CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913545b189c84c41',cH: 'Rz4swC73sWRpngzszEynbh4.bEkAAK_BwQrrDI4FjYU-1739790011-1.2.1.1-AT0qmmcL4WAHXWi3O_vsAVcgdT1Mz_akpqImB_EQRm_uZPBF.UWW2jV4r1bQcRzr',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Muhammad%20Baballe%20Ahmad&__cf_chl_tk=DhAwju_ODrhxiwIn8siCS.HGitc7xEVRioXxoPtKbGQ-1739790011-1.0.1.1-0H67wIgsCrG3.VIT4OEfQckvZmDRHuJaFsQiniZI6LY",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739790011',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Muhammad%20Baballe%20Ahmad&__cf_chl_f_tk=DhAwju_ODrhxiwIn8siCS.HGitc7xEVRioXxoPtKbGQ-1739790011-1.0.1.1-0H67wIgsCrG3.VIT4OEfQckvZmDRHuJaFsQiniZI6LY",md: "VOc9pfC6vUfkFTS516D4Tqip8.ZaHXWwbLa2I.EPIZs-1739790011-1.2.1.1-KSk5DE7DK1Cre1t_ufXAg2AuhZNGpwPETelcA7ZqLKFPMHr0IM6FcCP9giwo6F9q7CauNQZg9r2gg3MgAbPmRB_nnwY.wNlrUDR8l5Zn4kItQE6RYPno3Lvz3RHCpLNxBNDKm.PpjNm5_qEkD8DVVXInr_vKfKA9VEykI4mzhTJOsyPopnAYahfnf.ZAjOcXjDKwXNjnOZ1jPobDHxYyRC_vA_oDzDEWf9t4a5eG1rovwnskiwhL3d8iHFqUddnZnbb9tr4xSs3R77Hs5t.6TnUftxQLA7X13MOeMU9P.V8s9iwsNU4gjouFH7DRT91MvXOVxldqo0vPqCRgW6AqnbKf.s5mKWzun8xktPQRuzyG6d4jbr8FqNtusbozxot2H.FZV.xy0BqornULMjfRDpJIIyUyCCKQT_kzL1b9FWzdHEu62gahwkW7f_MqClOjk0C95oCURy_.E1fRaVjLiqsS34RQX40eHrUxmxZzMWeHZRVeDkTCSe5KGtE8jr0XmeTHMOQ2zFo.bu.OuNFjzbAawzoEyBTCInh_hi2bh.meFQ8KFc6Cn6cZd.bYDNTmsyUvJYx26V7zHUqbzLXeDEHr3BzKrTtf07IGSSjIeh1WxwWMcXYkbTwb1mpgk2H2w_onjDoyFKLZ2c4IAJG0B3kMKYNgvsp6rjUk2QAv7NTGjBWaKRMaMRNaW4LBJkbG5.I3GwjahQMkVftREzfcY1eIu.DTpajQOC4o71owSiTVIenAfX8GwUonQz_zQZ0Qz60zMRpQDbjSuQl76IR7OuE.fgwWsGENx.qdfOpEGfZF7u431SCExDKySElHdenMhFlEHORsppUnkhm4hSRxB8.bkzhcbJHJVxgmLY2D4Av4DCkMJHSqK3F16hIUUjWpgLxkIvVsquwgRtGU_EkQiYGhrOwp3OdZGbS1AxlH_6J4Zil1pGSwwEoBbxq1bwKit.6yDffTPCK6DS0X0Km1u6XpJG6BgY11qibZL_DCZATexTvgeD2pvn0ZZLZMJh1_p.jZafqolIBUd3YbBe1H.1SupgJMU88XcFavSaOl70VgULpYJlEvczpg_hKhF5rJhkDYvXJP_nASbS6EVMR0AeFVscnUIa44tjUxE8MofA8EVQs0LCWHOWYJkM4fg9Xrjh2XcefxpwvYf5dtgcKfyS25FXJeP5wz4dTGYHnhRw98r9Yyznlce8tUURPYBs_8HfF1l56n3J2R7GQzHI43.ML3N_5yz1GEaiya8RdN.kFAYbyDTXaHFKKT.cZoxlJLMM34s2pB5Z0RgffeluDk9y88rsrU33FuApBtOgTbEZIUbNMXO376ewqAj8fMgGAvcSfAOR7vQ82xYnFt75nJhm7EENX7Xwf2EBgREAmuEtUJaupADv3olMDrN.1EpUSn6unyx_FjCdTvO7_bMg0xAjGJfFtmABWkWjrzYjwHS0IE1ossLpCKuOHOcyYUH9RtVDaQ9RrKl3IT6tKnYqM9VD6gDu04VLKIqIx.CQJrq8.Rh5Bg39aA_PXxAWtKhgUEBfEeb5Wp0Z4DpR1.Fq.qDXOdTmxbFrjnihTIz6s8.MnrYSXo8GWFncAmxGPQzvde4aovH9h0DCkvLQoz8jvjte8Yvv.aoD36xaHHfXRha5L1IooovR253uQ4Tyn9zTqtiXX4jqkR3Xntaa63vKuB7QwjHimXVVkvis349temI5Op656hUUkoqWni8j4eoTsYbw7ro.PsVGmJFQXvkr5HvM8bwF77aeuRtZqVXBnB8ZbW_4b5tRB5ERfqaTkb9YOeEM7Ydp53T1jMdipBk5xa2eyCgCQZjEEKNG9ic4FQkn1z0JYwMVp6GaFz1vg97jfzhwP.g5seQpMxJ2mZmkJgdqHxN4DgkJfEEIhphoa1upuZA6PgNn14bwLVMD_CVITEOcStDRT2TB_jKKpnhLYpuVgYgKgjZC2MX1JXSgiFh9LnjtuU1plpMpM0f9e9y24U",mdrd: "aNOBxDqSSs7fulBifooczdeKJr1j81NSxbICp7r8pvY-1739790011-1.2.1.1-Azr0AgjdReYaYmgiDTmb_ma_O_oaQSouch4IY_ywIo81HkP_mHLzqOOBuGVg0H3kNWmoYhTbzJacoHlYaHjinctMqVXJV6pQeU..2pMUspW5gKocbbOptfyTLp5dYpGx69h_1pmqz_3LZQprj1ChRWa8qiMH2cdxGdEdu6JgiVkiF3kKC_RHHkIRNH4nuZrrWNJp0VapxVisvPJP3Fv2W.pNcMh2aemETRJU0GvfBqiDP0QBNPESSJrR9mNkIuLahqMXQb6uNKA0iDgTsCzWIbJ1behcj1WvPIkpsZp6xWFUrHeGmAjWRF_0.D2Ro4hv44jFtO0oBnWK9pZHgfHLUwHSNF6jOfGltl9YRhxigG_EAPZhRmrku6CFmnfNahMTcubCCVqptGNJxJWkhlQeO2tRwm6KPkMRqGHSYhD0Vag6uUQ.d4aaYY9ft9LII1ayFdH3TNp9VQZ92lxrSCl69GiiX0ZlIU8qsM3ufosNmsd_xHs.O0C8_x8u0W0SZtHjK2D7DZacODK_socDjhfBAfNVJDZygwGCO1DbWOQmJyAg2ati9UqK4bREIFpNUsaygGX9dibTVLObkE2zfjFxJNFg6FjfxWW4Yl97RK3GtFwiEInqTmsn6u_Cnv5ySXNlsU3.kRZv9m7T8WInQGMby4m1d_C_VdyQlg50lLqwulWyV2T_O74Aux1TWndlV4_VcyRWK1HRz8050TmSTFgwJ7A.2kGUFvrxPFPyhUoyKCxEyKMLNNS.V5mLD3mj9iq2L3wiiZCKcTQt605pSyvf7K7.064Ae0_qsd0WWELOqKMPpPzLTkbBi5fUcDsjXMYUDUEe.ujFGGz8eL6LaVvVO_LHDGi670gl3VvubPk1iTdYBkarDe4Slp6dSq56bSCta6zoKxV4mHdChm9jr5lZbfFHKtq0rzMJdHwjrGwYA.VjS5lMm2nRhELOKibm3zJnX9mjX1BlzRG7KqhBNgtqqPJRnnKDXgpdsZfzNNFLVjv8b4031xsk5.RJDsBkzUkep0WI1TxopkWbsCEEhVfNkqQajUQPVoCBnFrMe1ZIJGkvt9jXkN7g5K6.Y3oklxK.g86YsD4vlXi7OdG9bAo39KB3v0PRusqMAPSvYwsb18y1lTnTYxR97iCcHRnd4qM5mj5.HhGZftukLJrjFHpow6wsFbWalX9xb0D_0b5XdWTijXHMNoHh8sER.mRl.xyQ1XesHLaYE041TVgsmdhyUIBUgSQ4HhT.h1dXaFCXJMf63HP9.irnON392VarlE4begV0f6LkmK88dAsG_eQdZYWlP4kv7YzuGmJMnfGYEDoKC0ZsZ.cgJTeBat18aZaQssGDbg4ECQ.mUBe42Bm6tS.UVlNhwRDe039BdvEWU0weQvRsvjst2JKf3t7b0ztynlWcRdjwvFZKqqyQu1kVSVPM8RDPmp0pjJTNCklhSyJImNuuN6l2b4bsxETubyg6jyihSUC2A8zRiYiSrYxsvL4v70UhOKtKVoqsvqmZXt_OWpRuzU4pye8eXAh1NdK101IrIroJnRsV5mR53rA9UD8r3PHDfbn.TUQP1YZaM1PE42kq4hXM5tKzbSBLEz5tjV6z_Sam61c9K5RG1Dh8_svbTyTScnOpIdRbd2YB0lhRCOEubkQwhAFkibgq.1hXDJg_vMtRN_jupsrzyMqvgLxaC6oOz0V1nmcdd3o5iq0_iz5zo5bwHwOLXQcE_7tdyDrnJDh_IRMb4XVWtQxy.2Ch3i5v_WePMHo3y2qD0kBLsNhqliTJPJMnnMiBxD_PD2_I7Bw318an0Xm.UJMbg.UgrYfko_XBd9RV.qBS.pItRB.P4akc3TOL0v6t_BlO3l0rRaBCnOOLhK1DAd7XjRnYia0sodVnkR3UhJNPrkvvEv15CaWDPAT0NKu3cI5foH7hEKB2.kqDjgWnwikqbB6d88yB5vcl0PJFm2w1Y6zbjiklQPP8pghz9AIGkerW"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913545b189c84c41';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Muhammad%20Baballe%20Ahmad&__cf_chl_rt_tk=DhAwju_ODrhxiwIn8siCS.HGitc7xEVRioXxoPtKbGQ-1739790011-1.0.1.1-0H67wIgsCrG3.VIT4OEfQckvZmDRHuJaFsQiniZI6LY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>