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justify-content:flex-start; } .econ-btn{ font-size:14px; background:#44c3da !important; padding:7px 20px; border-radius:5px; display:block; width:100%; } .search-btn-wrap{ padding:0 15px 15px 15px; } .search_tool_bgwrap{ padding-top:0; background-image: linear-gradient(#0e1634, #ffffff); } .search_tool_wrap{ padding:20px; background:#fff; } .search_tool_wrap .form-control, .search_tool_wrap .form-check-label{ font-family: Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji"; } .search_tool_wrap .form-control{ margin-bottom:5px; border-radius:0; border-top-width:0; border-left-width:0; border-right-width:0; } .search_tool_wrap .card-body{ padding:0 0 15px 15px; border:0; } .search_tool_wrap .col-6{ padding:0; } .search-filter-toggles a, .search-on{ color:#000; font-weight:600; font-size:16px; display:block; } .search-option-wrap{ margin:20px 0 0 0; } .fa-caret-down, .fa-caret-right{ color: #1781fc; } #search_term{ border-radius:0; border-top-width:0; border-left-width:0; 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position:absolute; background:#26a69a; height:5px; } .inc{ animation: increase 2s infinite; } .dec{ animation: decrease 2s 0.5s infinite; } .sortby-toggle{ text-transform:capitalize; } span.badge.new { font-weight: 300; font-size: 12px; color: #fff; background-color: #26a69a; border-radius: 2px; margin-right:5px; margin-bottom:5px; padding:5px; cursor:pointer; } #divResultSummary{ /*display:block;*/ display:none; margin-top:10px; } @keyframes increase { from { left: -5%; width: 5%; } to { left: 130%; width: 100%;} } @keyframes decrease { from { left: -80%; width: 80%; } to { left: 110%; width: 10%;} } .clear-fix{ clear:both; } .clear-fix::after { content: " "; display: block; height: 0; clear: both; } /* 2nd level menu */ ul.dropdown-menu{ background:#72bdca; position:absolute !important; /*width:100%;*/ text-align:center !important; padding:0; left:auto; } ul.dropdown-menu li a{ font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; line-height:16px; padding:10px 5px; } ul.dropdown-menu li a:hover{ color:#fff; } .dropdown-menu a:before{ content:none !important; } .dropdown-item:focus, .dropdown-item:hover{ background:#72bdca; } .nav-main .nav-item:hover{ background:none; } .navbar.nav-main .nav-item.menu-with-icon a:before{ content: none; } nav{ background:#000; line-height:45px; } nav a{ font-family: Arial; font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; color:#9497a6; } .menu-toggle{ float:left; } .econlib_logo{ float:left; text-align:left; margin-bottom:7px; } .econlib_logo span{ display:none; color:#fff; font-size:12px; margin-left:5px; text-align:left; display:none; } .main-header{ padding:20px 8px; display:flex; align-items:center; position:relative; } .logo-wrap{ flex-grow:1; } .nav-wrap{ flex-grow:2; } .search-wrap{ flex-grow:1; } .fa-bars{ font-size:30px; } .fa-search:before{ font-size:25px; } /***********************/ header{ overflow:visible; } .navbar{ position:absolute; top:100%; left:0; z-index:99; width:100% } header .navbar-toggler{ display:block; } #menu-top-menu .menu-item{ text-align:left; } .sp-srpc{ border:0; border-radius:5px; background:#27a79a; color:#fff; padding:5px 20px; display:inline-block; cursor:pointer; } .jump_to_page{ padding: 6px; background: #27a79a; color: #fff; border-radius: 5px; border: 0; } #template_submenu{ background:#72bdca; height:45px; padding:10px 15px; position:relative; } #template_submenu .subnav-parent, #template_submenu .subnav-toggler{ font-family:Arial; font-size:16px; line-height:16px; font-weight:bold; } #template_submenu ul{ display:none; background:#72bdca; position:absolute; top:100%; left:0; width:100%; z-index:9; padding:0; /*display:inline-block; height:45px; line-height:45px; list-style:none; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;*/ } #template_submenu.open ul{ display:block; } #template_submenu ul li{ display:block; } #template_submenu ul li a{ color:#212529; font-family:Arial; font-size:16px; font-weight:normal; line-height:16px; display:block; padding:15px 22px !important; text-align:center; } #template_submenu ul li a:hover{ color:#fff; } #template_submenu ul li a.active{ color:#fff; } .subnav-toggler{ color:#fff; cursor:pointer; } .subnav-toggler .fa{ color:#fff; } .nav-link{ padding:15px 5px; } .nav-wrap #menu-top-mobile{ z-index:999; } .nav-wrap #menu-top-mobile li{ text-align:left; } /*.nav-wrap{ display:none; }*/ .nav-mobile-wrap{ display:block; } .nav-mobile-wrap li{ text-align:left; } .page_subcat_wrap{ /*background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, #616161, #333);*/ padding:0; } #cee_subcat_wrap{ /*background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5), rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5));*/ } #econlog_subcat_wrap{ /*background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, #616161, #333);*/ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5), rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.3)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2019/03/blog-13.jpg); background-size:cover; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: center center; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap{ height:45px; max-width:1280px; margin:auto; padding:10px 15px; opacity: 0.68; background-color: #0e1733; /*max-height:450px;*/ /*overflow-y:hidden;*/ } .subcat_wrap::-webkit-scrollbar { width: 12px; } .subcat_wrap::-webkit-scrollbar-track { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.5); } .subcat_wrap::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb { -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(114,189,202,0.7); } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap h4{ display:none; font-family:Arial; font-size:23px; color:#ababab; text-align:center; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol{ display:none; width:100%; padding:0; } .page_subcat_wrap .open .oakcol{ display:block; } .page_subcat_wrap .open{ height:auto; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a{ font-family:Arial; font-size:14px; display:block; /*padding:5px;*/ padding:5px 0; color:#4a90e2; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a.active-subcat{ color:#cbcbcb; } .subcat{ display:inline-block; color:#fff; font-size:14px; } .subcat-parent{ color:#4a90e2; } .subcat-toggler{ cursor:pointer; } .subcat-parent, .subcat-toggler{ margin-bottom:10px; } .clear{ clear:left; } #book-resource *{ font-family: Arial; color:#4a4a4a; } #book-resource a{ color:#007bff; } #book-resource h2{font-size:22px;} #book-resource h3{font-size:20px;} #book-resource h4{font-size:18px;} .grey-section{ background:#d8d8d8; margin-bottom:10px; padding:40px 20px 100px 20px; } .grey-section:last-of-type{ margin-bottom:0; } .div-container{ display:block; max-width:1280px; margin:auto; padding:10px; } .article-second-container, .video-container{ display:block !important; } .article-second-container .div-item{ width:100%; height:auto !important; } .video-container .div-item{ width:100%; height:auto !important; } .div-item{ /*border:1px solid #000;*/ height:280px; margin-right:25px; margin-bottom:10px; display:block; color:#212529; } .div-item:hover, .div-item:active{ color:#212529; } .div-item:last-child{ margin-right:0; } .div-item-content{ padding:20px 0; min-height:280px; } .video-container .div-item-content{ min-height:170px; } .div-item-content a{ color:#000; font-size:24px; font-family:Arial; font-weight:600; } .article-img-bg{ width:100%; height:270px; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size: cover; background-position:top center; position:relative; } .article-img-bg span{ color:#fff; font-size:21px; text-transform:uppercase; font-family:Arial; position:absolute; left:20px; bottom:10px; text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px #000000; } .col3, .col2{ margin-top:40px; } .grow1{ flex-grow:1; } .current-month, .previous-month, .previous-month2, .previous-month3{ width:100%; border:1px solid #979797; background:#d8d8d8; padding:10px; display:flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; text-align:center; } .month-bg{ background-position: center center !important; background-size: cover !important; } /*.class-december{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/December.jpg); } .class-november{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/November.jpg); } .class-october{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/October.jpg); } .class-september{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/September.jpg); } .class-august{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/August.jpg); } .class-july{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/July.jpg); } .class-june{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/June.jpg); } .class-may{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/May.jpg); } .class-april{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/April.jpg); } .class-march{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/March.jpg); } .class-february{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/February.jpg); } .class-january{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/January.jpg); }*/ .section-title{ max-width:1280px; margin:auto; text-align:center; } .boxed-article{ width:100%; margin-right:40px; height:auto; } .section-title h2{ margin:60px auto; font-size:22px; } .section-title h2.featured{ margin:2px auto 50px auto; } .section-title h5{ margin:40px auto 0 auto; } .boxed-article:last-child{ margin-right:0; } .boxed-article .ba-title{ text-align:center; margin:10px 0 40px 0; } .boxed-article .ba-title a{ font-family:Arial; font-size:16px; font-weight:600; color:#000; } .boxed-article img{ width:100%; height:200px; object-fit:cover; } .ul-article{ /*list-style:none;*/ padding-left:20px; height:70%; } .ul-article a, .ul-article li{ font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; color:#000; } .ul-article a:hover{ text-decoration:underline; } .article-issue{ font-weight:600; font-size:24px; color:#fff; text-shadow:2px 2px 4px #000000; } .bio-links a{ display:inline-block; } .econlib_logo span{ display:none !important; } footer h6{ display:none !important; } .torch-text2{ color: #dbecf1 !important; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom:40px; } div.networking{ padding-top:40px; } .torch-text{ margin-bottom:2px; } h2.lined{ display:block; max-width:1280px; width: 100%; text-align: center; border-bottom: 2px solid #72bdca; line-height: 0.1em; margin: 10px auto 40px auto; } h2.lined span { background:#fff; padding:0 10px; } .oak-more-entries{ text-align:center; } #btn-more-entries{ background:#d8d8d8; border:1px solid #979797; padding:10px 60px; margin:20px; color:#000; cursor:pointer; border-radius:10px; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; } .title-category{ padding-top:20px; } .title-category h3{ font-size:16px; } #econtal-page-banner{ display:block !important; padding-bottom:20px; } #econtal-page-banner .col-md-6, #econtal-page-banner .col-md-12, #econtal-page-banner .col-lg-6{ padding-left:0 !important; padding-right:0 !important; } .econtalk-page.econtalk.main-banner:before{ left:0; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline{ font-size:18px; margin-bottom:0; line-height:normal; display:inline-block; } a.author.url{ font-size:18px; line-height:normal; color:#212529; } .card-block .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline, .card-block a.author.url{ font-size:14px; } .card-title a{ color:#000000; } h2.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline{ font-weight:normal; } #label_total_shown{ display:none; } .facet_span_ctr, .search_result_facet_counter{ font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style:normal; font-size:14px; color:#27baae; font-weight:bold; cursor:pointer; } /*body{ max-width:1920px; margin:auto; }*/ .econtalk-container{ padding-right:0; padding-left:0; display:block; } #econtalks{ display:block; overflow:auto; } #econtalks .grid-masonry-item{ width:100%; } #econtalk-recent-wrap{ clear:both; margin-bottom:20px; } #econtalk-recent-image{ display:block; width:100%; height:30vh; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:cover; background-position:right center; } #econtalk-recent-content{ width:100%; } /*#econtalk-recent-content, #econtalk-recent-image{ float:left; }*/ #wrap-content-head{ background:#0e0c0c; padding:10px; } #wrap-content-body{ padding:20px; background:#f0f0f0; } /*#wrap-content-head span{ color:#72bdca; font-size:22px; font-weight:600; text-transform:uppercase; display:block; margin-bottom:15px }*/ span.wrap-title{ color:#72bdca; font-size:22px; font-weight:700; text-transform:uppercase; display:block; margin-bottom:15px } span.lwe-title{ color:#000; padding:20px 0 0 20px; } span.lwe-related{ padding:20px 0 0 0; } span.newsletter-title{ color:#fff; } .econtalk-archive-titles{ font-size:28px; font-weight:600; } #wrap-content-head h2{ margin-bottom:20px; } #wrap-content-head h2 a{ color:#fff; } .btn_pill{ background:#fff; color:#72bdca; border-radius:25px; border:0; padding:7px 30px; font-weight:600; margin-right:15px; cursor:pointer; text-align:center; display:block; margin-bottom:5px; } .lw_btn_pill{ padding:7px 7px; float:left; margin-left:-20px; border-radius:0; } #twe-date{ font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; } #twe-excerpt{ font-size:18px; font-weight:500; } .econtalk-action-btn{ display:block; width:85%; margin:auto; margin-bottom:5px; text-align:center; color:#fff; padding:15px 40px; border:0; text-transform:uppercase; font-size:16px; /*margin-right:10px;*/ cursor:pointer; border-radius:0; vertical-align:top; } .econtalk-action-btn:hover{ color:#fff; } .btn-listen{ background:#00c29d; } .btn-transcript{ background:#44c3da; } .btn-share{ background:#282e2f; } #wrap-btn-pills{ display:none; margin-bottom:16px; } .lw-col{ width:100%; } #last-week-epi-wrap{ background:#e8fbff; } #newsletter-wrap{ background:#363636; } #newsletter-wrap p{ color: #fff; padding: 20px 0 20px 20px; font-size:34px; line-height:1.2; } #newsletter-wrap form{ display:flex; padding:0 20px 20px 20px } #newsletter-wrap form .email{ width:70%; margin-right:20px; border-radius:0; } #newsletter-wrap form .btn{ width:30%; border-radius:0;; } #lw-image{ width:300px; height:300px; display:block; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:cover; background-position:center } #episode-archive-wrap{ background:#adf0ff; padding:20px 60px; } #single-episode-archive-wrap{ padding:20px; } #episode-archive-wrap .lwe-title, #single-episode-archive-wrap .lwe-title, #episode-archive-wrap p, #single-episode-archive-wrap p{ text-align:center; } #episode-archive-wrap p, #single-episode-archive-wrap p{ font-size:20px; font-weight:500; } #single-episode-archive-wrap .lwe-title{ padding:20px 0 0 0; } #featured-guest-wrap{ margin-top:20px; background:#f6f6f6; height:763px; } #lw-article-wrap{ display:blok; padding:0 20px 20px 20px; } #lw-image, #lw-content{ width:100%; } #lw-content p{ font-weight:500; } #lw-content h2 a, #lw-content h2 a:hover{ color:#000; } #econtalk-related-wrap{ background:#fff; padding:0 20px 20px 20px; } #wrap-rel-article a{ color:#000; font-weight:600; } #wrap-rel-article .lw_btn_pill{ color:#72bdca; } #browse-by-wrap{ display:block; } #browse-by-wrap a#bb-guest{ background-image:url(../wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/img/social.png); } #browse-by-wrap a#bb-date{ background-image:url(../wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/img/monthly-calendar.png); } #browse-by-wrap a{ display:block; position:relative; height:45px; width:100%; margin-top:30px; margin-bottom:30px; background-size:cover; } #single-episode-archive-wrap #browse-by-wrap a{ width:100%; height:200px; } #browse-by-wrap span{ position:absolute; bottom:0; color:#fff; background:#241919; font-size:18px; padding:10px; border:0; display:block; width:100%; text-align:center; margin-top:120px; } span.featured-guest-title{ color:#000000; text-align:center; padding-top:20px; } .carousel-control-next, .carousel-control-next:hover, .carousel-control-prev, .carousel-control-prev:hover{ color:#44c3da; } .carousel-indicators li { width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 20px; background-color: rgba(105, 105, 105, 0.5); } .carousel-indicators .active { background-color: #44c3da; } .carousel-item .card a, .carousel-item .card-title{ text-align:center; } .carousel-item .card{ background:none; padding:40px 20px; border:0; } .carousel-item .card-text{ font-size:16px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color:#000; } .carousel-item .card-title{ font-size:21px; font-weight:500; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color:#000; } .carousel-item .card-body{ padding:20px 15%; } span.econ-extra-title, span.past-epi-title{ text-align:center; color:#000; display:block; } span.econ-extra-title{ margin-bottom:0; padding:20px; } span.past-epi-title{ padding:20px; } #bg-wrap-econ-extras{ margin:auto; margin-top:20px; max-width:1230px; background:#f8f6f6; } #econtalk-extras-wrap .card-block, #econtalk-extras-wrap .card-comment, #econtalk-past-epi-wrap .card-block, #econtalk-past-epi-wrap .card-comment{ padding:10px !important; } /*#econtalk-extras-wrap .col-xl-3:first-child{ flex:0 0 50%; max-width:50%; }*/ #econtalk-extras-wrap .col-md-6{ max-width:100%; } #econtalk-extras-wrap h4 a, #econtalk-past-epi-wrap h4 a{ font-weight:600; } #econtalk-extras-wrap .card-block *, #econtalk-past-epi-wrap .card-block *{ font-family:Arial, sans-serif; } #econtalk-past-epi-wrap, .fa-caret-down{ color: #44c3da; } #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap{ display:flex; padding:0; flex-direction:column-reverse; } #podcast-wrap{ width:100%; padding:20px; background:#f0f0f0; display:none; } #podcast-wrap-mobile .clear-fix{ padding:20px; background:#000; } #podcast-wrap-mobile #econtalk-desc-wrap{ padding:20px; } #podcast-wrap-mobile #single-econtalk-title a{ color:#fff; font-size:22px; } #podcast-img{ display:block; width:100%; height:220px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; background-position: right center; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap{ margin-top:20px; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap nav{ background:#fff; margin-top:20px; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap nav a{ margin-left:0; margin-right:5px; margin-bottom:5px; background:#e1e1e1; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap .nav-tabs .nav-link{ color:#000; text-transform:uppercase; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap .nav-tabs .nav-link:hover{ color:#fff; background-color:#231f1f; border-radius:0; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap .nav-tabs .nav-link.active{ color:#fff; background-color:#231f1f; border:0; border-radius:0; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #nav-tabContent{ width:100%; } #single-econtalk{ width:100%; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #single-econtalk-tab-sidebar{ width:100%; } #single-econtalk-audio-wrap{ margin:20px 0; } #single-econtalk-title a{ color:#000; } #single-econtalk-date{ font-weight:600; } #single-econtalk-desc{ font-weight:500; } #single-about-the-guest{ padding:20px; margin-bottom:20px; background:#e8fbff; } #single-related-episodes{ padding:20px; } #single-about-the-guest span, #single-related-episodes span{ text-align:center; color:#000; } #single-about-the-guest-img{ text-align:center; margin-bottom:20px; } #single-related-episodes a{ color: #000; font-weight: 600; font-size: 20px; } #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-transcript, #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-listen{ display:none; } #single-about-the-guest h5 a{ display:block; text-align:center; color:#00c29d; } #checkbox_toggle{ font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; color: #1ca5e9; cursor:pointer; } .woo_subscribe_now_btn{ background-color: #44c3da; border-radius: 2px; box-shadow: none; border: none; color: #fff !important; font-family: Lato; font-size: 16px; padding:20px 40px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.6px; text-transform: uppercase; cursor: pointer; } .woocommerce *{ font-family: Lato !important; } .cart-collaterals{ padding-bottom:40px; } #customer_details .col-1, #customer_details .col-2{ max-width:100%; } #customer_details .form-row{ display:block; } .year-picker .col-8, .year-picker .col-4{ padding-left:0; display:inline-block; max-width:50%; flex:0 0 50%; } .year-picker .row{ padding-bottom:5px; } .year-picker .col-8 h3, .year-picker .col-4 h3{ font-size:14px; font-weight:600; } .dropdown-filter-wrap, .dropdown-filter-wrap2{ width:50%; position:relative; } .dropdown-filter-wrap2{ width:33.33%; } .dropdown-filter-wrap .btn-secondary, .dropdown-filter-wrap2 .btn-secondary{ color:#000; background:none; border:0; font-size:16px; } @media (min-width:768px){ .search_tool_bgwrap{ padding-top:40px; } .main-header{ height:64px; padding:0 20px; } section.main-banner, .navbar-search{ display:block !important; } .lg-nextprev{ display:flex !important; } .article-single-page .card-comment{ display:inline-block !important; } .m-featured-image, .s-nextprev{ display:none; } section.articles-page article .main-content, .card-block .article-content{ display: block !important; } .recent-cards .article-text h4, .card-title-container .card-title{ font-size: 18px; } .recent-cards .article-text h4{ white-space:nowrap !important; } .recent-cards .read-more-btn{ display:inline-block !important; float:right !important; } header .logo{ margin-left:5%; } .search-header{ width:auto; } .articles-page .row .col-md-6{ padding-right:15px; padding-left:15px; } .grid-masonry .col-md-6{ padding-left:15px; padding-right:15px; } article.grid-card .card-block{ min-height:250px !important; } .articles-grid .title-date{ padding:20px; } /* search tool desktop */ .search_tool_wrap{ max-width: 815px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 20px; border-radius: 12px; } .search_tool_wrap form{ padding: 55px 165px 10px 165px; } .search_tool_wrap h4{ font-size: 30px; text-align: center; margin-bottom:32px; } .search_result_article h4{ text-align: left; margin-bottom:5px; } .sp_searchterm_wrap #search_term{ margin-bottom:27px; } .sp_searchterm_wrap #search_term{ font-size:20px; font-weight:500; } .sp_searchterm_wrap .close{ top:10px; } .search_tool_wrap #refine_search{ display:block; width:80%; margin:45px auto 0 auto; padding:14px 50px; font-size:18px; } .search_results h4{ /*display:none;*/ text-align:left; } .sortbytoggle-wrap{ width:41.5%; float:left; margin-right:1%; /*display:block;*/ } .sort-total-wrap{ width:57.5%; float:left; } #results-orderby a{ text-align:left; } #divResultSummary{ display:block; /*justify-content:flex-end;*/ } .page_subcat_wrap{ padding:25px; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol{ display:block; width:50%; float:left; padding:10px 15px; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap{ padding:30px; height:auto; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a{ /*text-align:center;*/ font-size:18px; color:#fff; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a.active-subcat{ color:#4a90e2; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a.active-subcat::before{ content:"> "; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap h4{ display:block; } .subcat{ display:none; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap{ /*overflow-y:scroll;*/ } /*.grey-section{ padding:40px 0 100px 0; }*/ .div-container{ display:flex; } .section-title h2{ font-size:32px; } .boxed-article .ba-title{ margin:25px 0 0 0; } #cee_subcat_wrap{ /*background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5), rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.3)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-3.png); background-size:cover; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: bottom center;*/ } #label_total_shown{ display:inline-block; } .sortbytoggle-wrap, #results-orderby{ background:#4a90e2; } .results-header{ background:none; } } .category-list .category-card{ margin-bottom:0; } html { scroll-behavior: smooth; } @media (min-width:992px){ .article-single-page section .post-content .highlight{ float:right; margin: 20px 0 20px 20px; width:220px; } .mobile-related{ display:none; } .desktop-related{ display:block; } .econtalk-container{ display:flex; padding-right:15px; padding-left:15px; } #econtalk-extras-wrap .col-xl-3:first-child{ flex:0 0 50%; max-width:50%; } #econtalk-recent-image{ height:auto; width:40%; } #econtalk-recent-content{ width:60%; } #econtalk-recent-content, #econtalk-recent-image{ float:left; } #wrap-content-head{ padding:40px 40px 20px 40px; } #wrap-content-body{ padding:40px; } .btn_pill{ display:inline-block; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } .econtalk-action-btn{ display:inline-block; margin-bottom:0; width:auto; text-align:left; } .lw-col{ width:50%; } .lw-col:first-child{ margin-right:20px; } #lw-article-wrap{ display:flex; } #lw-image{ display:block; width:45%; } #lw-content{ width:55%; margin-left:10px; } #browse-by-wrap{ display:flex; } #single-episode-archive-wrap #browse-by-wrap a:first-child{ margin-right:5%; } #browse-by-wrap a:first-child{ margin-right:8%; } #browse-by-wrap a{ height:225px; width:46%; } #econtalks .grid-masonry-item{ width:305px; float:left; } #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap{ display:flex; flex-direction:row; } #podcast-wrap-mobile{ display:none; } #podcast-wrap{ display:block; float:left; width:60%; padding:40px; } #podcast-img{ float:left; width:40%; height:auto; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #nav-tabContent{ width:60%; float:left; padding:20px !important; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #single-econtalk-tab-sidebar{ width:40%; float:left; padding:20px !important; } #single-episode-archive-wrap #browse-by-wrap div{ width:43%; } #wrap-btn-pills{ display:block; } .econtalk-archive-titles{ font-size:32px; } #econtalk-related-wrap{ background:none; } .lw_btn_pill{ float:right; border-radius:25px; margin-right:0; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap nav a{ margin-left:15px; margin-right:15px; margin-bottom:0; background:#fff; } /*#econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-transcript, #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-listen{ display:inline-block; 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height:45px; line-height:45px; list-style:none; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;*/ } #template_submenu ul li{ display:inline-block; } #template_submenu .subnav-parent, #template_submenu .subnav-toggler{ display:none; } /*.previous-month, .previous-month2{ width:25%; } .current-month{ width:50%; }*/ .current-month, .previous-month, .previous-month2, .previous-month3{ width:25%; } .article-second-container .div-item{ width:49%; float:left; } .article-second-container .div-item:nth-child(even){ margin-right:0; } .div-item{ margin-bottom:0; } .video-container .div-item{ width:31%; float:left; height:auto !important; } } /* ##Device = Tablets, Ipads (portrait) ##Screen = B/w 768px to 1024px */ @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px) { /* CSS */ } /* ##Device = Tablets, Ipads (landscape) ##Screen = B/w 768px to 1024px */ @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px) and (orientation: landscape) { .site-container{ max-width:100%; } .econtalk-container{ padding-left:0; 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home_page"> <div class="row home_featured_row"> <div class="col home_featured_cl"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/scientists-are-often-ignorant/" title="Scientists Are Often Ignorant" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/DALL·E-Zizian-operating-room-1024x585.jpeg);"></a> </div> <div class="col home_featured_cr"> <p class="hf_category">Hayek, rationality, scientism, Ted Kaczynski, Zizians</p> <h1><a href="https://www.econlib.org/scientists-are-often-ignorant/" title="Scientists Are Often Ignorant">Scientists Are Often Ignorant</a></h1> <span class="hf_author">  <span class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline multiple-authors-target-shortcode box-post-id-69046 box-instance-id-1 ppma_boxes_69046" data-post_id="69046" data-instance_id="1" data-additional_class="pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode" data-original_class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper box-post-id-69046 box-instance-id-1"> <span class="ppma-layout-prefix"></span> <span class="ppma-author-category-wrap"> <span class="ppma-category-group ppma-category-group-1 category-index-0"> <span class="pp-author-boxes-avatar-details"> <span class="pp-author-boxes-name multiple-authors-name"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/author/plemieux/" rel="author" title="Pierre Lemieux" class="author url fn">Pierre Lemieux</a></span> </span> </span> </span> <span class="ppma-layout-suffix"></span> </span>  <style> .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .pp-author-boxes-avatar img { width: 80px !important; height: 80px !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .pp-author-boxes-avatar img { border-radius: 50% !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode 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.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .ppma-author-category-wrap .ppma-category-group { margin-right: px !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .ppma-author-category-wrap { font-size: px !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .ppma-author-category-wrap .ppma-category-group-title { font-weight: !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline ul.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul { display: flex; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline ul.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul li { margin-right: 10px }.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode.box-post-id-69046.box-instance-id-1.ppma_boxes_69046 ul li > div:nth-child(1) {flex: 1 !important;} </style> | Feb 24 2025 </span> <div class="hf_excerpt">The Zizians add their story to the list of ignorant scientists. Ted Kaczynski, the so-called Unabomber, a mathematics Ph.D. and Berkeley professor, was cut from the same sort of cloth. These stories would be ludicrous if they had not involved murders of innocent people and wasted lives, including the criminals’ lives, and if they did </div> <p><a class='btn' href="https://www.econlib.org/scientists-are-often-ignorant/">More</a></p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="site-container home_page"> <div class="row home_fa_row"> <h2>Featured Articles</h2> <div class="flexbox"> <div class="flexbox-item"> <p class="fa_category">Reflections from Europe</p> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2014/Jasaysinful.html" title="Having It Is Sinful" class='fa_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2003/03/Europe-background-300x200.jpeg);"></a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2014/Jasaysinful.html" title="Having It Is Sinful">Having It Is Sinful</a></h4> <p>Pope Francis is setting a course for the Church that risks subverting and degrading it and that harms both the spirit and the wellbeing of much of humanity. Early Christianity was essentially a church of and for the poor and the oppressed. However, it did not seek to rouse them against the rich and the .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2014/Jasaysinful.html">MORE</a></p> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <p class="fa_category">Featured Article</p> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2006/Mungeropportunitycost.html" title="A Fable of the OC" class='fa_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2001/08/article-1-300x200.jpg);"></a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2006/Mungeropportunitycost.html" title="A Fable of the OC">A Fable of the OC</a></h4> <p>“People often do not seem to take opportunity cost into account in the way more traditional economics would predict. It appears that we value gains differently from losses.” There’s this concert. Green Way is coming to town. To hear those great songs from American Dolt performed live you are going to stand in line, camping .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2006/Mungeropportunitycost.html">MORE</a></p> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <p class="fa_category">An Economist Looks at Europe</p> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2017/Schwartznogentleman.html" title="He Is No Gentleman" class='fa_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/EconomistLooksEurope-300x216.jpg);"></a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2017/Schwartznogentleman.html" title="He Is No Gentleman">He Is No Gentleman</a></h4> <p>Donald Trump is no gentleman; his vulgar remarks on women, his slanderous aspersions on Mexican immigrants, his intolerant condemnation of the critical media, and his aggressive pronouncements on foreign affairs during the Presidential campaign and his early tenure in office all leave an unpleasant aftertaste. There may have been some softening via the Vice President .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2017/Schwartznogentleman.html">MORE</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="site-container home_page"> <div class="row home_recent_row"> <div class="col recent_cl"> <h2>Most Recent</h2> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category"></p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/russ-and-petes-excellent-adventure-into-the-socialist-calculation-debate/" title="Russ and Pete’s Excellent Adventure into the Socialist Calculation Debate">Russ and Pete’s Excellent Adventure into the Socialist Calculation Debate</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By David Henderson</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">Labor Mobility, Immigration, Outsourcing</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/the-nyt-pivots-on-immigration/" title="The NYT pivots on immigration">The NYT pivots on immigration</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By Scott Sumner</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">Adam Smith</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/the-political-problem-of-tariffs/" title="The Political Problem of Tariffs">The Political Problem of Tariffs</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By Jon Murphy</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">Artificial Intelligence</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econtalk.org/extra/whos-afraid-of-artificial-intelligence/" title="Who’s Afraid of Artificial Intelligence?">Who’s Afraid of Artificial Intelligence?</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By Joy Buchanan</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">#ReadWithMe</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/reno-on-bringing-the-strong-gods-back/" title="Reno on Bringing the Strong Gods Back">Reno on Bringing the Strong Gods Back</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By Kevin Corcoran</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">Economic and Political Philosophy</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/where-is-h-l-mencken-when-we-need-him/" title="Where is H.L. Mencken When We Need Him?">Where is H.L. Mencken When We Need Him?</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By Pierre Lemieux</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">Trade Barriers</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/trade-sanctions-on-china/" title="Trade sanctions on China?">Trade sanctions on China?</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By Scott Sumner</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">#ReadWithMe</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/reno-on-the-political-consequences-of-banishing-the-strong-gods/" title="Reno On the Political Consequences of Banishing the Strong Gods">Reno On the Political Consequences of Banishing the Strong Gods</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By Kevin Corcoran</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">Central Planning</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/scientists-are-often-ignorant/" title="Scientists Are Often Ignorant">Scientists Are Often Ignorant</a></h4> <p class="mr_author">By Pierre Lemieux</p> </div> <div class="home_mr_items"> <p class="mr_category">History</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econtalk.org/the-struggle-that-shaped-the-middle-east-with-james-barr/" title="The Struggle That Shaped the Middle East (with James Barr)">The Struggle That Shaped the Middle East (with James Barr)</a></h4> <p class="mr_author"></p> </div> </div> <div class="col econ_cr"> <div style="display:flex;"> <h2>EconTalk</h2> <a class="econ_all_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/econtalk-archives-by-date/#content">All ></a> </div> <div class="home_et_items"> <p class="et_category">econtalk-podcast</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econtalk.org/the-struggle-that-shaped-the-middle-east-with-james-barr/" title="The Struggle That Shaped the Middle East (with James Barr)">The Struggle That Shaped the Middle East (with James Barr)</a></h4> <p>Until the end of WWI, the Middle East as we know it didn’t exist. No Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, or Iraq. Instead, there was the Ottoman Empire, whose dissolution using an arbitrary line on a map set the region on a course of upheaval that’s still with us. Listen as historian James Barr speaks with EconTalk’s Russ .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econtalk.org/the-struggle-that-shaped-the-middle-east-with-james-barr/">MORE</a></p> </div> <div class="home_et_items"> <p class="et_category">econtalk-extra</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econtalk.org/extra/innovation-and-intolerance/" title="Innovation and Intolerance">Innovation and Intolerance</a></h4> <p>How can antebellum racial violence and intolerance in America help explain the disappearance of bankers in post-Soviet Russia??? This “mystery” is at the heart of this episode in which EconTalk host Russ Roberts welcomes economist Lisa Cook to discuss her research. Cook had a notion that violent barriers to innovation might exist in both these .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econtalk.org/extra/innovation-and-intolerance/">MORE</a></p> </div> <div style="display:flex;"> <h2>EconLog</h2> <a class="econ_all_link" href="/econlog/">All ></a> </div> <div class="home_el_items"> <p class="el_category">Economic and Political Philosophy</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/where-is-h-l-mencken-when-we-need-him/" title="Where is H.L. Mencken When We Need Him?">Where is H.L. Mencken When We Need Him?</a></h4> <p>Wokeness seems to embody two features: on one hand, collectivist or groupist ideals; on the other hand, a rejection of reason and truth. Interestingly, the political opponents of wokeness in America and the world tend to reproduce these same two features—with, on the right, more emphasis on collectivist nationalism than tribal groupism. Both strands of .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/where-is-h-l-mencken-when-we-need-him/">MORE</a></p> </div> <div class="home_el_items"> <p class="el_category">Foreign Policy</p> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/my-weekly-reading-for-february-23-2025/" title="My Weekly Reading for February 23, 2025">My Weekly Reading for February 23, 2025</a></h4> <p>US ‘Democratic’ Allies Are Becoming Increasingly Authoritarian By Ted Galen Carpenter, Antiwar.com, February 17, 2025. Excerpts: A recent example of U.S. meddling in the internal affairs of another democratic country appears to have taken place in the Republic of Georgia. According to Parliament Speaker Shalva Papuashvili, USAID spent $41.7 million to support its preferred candidates in the .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/my-weekly-reading-for-february-23-2025/">MORE</a></p> </div> <div id="homeBrowseArticle"> <img src="https://staging.econlib.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/EcoLib-Logo-White.png" style="width:200px;"> <h4>LIBERTY CLASSICS SERIES</h4> <p>Explore the lasting legacies and <br>continued relevance of our classic titles.</p> <a class="btn" href="/liberty-classics/">Browse Articles</a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="site-container home_page"> <div class="row home_bt_row"> <div style="display:flex;width:100%"> <h2>Book Titles</h2> <a class="bt_all_link" href="/books/">All Books ></a> </div> <div class="flexbox"> <div class="flexbox-item"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/SmithB/smbLL.html" title="Liberty and Liberalism" class='bt_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/nonLFpub-300x213.jpg);"></a> <div class='bt_desc'> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/SmithB/smbLL.html" title="Liberty and Liberalism">Liberty and Liberalism</a></h4> <p class="bt_author">By Bruce Smith</p> <p>Biographical Remarks on Arthur Bruce Smith (1851-1937) by David M. HartBruce Smith was an Australian Barrister (a lawyer who is qualified to argue before a judge) and a Member of the Parliament of New South Wales when it was still a self-governing colony before it became one of the states in the federal Commonwealth of .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/SmithB/smbLL.html">MORE</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Keynes/kynsCP.html" title="The Economic Consequences of the Peace" class='bt_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/nonLFpub-300x213.jpg);"></a> <div class='bt_desc'> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Keynes/kynsCP.html" title="The Economic Consequences of the Peace">The Economic Consequences of the Peace</a></h4> <p class="bt_author">By John Maynard Keynes</p> <p>THE writer of this book was temporarily attached to the British Treasury during the war and was their official representative at the Paris Peace Conference up to June 7, 1919; he also sat as deputy for the Chancellor of the Exchequer on the Supreme Economic Council. He resigned from these positions when it became evident .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Keynes/kynsCP.html">MORE</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="site-container home_page"> <div class="row home_brsr_row"> <h2>Book Reviews and Suggested Readings</h2> <div class="flexbox"> <div class="flexbox-item"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2020/SkwireShiller.html" title="Sick of Metaphors: Reading Shiller’s <em>Narrative Economics</em>" class='brsr_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/narrative-300x180.jpg);"></a> <div class='brsr_desc'> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2020/SkwireShiller.html" title="Sick of Metaphors: Reading Shiller’s <em>Narrative Economics</em>">Sick of Metaphors: Reading Shiller’s <em>Narrative Economics</em></a></h4> <p class="brsr_author">By Sarah Skwire</p> <p>Book Review of Narrative Economics: How Stories Go Viral and Drive Major Economic Events.1 by Robert J. Shiller. And if you wish to adorn, borrow the metaphor from something better in the same genus, if to denigrate, from something worse. —Aristotle, Rhetoric III, 1404b It is an odd experience to be reading Robert J. Shiller’s .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2020/SkwireShiller.html">MORE</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2023/broughellongtermism.html" title="The Long, Hard Road to “Longtermism”" class='brsr_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/longtermism-300x168.jpg);"></a> <div class='brsr_desc'> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2023/broughellongtermism.html" title="The Long, Hard Road to “Longtermism”">The Long, Hard Road to “Longtermism”</a></h4> <p class="brsr_author">By James Broughel</p> <p>Book Review of What We Owe the Future, by William MacAskill.1 An issue that has long divided scholars is the question of how much weight to give to the interests of future generations, especially when making decisions of significant public importance. On one side of this issue there have been those like the University of .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2023/broughellongtermism.html">MORE</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="site-container home_page"> <div class="row home_convo_row"> <h2>Conversations</h2> <div class="flexbox"> <div class="flexbox-item"> <p class="fa_category">VIDEO</p> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/archives/2014/04/milton_friedman_conversation.html" title="A Conversation with Milton Friedman" class='convo_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/listen.jpg);"></a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/archives/2014/04/milton_friedman_conversation.html" title="A Conversation with Milton Friedman">A Conversation with Milton Friedman</a></h4> <p>Recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Milton Friedman (1912-2006) has long been recognized as one of our most important economic thinkers and a leader of the Chicago school of economics. He is the author of many books and articles in economics, including A Theory of the Consumption Function and A Monetary History .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/archives/2014/04/milton_friedman_conversation.html">MORE</a></p> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <p class="fa_category">VIDEO</p> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/videos/profile-in-liberty-friedrich-a-hayek/" title="Profile in Liberty: Friedrich A. Hayek" class='convo_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Vienna-300x223.jpg);"></a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/videos/profile-in-liberty-friedrich-a-hayek/" title="Profile in Liberty: Friedrich A. Hayek">Profile in Liberty: Friedrich A. Hayek</a></h4> <p>The twentieth century witnessed the unparalleled expansion of government power over the lives and livelihoods of individuals. Much of this was the result of two devastating world wars and totalitarian ideologies that directly challenged individual liberty and the free institutions of the open society. Other forms of expansion in the provision of social welfare and .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/videos/profile-in-liberty-friedrich-a-hayek/">MORE</a></p> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <p class="fa_category">Econlib Videos</p> <div class='convo_feat_img convo_series_img'> <a href='https://www.econlib.org/videos/'> <img src='https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/play-button.jpg'> </a> </div> <h4><a href='https://www.econlib.org/videos/'>Intellectual Portrait Series</a></h4> <p>Conversations with some of the most original thinkers of our time</p> <p><a href='https://www.econlib.org/videos/' class='btn'>Browse Videos</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="site-container home_page"> <div class="row home_guides_row"> <h2>Guides</h2> <div class="wrap-resources-dropdownlist"> <div class="resources-dropdownlist rdl-box1"> <a class="rdl-img-link " href="https://www.econlib.org/library/ReadingLists.html" alt=""> <img src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/reading-list.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large wp-post-image"> </a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/ReadingLists.html">Reading Lists by Topic</a></h4> <p>The Reading Lists by Topic pages contain some suggested readings organized by topic, including materials available on Econlib. Brief reviews or descriptions are included for many items.</p> <div class="dropdown show"> <a class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle" href="#" role="button" id="eco-reading" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Select a Topic </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" id="er-guides-ddm" aria-labelledby="eco-reading"> <input class="form-control guides-topic-search-input" id="er-guides-si" type="text" placeholder="Search.." onkeyup="filterFunction('er-guides-si', 'er-guides-ddm')"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/nineteenth.html">1800-1900: Economics Classics, including Neoclassical Thought</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/austrian.html">Austrian Economics</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/businesscycles.html">Business Cycles</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/capital.html">Capital and Investment</a> <a 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They are also appropriate for interested students, home schoolers, and newcomers to the topic of economics.</p> <div class="dropdown show"> <a class="btn btn-secondary dropdown-toggle" href="#" role="button" id="hs-guides" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Select a Topic </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" id="hs-guides-ddm" aria-labelledby="hs-guides"> <input class="form-control guides-topic-search-input" id="hs-guides-si" type="text" placeholder="Search.." onkeyup="filterFunction('hs-guides-si', 'hs-guides-ddm')"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="http://ve.councilforeconed.org/features/concepts.php">51 key economics concepts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/HighSchool/AggregateDemand.html">Aggregate Demand</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/HighSchool/AggregateSupply.html">Aggregate Supply</a> <a class="dropdown-item" 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href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/HighSchool/Scarcity.html">Scarcity</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/HighSchool/Supply.html">Supply</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/HighSchool/Technology.html">Technology</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/HighSchool/TradeExchangeandInterdependence.html">Trade, Exchange and Interdependence</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="site-container home_page"> <div class="row home_bio_row"> <h2>Economist Biographies</h2> <div id="bln_wrap"> <div class="bio_lname_link"> <div class="alphabet-list"> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#A">A</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#B">B</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#C">C</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#D">D</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#E">E</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#F">F</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#G">G</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#H">H</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#J">J</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#K">K</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#L">L</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#M">M</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#N">N</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#O">O</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#P">P</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#Q">Q</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#R">R</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#S">S</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#T">T</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#V">V</a> <a class="btn btn-alphabet" href="https://www.econlib.org/biographies/#W">W</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="site-container home_page"> <div class="row home_cee_row"> <h2>From the Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</h2> <div class="flexbox"> <div class="flexbox-item"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/cee/2008FinancialCrisis/" title="The 2008 Financial Crisis" class='cee_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/banking-300x194.jpg);"> <div>Corporations and Financial Markets , Economic History</div> </a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/cee/2008FinancialCrisis/" title="The 2008 Financial Crisis">The 2008 Financial Crisis</a></h4> <p>It was, according to accounts filtering out of the White House, an extraordinary scene. Hank Paulson, the U.S. treasury secretary and a man with a personal fortune estimated at $700m (£380m), had got down on one knee before the most powerful woman in Congress, Nancy Pelosi, and begged her to save his plan to rescue .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/cee/2008FinancialCrisis/">MORE</a></p> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/UnemploymentInsurance.html" title="Unemployment Insurance" class='cee_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Depositphotos_12286799_l-2015-300x220.jpg);"> <div>Government Policy, Labor</div> </a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/UnemploymentInsurance.html" title="Unemployment Insurance">Unemployment Insurance</a></h4> <p>[Editor’s note: some of the data have changed since this article was written in 1992. The overall structure of the unemployment insurance, however, has remained intact.]   The United States unemployment insurance program is intended to offset income lost by workers who lose their jobs as a result of employer cutbacks. The program, launched by .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/UnemploymentInsurance.html">MORE</a></p> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/AssetBackedSecurities.html" title="Asset-Backed Securities" class='cee_feat_img' style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/asset-backed-security-300x214.jpg);"> <div>The Economics of Special Markets</div> </a> <h4><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/AssetBackedSecurities.html" title="Asset-Backed Securities">Asset-Backed Securities</a></h4> <p>Of the array of creative financing techniques that came of age in the eighties, one that emerged from that tumultuous decade with its reputation intact is asset securitization. Asset-backed securities enable depository institutions, finance companies, and other corporations to “liquefy” their balance sheets (i.e., raise cash by borrowing against assets) and develop new sources of .. <a class="a_more_link" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/AssetBackedSecurities.html">MORE</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row home_quote_row"> <h2>Quotes</h2> <div> <div class="flexbox-item text-center"> <h4>Fear is in almost all cases a wretched instrument of government, and ought in particular never to be employed against any order of men who have the smallest pretensions to independency.</h4> <p> -Adam Smith </p> </div> <div class="flexbox"> <div class="flexbox-item"> <h4>Economists should, I think, face up to their basic responsibility; they should at least try to know their subject.</h4> <p> -James Buchanan <a class="fullquote text-left" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Buchanan/buchCv10.html">Full Quote >></a> </p> </div> <div class="flexbox-item"> <h4>It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest.</h4> <p> -Adam Smith <a class="fullquote text-left" href="https://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN.html">Full Quote >></a> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <footer> <div class="site-container"> <div class="row footer-row-1"> <div class="col-1 footer-logo-wrap"> <img src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/icons/torch-icon.svg" width="80" height="120"> <h4>Econlib</h4> </div> <div class="col-2 footer-description"> <h4>The Library of Economics and Liberty</h4> <h3>Liberty Fund, Inc.</h3> <p>11301 N. 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