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class="card-image entry-image"> <img property="image" width="1200" height="800" src="https://news.nd.edu/assets/611727/1200x800/mc_32725_hesburgh_lecture_danielle_allen_15jpg.jpg" alt="A woman with medium skintone and close-cropped, curly dark brown hair, stands in front of a large screen projecting a presentation titled, &quot;Bringing democracy back from the brink.&quot; She wearing a light gray blazer, white button down shirt and dark pants."> </div> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <div class="meta"> <link property="publisher" resource="#siteorg"><link property="description" content="Speaking as part of the 2024-25 Notre Dame Forum, Danielle Allen, the James Bryant Conant University Professor and director of the Allen Lab for Democracy at&amp;#8230;" href="/news/danielle-allen-discusses-the-current-state-of-democracy-encourages-focus-on-state-government/"> <div property="author" typeof="Person"><meta property="name" content="Jessica Sieff"></div> <p class="meta-item publish-info"><time property="datePublished" datetime="2025-04-03T14:45:00-05:00">April 03, 2025</time></p> </div> <h2 class="article-title card-title" property="headline"> <a class="card-link" href="/news/danielle-allen-discusses-the-current-state-of-democracy-encourages-focus-on-state-government/">Danielle Allen discusses the current state of democracy, encourages focus on state government</a> </h2> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="heading-action"> <h2>ND in the News</h2> <a class="btn btn-inline btn-more" href="/nd-in-the-news/">More ND in the News</a> </div> <div class="media-mention national-catholic-reporter"> <div class="card card-body hover-bg"> <div class="card-image publication-logo"> <!-- /images/publications/national-catholic-reporter.png --> <!-- item.publication.logo_url --> <img class="publication-logo-img" alt="National Catholic Reporter" src="/images/publications/national-catholic-reporter.png" width="800" height="135" loading="lazy"> <p>National Catholic Reporter</p> </div> <div class="card-content"> <h2 class="card-title entry-title"><a class="card-link" href="https://www.ncronline.org/opinion/guest-voices/america-secular-what-changing-religious-landscape-means-us-politics" target="_blank" id="mm_21293" rel="noopener">America the secular? What a changing religious landscape means for US politics</a></h2> <div class="summary"> <p class="entry-date">April 03, 2025</p> <p>By <strong>David Campbell,</strong> the Packey J. Dee Professor of American Democracy, University of Notre Dame; and <strong>Geoffrey C. Layman, </strong>Professor of Political Science, University of Notre Dame.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="media-mention osv-news"> <div class="card card-body hover-bg"> <div class="card-image publication-logo"> <!-- /images/publications/osv-news.png --> <!-- item.publication.logo_url --> <img class="publication-logo-img" alt="OSV News" src="/images/publications/osv-news.png" width="800" height="207" loading="lazy"> <p>OSV News</p> </div> <div class="card-content"> <h2 class="card-title entry-title"><a class="card-link" href="https://www.osvnews.com/as-laudato-si-turns-10-experts-urge-greater-response-to-popes-urgent-message-on-climate/" target="_blank" id="mm_21289" rel="noopener">As ‘Laudato Si” turns 10, experts urge greater response to pope’s urgent message on climate</a></h2> <div class="summary"> <p class="entry-date">April 02, 2025</p> <p>&ldquo;There is polarization between political factions that has weakened this response to the call for creation care,&rdquo; said <strong>Sister Damien Marie Savino</strong>, a Franciscan Sister of the Eucharist who is dean of science and sustainability at Aquinas College in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and is a visiting fellow at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana.</p> <p><br><br></p> <p>At Notre Dame&rsquo;s <strong>Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies</strong>, scholars will reflect on &ldquo;Laudato Si'&rdquo; in an April 15 panel titled &ldquo;Ten Years of Laudato Si&rsquo;: Operationalizing Integral Ecology.&rdquo;</p> <p>&ldquo;I think there are small outcroppings of things that actually wholly align with &lsquo;Laudato Si&rsquo;,&rsquo; but it&rsquo;s certainly not at any accelerating rate that&rsquo;ll make a substantive difference,&rdquo; said <strong>Richard Marcantonio</strong>, an assistant professor of environment, peace and global affairs at the Kroc Institute.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="media-mention unknown"> <div class="card card-body hover-bg"> <div class="card-image "> <p class="h5">HuffPost, Yahoo! News</p> </div> <div class="card-content"> <h2 class="card-title entry-title"><a class="card-link" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/laurence-tribe-donald-trump-third-term_n_67eb8bf2e4b001c7dedc7d7f" target="_blank" id="mm_21288" rel="noopener">Laurence Tribe Sounds Alarm On How Donald Trump Could Actually Serve Again</a></h2> <div class="summary"> <p class="entry-date">April 02, 2025</p> <p>And Notre Dame professor<strong> Derek Muller</strong> has argued there isn&rsquo;t &ldquo;any &lsquo;one weird trick&rsquo; to getting around presidential term limits,&rdquo; suggesting Trump&rsquo;s rhetoric is, as a &ldquo;lame-duck president,&rdquo; just intended to &ldquo;show as much strength as possible.&rdquo;</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="media-mention newsweek"> <div class="card card-body hover-bg"> <div class="card-image publication-logo"> <!-- /images/publications/newsweek.png --> <!-- item.publication.logo_url --> <img class="publication-logo-img" alt="Newsweek" src="/images/publications/newsweek.png" width="800" height="113" loading="lazy"> <p>Newsweek</p> </div> <div class="card-content"> <h2 class="card-title entry-title"><a class="card-link" href="https://www.newsweek.com/jim-acosta-flaots-trump-third-term-path-2053917" target="_blank" id="mm_21286" rel="noopener">Jim Acosta Floats 'Realistic' Way Trump Could Attempt Third Term</a></h2> <div class="summary"> <p class="entry-date">April 02, 2025</p> <p><strong>Derek Muller, </strong>a professor of election law at Notre Dame, told The Associated Press: "I don't think there's any 'one weird trick' to getting around presidential term limits. A lame-duck president like Donald Trump has every incentive in the world to make it seem like he's not a lame duck."</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="media-mention osv-news"> <div class="card card-body hover-bg"> <div class="card-image publication-logo"> <!-- /images/publications/osv-news.png --> <!-- item.publication.logo_url --> <img class="publication-logo-img" alt="OSV News" src="/images/publications/osv-news.png" width="800" height="207" loading="lazy"> <p>OSV News</p> </div> <div class="card-content"> <h2 class="card-title entry-title"><a class="card-link" href="https://www.osvnews.com/notre-dame-law-school-gathering-makes-case-for-abolishing-death-penalty/" target="_blank" id="mm_21287" rel="noopener">Notre Dame Law School gathering makes case for abolishing death penalty</a></h2> <div class="summary"> <p class="entry-date">April 02, 2025</p> <p>&ldquo;Anyone who has spent any time in any Catholic school must realize that they&rsquo;ve spent time face-to-face with the violence, brutality and innate inhumanity of the death penalty,&rdquo; said <strong>G. Marcus Cole,</strong> Notre Dame Law School dean.&nbsp;</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p class="mentions-footnote"><strong class="visually-hidden">Disclaimer:</strong> <em>The opinions expressed in these articles do not necessarily reflect those of the University.</em></p> </div> <div class="section section--home-latest-news span-lg-2"> <div class="heading-action"> <h2>Latest News</h2> <a class="btn btn-inline btn-more" href="/latest-news/">More Latest News</a> </div> <ul class="no-bullets"> <li> <article class="article snippet card horizontal-sm compact hover-bg hover-grow" id="news_171397" typeof="NewsArticle"> <div class="card-image entry-image"> <img property="image" width="1200" height="800" loading="lazy" src="https://news.nd.edu/assets/597068/1200x800/42815_dome_feature.jpg" alt="The golden dome of the main building of the University of Notre Dame"> </div> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <div class="meta"> <link property="publisher" resource="#siteorg"><link property="description" content="A record-tying four University of Notre Dame students have been named 2025 Goldwater Scholars in recognition of their exceptional promise as future leaders in the natural sciences, engineering and mathematics." href="/news/record-tying-four-notre-dame-students-named-2025-goldwater-scholars/"> <div property="author" typeof="Person"><meta property="name" content="Erin Blasko"></div> <p class="meta-item publish-info hidden"><time property="datePublished" datetime="2025-04-04T11:00:00-05:00">April 04, 2025</time></p> </div> <h3 class="article-title card-title" property="headline"> <a class="card-link" href="/news/record-tying-four-notre-dame-students-named-2025-goldwater-scholars/">Record-tying four Notre Dame students named 2025 Goldwater Scholars</a> </h3> </div> </article></li> <li> <article class="article snippet card horizontal-sm compact hover-bg hover-grow" id="news_171395" typeof="NewsArticle"> <div class="card-image entry-image"> <img property="image" width="1200" height="800" loading="lazy" src="https://news.nd.edu/assets/573290/1200x800/in_memoriam_feature.jpg" alt="Candles in the Grotto"> </div> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <div class="meta"> <link property="publisher" resource="#siteorg"><link property="description" content="Elizabeth Nanovic, a founding benefactor and advisory board member of the Nanovic Institute for European Studies, part of the Keough School of Global Affairs at the University of Notre Dame, passed away on March 30. She was 90." href="/news/notre-dame-remembers-elizabeth-nanovic-a-founding-benefactor-of-the-nanovic-institute/"> <div property="author" typeof="Person"><meta property="name" content="Keith Sayer"></div> <p class="meta-item publish-info hidden"><time property="datePublished" datetime="2025-04-03T13:32:00-05:00">April 03, 2025</time></p> </div> <h3 class="article-title card-title" property="headline"> <a class="card-link" href="/news/notre-dame-remembers-elizabeth-nanovic-a-founding-benefactor-of-the-nanovic-institute/">In memoriam: Elizabeth Nanovic, founding benefactor of the Nanovic Institute</a> </h3> </div> </article></li> <li> <article class="article snippet card horizontal-sm compact hover-bg hover-grow" id="news_171240" typeof="NewsArticle"> <div class="card-image entry-image"> <img property="image" width="1200" height="800" loading="lazy" src="https://news.nd.edu/assets/611331/1200x800/vff_kate_manfred.png" alt="Students enrolled in the Visa Fintech Foundations program listen to"> </div> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <div class="meta"> <link property="publisher" resource="#siteorg"><link property="description" content="Through a pilot partnership between Visa and the Meruelo Family Center for Career Development, University of Notre Dame undergraduate students now have the opportunity to learn about the financial technology (fintech) industry while also exploring career possibilities in the field." href="/news/meruelo-family-center-for-career-development-partners-with-visa-to-launch-inaugural-visa-fintech-foundations-program/"> <div property="author" typeof="Person"><meta property="name" content="Kate Morgan"></div> <p class="meta-item publish-info hidden"><time property="datePublished" datetime="2025-04-02T11:00:00-05:00">April 02, 2025</time></p> </div> <h3 class="article-title card-title" property="headline"> <a class="card-link" href="/news/meruelo-family-center-for-career-development-partners-with-visa-to-launch-inaugural-visa-fintech-foundations-program/">Meruelo Center partners with Visa to launch inaugural Visa Fintech Foundations program</a> </h3> </div> </article></li> <li> <article class="article snippet card horizontal-sm compact hover-bg hover-grow" id="news_171284" typeof="NewsArticle"> <div class="card-image entry-image"> <img property="image" width="1200" height="800" loading="lazy" src="https://news.nd.edu/assets/611428/1200x800/pupil.jpeg" alt="Up close image of a human eye"> </div> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <div class="meta"> <link property="publisher" resource="#siteorg"><link property="description" content="In a recent study supported by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory and the Army Research Institute, Notre Dame psychologist Matthew Robison&amp;nbsp;documented a phenomenon in eye movement &amp;mdash; or &amp;ldquo;oculomotor dynamics&amp;rdquo; &amp;mdash; that links a steady, focused gaze with superior levels of performance." href="/news/quiet-eye-a-notre-dame-psychologist-identifies-the-links-between-a-steady-gaze-and-elite-performance/"> <div property="author" typeof="Person"><meta property="name" content="Brett Beasley"></div> <p class="meta-item publish-info hidden"><time property="datePublished" datetime="2025-04-01T15:26:00-05:00">April 01, 2025</time></p> </div> <h3 class="article-title card-title" property="headline"> <a class="card-link" href="/news/quiet-eye-a-notre-dame-psychologist-identifies-the-links-between-a-steady-gaze-and-elite-performance/">‘Quiet eye’: Notre Dame psychologist identifies links between a steady gaze and elite performance</a> </h3> </div> </article></li> <li> <article class="article snippet card horizontal-sm compact hover-bg hover-grow" id="news_171215" typeof="NewsArticle"> <div class="card-image entry-image"> <img property="image" width="1200" height="800" loading="lazy" src="https://news.nd.edu/assets/611133/1200x800/church_small.jpg" alt="Group of students and a dog pose in front of a white adobe church with a cross and bell tower under a clear blue sky."> </div> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <div class="meta"> <link property="publisher" resource="#siteorg"><link property="description" content="This year, the Institute for Ethics and the Common Good (ECG) launched On Purpose, a new education and formation opportunity. Inspired by the 2024&amp;ndash;25 Notre Dame Forum theme of &amp;ldquo;What do we owe each other?&amp;rdquo;, the On Purpose program creates immersion experiences that allow undergraduates to engage with practitioners who demonstrate profound commitments to human dignity in challenging situations." href="/news/new-on-purpose-immersion-experiences-help-notre-dame-students-hone-their-moral-compasses-over-spring-break/"> <div property="author" typeof="Person"><meta property="name" content="Laura Moran Walton"></div> <p class="meta-item publish-info hidden"><time property="datePublished" datetime="2025-03-31T13:00:00-05:00">March 31, 2025</time></p> </div> <h3 class="article-title card-title" property="headline"> <a class="card-link" href="/news/new-on-purpose-immersion-experiences-help-notre-dame-students-hone-their-moral-compasses-over-spring-break/">New On Purpose immersion experiences help Notre Dame students hone their moral compasses over spring break</a> </h3> </div> </article></li> <li> <article class="article snippet card horizontal-sm compact hover-bg hover-grow" id="news_171197" typeof="NewsArticle"> <div class="card-image entry-image"> <img property="image" width="1200" height="800" loading="lazy" src="https://news.nd.edu/assets/610991/1200x800/nd_pop_graphic_1200x675.jpg" alt="A large red magnifying glass lies on a bright blue surface surrounded by numerous tiny figurines of people."> </div> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <div class="meta"> <link property="publisher" resource="#siteorg"><link property="description" content="Fertility rates across the world have been steadily dropping since 1950. Pinpointing the reasons is at the heart of Lakshmi Iyer&#39;s work as a professor of economics and global affairs. Her research&amp;nbsp;exemplifies the kind of population-level research that&amp;nbsp;Notre Dame Population Analytics (ND Pop), a new research initiative at the University, seeks to foster." href="/news/who-the-messenger-is-matters-cultural-leaders-can-positively-influence-population-growth/"> <div property="author" typeof="Person"><meta property="name" content="Tracy DeStazio"></div> <p class="meta-item publish-info hidden"><time property="datePublished" datetime="2025-03-31T10:50:00-05:00">March 31, 2025</time></p> </div> <h3 class="article-title card-title" property="headline"> <a class="card-link" href="/news/who-the-messenger-is-matters-cultural-leaders-can-positively-influence-population-growth/">‘Who the messenger is matters’: Cultural leaders can positively influence population growth</a> </h3> </div> </article></li> <li> <article class="article snippet card horizontal-sm compact hover-bg hover-grow" id="news_171190" typeof="NewsArticle"> <div class="card-image entry-image"> <img property="image" width="1200" height="800" loading="lazy" src="https://news.nd.edu/assets/610579/1200x800/kerry_robinson_1200.jpg" alt="A woman with shoulder-length brown hair smiles against a purple backdrop. She wears a black blazer over a royal blue top and a silver necklace."> </div> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <div class="meta"> <link property="publisher" resource="#siteorg"><link property="description" content="Kerry Alys Robinson, the president and chief executive officer of Catholic Charities USA, has been selected to receive the University of Notre Dame&amp;rsquo;s 2025 Laetare Medal &amp;mdash; the oldest and most prestigious honor given to American Catholics &amp;mdash; at Notre Dame&amp;rsquo;s 180th University Commencement Ceremony on May 18 (Sunday)." href="/news/kerry-alys-robinson-president-and-ceo-of-catholic-charities-usa-to-receive-2025-laetare-medal/"> <div property="author" typeof="Person"><meta property="name" content="Carrie Gates"></div> <p class="meta-item publish-info hidden"><time property="datePublished" datetime="2025-03-30T09:00:00-05:00">March 30, 2025</time></p> </div> <h3 class="article-title card-title" property="headline"> <a class="card-link" href="/news/kerry-alys-robinson-president-and-ceo-of-catholic-charities-usa-to-receive-2025-laetare-medal/">Kerry Alys Robinson, president and CEO of Catholic Charities USA, to receive 2025 Laetare Medal</a> </h3> </div> </article></li> <li> <article class="article snippet card horizontal-sm compact hover-bg hover-grow" id="news_171192" typeof="NewsArticle"> <div class="card-image entry-image"> <img property="image" width="1200" height="800" loading="lazy" src="https://news.nd.edu/assets/610900/1200x800/football_catholics_1200.webp" alt="A 1924 image promoting Notre Dame football with the slogan &quot;Notre Dame Football Kills Prejudice&quot; features three football players on horseback. The attached ticket stub is from a 2024 Hesburgh Library exhibition."> </div> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <div class="meta"> <link property="publisher" resource="#siteorg"><link property="description" content="The year 1924, when Grantland Rice penned his famous lede&amp;#8212;&amp;#8220;Outlined against a blue, gray October sky, the Four Horsemen rode again&amp;#8221;&amp;#8212;wasn&amp;#8217;t the birth of Notre Dame football, but it was the moment when the University learned to leverage its gridiron fame for a greater purpose. 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O&amp;rsquo;Brien College Professor of Anthropology in the College of Arts and Letters at the University of Notre Dame." href="/news/lee-gettler-professor-of-anthropology-elected-fellow-of-the-american-association-for-the-advancement-of-science/"> <div property="author" typeof="Person"><meta property="name" content="Jessica Sieff"></div> <p class="meta-item publish-info hidden"><time property="datePublished" datetime="2025-03-27T10:00:00-05:00">March 27, 2025</time></p> </div> <h3 class="article-title card-title" property="headline"> <a class="card-link" href="/news/lee-gettler-professor-of-anthropology-elected-fellow-of-the-american-association-for-the-advancement-of-science/">Lee Gettler, professor of anthropology, elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> </h3> </div> </article></li> <li> <article class="article snippet card horizontal-sm compact hover-bg hover-grow" id="news_171127" typeof="NewsArticle"> <div class="card-image entry-image"> <img property="image" width="1200" height="800" loading="lazy" src="https://news.nd.edu/assets/610578/1200x800/tariffs_trade_policy_1200x675.jpg" alt="Aerial view of a busy shipping port at sunrise. Colorful cargo containers are stacked throughout the port, and large yellow cranes are positioned around them. 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A purple plasma beam is visible."> </div> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <div class="meta"> <link property="publisher" resource="#siteorg"><link property="description" content="As one of America&amp;#8217;s leading research institutions, Notre Dame has long been at the forefront of finding answers to the most pressing questions facing our communities. 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This podcast episode features&amp;#160;Heather Reynolds, managing director of the Notre Dame Poverty Initiative and&amp;#8230;" href="/news/fighting-poverty-research-helping-our-communities/"> <div property="author" typeof="Person"><meta property="name" content="Office of Brand Content"></div> <p class="meta-item publish-info hidden"><time property="datePublished" datetime="2025-03-24T14:20:00-05:00">March 24, 2025</time></p> </div> <h3 class="article-title card-title" property="headline"> <a class="card-link" href="/news/fighting-poverty-research-helping-our-communities/">Fighting poverty: Research helping our communities</a> </h3> </div> </article></li> </ul> </div> </div> <!-- <div class="section section--home-more-news section--light bg-full-bleed"> <div class="heading-action"> <h2>More News</h2> <a class="btn btn-inline btn-more" href="/latest-news/">More News</a> </div> <ol class="no-bullets grid grid-md-2 grid-xl-4 no-gap"> <li> <article class="article snippet card compact hover-bg hover-grow" id="news_170964" typeof="NewsArticle"> <div class="card-body hover-more"> <div class="meta"> <link property="publisher" resource="#siteorg"><link property="description" content="Mark Gitenstein, U.S. ambassador to the European Union (2022-25), will join the University of Notre Dame between March 22 and April 4 as the Nanovic Forum Diplomat in Residence at the Nanovic Institute for European Studies, part of Notre Dame&#39;s&amp;nbsp;Keough School of Global Affairs." href="/news/u-s-ambassador-to-the-eu-mark-gitenstein-visits-notre-dame-as-second-nanovic-forum-diplomat-in-residence/"> <div property="author" typeof="Person"><meta property="name" content="Keith Sayer"></div> <p class="meta-item publish-info hidden"><time property="datePublished" datetime="2025-03-24T10:47:00-05:00">March 24, 2025</time></p> </div> <h3 class="article-title card-title" property="headline"> <a class="card-link" href="/news/u-s-ambassador-to-the-eu-mark-gitenstein-visits-notre-dame-as-second-nanovic-forum-diplomat-in-residence/">U.S. Ambassador to the EU visits Notre Dame as second Nanovic Forum Diplomat in Residence</a> </h3> </div> </article></li> </ol> </div> --> <div class="section section--home-more-news section--light bg-full-bleed"> <div class="grid grid-md-2"> <div class="section--home-nd-works home-card-list pt-0"> <div class="heading-action heading-action--compact"> <h2>NDWorks</h2> <a class="btn btn-inline btn-more" href="https://ndworks.nd.edu/">Visit NDWorks</a> </div> <p class="descriptor">Campus news for faculty and staff.</p> <div class="card horizontal hover-grow hover-bg"> <div class="card-image"> <img src="https://ndworks.nd.edu/assets/611394/600x400/nora_hussein.jpg" width="600" height="400" loading="lazy" alt="Cook Nora Hussein holding a plate of pita, vegetables, and hummus"> </div> <div class="card-body"> <h2 class="card-title"><a class="card-link" href="https://ndworks.nd.edu/news/cooking-with-culture-honoring-arab-american-heritage-month/">Cooking with culture: honoring Arab-American Heritage Month</a></h2> </div> </div> <div class="card horizontal hover-grow hover-bg"> <div class="card-image"> <img src="https://ndworks.nd.edu/assets/611291/600x400/chuck_hurley_graphics_2_conductor.jpg" width="600" height="400" loading="lazy" alt="A white male with mixed gray and dark hair is smiling. 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His photo is in a circle on a blue background featuring computer circuitry."> </div> <div class="card-body"> <h2 class="card-title"><a class="card-link" href="https://ndworks.nd.edu/news/new-ai-pilot-program-saves-time-improves-processes-in-the-office-of-the-registrar/">New AI pilot program saves time, improves processes in the Office of the Registrar</a></h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section--home-stories home-card-list pt-0"> <div class="heading-action heading-action--compact"> <h2>NDStories</h2> <a class="btn btn-inline btn-more" href="https://stories.nd.edu/">All Stories</a> </div> <p class="descriptor">Glimpses into the life and work of the University.</p> <div class="card horizontal hover-grow hover-bg"> <div class="card-image"> <img src="/assets/604441/600x400/caterpillar_tag_1200.jpg" width="600" height="400" loading="lazy" alt="A group of girls wearing matching cream shirts and maroon skirts play together on a dirt schoolyard. They are holding onto each other, leaning back, and laughing. Trees are visible in the background."> </div> <div class="card-body"> <h3 class="entry-title card-title"><a class="card-link" href="https://www.nd.edu/stories/empowering-through-education/">Empowering through education</a></h3> </div> </div> <div class="card horizontal hover-grow hover-bg"> <div class="card-image"> <img src="/assets/600364/600x400/2024_habitat_1200.webp" width="600" height="400" loading="lazy" alt="Aerial view of a residential neighborhood with a new home construction site. The wooden frame of the house is visible, surrounded by construction materials and equipment. 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