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href="#Post-Stonewall_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Post-Stonewall activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Stonewall_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_zaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_zaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable zaps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_zaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exporting_the_zap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exporting_the_zap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Exporting the zap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exporting_the_zap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ACT_UP_and_Queer_Nation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Protest acts in the 1970s by the US LGBT</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barneyzap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c5/Barneyzap.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Sheriff's deputies face off against demonstrators at the Barney's Beanery zap, February 7, 1970</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>zap</b> is a form of political <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> that came into use in the 1970s in the United States. Popularized by the early <a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">gay liberation</a> group <a href="/wiki/Gay_Activists_Alliance" title="Gay Activists Alliance">Gay Activists Alliance</a>, a zap was a raucous public demonstration designed to embarrass a public figure or celebrity while calling the attention of both gays and straights to issues of gay rights. </p><p>Although American <a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">homophile</a> organizations had engaged in <a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Stonewall_LGBT_actions_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pre-Stonewall LGBT actions in the United States">public demonstrations</a> as early as 1959, these demonstrations tended to be peaceful <a href="/wiki/Picketing_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Picketing (protest)">picket lines</a>. Following the 1969 <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a>, considered the flashpoint of the modern gay liberation movement, younger, more radical gay activists were less interested in the staid tactics of the previous generation. Zaps targeted politicians and other public figures and many addressed the portrayal of gay people in the popular media. LGBT and AIDS activist groups continued to use zap-like tactics into the 1990s and beyond. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-Stonewall_actions">Pre-Stonewall actions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zap_(action)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre-Stonewall actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Stonewall_LGBT_actions_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pre-Stonewall LGBT actions in the United States">List of pre-Stonewall LGBT actions in the United States</a></div> <p>Beginning in 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-ft12_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continuing for the next ten years, gay people occasionally demonstrated against discriminatory attitudes toward and treatment of homosexuals. Although these sometimes took the form of <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on at least two occasions riots,<sup id="cite_ref-ft12_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ft12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the most part these were picket lines. Many of these pickets were organized by Eastern affiliates of such groups as the <a href="/wiki/Mattachine_Society" title="Mattachine Society">Mattachine Society</a> chapters out of New York City and Washington, D.C., Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/Janus_Society" title="Janus Society">Janus Society</a> and the New York chapter of <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Bilitis" title="Daughters of Bilitis">Daughters of Bilitis</a>, These groups acted under the collective name <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Homophile_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="East Coast Homophile Organizations">East Coast Homophile Organizations</a> (ECHO).<sup id="cite_ref-loughery270_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loughery270-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organized pickets tended to be in large urban population centers because these centers were where the largest concentration of homophile activists were located.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Picketers at ECHO-organized events were required to follow strict dress codes. Men had to wear ties, preferably with a jacket. Women were required to wear skirts. The dress code was imposed by Mattachine Society Washington founder <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kameny" title="Frank Kameny">Frank Kameny</a>, with the goal of portraying homosexuals as "presentable and 'employable'".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Stonewall_activism">Post-Stonewall activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zap_(action)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Post-Stonewall activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></div> <p>On June 28, 1969, the patrons of the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Inn" title="Stonewall Inn">Stonewall Inn</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">gay bar</a> located in New York City's <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>, resisted a police raid. Gay people returned to the Stonewall and the surrounding neighborhood for the next several nights for additional confrontations.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there had been two smaller riots — in Los Angeles in 1959 and <a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">San Francisco in 1966</a> — it is the Stonewall riots that have come to be seen as the flashpoint of a new gay liberation movement.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the weeks and months following Stonewall, a dramatic increase in gay political organizing took place. Among the many groups that formed was the <a href="/wiki/Gay_Activists_Alliance" title="Gay Activists Alliance">Gay Activists Alliance</a>, which focused more exclusively on organizing around gay issues and less of the general leftist political perspective taken by such other new groups as the <a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a> and Red Butterfly.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GAA member Marty Robinson is credited with developing the zap following a March 7, 1970, police raid on a gay bar called the Snake Pit.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Police arrested 167 patrons. One, an Argentine national named <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vi%C3%B1ales" title="Diego Viñales">Diego Viñales</a>, so feared the possibility of deportation that he leapt from a second-story window of the police station, impaling himself on the spikes of an iron fence.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gay journalist and activist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Evans_(activist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Evans (activist) (page does not exist)">Arthur Evans</a> later recalled how the raid and Viñales' critical injuries inspired the technique: </p><blockquote><p>The Snake Pit incident truly outraged us, and we put out a leaflet saying that, in effect, regardless of how you looked at it, Diego Viñales was pushed out the window and we were determined to stop it....There was no division for us between the political and personal. We were never given the option to make that division. We lived it. So we decided that people on the other side of the power structure were going to have the same thing happen to them. The wall that they had built protecting themselves from the personal consequences of their political decisions was going to be torn down and politics was going to become personal for them.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Zaps typically included sudden onset against vulnerable targets, noisiness, verbal assaults and media attention. Tactics included sit-ins, disruptive actions and street confrontations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GAA founding member <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bell_(journalist)" title="Arthur Bell (journalist)">Arthur Bell</a> explained the philosophy of the zap, which he described as "political theater for educating the gay masses": </p> <blockquote><p>Gays who have as yet no sense of gay pride see a zap on television or read about it in the press. First they are vaguely disturbed at the demonstrators for "rocking the boat"; eventually, when they see how the straight establishment responds, they feel anger. This anger gradually focuses on the heterosexual oppressors, and the gays develop a sense of class-consciousness. And the no-longer-closeted gays realize that assimilation into the heterosexual mainstream is no answer: gays must unite among themselves, organize their common resources for collective action, and resist.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Thus, obtaining media coverage of the zap became more important than the subject of the zap itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenbach,_p._158_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenbach,_p._158-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was precisely this anti-assimilationist attitude that led some mainstream gay people and groups to oppose zapping as a strategy. The <a href="/wiki/National_Gay_and_Lesbian_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gay and Lesbian Task Force">National Gay Task Force's</a> media director, Ronald Gold, despite having been involved in early GAA zaps, came to urge GAA not to engage in the tactic. As zaps and other activism began opening doors for nascent gay organizations like NGTF and the Gay Media Task Force, these groups became more invested in negotiating with the people within the mainstream power structures rather than in maintaining a tactic they saw as being of the outsider.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_zaps">Notable zaps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zap_(action)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable zaps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One area of special interest to GAA was how LGBT people were portrayed on television and on film. There were very few gay characters on television in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Stonewall_American_television_episodes_with_LGBT_themes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pre-Stonewall American television episodes with LGBT themes">1960s</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_1970s_American_television_episodes_with_LGBT_themes" title="List of 1970s American television episodes with LGBT themes">early 1970s</a>, and many of them were negative. Several in particular, including episodes of <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Welby,_M.D." title="Marcus Welby, M.D.">Marcus Welby, M.D.</a></i> in 1973 and 1974 and a 1974 episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Police_Woman_(TV_series)" title="Police Woman (TV series)">Police Woman</a></i>, were deemed especially egregious, with their presentation of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology" title="Homosexuality and psychology">homosexuality as a mental illness</a>, gays as child molesters and lesbians as psychotic killers echoing similar portrayals that continued <a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Stonewall_American_television_episodes_with_LGBT_themes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pre-Stonewall American television episodes with LGBT themes">a trend that dated back to before 1961</a>. </p><p>In response to the 1973 <i>Welby</i> episode, "<a href="/wiki/The_Other_Martin_Loring" title="The Other Martin Loring">The Other Martin Loring</a>", a GAA representative tried to negotiate with ABC,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but when negotiations failed GAA zapped ABC's New York headquarters on February 16, 1973, picketing ABC's New York City headquarters and sending 30-40 members to occupy the office of ABC president <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Goldenson" title="Leonard Goldenson">Leonard Goldenson</a>. Executives offered to meet with two GAA representatives but GAA insisted that all protesters be present. The network refused. All but six of the zappers then left; the final six were arrested but charges were later dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When NBC aired "<a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_Evil_(Police_Woman)" title="Flowers of Evil (Police Woman)">Flowers of Evil</a>", an episode of <i>Police Woman</i> about a trio of lesbians murdering nursing home residents for their money, it was met with a zap by <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Feminist_Liberation" title="Lesbian Feminist Liberation">Lesbian Feminist Liberation</a>. LFL, which had split from GAA over questions of lack of male attention to women's issues, zapped NBC's New York office on November 19, occupying the office of vice president <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herminio_Traviesas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herminio Traviesas (page does not exist)">Herminio Traviesas</a> overnight. NBC agreed not to rerun the episode.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LFL had earlier zapped an episode of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dick_Cavett_Show" title="The Dick Cavett Show">The Dick Cavett Show</a></i> on which anti-feminist author <a href="/wiki/George_Gilder" title="George Gilder">George Gilder</a> was the guest.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zaps could sometimes involve physical altercations and vandalism. GAA co-founder Morty Manford got into scuffles with security and administration during his successful effort to found the student club Gay People at Columbia University in 1971, as well as at a famous protest against homophobia at the elite <a href="/wiki/Inner_Circle_(parody_group)" title="Inner Circle (parody group)">Inner Circle</a> event in 1972 (which led Morty's mother <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Manford" title="Jeanne Manford">Jeanne Manford</a> to found <a href="/wiki/PFLAG" title="PFLAG">PFLAG</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GAA was later associated with a series of combative "super-zaps" against homophobic politicians and anti-gay business owners in the summer of 1977. On one occasion activists threw eggs and firecrackers at the home of Adam Walinsky, a state official who had denounced new gay rights legislation for New York, and cut the phone lines of his house. Although <i>Time</i> magazine derided them as "Gay goons", and Walinsky won an injunction against protests near his home, the actions succeeded in keeping the conservative backlash of the late-1970s out of New York state.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Activist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Segal" title="Mark Segal">Mark Segal</a> was a very active zapper, usually acting alone, sometimes with a compatriot operating under the name "Gay Raiders". His guerilla zaps frequently drew national news coverage, sometimes from the target of the zaps themselves. Some of his more successful zaps include: chaining himself to a railing at a taping of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson" title="The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson">The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson</a></i> in early March 1973;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> handcuffing himself and a friend to a camera at a 7 May 1973 taping of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mike_Douglas_Show" title="The Mike Douglas Show">The Mike Douglas Show</a></i> after producers cancelled a planned discussion of gay issues;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> disrupting a live broadcast of <i><a href="/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Today (NBC program)">The Today Show</a></i> on 26 October 1973<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (resulting in an off-camera interview with <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Walters" title="Barbara Walters">Barbara Walters</a>, who explained the reason for the zap);<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and interrupting <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a> during a live newscast of the <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_Evening_News" title="CBS Evening News">CBS Evening News</a></i> on 11 December 1973 by rushing the set with a sign reading <i>Gays Protest CBS Prejudice</i> (after a brief interruption, Cronkite reported the zap).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politicians and other public figures were also the targets of zaps. New York Mayor <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a> was an early and frequent GAA target, with GAA insisting that Lindsay take a public stance on gay rights issues. Lindsay, elected as a liberal Republican, preferred quiet coalition building and also feared that publicly endorsing gay rights would damage his chances at the Presidency; he refused to speak publicly in favor of gay rights and refused to meet with GAA to discuss passing a citywide anti-discrimination ordinance.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenbach,_p._158_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenbach,_p._158-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group's first zap, on April 13, 1970,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involved infiltrating opening night of the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_House_(Lincoln_Center)" title="Metropolitan Opera House (Lincoln Center)">Metropolitan Opera</a> season, shouting gay slogans when the mayor and his wife made their entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lindsay was zapped again on April 19 as he taped an episode of his weekly television program, <i>With Mayor Lindsay</i>. Approximately 40 GAA members obtained tickets to the taping. Some GAA members rushed the stage calling for the mayor to endorse gay rights; others called out comments from the audience, booed, stomped their feet and otherwise disrupted taping. One notable exchange came when the mayor noted it was illegal to blow car horns in New York, drawing the response "It's illegal to blow a lot of things!"<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Lindsay announced his candidacy for the Presidency in the 1972 election, GAA saw the opportunity to bring gay issues to national attention and demanded of each potential candidate a pledge to support anti-discrimination. Lindsay was among those who responded favorably.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is "responded favorably" supposed to mean in a neutral point of view article? (February 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zapping migrated to the West Coast as early as 1970, when a coalition of several Los Angeles groups targeted <a href="/wiki/Barney%27s_Beanery" title="Barney's Beanery">Barney's Beanery</a>. Barney's had long displayed a wooden sign at its bar reading "FAGOTS [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] – STAY OUT". Although there were few reports of actual anti-gay discrimination at Barney's, activists found the sign's presence galling and refused to patronize the place, even when gay gatherings were held there. On February 7, over 100 people converged on Barney's. They engaged in picketing and leafletting outside and occupied tables for long periods inside with small orders.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The owner of Barney's not only refused to take down the sign, he put up more signs made of cardboard, harassed the gay customers inside, refused service to them, ordered them out of the restaurant and eventually assaulted a customer and called the sheriff. After several hours and consultation with the sheriff's department, the original wooden sign was taken down and stored out of sight and the new cardboard signs were removed and distributed among the demonstrators.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Encouraged by GAA co-founder <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bell_(journalist)" title="Arthur Bell (journalist)">Arthur Bell</a>, in his capacity as a columnist for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>, activists employed zaps against <a href="/wiki/William_Friedkin" title="William Friedkin">William Friedkin</a> and the cast and crew of the 1980 film <i><a href="/wiki/Cruising_(film)" title="Cruising (film)">Cruising</a></i>. In 1979, <i>Cruising</i> opponents blew whistles, shined lights into camera lenses and otherwise disrupted filming to protest how the gay community and the leather sub-culture in particular were being portrayed.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exporting_the_zap">Exporting the zap</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zap_(action)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exporting the zap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emerging activist groups in other countries adopted the zap as a tactic. The British GLF <a href="/wiki/UK_Gay_Liberation_Front_1971_Festival_of_Light_action" title="UK Gay Liberation Front 1971 Festival of Light action">zapped the Festival of Light</a>, a morality campaign, in 1971. GLF member <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tatchell" title="Peter Tatchell">Peter Tatchell</a> has continued to engage in zaps in the intervening decades, both singly and in association with such organizations as the British GLF and <a href="/wiki/OutRage!" title="OutRage!">OutRage!</a>. In Australia, Sydney Gay Liberation perpetrated a series of zaps beginning in 1973, including engaging in public displays of affection, leafletting and sitting in at a pub rumored to be refusing service to gay customers. Gay Activists Alliance in Adelaide zapped a variety of targets, including a gynecologist perceived to be anti-lesbian, a religious conference at <a href="/wiki/Uniting_College_for_Leadership_and_Theology" title="Uniting College for Leadership and Theology">Parkin-Wesley College</a> and politicians and public figures such as <a href="/wiki/Steele_Hall_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steele Hall (Australian politician)">Steele Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernie_Sigley" title="Ernie Sigley">Ernie Sigley</a>, John Court and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Whitehouse" title="Mary Whitehouse">Mary Whitehouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ACT_UP_and_Queer_Nation">ACT UP and Queer Nation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zap_(action)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: ACT UP and Queer Nation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to the <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> epidemic, the direct action group <a href="/wiki/AIDS_Coalition_To_Unleash_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS Coalition To Unleash Power">AIDS Coalition To Unleash Power</a> (ACT UP) formed in 1987. ACT UP adopted a zap-like form of direct action reminiscent of the earlier GAA-style zaps. Some of these included: a March 24, 1987 "die-in" on <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>, in which 250 people demonstrated against what they saw as price gouging for anti-HIV drugs; the October 1988 attempted shut-down of the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)">Food and Drug Administration</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland" title="Rockville, Maryland">Rockville, Maryland</a>, to protest perceived foot-dragging in approving new AIDS treatments; and perhaps most notoriously, <a href="/wiki/Stop_the_Church" title="Stop the Church">Stop the Church</a>, a December 12, 1989, demonstration in and around <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York">St. Patrick's Cathedral</a> in opposition to the Catholic Church's opposition to condom use to prevent the spread of HIV.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Queer_Nation" title="Queer Nation">Queer Nation</a> formed in 1990 and adopted the militant tactics of ACT UP and applied them more generally to LGBT issues. Queer Nation members were known for entering social spaces like straight bars and clubs and engaging in straight-identified behaviour like playing <a href="/wiki/Spin_the_bottle" title="Spin the bottle">spin the bottle</a> to make the point that most public spaces were straight spaces. QN would stage "kiss-ins" in public places like shopping malls or sidewalks, both as a shock tactic directed at heterosexuals and to point out that gay people should be able to engage in the same public behaviours as straight people. Echoing the disruption a decade earlier during the filming of <i>Cruising</i>, Queer Nation and other direct action groups disrupted filming of <i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Instinct" title="Basic Instinct">Basic Instinct</a></i> over what they believed were negative portrayals of lesbian and bisexual women.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zap_(action)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charivari" title="Charivari">Charivari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egging" title="Egging">Egging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitter_bombing" title="Glitter bombing">Glitter bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inking_(attack)" title="Inking (attack)">Inking (attack)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieing" title="Pieing">Pieing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe-throwing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoe-throwing">Shoe-throwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelyonka_attack" title="Zelyonka attack">Zelyonka attack</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zap_(action)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This tactic was employed decades later against the <a href="/wiki/Cracker_Barrel" title="Cracker Barrel">Cracker Barrel</a> restaurant chain when it instituted a policy of refusing to employ gay workers. It became known as a "sip-in".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The original sign was put up and taken down several times over the next 14 years until <a href="/wiki/West_Hollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="West Hollywood">West Hollywood</a>, newly incorporated as a city, permanently removed the sign under a newly passed LGBT anti-discrimination ordinance in December 1984 (Kenney, p. 50).</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zap_(action)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ft12-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ft12_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ft12_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Faderman and Timmons, pp. 1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStein2005" class="citation web cs1">Stein, Marc (2005-05-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090624232031/http://hnn.us/articles/11652.html">"The First Gay Sit-In"</a>. History News Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/articles/11652.html">the original</a> on June 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Gay+Sit-In&rft.pub=History+News+Network&rft.date=2005-05-09&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Farticles%2F11652.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZap+%28action%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loughery270-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-loughery270_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loughery, p. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, p. 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loughery, p. 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duberman, p. xi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bianco, p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teal, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clendinen, p.52-54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teal, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Carter, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gross, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisenbach,_p._158-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenbach,_p._158_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenbach,_p._158_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eisenbach, p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Capsuto, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Capsuto, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tropiano, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Capsuto, pp. 112–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Capsuto, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Eisenbach, Gay Power: An American Revolution (Da Capo Press, 2007), pg. 183-194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1992" class="citation news cs1">Lambert, Bruce (May 15, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/15/nyregion/morty-manford-41-a-lawyer-and-early-gay-rights-advocate.html">"Morty Manford, 41, a Lawyer and Early Gay Rights Advocate"</a>. N.Y. / Region. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Morty+Manford%2C+41%2C+a+Lawyer+and+Early+Gay+Rights+Advocate&rft.date=1992-05-15&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F05%2F15%2Fnyregion%2Fmorty-manford-41-a-lawyer-and-early-gay-rights-advocate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZap+%28action%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>WALINSKY v. KENNEDY</i></cite> (Supreme Court, Westchester County November 25, 1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leagle.com/decision/197721594Misc2d121_1193.xml/WALINSKY%20v.%20KENNEDY">Text</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1994" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Joseph J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaynewsandviews.com/"><i>Summer of 77: The Last Hurrah of the Gay Activists Alliance</i></a>. PPC Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884544-002" title="Special:BookSources/1-884544-002"><bdi>1-884544-002</bdi></a> – via Gaynewsandviews.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summer+of+77%3A+The+Last+Hurrah+of+the+Gay+Activists+Alliance&rft.pub=PPC+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-884544-002&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaynewsandviews.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZap+%28action%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,915339,00.html">"Americana: The Gay Goons"</a>. <i>Time</i>. August 29, 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Americana%3A+The+Gay+Goons&rft.date=1977-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C915339%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZap+%28action%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapsuto,_Steven2000" class="citation book cs1">Capsuto, Steven (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npCFAAAAIAAJ"><i>Alternate Channels: The Uncensored Story of Gay and Lesbian Images on Radio and Television</i></a>. Ballantine Books. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780345412430" title="Special:BookSources/9780345412430"><bdi>9780345412430</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternate+Channels%3A+The+Uncensored+Story+of+Gay+and+Lesbian+Images+on+Radio+and+Television&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780345412430&rft.au=Capsuto%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnpCFAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZap+%28action%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstonlgbthistory.org/Houston80s/Assorted%20Pubs/GAY/Gay-4-104-19730618.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Raider" hits Mike Douglas Show"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gay</i>. 18 June 1973. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gay&rft.atitle=%22Raider%22+hits+Mike+Douglas+Show&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1973-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonlgbthistory.org%2FHouston80s%2FAssorted%2520Pubs%2FGAY%2FGay-4-104-19730618.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZap+%28action%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Capsuto, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein,_Marc2019" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Marc (7 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4VZxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA233"><i>The Stonewall Riots: A Documentary History</i></a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781479858286" title="Special:BookSources/9781479858286"><bdi>9781479858286</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stonewall+Riots%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft.isbn=9781479858286&rft.au=Stein%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4VZxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZap+%28action%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Capsuto, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gross, pp. 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teal, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gross, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teal, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eisenbach, p. 171–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teal, pp. 255–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2007" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Nathan (2007-08-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villagevoice.com/film/0736,lee,77663,20.html">"Gay Old Time"</a>. <i>Village Voice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Gay+Old+Time&rft.date=2007-08-27&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2Ffilm%2F0736%2Clee%2C77663%2C20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZap+%28action%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willett, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bronski, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoxDonna_Rosenthal1991" class="citation news cs1">Fox, David J; Donna Rosenthal (1991-04-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-04-29-ca-750-story.html">"Gays Bashing 'Basic Instinct'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Gays+Bashing+%27Basic+Instinct%27&rft.date=1991-04-29&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=David+J&rft.au=Donna+Rosenthal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-04-29-ca-750-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZap+%28action%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zap_(action)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bianco, David (1999). <i>Gay Essentials: Facts For Your Queer Brain</i>. Los Angeles, Alyson Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55583-508-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55583-508-2">1-55583-508-2</a>.</li> <li>Bronski, Michael (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Queer_History_of_the_United_States" title="A Queer History of the United States">A Queer History of the United States</a></i>. Boston, Beacon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4439-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4439-1">978-0-8070-4439-1</a>.</li> <li>Campbell, J. Louis (2007). <i>Jack Nichols, Gay Pioneer: "Have You Heard My Message?"</i>. Haworth Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56023-653-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56023-653-1">1-56023-653-1</a>.</li> <li>Capsuto, Steven (2000). <i>Alternate Channels: The Uncensored Story of Gay and Lesbian Images on Radio and Television</i>. Ballantine Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-41243-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-41243-5">0-345-41243-5</a>.</li> <li>Carter, David (2005). <i>Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution</i>. Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-34269-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-34269-1">0-312-34269-1</a>.</li> <li>Clendinen, Dudley (1999). <i>Out for good : the struggle to build a gay rights movement in America</i>. Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-81091-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-81091-3">0-684-81091-3</a>.</li> <li>Duberman, Martin (1993). <i>Stonewall</i>. Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-93602-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-93602-5">0-525-93602-5</a>.</li> <li>Eisenbach, David (2006). <i>Gay Power: An American Revolution</i>. Carroll & Graf Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-1633-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-1633-9">0-7867-1633-9</a>.</li> <li>Faderman, Lillian and Stuart Timmons (2006). <i>Gay L.A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, and Lipstick Lesbians</i>. Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02288-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02288-X">0-465-02288-X</a>.</li> <li>Gross, Larry P. (2001). <i>Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America</i>. Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11952-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11952-6">0-231-11952-6</a>.</li> <li>Kenney, Moira (2001). <i>Mapping Gay L.A.: The Intersection of Place and Politics</i>. Temple University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-884-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-884-3">1-56639-884-3</a>.</li> <li>Loughery, John (1998). <i>The Other Side of Silence – Men's Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History</i>. New York, Henry Holt and Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-3896-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-3896-5">0-8050-3896-5</a>.</li> <li>Miller, Neil (1995). <i>Out of the Past: Gay and Lesbian History from 1869 to the Present</i>. New York, Vintage Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-957691-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-957691-0">0-09-957691-0</a>.</li> <li>Teal, Donn (1971, reissued 1995). <i>The Gay Militants: How Gay Liberation Began in America, 1969–1971</i>. New York, St. Martin's Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-11279-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-11279-3">0-312-11279-3</a> (1995 edition).</li> <li>Tropiano, Stephen (2002). <i>The Prime Time Closet: A History of Gays and Lesbians on TV</i>. New York, Applause Theatre and Cinema Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55783-557-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55783-557-8">1-55783-557-8</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zap_(action)&oldid=1247450465">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zap_(action)&oldid=1247450465</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_in_LGBTQ_history" title="Category:1970s in LGBTQ history">1970s in LGBTQ history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_civil_rights_demonstrations" title="Category:LGBTQ civil rights demonstrations">LGBTQ civil rights demonstrations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_disobedience" title="Category:Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protest_tactics" title="Category:Protest tactics">Protest tactics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_February_2014" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2014">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2014</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 September 2024, at 09:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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