1 Template:Gud_aatikl"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.012","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":909642,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-486j8","timestamp":"20241123201031","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ischri","url":"https:\/\/jam.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ischri","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q309","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q309","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-07-29T01:45:11Z","dateModified":"2023-09-28T09:21:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/53\/Nikolaos_Gyzis_-_Historia.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>