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[o]" accesskey="o"> Masuk log</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting">pelajari lebih lanjut</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y">Kontribusi</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Klasifikasi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klasifikasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Klasifikasi </button> <ul id="toc-Klasifikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Konsep_awal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsep_awal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Konsep awal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsep_awal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikasi_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikasi_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Klasifikasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasifikasi_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kladogram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kladogram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Kladogram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kladogram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Konsep_spesies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsep_spesies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Konsep spesies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsep_spesies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asal-usul_dan_evolusi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asal-usul_dan_evolusi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Asal-usul dan evolusi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asal-usul_dan_evolusi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Asal-usul dan evolusi </button> <ul id="toc-Asal-usul_dan_evolusi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perbandingan_dengan_domain_lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perbandingan_dengan_domain_lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Perbandingan dengan domain lain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perbandingan_dengan_domain_lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hubungan_dengan_bakteri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubungan_dengan_bakteri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Hubungan dengan bakteri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hubungan_dengan_bakteri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hubungan_dengan_eukariota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubungan_dengan_eukariota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Hubungan dengan eukariota </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hubungan_dengan_eukariota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morfologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morfologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Morfologi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morfologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktur,_perkembangan_komposisi,_dan_operasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktur,_perkembangan_komposisi,_dan_operasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Struktur, perkembangan komposisi, dan operasi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Struktur,_perkembangan_komposisi,_dan_operasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Struktur, perkembangan komposisi, dan operasi </button> <ul id="toc-Struktur,_perkembangan_komposisi,_dan_operasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dinding_sel_dan_flagela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dinding_sel_dan_flagela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Dinding sel dan flagela </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dinding_sel_dan_flagela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Membran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Metabolisme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Genetika </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetika-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Genetika </button> <ul id="toc-Genetika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transfer_gen_dan_pertukaran_genetik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_gen_dan_pertukaran_genetik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Transfer gen dan pertukaran genetik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_gen_dan_pertukaran_genetik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virus_arkea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virus_arkea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Virus arkea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virus_arkea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reproduksi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Ekologi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekologi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Ekologi </button> <ul id="toc-Ekologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Habitat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peran_dalam_pendauran_kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peran_dalam_pendauran_kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Peran dalam pendauran kimia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peran_dalam_pendauran_kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaksi_dengan_organisme_lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaksi_dengan_organisme_lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Interaksi dengan organisme lain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interaksi_dengan_organisme_lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mutualisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutualisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Mutualisme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutualisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komensalisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komensalisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Komensalisme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komensalisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasitisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasitisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3 Parasitisme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasitisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peran_dalam_teknologi_dan_industri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peran_dalam_teknologi_dan_industri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Peran dalam teknologi dan industri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peran_dalam_teknologi_dan_industri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Lihat pula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Referensi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bacaan lebih lanjut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Pranala luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Arkea</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 122 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" > 122 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeen" title="Archaeen – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Archaeen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="पूर्वजीवाणु – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पूर्वजीवाणु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82" title="عتائق – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عتائق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82" title="عتائق – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عتائق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আৰ্কিয়া – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আৰ্কিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxeyl%C9%99r" title="Arxeylər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arxeylər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آرکیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آرکیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Архейҙар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Архейҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkiej%C4%97s" title="Arkiejės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Arkiejės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%96" title="Археі – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Археі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%96" title="Археі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Археі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Археи – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Археи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আর্কিয়া – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্কিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueus" title="Arqueus – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arqueus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کۆنەکان – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆنەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archea" title="Archea – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Archea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%C3%A6er" title="Arkæer – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arkæer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeen" title="Archaeen – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Archaeen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αρχαία – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%A5eoj" title="Arĥeoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arĥeoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhed" title="Arhed – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arhed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="آرکی‌ها – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرکی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeonit" title="Arkeonit – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arkeonit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheq" title="Arheq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Arheq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uurbakteerien" title="Uurbakteerien – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uurbakteerien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airc%C3%A9igh" title="Aircéigh – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aircéigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqueas" title="Arqueas – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arqueas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ארכאונים – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארכאונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="प्राच्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राच्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheje" title="Arheje – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arheje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeyo" title="Akeyo – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Akeyo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arche%C3%A1k" title="Archeák – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Archeák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արքեաներ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արքեաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeo" title="Archeo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Archeo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrnur" title="Fyrnur – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fyrnur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="古細菌 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古細菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aakyea" title="Aakyea – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aakyea" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="არქეები – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არქეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Архебактериялар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Архебактериялар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF" title="ಆರ್ಕೀಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆರ್ಕೀಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="고세균 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고세균" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AEkrop" title="Mîkrop – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mîkrop" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archae%C3%ABn" title="Archaeën – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Archaeën" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Археяр – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Археяр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcea" title="Arcea – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arcea" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archea" title="Archea – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Archea" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C4%97ja" title="Archėja – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Archėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheji" title="Arheji – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arheji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Археи – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Археи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF" title="ആർക്കീയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആർക്കീയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="ओरिएंटल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओरिएंटल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arkea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="အာခီးယာ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာခီးယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeen" title="Archaeen – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Archaeen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्केया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आर्केया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkar" title="Arkar – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arkar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkebakterier" title="Arkebakterier – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arkebakterier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkiyaa" title="Arkiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Arkiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਆਰਕੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਰਕੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeony" title="Archeony – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Archeony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ارکیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارکیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91awpa_a%C3%B1aki" title="Ñawpa añaki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñawpa añaki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhee" title="Arhee – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arhee" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Археи – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Археи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Архейдар – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Архейдар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A7" title="آرڪيئا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آرڪيئا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheja" title="Arheja – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arheja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ආකියා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආකියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arche%C3%B3ny" title="Archeóny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Archeóny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arheje" title="Arheje – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arheje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeat" title="Arkeat – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arkeat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Археје – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Археје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%C3%A9er" title="Arkéer – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arkéer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="ஆர்க்கீயா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆர்க்கீயா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ఆర్కియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆర్కియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Бостониён – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бостониён" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="อาร์เคีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาร์เคีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkeya" title="Arkeya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arkeya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arkea" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Архейләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Архейләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Археї – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Археї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%DB%8C%D9%85" title="قدیم جراثیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم جراثیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxeylar" title="Arxeylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arxeylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_khu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Cổ khuẩn – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cổ khuẩn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Archaea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="ארכעען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארכעען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3%CD%98-s%C3%A8-kh%C3%BAn" title="Kó͘-sè-khún – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kó͘-sè-khún" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INgunazana" title="INgunazana – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INgunazana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10872#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arkea" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c">Halaman</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Arkea" 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Klik di sini untuk informasi lebih lanjut." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg/20px-Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg/30px-Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg/40px-Fairytale_bookmark_gold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Arkaea" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk eon geologis, lihat <a href="/wiki/Arkean" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkean">Arkean</a>. Untuk famili laba-laba, lihat <a href="/wiki/Archaeidae" title="Archaeidae">Archaeidae</a>.</div> <div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(195,245,250)">Arkea <div style="font-size: 85%;">Rentang waktu: <a href="/wiki/Paleoarkean" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoarkean">Paleoarkean</a> atau mungkin <a href="/wiki/Eoarkean" class="mw-redirect" title="Eoarkean">Eoarkean</a>–Saat ini <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; font-size:small; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,192,141); left:220.3317371589px; width:15.928901267087px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,197,202); left:236.26063842598px; width:10.153990326614px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(242,249,29); left:246.4146287526px; width:3.5853712474027px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(154,217,221); left:220.3317371589px; width:28.573492994568px;"><a href="/wiki/Fanerozoikum" title="Fanerozoikum">Fa.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,67,112); left:113.1537691831px; width:49.264643094082px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,180,98); left:162.41841227719px; width:32.843095396055px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,179,66); left:195.26150767324px; width:25.070229485655px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,53,99); left:113.1537691831px; width:107.17796797579px;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoikum" title="Proterozoikum">Proterozoikum</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(218,3,127); left:41.993729158319px; width:10.947698465352px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(244,68,159); left:52.941427623671px; width:21.895396930703px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,104,169); left:74.836824554374px; width:21.895396930703px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(249,155,193); left:96.732221485077px; width:16.421547698027px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,4,127); left:41.993729158319px; width:71.160040024786px;"><a href="/wiki/Arkaikum" title="Arkaikum">Arkaikum</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:41.993729158319px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:41.993729158319px;"><a href="/wiki/Hadaikum" title="Hadaikum">Had.</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:249px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:41.993729158319px; width:208.00627084168px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:63.889126089022px; width:186.11087391098px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:64.889126089022px; width:184.11087391098px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Halobacteria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg/200px-Halobacteria.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Halobacteria.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="251" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a> sp. strain NRC-1, setiap sel memiliki panjang sekitar 5 <a href="/wiki/Mikrometer" title="Mikrometer">μm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(195,245,250)"><a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">Klasifikasi ilmiah</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="domain">Archaea</div> <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Woese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kandler" title="Otto Kandler">Kandler</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wheelis" title="Mark Wheelis">Wheelis</a>, 1990<a href="#cite_note-Woese-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(195,245,250)">Kerajaan<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> dan filum<a href="#cite_note-NCBI_taxonomy_page_on_Archaea-5">[5]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>" Woese et al. 1990 <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Methanopyri" title="Methanopyri">Methanopyri</a>" Garrity & Holt 2002</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Methanococci" title="Methanococci">Methanococci</a>" Boone 2002</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Eurythermea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurythermea">Eurythermea</a>" Cavalier-Smith 2002<a href="#cite_note-CS2002-2">[2]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Neobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Neobacteria">Neobacteria</a>" Cavalier-Smith 2002<a href="#cite_note-CS2002-2">[2]</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/DPANN" title="DPANN">DPANN</a>" <ul><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARMAN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARMAN (halaman belum tersedia)">ARMAN</a>" <ul><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Micrarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micrarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Micrarchaeota</a>" Baker et al. 2010</li> <li>"Parvarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013</li></ul></li> <li>"Aenigmarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013</li> <li>"Diapherotrites" Rinke et al. 2013</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>" Huber et al. 2002</li> <li>"Nanohaloarchaeota" Rinke et al. 2013</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacearchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacearchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Pacearchaeota</a>" Castelle et al. 2015</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Woesearchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woesearchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Woesearchaeota</a>" Castelle et al. 2015</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Proteoarchaeota" title="Proteoarchaeota">Proteoarchaeota</a>" Petitjean et al. 2015 <ul><li>(TACK)"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Filarchaeota</a>" Cavalier-Smith, T. 2014<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aigarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aigarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Aigarchaeota</a>" Nunoura et al. 2011</li> <li>"Bathyarchaeota" Meng et al. 2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota" title="Crenarchaeota">Crenarchaeota</a> Garrity & Holt 2002</li> <li>"Geoarchaeota" Kozubal et al. 2013</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>" Barns et al. 1996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumarchaeota" title="Thaumarchaeota">Thaumarchaeota</a> Brochier-Armanet et al. 2008</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Asgard_(arkea)" title="Asgard (arkea)">Asgardarchaeota</a>" Violette Da Cunha et al., 2017 <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Lokiarchaeota" title="Lokiarchaeota">Lokiarchaeota</a>" Spang et al. 2015</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thorarchaeota" title="Thorarchaeota">Thorarchaeota</a>" Seitz et al. 2016</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odinarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odinarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Odinarchaeota</a>" Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka et al. 2017</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Heimdallarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimdallarchaeota">Heimdallarchaeota</a>" Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka et al. 2017</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(195,245,250)"><a href="/wiki/Sinonim_(taksonomi)" title="Sinonim (taksonomi)">Sinonim</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Archaebacteria Woese & Fox, 1977</li> <li>Mendosicutes Gibbons & Murray, 1978</li> <li>Metabacteria Hori and Osawa 1979</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> Arkea atau Archaea adalah <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biologi)" title="Domain (biologi)">domain</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganisme" title="Mikroorganisme">mikroorganisme</a> <a href="/wiki/Organisme_uniseluler" title="Organisme uniseluler">bersel satu</a>. Arkea tergolong <a href="/wiki/Prokariota" title="Prokariota">prokariota</a>, kelompok mikrob yang tidak memiliki <a href="/wiki/Inti_sel" title="Inti sel">inti sel</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">organel</a> yang dibatasi <a href="/wiki/Membran_biologis" title="Membran biologis">membran</a>. Awalnya, arkea diklasifikasikan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a> dan diberi nama archaebacteria (di <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" title="Kerajaan (biologi)">kerajaan</a> Archaebacteria), tetapi klasifikasi ini tak lagi digunakan. Sel arkea memiliki sifat unik yang memisahkan arkea dari dua domain kehidupan yang lain, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a>. Arkea dibagi lagi menjadi beberapa <a href="/wiki/Filum" title="Filum">filum</a>. Klasifikasinya sulit dilakukan karena mayoritas arkea belum diisolasi di laboratorium dan hanya dideteksi urutan <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">gennya</a> dari sampel yang diambil dari lingkungan. Arkea dan bakteri umumnya memiliki ukuran dan bentuk yang serupa, meskipun beberapa arkea memiliki bentuk yang sangat aneh, misalnya sel-sel datar dan berbentuk persegi seperti <a href="/wiki/Haloquadratum" title="Haloquadratum">Haloquadratum walsbyi</a>. Meskipun terdapat kesamaan <a href="/wiki/Morfologi_(biologi)" title="Morfologi (biologi)">morfologi</a> antara arkea dengan bakteri, arkea memiliki gen-gen dan beberapa <a href="/wiki/Jalur_metabolik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalur metabolik">jalur metabolik</a> yang lebih serupa dengan eukariota, terutama <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> yang terlibat dalam <a href="/wiki/Transkripsi_(genetik)" title="Transkripsi (genetik)">transkripsi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Translasi_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Translasi (biologi)">translasi</a>. Salah satu aspek biokimia arkea yang unik adalah ketergantungan arkea pada <a href="/wiki/Lipid_eter" title="Lipid eter">lipid eter</a> di <a href="/wiki/Membran_sel" title="Membran sel">membran sel</a> mereka. Arkea menggunakan lebih banyak sumber energi dibandingkan eukariota, yang berkisar dari <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik">senyawa organik</a> seperti gula, <a href="/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> logam, atau bahkan gas <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>. Arkea yang toleran terhadap garam (<a href="/wiki/Haloarchaea" title="Haloarchaea">Haloarchaea</a>) menggunakan sinar matahari sebagai sumber energi, sementara spesies arkea lain <a href="/wiki/Fiksasi_karbon" title="Fiksasi karbon">memfiksasi karbon</a>; namun, tidak seperti tumbuhan dan <a href="/wiki/Sianobakteri" title="Sianobakteri">sianobakteri</a>, tidak ada arkea yang melakukan kedua cara tersebut. Arkea <a href="/wiki/Reproduksi_aseksual" title="Reproduksi aseksual">bereproduksi secara aseksual</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Pembelahan_biner" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembelahan biner">pembelahan biner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fragmentasi_(reproduksi)" title="Fragmentasi (reproduksi)">fragmentasi</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Tunas_(reproduksi)" title="Tunas (reproduksi)">tunas</a>. Tidak seperti bakteri dan eukariota, tidak ada spesies arkea yang diketahui membentuk <a href="/wiki/Endospora" title="Endospora">endospora</a>. Arkea pertama yang diamati merupakan <a href="/wiki/Ekstremofil" title="Ekstremofil">ekstremofil</a> yang hidup di lingkungan ekstrem, seperti <a href="/wiki/Mata_air_panas" title="Mata air panas">mata air panas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Danau_garam" title="Danau garam">danau garam</a> tanpa organisme lain. Meningkatnya kemampuan alat deteksi molekuler memungkinkan penemuan arkea di hampir semua habitat, termasuk tanah, lautan, dan <a href="/wiki/Rawa" title="Rawa">rawa</a>. Jumlah mereka sangat banyak di lautan, dan arkea dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> mungkin merupakan salah satu kelompok organisme yang paling melimpah di planet ini. Arkea berperan besar dalam kehidupan di Bumi. Mereka merupakan bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiota" title="Mikrobiota">mikrobiota</a> bagi semua organisme. Sebagai <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiota_manusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrobiota manusia">mikrobiota manusia</a>, arkea berperan penting di <a href="/wiki/Usus_besar" title="Usus besar">usus besar</a>, rongga mulut, dan kulit. Keragaman morfologis, metabolik, dan geografis memungkinkan mereka memiliki peran ekologis yang luas, misalnya pada fiksasi karbon dalam <a href="/wiki/Siklus_karbon" title="Siklus karbon">siklus karbon</a>, peran dalam <a href="/wiki/Siklus_nitrogen" title="Siklus nitrogen">siklus nitrogen</a>, perputaran senyawa organik, dan memelihara komunitas simbiosis dan <a href="/wiki/Sintrofi" title="Sintrofi">sintrofi</a> mikrob. Belum ditemukan contoh yang jelas untuk arkea yang bersifat <a href="/wiki/Patogen" title="Patogen">patogenik</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Parasit" title="Parasit">parasitik</a>. Sebaliknya, arkea sering kali bersifat <a href="/wiki/Mutualisme" title="Mutualisme">mutualis</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Komensalisme" title="Komensalisme">komensal</a>, misalnya <a href="/wiki/Metanogen" title="Metanogen">metanogen</a> yang hidup di <a href="/wiki/Sistem_pencernaan" title="Sistem pencernaan">saluran pencernaan</a> manusia dan <a href="/wiki/Ruminansia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminansia">ruminansia</a>, tempat mereka hidup dalam jumlah besar dan membantu <a href="/wiki/Pencernaan" title="Pencernaan">pencernaan</a>. Metanogen digunakan dalam produksi <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pengolahan_limbah" title="Pengolahan limbah">pengolahan limbah</a>. Sementara itu, enzim dari arkea ekstremofil yang dapat bertahan pada suhu tinggi dan <a href="/wiki/Pelarut_organik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelarut organik">pelarut organik</a> dimanfaatkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Bioteknologi" title="Bioteknologi">bioteknologi</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasifikasi">Klasifikasi</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konsep_awal">Konsep awal</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_(view_from_the_south).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg/220px-Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg/330px-Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg/440px-Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_%28view_from_the_south%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Arkea pertama kali ditemukan di lingkungan yang ekstrem, seperti <a href="/wiki/Mata_air_panas" title="Mata air panas">mata air panas</a> gunung berapi. Gambar ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prismatic_Spring" title="Grand Prismatic Spring">Grand Prismatic Spring</a> di <a href="/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Yellowstone" title="Taman Nasional Yellowstone">Taman Nasional Yellowstone</a>.</figcaption></figure> Pada hampir sepanjang abad ke-20, prokariota dianggap sebagai satu kelompok organisme dan diklasifikasikan berdasarkan sifat <a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">biokimia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morfologi_(biologi)" title="Morfologi (biologi)">morfologi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a> mereka. Para ahli mikrobiologi mencoba mengklasifikasikan mikroorganisme berdasarkan struktur <a href="/wiki/Dinding_sel" title="Dinding sel">dinding sel</a>, bentuk, dan zat-zat yang mereka konsumsi.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Pada tahun 1965, <a href="/wiki/Linus_Carl_Pauling" title="Linus Carl Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Emile_Zuckerkandl" title="Emile Zuckerkandl">Emile Zuckerkandl</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> mengusulkan untuk menggunakan urutan <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">gen</a> dalam berbagai prokariota untuk mengetahui hubungan mereka satu sama lain. Pendekatan ini, yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Filogenetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogenetik">filogenetik</a>, adalah metode utama yang digunakan saat ini.<a href="#cite_note-pmid30148503-8">[8]</a> Arkea (saat itu hanya <a href="/wiki/Metanogen" title="Metanogen">metanogen</a> yang diketahui) pertama kali diklasifikasikan sebagai kelompok yang terpisah dari bakteri pada <a href="/wiki/Pohon_filogenetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohon filogenetik">pohon filogenetik</a> berdasarkan urutan gen <a href="/wiki/RNA_ribosomal" title="RNA ribosomal">RNA ribosomal</a> (rRNA) mereka oleh <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a> dan <a href="/wiki/George_E._Fox" title="George E. Fox">George E. Fox</a> pada tahun 1977.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Awalnya, kedua kelompok tersebut masing-masing diberi nama Archaebacteria dan Eubacteria, dan diperlakukan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" title="Kerajaan (biologi)">kerajaan</a> atau subkerajaan, yang oleh Woese dan Fox disebut Urkingdoms. Namun, klasifikasi ini tak lagi digunakan.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Woese dan Fox berpendapat bahwa Archaebacteria secara fundamental berbeda dari kehidupan yang lain: (1) ketiadaan <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglikan" title="Peptidoglikan">peptidoglikan</a> pada dinding sel mereka; (2) adanya dua koenzim yang tidak biasa; dan (3) hasil pengurutan gen RNA ribosomal 16S. Untuk menekankan perbedaan-perbedaan ini, Woese, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kandler" title="Otto Kandler">Otto Kandler</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wheelis" title="Mark Wheelis">Mark Wheelis</a> kemudian mengusulkan sistem pengelompokan organisme yang baru dengan tiga domain terpisah: <a href="/wiki/Eukarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukarya">Eukarya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a>, dan Archaea,<a href="#cite_note-Woese-1">[1]</a> yang sekarang dikenal sebagai "Revolusi Woesian".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Kata arkea berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Kuno" title="Bahasa Yunani Kuno">bahasa Yunani Kuno</a> <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%E1%BF%96%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀρχαῖος">ἀρχαῖα</a>, yang berarti "hal-hal kuno",<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> karena wakil pertama dari domain Archaea adalah <a href="/wiki/Metanogen" title="Metanogen">metanogen</a> dan diasumsikan bahwa metabolisme mereka mencerminkan suasana primitif Bumi dan mereka merupakan organisme kuno. Untuk waktu yang lama, arkea terlihat sebagai ekstremofil yang hanya ada di habitat ekstrem seperti <a href="/wiki/Mata_air_panas" title="Mata air panas">mata air panas</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Danau_garam" title="Danau garam">danau garam</a>. Namun, seiring bertambahnya habitat baru yang dipelajari, semakin banyak arkea yang ditemukan. Mikrob-mikrob <a href="/wiki/Halofil" class="mw-redirect" title="Halofil">halofilik</a> ekstrem<a href="#cite_note-Magrum-13">[13]</a> dan hipertermofilik<a href="#cite_note-Stetter-14">[14]</a> juga termasuk dalam Archaea. Pada akhir abad ke-20, arkea juga telah diidentifikasi di lingkungan nonekstrem. Saat ini, mereka dikenal sebagai kelompok organisme yang besar dan beragam yang tersebar luas di alam.<a href="#cite_note-DeLong-15">[15]</a> Arkea mendapatkan apresiasi baru mengenai peranan dan keberadaan mereka sejak <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_berantai_polimerase" title="Reaksi berantai polimerase">reaksi berantai polimerase</a> (PCR) digunakan untuk mendeteksi prokariota dari sampel lingkungan (seperti air atau tanah) dengan melipatgandakan gen ribosom mereka. Hal ini memungkinkan deteksi dan identifikasi organisme yang belum dibudidayakan di laboratorium.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klasifikasi_2">Klasifikasi</h3></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Info lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Klasifikasi_biologis" title="Klasifikasi biologis">Klasifikasi biologis</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sistematika" title="Sistematika">Sistematika</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/200px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/300px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg/400px-Rio_tinto_river_CarolStoker_NASA_Ames_Research_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms (halaman belum tersedia)">ARMAN</a> adalah kelompok arkea yang ditemukan di drainase pertambangan yang asam.</figcaption></figure> Klasifikasi arkea, dan prokariota pada umumnya, adalah bidang yang bergerak cepat dan diperdebatkan. Sistem klasifikasi saat ini bertujuan untuk mengatur arkea ke dalam kelompok organisme yang memiliki karakteristik struktural dan nenek moyang yang sama.<a href="#cite_note-Gevers-18">[18]</a> Klasifikasi ini sangat bergantung pada pengurutan gen <a href="/wiki/RNA_ribosomal" title="RNA ribosomal">RNA ribosomal</a> untuk mengungkapkan hubungan di antara berbagai organisme, yang dikenal sebagai filogenetik molekuler.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson-19">[19]</a> Sebagian besar spesies arkea yang dapat dikultur dan diteliti dengan baik adalah anggota dari dua filum utama, <a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota" title="Crenarchaeota">Crenarchaeota</a>. Kelompok-kelompok lain dibuat secara tentatif. Misalnya, spesies aneh <a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeum_equitans" title="Nanoarchaeum equitans">Nanoarchaeum equitans</a>, yang ditemukan pada tahun 2003 dan telah diberikan filum sendiri, <a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a> juga telah diusulkan sebagai filum baru yang berisi sekelompok kecil spesies termofilik yang berbagi karakteristik dengan kedua filum utama, tetapi lebih berkerabat dekat dengan Crenarchaeota.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Spesies arkea lain ternyata berkerabat jauh dengan salah satu dari kelompok ini, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms (halaman belum tersedia)">Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms</a> (ARMAN) yang ditemukan pada tahun 2006<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> dan merupakan salah satu organisme terkecil yang diketahui.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Sebuah superfilum, yang disebut TACK, yang mencakup <a href="/wiki/Thaumarchaeota" title="Thaumarchaeota">Thaumarchaeota</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aigarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aigarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Aigarchaeota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota" title="Crenarchaeota">Crenarchaeota</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>, diusulkan pada 2011 dan mungkin terkait dengan organisme yang menjadi moyang eukariota.<a href="#cite_note-Guy2011-25">[25]</a> Pada tahun 2017, superfilum <a href="/wiki/Asgard_(arkea)" title="Asgard (arkea)">Asgard</a> telah diajukan sebagai kelompok yang lebih dekat dengan eukariota dan merupakan kelompok saudari dari TACK.<a href="#cite_note-ZN_Asgard2017-26">[26]</a> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kladogram">Kladogram</h3></div> Berikut ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram">kladogram</a> arkea berdasarkan Tom A. Williams dkk. (2017)<a href="#cite_note-WT2017-27">[27]</a> serta Castelle dan Banfield (2018)<a href="#cite_note-CCBJ2018-28">[28]</a> (DPANN): <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1">Tom A. Williams dkk. (2017)<a href="#cite_note-WT2017-27">[27]</a> dan Castelle & Banfield (2018)<a href="#cite_note-CCBJ2018-28">[28]</a> </th> <th colspan="1">Terbitan Annotree<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> dan GTDB 05-RS95 (17 Juli 2020)<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r17572906">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%; line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Archaea </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/DPANN" title="DPANN">DPANN</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altiarchaeales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altiarchaeales (halaman belum tersedia)">Altiarchaeales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Diapherotrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapherotrites">Diapherotrites</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micrarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micrarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Micrarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Aenigmarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Aenigmarchaeota">Aenigmarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Nanohaloarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanohaloarchaeota">Nanohaloarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Pavarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Mamarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Woesarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woesarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Woesarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacearchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacearchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Pacearchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermococci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermococci (halaman belum tersedia)">Thermococci</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pyrococcus" title="Pyrococcus">Pyrococci</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Methanococci" title="Methanococci">Methanococci</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Methanobacteria" title="Methanobacteria">Methanobacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Methanopyri" title="Methanopyri">Methanopyri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeoglobi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeoglobi (halaman belum tersedia)">Archaeoglobi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanocellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanocellales (halaman belum tersedia)">Methanocellales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Methanosarcinales" title="Methanosarcinales">Methanosarcinales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanomicrobiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanomicrobiales (halaman belum tersedia)">Methanomicrobiales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Thermoplasmatales" title="Thermoplasmatales">Thermoplasmatales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanomassiliicoccales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanomassiliicoccales (halaman belum tersedia)">Methanomassiliicoccales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aciduliprofundum_boonei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aciduliprofundum boonei (halaman belum tersedia)">Aciduliprofundum boonei</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Thermoplasma" title="Thermoplasma">Thermoplasma</a> volcanium </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Proteoarchaeota" title="Proteoarchaeota">Proteoarchaeota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TACK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TACK (halaman belum tersedia)">TACK</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota" title="Crenarchaeota">Crenarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aigarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aigarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Aigarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Geoarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoarchaeota">Geoarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Thaumarchaeota" title="Thaumarchaeota">Thaumarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Bathyarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyarchaeota">Bathyarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eukaryomorpha (halaman belum tersedia)">Eukaryomorpha</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asgard_(archaea)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asgard (archaea) (halaman belum tersedia)">Asgard</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odinarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odinarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Odinarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Thorarchaeota" title="Thorarchaeota">Thorarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Lokiarchaeota" title="Lokiarchaeota">Lokiarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Helarchaeota</a><a href="#cite_note-SK2018-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Heimdallarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimdallarchaeota">Heimdallarchaeota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">(+<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphaproteobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphaproteobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">α─Proteobacteria</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%; line-height:80%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Archaea </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">"<a href="/wiki/DPANN" title="DPANN">DPANN</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altiarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altiarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Altiarchaeota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Altiarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altiarchaeia (halaman belum tersedia)">Altiarchaeia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">"<a href="/wiki/Diapherotrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapherotrites">Diapherotrites</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iainarchaeaota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iainarchaeaota (halaman belum tersedia)">Iainarchaeaota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iainarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iainarchaeia (halaman belum tersedia)">Iainarchaeia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micrarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micrarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Micrarchaeota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Micrarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micrarchaeia (halaman belum tersedia)">Micrarchaeia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undinarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undinarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Undinarchaeota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Undinarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undinarchaeia (halaman belum tersedia)">Undinarchaeia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Aenigmarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Aenigmarchaeota">Aenigmarchaeota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aenigmarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aenigmarchaeia (halaman belum tersedia)">Aenigmarchaeia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huberarchaeaota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huberarchaeaota (halaman belum tersedia)">Huberarchaeaota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huberarchaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huberarchaea (halaman belum tersedia)">Huberarchaea</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Nanohaloarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanohaloarchaeota">Nanohaloarchaeota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanosalinia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanosalinia (halaman belum tersedia)">Nanosalinia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanoarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanoarchaeia (halaman belum tersedia)">Nanoarchaeia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">"<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeida</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrothermarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrothermarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Hydrothermarchaeota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrothermarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrothermarchaeia (halaman belum tersedia)">Hydrothermarchaeia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Hadarchaeota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadarchaeia (halaman belum tersedia)">Hadarchaeia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanobacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanobacteriota (halaman belum tersedia)">Methanobacteriota</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermococci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermococci (halaman belum tersedia)">Thermococci</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Methanopyri" title="Methanopyri">Methanopyri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Methanococci" title="Methanococci">Methanococci</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Methanobacteria" title="Methanobacteria">Methanobacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoplasmatota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermoplasmatota (halaman belum tersedia)">Thermoplasmatota</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoplasmata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermoplasmata (halaman belum tersedia)">Thermoplasmata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Halobacteriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halobacteriota (halaman belum tersedia)">Halobacteriota</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanonatronarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanonatronarchaeia (halaman belum tersedia)">Methanonatronarchaeia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeoglobi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeoglobi (halaman belum tersedia)">Archaeoglobi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanoliparia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanoliparia (halaman belum tersedia)">Methanoliparia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntropharchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syntropharchaeia (halaman belum tersedia)">Syntropharchaeia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanocellia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanocellia (halaman belum tersedia)">Methanocellia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanosarcinia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanosarcinia (halaman belum tersedia)">Methanosarcinia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanomicrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanomicrobia (halaman belum tersedia)">Methanomicrobia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Proteoarchaeota" title="Proteoarchaeota">Proteoarchaeota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Filarchaeota</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoproteota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermoproteota (halaman belum tersedia)">Thermoproteota</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korarchaeia (halaman belum tersedia)">Korarchaeia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bathyarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bathyarchaeia (halaman belum tersedia)">Bathyarchaeia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrososphaeria">Nitrososphaeria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanomethylicia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanomethylicia (halaman belum tersedia)">Methanomethylicia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoprotei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermoprotei (halaman belum tersedia)">Thermoproteia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asgard_(archaea)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asgard (archaea) (halaman belum tersedia)">Asgardaeota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r17572906"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokiarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lokiarchaeia (halaman belum tersedia)">Lokiarchaeia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorarchaeia (halaman belum tersedia)">Thorarchaeia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heimdallarchaeia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heimdallarchaeia (halaman belum tersedia)">Heimdallarchaeia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Konsep_spesies">Konsep spesies</h4></div> Klasifikasi spesies-spesies arkea juga kontroversial. Biologi mendefinisikan <a href="/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies">spesies</a> sebagai sekelompok organisme yang saling terkait. Kriteria perkembangbiakan eksklusif yang diketahui secara umum (organisme dalam satu spesies dapat berkembang biak dengan satu sama lain tetapi <a href="/wiki/Isolasi_reproduktif" title="Isolasi reproduktif">tidak dengan yang lain</a>) tidak membantu karena arkea bereproduksi secara aseksual.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Arkea menunjukkan tingkat <a href="/wiki/Transfer_gen_horizontal" title="Transfer gen horizontal">transfer gen horizontal</a> yang tinggi di antara garis keturunan mereka. Beberapa peneliti menyarankan agar sejumlah individu dikelompokkan ke dalam populasi-populasi yang menyerupai spesies, yang genom-genomnya sangat mirip dan jarang mentransfer gen atau menerima transfer gen dari sel lain yang genomnya kurang terkait, seperti dalam genus <a href="/wiki/Ferroplasma" title="Ferroplasma">Ferroplasma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Di sisi lain, studi terhadap <a href="/wiki/Halorubrum" title="Halorubrum">Halorubrum</a> menemukan adanya transfer genetik yang signifikan ke/dari populasi yang kurang terkait, sehingga penerapan kriteria ini terbatas.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Kekhawatiran kedua adalah sejauh mana sebutan spesies memiliki arti praktis.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Pengetahuan terkini tentang keanekaragaman genetik masih tidak lengkap dan jumlah spesies arkea tidak dapat diperkirakan dengan akurat.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson-19">[19]</a> Perkiraan jumlah filum berkisar antara 18–23, tetapi hanya delapan filum yang memiliki perwakilan yang telah dikultur di laboratorium dan dipelajari secara langsung. Banyak kelompok-kelompok arkea dihipotesiskan hanya dari urutan rRNA tunggal, yang menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan di antara organisme ini tetap tidak jelas.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Bakteri juga mengandung banyak mikrob yang belum dikultur sehingga karakterisasi mereka juga serupa dengan arkea.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asal-usul_dan_evolusi">Asal-usul dan evolusi</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Usia_Bumi" title="Usia Bumi">Umur Bumi</a> diperkirakan sekitar 4,54 miliar tahun.<a href="#cite_note-USGS1997-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Bukti ilmiah menunjukkan bahwa kehidupan di Bumi dimulai setidaknya 3,5 miliar tahun yang lalu.<a href="#cite_note-AmSci-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-AT-20120904-42">[42]</a> Bukti-bukti awal <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan_di_Bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kehidupan di Bumi">kehidupan di Bumi</a> adalah grafit yang bersifat <a href="/wiki/Zat_biogenik" title="Zat biogenik">biogenik</a> pada batuan metasedimentari berumur 3,7 miliar tahun yang ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> Barat<a href="#cite_note-NG-20131208-43">[43]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosil</a> <a href="/wiki/Tikar_mikrob" title="Tikar mikrob">tikar mikrob</a> yang ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Batu_pasir" title="Batu pasir">batu pasir</a> setua 3,48 miliar tahun di <a href="/wiki/Australia_Barat" title="Australia Barat">Australia Barat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AP-20131113-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-AST-20131108-45">[45]</a> Pada tahun 2015, kemungkinan "sisa-sisa <a href="/wiki/Material_biotik" class="mw-redirect" title="Material biotik">kehidupan biotik</a>" ditemukan di batuan berumur 4,1 miliar tahun di Australia Barat.<a href="#cite_note-AP-20151019-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-47">[47]</a> Meskipun <a href="/wiki/Fosil" title="Fosil">fosil</a> sel prokariota kemungkinan berasal dari hampir 3,5 miliar tahun yang lalu, sebagian besar prokariota tidak memiliki morfologi yang dapat dibedakan, dan bentuk fosil tidak dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi mereka sebagai arkea.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Sebaliknya, fosil kimia <a href="/wiki/Lipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid">lipid</a> yang unik menjadi lebih informatif karena senyawa tersebut tidak ada pada organisme lain.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Beberapa publikasi menyatakan bahwa sisa-sisa lipid arkea atau eukariota yang hadir dalam <a href="/wiki/Batu_serpih" title="Batu serpih">batu serpih</a> berasal dari 2,7 miliar tahun yang lalu;<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> meskipun data tersebut dipertanyakan.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Lipid tersebut juga terdeteksi di batuan yang bahkan lebih tua dari batuan di <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> Barat. Jejak tertua berasal dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabuk_Greenstone_Isua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabuk Greenstone Isua (halaman belum tersedia)">distrik Isua</a>, Greenland, yang termasuk sedimen tertua yang dikenal di Bumi yang terbentuk 3,8 miliar tahun yang lalu.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Silsilah arkea mungkin menjadi garis keturunan yang paling kuno yang ada di Bumi.<a href="#cite_note-Wang-53">[53]</a> Woese berpendapat bahwa bakteri, arkea, dan eukariota mewakili garis keturunan yang terpisah yang bercabang sejak awal dari koloni leluhur semua organisme.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woese1-55">[55]</a> Salah satu kemungkinannya<a href="#cite_note-Woese1-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kandler-56">[56]</a> adalah bahwa percabangan ini terjadi sebelum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolusi_sel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolusi sel (halaman belum tersedia)">evolusi sel</a>, saat tidak adanya membran sel memungkinkan <a href="/wiki/Transfer_gen_lateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer gen lateral">transfer gen lateral</a> yang tak terbatas, dan bahwa nenek moyang dari tiga domain tersebut muncul dari fiksasi subset-subset gen yang spesifik.<a href="#cite_note-Woese1-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kandler-56">[56]</a> Ada kemungkinan bahwa nenek moyang terakhir dari bakteri dan arkea adalah <a href="/wiki/Organisme_termofil" title="Organisme termofil">termofil</a>, sehingga suhu yang lebih rendah mungkin saja merupakan "lingkungan yang ekstrem" bagi arkea, dan organisme-organisme yang hidup di lingkungan dingin baru muncul belakangan.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Karena kekerabatan Archaea dan Bacteria lebih berjauhan satu sama lain dibandingkan antara mereka dengan eukariota, istilah prokariota mungkin menunjukkan kesamaan yang salah antara arkea dan bakteri.<a href="#cite_note-PMID8177167-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perbandingan_dengan_domain_lain">Perbandingan dengan domain lain</h3></div> Tabel berikut membandingkan beberapa karakteristik utama dari tiga domain, untuk menggambarkan persamaan dan perbedaan mereka.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Karakteristik </th> <th>Archaea </th> <th>Bacteria </th> <th>Eukarya </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Membran_sel" title="Membran sel">Membran sel</a> </td> <td>Lipid dengan ikatan <a href="/wiki/Eter" title="Eter">eter</a> </td> <td>Lipid dengan ikatan <a href="/wiki/Ester" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ester">ester</a> </td> <td>Lipid dengan ikatan ester </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinding_sel" title="Dinding sel">Dinding sel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pseudopeptidoglikan" title="Pseudopeptidoglikan">Pseudopeptidoglikan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glikoprotein" title="Glikoprotein">glikoprotein</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Lapisan-S" title="Lapisan-S">lapisan-S</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peptidoglikan" title="Peptidoglikan">Peptidoglikan</a>, lapisan-S, atau tanpa dinding sel </td> <td>Strukturnya beragam </td></tr> <tr> <td>Struktur gen </td> <td>Kromosom melingkar, translasi dan transkripsi hampir sama dengan Eukarya </td> <td>Kromosom melingkar, translasi and transkripsi unik </td> <td>Kromosom linear yang jumlahnya lebih dari satu, translasi dan transkripsi hampir sama dengan Archaea </td></tr> <tr> <td>Struktur internal sel </td> <td>Organel (?<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>) atau nukleus tidak dibatasi membran </td> <td>Organel atau nukleus tidak dibatasi membran </td> <td>Organel dan nukleus dibatasi membran </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">Metabolisme</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </td> <td>Bermacam-macam, termasuk diazotropi (<a href="/wiki/Pengikatan_nitrogen" title="Pengikatan nitrogen">pengikatan nitrogen</a>), dengan <a href="/wiki/Metanogenesis" title="Metanogenesis">metanogenesis</a> unik untuk Archaea </td> <td>Bermacam-macam, termasuk fotosintesis, respirasi aerobik dan anaerobik, fermentasi, diazotrofi, dan autotrofi </td> <td>Fotosintesis, respirasi seluler, fermentasi; tidak ada diazotrofi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reproduksi" title="Reproduksi">Reproduksi</a> </td> <td>Reproduksi aseksual, transfer gen horizontal </td> <td>Reproduksi aseksual, transfer gen horizontal </td> <td>Reproduksi seksual dan aseksual </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inisiasi sintesis protein </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metionina" title="Metionina">Metionina</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formilmetionina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formilmetionina (halaman belum tersedia)">Formilmetionina</a> </td> <td>Metionin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RNA_polimerase" title="RNA polimerase">RNA polimerase</a> </td> <td>Banyak </td> <td>Satu </td> <td>Banyak </td></tr> <tr> <td>Toksin (EF-2/EF-G) </td> <td>Sensitif terhadap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toksin_difteri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toksin difteri (halaman belum tersedia)">toksin difteri</a> </td> <td>Resistan terhadap toksin difteri </td> <td>Sensitif terhadap toksin difteri </td></tr></tbody></table> Archaea dipisahkan sebagai domain ketiga karena memiliki perbedaan besar dalam struktur <a href="/wiki/RNA_ribosomal" title="RNA ribosomal">RNA ribosomal</a> mereka. Molekul RNA tertentu yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/RNA_ribosomal_16S" title="RNA ribosomal 16S">RNA ribosomal 16S</a> (biasanya disingkat menjadi 16s rRNA) adalah kunci penting dalam produksi protein di semua organisme. Karena fungsi ini sangat penting dalam kehidupan, organisme yang mengalami mutasi 16s rRNA tidak mungkin bertahan hidup sehingga struktur nukleotida ini menjadi sangat stabil (tetapi tidak absolut) selama beberapa generasi. Ukuran 16s rRNA juga cukup besar untuk menyimpan informasi spesifik pada organisme tertentu, tetapi cukup kecil untuk diurutkan dan dibandingkan dalam waktu singkat. Pada tahun 1977, Carl Woese, seorang ahli mikrobiologi yang mempelajari urutan genetik organisme, mengembangkan metode perbandingan baru yang melibatkan pemecahan RNA menjadi fragmen-fragmen yang bisa diurutkan dan dibandingkan dengan fragmen lain dari organisme lain.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Semakin mirip pola fragmen tersebut di antara spesies-spesies, hubungan kekerabatannya menjadi lebih dekat.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Woese menggunakan metode perbandingan rRNA barunya untuk mengelompokkan dan memisahkan organisme yang berbeda. Ia mengurutkan berbagai spesies dan menemukan bahwa sekelompok metanogen dengan rRNA ternyata sangat berbeda dibandingkan prokariota atau eukariota yang telah dikenal.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Metanogen ini jauh lebih mirip satu sama lain dibandingkan dengan organisme lain yang pernah diurutkan, sehingga Woese mengusulkan domain baru, yaitu Archaea.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Eksperimen Woese menunjukkan bahwa arkea lebih mirip dengan eukariota alih-alih prokariota, meskipun struktur mereka lebih mirip dengan prokariota.<a href="#cite_note-nature.com-63">[63]</a> Hal ini menyimpulkan bahwa Archaea dan Eukarya memiliki nenek moyang bersama yang lebih baru dibandingkan dengan Eukarya dan Bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-nature.com-63">[63]</a> Perkembangan inti sel terjadi setelah percabangan antara bakteri dan nenek moyang bersama ini.<a href="#cite_note-nature.com-63">[63]</a> Salah satu sifat arkea yang unik adalah penggunaan lipid dengan ikatan eter secara berlimpah di membran sel mereka. Secara kimiawi, ikatan eter lebih stabil dari ikatan ester yang ditemukan dalam Bacteria dan Eukarya, yang mungkin menjadi faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap kemampuan banyak arkea untuk bertahan di lingkungan ekstrem, yang memberikan stres berat pada membran sel, seperti panas ekstrem dan salinitas. Analisis komparatif genom arkea juga telah mengidentifikasi beberapa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indel_khusus_yang_terkonservasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indel khusus yang terkonservasi (halaman belum tersedia)">indel khusus yang terkonservasi</a> secara molekuler dan protein tertentu yang secara unik ditemukan baik di semua arkea maupun ditemukan di beberapa kelompok-kelompok utama dalam arkea .<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Sifat lain yang unik dari arkea adalah bahwa tidak ada organisme lain yang dikenal mampu melakukan <a href="/wiki/Metanogenesis" title="Metanogenesis">metanogenesis</a> (produksi metana melalui metabolisme). Arkea metanogen memainkan peran penting dalam ekosistem bersama dengan organisme yang memperoleh energi dari oksidasi metana (kebanyakan dari mereka adalah bakteri) karena mereka sering menjadi sumber utama metana di lingkungan tersebut dan dapat berperan sebagai produsen primer. <a href="/wiki/Metanogen" title="Metanogen">Metanogen</a> juga memainkan peran penting dalam siklus karbon, memecah karbon organik menjadi metana, yang juga merupakan gas rumah kaca utama.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hubungan_dengan_bakteri">Hubungan dengan bakteri</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png/350px-Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png/525px-Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png/700px-Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="741" usemap="#ImageMap_74e8b5755b5d1f28" resource="/wiki/Berkas:Collapsed_tree_labels_simplified.png" /><map name="ImageMap_74e8b5755b5d1f28"><area href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" shape="rect" coords="28,165,99,175" alt="Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota" /><area href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" shape="rect" coords="16,145,90,153" alt="Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota" /><area href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota" shape="rect" coords="14,127,87,135" alt="Crenarchaeota" title="Crenarchaeota" /><area href="/wiki/Protozoa" shape="rect" coords="36,96,80,104" alt="Protozoa" title="Protozoa" /><area href="/wiki/Alga" shape="rect" coords="61,63,89,72" alt="Alga" title="Alga" /><area href="/wiki/Plantae" shape="rect" coords="70,47,100,55" alt="Plantae" title="Plantae" /><area href="/wiki/Jamur_lendir" shape="rect" coords="51,34,118,42" alt="Jamur lendir" title="Jamur lendir" /><area href="/wiki/Hewan" shape="rect" coords="99,21,140,29" alt="Hewan" title="Hewan" /><area href="/wiki/Fungi" shape="rect" coords="146,19,173,28" alt="Fungi" title="Fungi" /><area href="/wiki/Gram-positif" shape="rect" coords="179,15,253,25" alt="Gram-positif" title="Gram-positif" /><area href="/wiki/Chlamydiae" shape="rect" coords="192,28,249,38" alt="Chlamydiae" title="Chlamydiae" /><area href="/wiki/Chloroflexi_(filum)" shape="rect" coords="211,42,333,50" alt="Chloroflexi" title="Chloroflexi" /><area href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" shape="rect" coords="235,58,307,66" alt="Actinobacteria" title="Actinobacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Planctomycetes" shape="rect" coords="250,74,328,84" alt="Planctomycetes" title="Planctomycetes" /><area href="/wiki/Spirochaetes" shape="rect" coords="255,93,319,103" alt="Spirochaetes" title="Spirochaetes" /><area href="/wiki/Fusobacteria" shape="rect" coords="255,118,318,125" alt="Fusobacteria" title="Fusobacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" shape="rect" coords="254,137,343,160" alt="Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Organisme_termofil" shape="rect" coords="240,164,321,184" alt="Organisme termofil" title="Organisme termofil" /><area href="/wiki/Acidobacteria" shape="rect" coords="212,194,281,202" alt="Acidobacteria" title="Acidobacteria" /><area href="/wiki/Proteobacteria" shape="rect" coords="129,205,201,213" alt="Proteobacteria" title="Proteobacteria" /></map><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pohon_filogenetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohon filogenetik">Pohon filogenetik</a> yang menunjukkan hubungan antara Archaea dan domain lain dari kehidupan. <a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">Eukariota</a> berwarna merah, arkea hijau dan <a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a> biru. Diadaptasi dari Ciccarelli et al. (2006)<a href="#cite_note-Cicc06-68">[68]</a></figcaption></figure> Hubungan di antara <a href="/wiki/Sistem_tiga_domain" title="Sistem tiga domain">tiga domain</a> sangat penting untuk memahami asal-usul kehidupan. Sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Lintasan_metabolisme" title="Lintasan metabolisme">lintasan metabolisme</a> (yang merupakan objek dari sebagian besar gen suatu organisme) sama-sama dimiliki Archaea dan Bacteria, sementara sebagian besar gen yang terlibat dalam <a href="/wiki/Ekspresi_gen" title="Ekspresi gen">ekspresi genom</a> sama-sama dimiliki Archaea dan Eukarya.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Di antara prokariota, struktur sel arkea paling mirip dengan bakteri <a href="/wiki/Gram-positif" title="Gram-positif">Gram-positif</a>, terutama karena keduanya memiliki <a href="/wiki/Lipida_dwilapis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipida dwilapis">lipida dwilapis</a> tunggal<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-1-70">[70]</a> dan biasanya mengandung sakulus tebal (<a href="/wiki/Eksoskeleton" title="Eksoskeleton">eksoskeleton</a>) dari berbagai komposisi kimia.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Pada beberapa pohon filogenetik yang didasarkan pada urutan gen-gen (protein-protein) dari homolog prokariota, homolog arkea lebih berhubungan dekat dengan homolog bakteri Gram-positif.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-1-70">[70]</a> Arkea dan bakteri Gram-positif juga berbagi <a href="/wiki/Indel" title="Indel">indel</a> yang dilestarikan dalam sejumlah protein penting, seperti <a href="/wiki/Hsp70" title="Hsp70">Hsp70</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Glutamin_sintetase" title="Glutamin sintetase">glutamin sintetase</a> I;<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-1-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-2-72">[72]</a> namun, ilmuwan menafsirkan filogeni dari gen-gen ini sebagai sarana untuk mentransfer gen interdomain,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> dan mungkin tidak mencerminkan hubungan kekerabatan organisme.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Ada pendapat bahwa arkea berevolusi dari bakteri Gram-positif sebagai respons terhadap <a href="/wiki/Tekanan_evolusi" title="Tekanan evolusi">tekanan seleksi</a> antibiotik.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-1-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-2-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-3-76">[76]</a> Pandangan ini diajukan berdasarkan pengamatan bahwa arkea tahan terhadap berbagai antibiotik yang terutama dibuat untuk bakteri Gram-positif,<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-1-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-2-72">[72]</a> dan bahwa antibiotik-antibiotik ini terutama bekerja pada gen yang membedakan arkea dari bakteri. Pendapat ini menyatakan bahwa tekanan selektif terhadap resistansi yang dihasilkan oleh antibiotik Gram-positif akhirnya cukup untuk menyebabkan perubahan yang luas pada banyak gen target antibiotik, dan bahwa galur ini mewakili nenek moyang arkea masa kini.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-3-76">[76]</a> Evolusi arkea dalam menanggapi pemilihan antibiotik, atau tekanan selektif kompetitif lain, juga bisa menjelaskan adaptasi mereka terhadap lingkungan yang ekstrem (seperti suhu tinggi atau keasaman) sebagai hasil dari pencarian <a href="/wiki/Relung_(ekologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relung (ekologi)">relung</a> kosong untuk melarikan diri dari organisme yang memproduksi antibiotik;<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-3-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith</a> juga membuat usulan yang sama.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Pendapat ini juga didukung oleh studi lainnya yang menyelidiki hubungan protein struktural<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> dan studi yang menunjukkan bahwa bakteri Gram-positif mungkin merupakan awal garis keturunan yang bercabang paling awal dalam prokariota.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hubungan_dengan_eukariota">Hubungan dengan eukariota</h3></div> Hubungan evolusi antara arkea dan eukariota masih belum jelas. Selain dari kesamaan dalam struktur dan fungsi sel yang dibahas di bawah, banyak pohon genetik menyatukan keduanya dalam satu kelompok.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Faktor-faktor yang memperrumit hubungan mereka termasuk klaim bahwa hubungan antara eukariota dan filum arkea <a href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota" title="Crenarchaeota">Crenarchaeota</a> lebih dekat daripada hubungan antara filum Crenarchaeota dan <a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-82">[82]</a> dan adanya gen-seperti-arkea pada bakteri tertentu, seperti pada <a href="/wiki/Thermotogae" title="Thermotogae">Thermotoga maritima</a>, dari <a href="/wiki/Transfer_gen_horizontal" title="Transfer gen horizontal">transfer gen horizontal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Hipotesis standar menyatakan bahwa nenek moyang eukariota berpisah dari Archaea sejak awal,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> dan bahwa eukariota muncul melalui fusi antara arkea dan bakteri, yang menjadi inti sel dan <a href="/wiki/Sitoplasma" title="Sitoplasma">sitoplasma</a>; hal ini menjelaskan berbagai kesamaan genetik tetapi kesulitan dalam menjelaskan struktur sel.<a href="#cite_note-:1-82">[82]</a> Sebuah hipotesis alternatif, <a href="/wiki/Hipotesis_eosit" title="Hipotesis eosit">hipotesis eosit</a>, berpendapat bahwa <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> muncul relatif terlambat dari Archaea.<a href="#cite_note-2domains-86">[86]</a> Sebuah garis keturunan arkea yang ditemukan pada 2015, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokiarchaeum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lokiarchaeum (halaman belum tersedia)">Lokiarchaeum</a> (dari filum baru <a href="/wiki/Lokiarchaeota" title="Lokiarchaeota">Lokiarchaeota</a>), yang dinamai berdasarkan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Ventilasi_hidrotermal" title="Ventilasi hidrotermal">ventilasi hidrotermal</a> yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Kastel_Loki" title="Kastel Loki">Kastel Loki</a> di Samudra Arktik, ternyata merupakan kelompok yang paling berkerabat dekat dengan eukariota. Organisme ini disebut sebagai organisme peralihan antara prokariota dan eukariota.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150506-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Beberapa filum saudara dari "Lokiarchaeota" telah ditemukan ("<a href="/wiki/Thorarchaeota" title="Thorarchaeota">Thorarchaeota</a>", "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odinarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odinarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Odinarchaeota</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Heimdallarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimdallarchaeota">Heimdallarchaeota</a>"), yang semuanya membentuk sebuah supergrup Asgard yang baru diajukan, yang mungkin merupakan takson saudara dari <a href="/wiki/Proteoarchaeota" title="Proteoarchaeota">Proteoarchaeota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCBI_taxonomy_page_on_Archaea-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZN_Asgard2017-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Rincian dari hubungan anggota Asgard dan eukariota masih dalam pertimbangan,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> meskipun, pada Januari 2020, para ilmuwan melaporkan bahwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Candidatus_Prometheoarchaeum_syntrophicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Candidatus Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum (halaman belum tersedia)">Candidatus Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum</a>, sejenis arkea Asgard, mungkin merupakan penghubung antara mikroorganisme prokariota yang sederhana dan mikroorganisme eukariota yang kompleks sekitar dua miliar tahun yang lalu.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morfologi">Morfologi</h2></div> Satu individu arkea memiliki diameter yang berkisar dari 0,1 <a href="/wiki/Mikrometer" title="Mikrometer">mikrometer</a> (μm) sampai lebih dari 15 μm, yang hadir dalam berbagai bentuk, umumnya sebagai bola, batang, spiral, atau piring.<a href="#cite_note-Bergey-93">[93]</a> Morfologi lain ditemukan pada filum <a href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota" title="Crenarchaeota">Crenarchaeota</a>, termasuk sel berlobus yang bentuknya tidak teratur pada genus <a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus" title="Sulfolobus">Sulfolobus</a>, filamen seperti-jarum yang diameternya kurang dari setengah mikrometer pada genus <a href="/wiki/Thermofilum" title="Thermofilum">Thermofilum</a>, serta batang yang bentuknya hampir persegi panjang sempurna pada <a href="/wiki/Thermoproteus" title="Thermoproteus">Thermoproteus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pyrobaculum" title="Pyrobaculum">Pyrobaculum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haloquadratum" title="Haloquadratum">Haloquadratum walsbyi</a> adalah arkea dengan sel berbentuk persegi yang datar, yang hidup di kolam hipersalin.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walsby1980-96">[96]</a> Bentuk yang tidak biasa ini mungkin dipertahankan dengan baik oleh dinding sel dan <a href="/wiki/Sitoskeleton_prokariotik" title="Sitoskeleton prokariotik">sitoskeleton prokariotik</a> mereka. Protein yang terkait dengan komponen sitoskeleton organisme lain ditemukan di arkea,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> dan filamen-filamen terbentuk dalam sel mereka,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> tetapi berbeda dengan organisme lain, struktur seluler ini kurang dipahami.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Thermoplasma" title="Thermoplasma">Thermoplasma</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ferroplasma" title="Ferroplasma">Ferroplasma</a>, ketiadaan <a href="/wiki/Dinding_sel" title="Dinding sel">dinding sel</a> berarti bahwa sel memiliki bentuk yang tidak teratur, dan dapat menyerupai <a href="/wiki/Ameba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ameba">ameba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Golyshina-100">[100]</a> Beberapa spesies arkea membentuk agregat atau filamen sel yang panjangnya hingga 200 μm.<a href="#cite_note-Bergey-93">[93]</a> Organisme-organisme ini bisa membentuk tonjolan dalam <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Khususnya, agregat sel-sel <a href="/wiki/Thermococcus" title="Thermococcus">Thermococcus</a> coalescens menyatu bersama dalam kultur sehingga membentuk sel-sel raksasa tunggal.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Genus <a href="/wiki/Pyrodictium" title="Pyrodictium">Pyrodictium</a> menghasilkan koloni multisel rumit yang melibatkan tabung berongga panjang dan tipis yang disebut kanula yang menonjol dari permukaan sel dan menghubungkan mereka ke dalam aglomerasi padat seperti-semak.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Fungsi dari kanula ini tidak disepakati, tetapi mereka dapat memungkinkan komunikasi atau pertukaran nutrisi dengan tetangganya.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Koloni multispesies juga ditemukan, seperti komunitas "untaian mutiara" yang ditemukan pada tahun 2001 di sebuah rawa di Jerman. Koloni bulat keputihan dari spesies baru Euryarchaeota terletak di sepanjang filamen tipis yang panjangnya dapat mencapai 15 sentimeter (5,9 inci); filamen ini terbuat dari spesies bakteri tertentu.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktur,_perkembangan_komposisi,_dan_operasi">Struktur, perkembangan komposisi, dan operasi</h2></div> Arkea dan bakteri memiliki struktur <a href="/wiki/Sel_(biologi)" title="Sel (biologi)">sel</a> yang umumnya sama, tetapi komposisi dan organisasi sel membedakan arkea dengan bakteri. Seperti bakteri, arkea tidak memiliki membran interior dan <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">organel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PMID8177167-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Membran_sel" title="Membran sel">Membran sel</a> arkea, juga seperti bakteri, biasanya dibatasi oleh dinding sel dan mereka "berenang" menggunakan satu <a href="/wiki/Flagela" title="Flagela">flagela</a> atau lebih.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas-106">[106]</a> Secara struktural, arkea paling mirip dengan bakteri <a href="/wiki/Gram-positif" title="Gram-positif">Gram-positif</a>. Kebanyakan arkea memiliki membran plasma dan dinding sel tunggal, tanpa ruang <a href="/wiki/Periplasmik" class="mw-redirect" title="Periplasmik">periplasmik</a>; pengecualian untuk aturan umum ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Ignicoccus" title="Ignicoccus">Ignicoccus</a>, yang memiliki sebuah periplasma sangat besar yang berisi <a href="/wiki/Vesikel" title="Vesikel">vesikel</a> bermembran dan tertutup oleh membran luar.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dinding_sel_dan_flagela">Dinding sel dan flagela</h3></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Info lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Dinding_sel" title="Dinding sel">Dinding sel</a></div> Kebanyakan arkea (kecuali <a href="/wiki/Thermoplasma" title="Thermoplasma">Thermoplasma</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ferroplasma" title="Ferroplasma">Ferroplasma</a>) memiliki dinding sel.<a href="#cite_note-Golyshina-100">[100]</a> Mayoritas dinding sel arkea dirakit dari protein lapisan permukaan, yang membentuk <a href="/wiki/Lapisan-S" title="Lapisan-S">lapisan-S</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Lapisan-S adalah susunan molekul protein yang kaku yang menutupi bagian luar sel (seperti <a href="/wiki/Zirah_rantai" title="Zirah rantai">zirah rantai</a>).<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Lapisan ini memberi perlindungan kimia dan fisik, serta dapat mencegah <a href="/wiki/Makromolekul" title="Makromolekul">makromolekul</a> mengalami kontak dengan membran sel.<a href="#cite_note-Kandler1998-110">[110]</a> Tidak seperti bakteri, arkea tidak memiliki <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglikan" title="Peptidoglikan">peptidoglikan</a> di dinding sel mereka.<a href="#cite_note-Howland-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Methanobacteriales" title="Methanobacteriales">Methanobacteriales</a> memiliki dinding sel yang mengandung <a href="/wiki/Pseudopeptidoglikan" title="Pseudopeptidoglikan">pseudopeptidoglikan</a>, yang menyerupai peptidoglikan eubacteria dalam morfologi, fungsi, dan struktur fisik, tetapi pseudopeptidoglikan berbeda dalam struktur kimia; tidak memiliki <a href="/wiki/Asam_amino" title="Asam amino">asam amino-D</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_N-asetilmuramat" title="Asam N-asetilmuramat">asam N-asetilmuramat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kandler1998-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flagela" title="Flagela">Flagela</a> arkea beroperasi seperti flagela bakteri—tangkai panjangnya digerakkan oleh motor yang berputar di pangkalnya. Motor ini didukung oleh <a href="/wiki/Gradien_elektrokimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gradien elektrokimia">gradien proton</a> yang melintasi membran. Namun, flagela arkea berbeda, terutama dalam komposisi dan pengembangan.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas-106">[106]</a> Kedua jenis flagela (milik bakteri dan arkea) berevolusi dari nenek moyang yang berbeda. Flagela bakteri memiliki satu nenek moyang dengan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_sekresi_tipe_III" title="Sistem sekresi tipe III">sistem sekresi tipe III</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> sementara flagela arkea tampaknya berevolusi dari <a href="/wiki/Pilus" title="Pilus">pili</a> bakteri tipe IV.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Berbeda dengan flagela bakteri yang berongga dan dirakit oleh subunit yang bergerak naik dari pori tengah ke ujung flagela, flagela arkea disintesis dengan menambahkan subunit di pangkalnya.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membran">Membran</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Archaea_membrane.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Archaea_membrane.svg/300px-Archaea_membrane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Archaea_membrane.svg/450px-Archaea_membrane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Archaea_membrane.svg/600px-Archaea_membrane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Struktur membran. Atas, sebuah fosfolipid arkea: 1, rantai isoprena; 2, ikatan eter; 3, gugus L-gliserol; 4, gugus fosfat. Tengah, fosfolipid bakteri atau eukariota: 5, rantai asam lemak; 6, hubungan ester; 7, bagian D-gliserol; 8, gugus fosfat. Bawah: 9, lipid dua lapis bakteri dan eukariota; 10, lipid satu lapis dari beberapa arkea.</figcaption></figure> Membran arkea terbuat dari molekul yang sangat berbeda dari molekul di organisme lain, yang menunjukkan bahwa arkea berkerabat jauh dari bakteri dan eukariota.<a href="#cite_note-Koga-116">[116]</a> Pada semua organisme, <a href="/wiki/Membran_sel" title="Membran sel">membran sel</a> terbuat dari molekul yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Fosfolipid" title="Fosfolipid">fosfolipid</a>. Molekul-molekul ini memiliki bagian kutub yang larut dalam air ("kepala" fosfat) dan bagian nonpolar "berminyak" yang tidak larut dalam air (ekor lipid). Bagian yang berbeda ini dihubungkan oleh gugus <a href="/wiki/Gliserol" title="Gliserol">gliserol</a>. Dalam air, fosfolipid mengelompok, dengan kepala menghadap air dan ekor menjauhi air. Struktur utama dalam membran sel adalah lapisan ganda fosfolipid ini, yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Lipida_dwilapis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipida dwilapis">lipida dwilapis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Fosfolipid yang dimiliki arkea tidak biasa dalam empat hal: <ul><li>Bakteri dan eukariota memiliki membran yang terutama tersusun atas gliserol-<a href="/wiki/Lipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid">lipid</a> <a href="/wiki/Ester" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ester">ester</a>, sedangkan arkea memiliki membran yang tersusun atas gliserol-lipid <a href="/wiki/Eter" title="Eter">eter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Perbedaannya adalah jenis ikatan yang menggabungkan lipid ke bagian gliserol; dua jenis ikatan ditunjukkan dengan warna kuning pada gambar di sebelah kanan. Pada lipid ester, ikatan ini merupakan <a href="/wiki/Ester" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ester">ikatan ester</a>, sedangkan pada lipid eter ikatan ini merupakan <a href="/wiki/Eter" title="Eter">ikatan eter</a>. Ikatan eter secara kimiawi lebih tahan dari ikatan ester. Stabilitas ini mungkin membantu arkea bertahan pada suhu ekstrem dan lingkungan yang sangat <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Basa" title="Basa">basa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereokimia" title="Stereokimia">Stereokimia</a> dari bagian gliserol arkea berkebalikan dari yang ditemukan pada organisme lain. Bagian gliserol dapat terjadi dalam dua bentuk yang merupakan bayangan cermin satu sama lain, yang disebut bentuk tangan kanan dan tangan kiri; dalam kimia hal ini disebut <a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomer</a>. Seperti tangan kanan yang tidak cocok dan sulit masuk ke dalam sarung tangan kiri, fosfolipid tangan kanan umumnya tidak dapat digunakan atau dibuat oleh <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> yang disesuaikan untuk bentuk kiri. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa arkea menggunakan enzim yang sama sekali berbeda untuk sintesis fosfolipid dibandingkan bakteri dan eukariota. Enzim-enzim seperti ini dikembangkan sangat awal dalam sejarah kehidupan, yang menunjukkan percabangan awal dari dua domain lainnya.<a href="#cite_note-Koga-116">[116]</a></li> <li>Ekor lipid arkea secara kimiawi berbeda dari organisme lain. Lipid arkea didasarkan pada rantai <a href="/wiki/Isoprena" title="Isoprena">isoprenoid</a> panjang dengan banyak cabang samping, dan terkadang dengan cincin <a href="/wiki/Siklopropana" title="Siklopropana">siklopropana</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Sikloheksana" title="Sikloheksana">sikloheksana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Hal ini kontras dengan <a href="/wiki/Asam_lemak" title="Asam lemak">asam lemak</a> yang ditemukan dalam membran organisme lain, yang memiliki rantai lurus tanpa cabang atau cincin. Meskipun isoprenoid memainkan peran penting dalam biokimia banyak organisme, hanya arkea yang menggunakannya untuk membuat fosfolipid. Rantai ini bercabang dapat membantu mencegah kebocoran membran arkea pada suhu tinggi.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li>Pada beberapa arkea, lapisan ganda lipid digantikan oleh sebuah lapisan tunggal. Akibatnya, arkea menyatukan dua ekor molekul fosfolipid independen menjadi molekul tunggal dengan dua kepala polar (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolaampifil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolaampifil (halaman belum tersedia)">bolaampifil</a>); fusi ini dapat membuat membran mereka lebih kaku dan lebih mampu menahan lingkungan yang keras.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Sebagai contoh, lipid dalam <a href="/wiki/Ferroplasma" title="Ferroplasma">Ferroplasma</a> memiliki jenis lapisan ini, yang diduga untuk membantu kelangsungan hidup organisme ini di habitatnya yang sangat asam.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metabolisme">Metabolisme</h2></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Info lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme_mikrobial" title="Metabolisme mikrobial">Metabolisme mikrobial</a></div> Arkea menunjukkan berbagai macam reaksi kimia dalam <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a> mereka dan menggunakan banyak sumber energi. Reaksi-reaksi ini diklasifikasikan ke dalam kelompok nutrisional, tergantung pada sumber-sumber energi dan karbon. Beberapa arkea memperoleh energi dari <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_anorganik" title="Senyawa anorganik">senyawa anorganik</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">belerang</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Amoniak" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoniak">amoniak</a> (mereka disebut <a href="/wiki/Litotrof" title="Litotrof">litotrof</a>). Arkea jenis ini termasuk <a href="/wiki/Bakteri_nitrifikasi" title="Bakteri nitrifikasi">penitrifkasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metanogen" title="Metanogen">metanogen</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Oksidator" title="Oksidator">oksidator</a> <a href="/wiki/Metana" title="Metana">metana</a> <a href="/wiki/Anaerob" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anaerob">anaerob</a>.<a href="#cite_note-valentine-125">[125]</a> Dalam reaksi ini, satu senyawa memberikan elektron kepada senyawa yang lain (dalam reaksi <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">redoks</a>), melepaskan energi untuk bahan bakar aktivitas sel. Satu senyawa bertindak sebagai <a href="/wiki/Donor_elektron" title="Donor elektron">donor elektron</a> dan satu sebagai <a href="/wiki/Akseptor_elektron" title="Akseptor elektron">akseptor elektron</a>. Energi yang dilepaskan menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Adenosina_trifosfat" title="Adenosina trifosfat">adenosina trifosfat</a> (ATP) melalui <a href="/wiki/Kemiosmosis" title="Kemiosmosis">kemiosmosis</a>, dalam proses dasar yang sama yang terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Mitokondria" title="Mitokondria">mitokondria</a> sel eukariotik.<a href="#cite_note-Schafer-126">[126]</a> Kelompok arkea lain menggunakan sinar matahari sebagai sumber energi (mereka disebut <a href="/wiki/Fototrof" title="Fototrof">fototrof</a>). Namun, <a href="/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a> yang menghasilkan oksigen tidak terjadi dalam organisme-organisme ini.<a href="#cite_note-Schafer-126">[126]</a> Banyak <a href="/wiki/Jalur_metabolik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalur metabolik">jalur metabolik</a> dasar dimiliki bersama oleh semua bentuk kehidupan; misalnya, arkea menggunakan bentuk modifikasi dari <a href="/wiki/Glikolisis" title="Glikolisis">glikolisis</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalur_Entner%E2%80%93Doudoroff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalur Entner–Doudoroff (halaman belum tersedia)">jalur Entner–Doudoroff</a>) serta salah satu dari <a href="/wiki/Siklus_asam_sitrat" title="Siklus asam sitrat">siklus asam sitrat</a> lengkap atau parsial.<a href="#cite_note-Zillig-127">[127]</a> Kesamaan dengan organisme lain ini mungkin mencerminkan bahwa jalur-jalur metabolik dasar tersebut memiliki asal-usul pada awal sejarah kehidupan dan tingkat efisiensi yang tinggi.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <caption>Tipe nutrisional dalam metabolisme arkea </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tipe nutrisional </th> <th>Sumber energi </th> <th>Sumber karbon </th> <th>Contoh </th></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Fototrof" title="Fototrof">Fototrof</a>  </td> <td align="center"> Cahaya matahari  </td> <td align="center"> Senyawa organik  </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Halobacterium" title="Halobacterium">Halobacterium</a>  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Litotrof" title="Litotrof">Litotrof</a> </td> <td align="center"> Senyawa anorganik </td> <td align="center"> Senyawa organik atau <a href="/wiki/Fiksasi_karbon" title="Fiksasi karbon">fiksasi karbon</a> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Ferroglobus" title="Ferroglobus">Ferroglobus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanobacteria" title="Methanobacteria">Methanobacteria</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Pyrolobus" title="Pyrolobus">Pyrolobus</a>  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Organotrof" title="Organotrof">Organotrof</a> </td> <td align="center"> Senyawa organik  </td> <td align="center"> Senyawa organik atau <a href="/wiki/Fiksasi_karbon" title="Fiksasi karbon">fiksasi karbon</a>  </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Pyrococcus" title="Pyrococcus">Pyrococcus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus" title="Sulfolobus">Sulfolobus</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Methanosarcinales" title="Methanosarcinales">Methanosarcinales</a>  </td></tr></tbody></table> Beberapa Euryarchaeota adalah <a href="/wiki/Metanogen" title="Metanogen">metanogen</a> yang hidup di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingkungan_anaerobik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingkungan anaerobik (halaman belum tersedia)">lingkungan anaerobik</a>, seperti rawa-rawa. Bentuk metabolisme ini berevolusi sejak awal, dan bahkan mungkin saja organisme yang pertama hidup bebas adalah metanogen.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Umumnya, reaksi melibatkan penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> sebagai akseptor elektron untuk mengoksidasi <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>. Metanogenesis melibatkan berbagai <a href="/wiki/Koenzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Koenzim">koenzim</a> yang unik untuk arkea ini, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koenzim_M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koenzim M (halaman belum tersedia)">koenzim M</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metanofuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metanofuran (halaman belum tersedia)">metanofuran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Senyawa-senyawa organik lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol">alkohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asam_asetat" title="Asam asetat">asam asetat</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Asam_format" title="Asam format">asam format</a> digunakan sebagai alternatif <a href="/wiki/Akseptor_elektron" title="Akseptor elektron">akseptor elektron</a> oleh metanogen. Reaksi-reaksi ini sering terjadi pada arkea yang tinggal di usus. <a href="/wiki/Asam_asetat" title="Asam asetat">Asam asetat</a> juga dipecah menjadi metana dan karbon dioksida secara langsung oleh arkea asetotrofik. Asetotrof adalah arkea dalam ordo <a href="/wiki/Methanosarcinales" title="Methanosarcinales">Methanosarcinales</a> dan merupakan bagian utama dari komunitas mikroorganisme yang menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bacteriorhodopsin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bacteriorhodopsin.png/220px-Bacteriorhodopsin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bacteriorhodopsin.png/330px-Bacteriorhodopsin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bacteriorhodopsin.png/440px-Bacteriorhodopsin.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Bakteriorodopsin dari <a href="/wiki/Halobacterium_salinarum" title="Halobacterium salinarum">Halobacterium salinarum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kofaktor_(biokimia)" title="Kofaktor (biokimia)">Kofaktor</a> retinol dan residu yang berkontribusi dalam transfer proton diperlihatkan dalam bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_bola-dan-tongkat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model bola-dan-tongkat (halaman belum tersedia)">model bola-dan-tongkat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></figcaption></figure> Arkea lainnya menggunakan CO2 di <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosfer">atmosfer</a> sebagai sumber karbon dalam proses yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Fiksasi_karbon" title="Fiksasi karbon">fiksasi karbon</a> (mereka disebut <a href="/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof">autotrof</a>). Proses ini melibatkan bentuk yang sangat termodifikasi dari <a href="/wiki/Siklus_Calvin" title="Siklus Calvin">siklus Calvin</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> atau jalur metabolik yang baru ditemukan disebut siklus 3-hidroksipropionat/4-hidroksibutirat.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Crenarchaeota juga menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Siklus_Krebs_terbalik" title="Siklus Krebs terbalik">siklus Krebs terbalik</a>, sementara Euryarchaeota juga menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalur_reduktif_asetil-KoA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalur reduktif asetil-KoA (halaman belum tersedia)">jalur reduktif asetil-KoA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Fiksasi karbon ini didukung oleh sumber energi anorganik. Tidak ada arkea yang diketahui melakukan <a href="/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bryant-136">[136]</a> Sumber energi arkea sangat beragam dan berkisar dari oksidasi <a href="/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Nitrosopumilales" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrosopumilales">Nitrosopumilales</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-138">[138]</a> sampai oksidasi <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_sulfida" title="Hidrogen sulfida">hidrogen sulfida</a> atau unsur <a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">belerang</a> oleh spesies <a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus" title="Sulfolobus">Sulfolobus</a>, yang menggunakan oksigen atau ion logam sebagai akseptor elektron.<a href="#cite_note-Schafer-126">[126]</a> Arkea <a href="/wiki/Fototrof" title="Fototrof">fototrofik</a> menggunakan cahaya untuk menghasilkan energi kimia dalam bentuk ATP. Pada <a href="/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a>, pompa ion yang diaktifkan oleh cahaya, seperti <a href="/wiki/Bakteriorodopsin" title="Bakteriorodopsin">bakteriorodopsin</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halorodopsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halorodopsin (halaman belum tersedia)">halorodopsin</a>, menghasilkan gradien ion dengan cara memompa ion keluar dari sel melintasi <a href="/wiki/Membran_plasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Membran plasma">membran plasma</a>. Energi yang tersimpan dalam <a href="/wiki/Gradien_elektrokimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gradien elektrokimia">gradien elektrokimia</a> kemudian diubah menjadi ATP oleh <a href="/wiki/ATP_sintase" title="ATP sintase">ATP sintase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bergey-93">[93]</a> Proses ini merupakan bentuk <a href="/wiki/Fotofosforilasi" title="Fotofosforilasi">fotofosforilasi</a>. Kemampuan pompa untuk menggerakkan ion melintasi membran bergantung pada perubahan yang diberdayai cahaya dalam struktur <a href="/wiki/Kofaktor_(biokimia)" title="Kofaktor (biokimia)">kofaktor</a> <a href="/wiki/Retinol" title="Retinol">retinol</a> yang ada di tengah protein.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetika">Genetika</h2></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Info lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">Plasmid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genom" title="Genom">Genom</a></div> Arkea biasanya memiliki <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosom</a> melingkar tunggal,<a href="#cite_note-Allers-140">[140]</a> dengan ukuran hingga 5.751.492 <a href="/wiki/Pasangan_basa" title="Pasangan basa">pasangan basa</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Methanosarcina_acetivorans" title="Methanosarcina acetivorans">Methanosarcina acetivorans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> genom arkea terbesar yang diketahui. Sepersepuluh dari ukuran ini adalah genom kecil berupa 490.885 pasangan basa pada <a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeum_equitans" title="Nanoarchaeum equitans">Nanoarchaeum equitans</a>, genom arkea terkecil yang dikenal; genom ini diperkirakan hanya berisi 537 gen penyandi-protein.<a href="#cite_note-:6-142">[142]</a> Potongan independen kecil dari DNA, yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmid</a>, juga ditemukan dalam arkea. Plasmid dapat ditransfer antarsel dengan kontak fisik, dalam proses yang mungkin mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Konjugasi_bakteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Konjugasi bakteri">konjugasi bakteri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-SotaTop-144">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:RT8-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/RT8-4.jpg/200px-RT8-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/RT8-4.jpg/300px-RT8-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/RT8-4.jpg/400px-RT8-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus" title="Sulfolobus">Sulfolobus</a> terinfeksi dengan virus DNA STSV1.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Bar adalah 1 <a href="/wiki/Mikrometer" title="Mikrometer">mikrometer</a>.</figcaption></figure> Arkea secara genetik berbeda dari bakteri dan eukariota; sampai dengan 15% dari protein yang disandi oleh setiap genomnya merupakan protein yang unik untuk domain Archaea, meskipun sebagian besar gen yang unik tidak memiliki fungsi yang diketahui.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Dari sisa protein unik yang fungsinya telah diidentifikasi, sebagian besar dimiliki Euryarchaea dan terlibat dalam metanogenesis. Protein yang sama-sama dimiliki arkea, bakteri, dan eukariota membentuk sari pati fungsi sel, yang terutama berkaitan dengan <a href="/wiki/Transkripsi_(genetik)" title="Transkripsi (genetik)">transkripsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Translasi_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Translasi (biologi)">translasi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Nukleotida" title="Nukleotida">metabolisme nukleotida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gaasterland-147">[147]</a> Sifat arkea lain yang khas adalah organisasi gen yang fungsinya berhubungan—seperti enzim yang mengkatalisis langkah dalam jalur metabolik yang sama ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Operon" title="Operon">operon</a> baru, dan perbedaan yang besar dalam gen <a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=TRNA_sintetase_aminoasil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRNA sintetase aminoasil (halaman belum tersedia)">tRNA sintetase aminoasilnya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gaasterland-147">[147]</a> Transkripsi pada arkea lebih menyerupai transkripsi eukariota dibandingkan transkripsi bakteri, dengan <a href="/wiki/RNA_polimerase" title="RNA polimerase">RNA polimerase</a> arkea sangat mirip dengan enzim serupa pada eukariota;<a href="#cite_note-Allers-140">[140]</a> sementara translasi pada arkea menunjukkan tanda-tanda kesamaan, baik pada bakteri maupun eukariota.<a href="#cite_note-Dennis-148">[148]</a> Meskipun arkea hanya memiliki satu jenis RNA polimerase, struktur dan fungsinya dalam transkripsi tampaknya dekat dengan <a href="/wiki/RNA_polimerase_II" title="RNA polimerase II">RNA polimerase II</a> pada eukariota, dengan kumpulan protein yang sama (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Faktor_transkripsi_umum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faktor transkripsi umum (halaman belum tersedia)">faktor transkripsi umum</a>) yang mengarahkan pengikatan RNA polimerase ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Promotor_(biologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promotor (biologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">promotor</a> gen.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Namun, <a href="/wiki/Faktor_transkripsi" title="Faktor transkripsi">faktor transkripsi</a> arkea lainnya lebih dekat dengan faktor transkripsi yang ditemukan pada bakteri.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modifikasi_setelah-transkripsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modifikasi setelah-transkripsi (halaman belum tersedia)">Modifikasi setelah-transkripsi</a> arkea lebih sederhana dibandingkan eukariota karena sebagian besar gen arkea tidak memiliki <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">intron</a>, meskipun ada banyak intron pada gen <a href="/wiki/RNA_transfer" title="RNA transfer">RNA transfer</a> dan <a href="/wiki/RNA_ribosomal" title="RNA ribosomal">RNA ribosomal</a> mereka,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> dan intron mungkin ada pada beberapa gen penyandi-protein.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_gen_dan_pertukaran_genetik">Transfer gen dan pertukaran genetik</h3></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halobacterium_volcanii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halobacterium volcanii (halaman belum tersedia)">Halobacterium volcanii</a>, sebuah arkea halofilik ekstrem, membentuk jembatan sitoplasma di antara sel-sel yang sepertinya akan digunakan untuk mentransfer DNA dari satu sel ke sel lain dalam dua arah.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Ketika arkea hipertermofilik <a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus_solfataricus" title="Sulfolobus solfataricus">Sulfolobus solfataricus</a><a href="#cite_note-Frols2008-155">[155]</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfolobus_acidocaldarius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (halaman belum tersedia)">Sulfolobus acidocaldarius</a><a href="#cite_note-Ajon-156">[156]</a> terpapar radiasi sinar <a href="/wiki/Ultraungu" title="Ultraungu">ultraungu</a> (UV) yang merusak DNA atau <a href="/wiki/Bleomisin" title="Bleomisin">bleomisin</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Mitomisin_C" title="Mitomisin C">mitomisin C</a>, agregasi seluler yang spesifik pada spesies akan diinduksi. Agregasi pada S. solfataricus tidak dapat diinduksi oleh stres fisik lainnya, seperti pH atau perubahan suhu,<a href="#cite_note-Frols2008-155">[155]</a> yang menunjukkan bahwa agregasi diinduksi secara khusus oleh kerusakan DNA. Ajon dkk.<a href="#cite_note-Ajon-156">[156]</a> menunjukkan bahwa agregasi seluler yang diinduksi sinar UV memediasi pertukaran penanda kromosom dengan frekuensi tinggi pada S. acidocaldarius. Tingkat rekombinasi arkea yang diinduksi melebihi kultur yang tidak diinduksi hingga tiga lipat. Frols dkk.<a href="#cite_note-Frols2008-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> dan Ajon dkk.<a href="#cite_note-Ajon-156">[156]</a> berhipotesis bahwa agregasi seluler meningkatkan transfer DNA spesifik-spesies di antara sel-sel Sulfolobus dalam rangka meningkatkan perbaikan DNA yang rusak dengan cara <a href="/wiki/Rekombinasi_homolog" title="Rekombinasi homolog">rekombinasi homolog</a>. Tanggapan ini mungkin merupakan bentuk primitif dari interaksi seksual yang mirip dengan sistem transformasi bakteri yang dipelajari dengan lebih baik yang juga terkait dengan transfer DNA spesifik-spesies di antara sel-sel yang mengarah pada perbaikan rekombinasi homolog dari kerusakan DNA.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virus_arkea">Virus arkea</h3></div> Arkea menjadi target dari sejumlah <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> yang berbeda dari virus-virus yang menyerang bakteri dan eukariota. Virus-virus ini telah dikelompokkan dalam 15–18 keluarga berbasis DNA, tetapi beberapa spesies tetap tidak terisolasi dan menunggu klasifikasi.<a href="#cite_note-:2-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Keluarga-keluarga ini secara informal dapat dibagi menjadi dua kelompok: virus spesifik arkea dan kosmopolitan. Virus spesifik arkea hanya menargetkan spesies arkea dan saat ini mencakup 12 keluarga virus. Banyak virus berstruktur unik yang sebelumnya tidak teridentifikasi telah ditemukan dalam kelompok ini, termasuk virus berbentuk botol, spindel, gulungan, dan tetesan.<a href="#cite_note-:3-160">[160]</a> Meskipun siklus reproduksi dan mekanisme genom spesies virus spesifik-arkea mungkin mirip dengan virus lain, mereka memiliki karakteristik unik yang secara khusus dikembangkan karena morfologi sel inang yang mereka infeksi.<a href="#cite_note-:2-159">[159]</a> Mekanisme pelepasan virus mereka berbeda dari fag lainnya. <a href="/wiki/Bakteriofag" title="Bakteriofag">Bakteriofag</a> umumnya menjalani jalur <a href="/wiki/Siklus_litik" title="Siklus litik">litik</a>, jalur <a href="/wiki/Siklus_lisogenik" title="Siklus lisogenik">lisogenik</a>, atau campuran keduanya (meskipun jarang).<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Sebagian besar galur virus spesifik-arkea mempertahankan hubungan yang stabil dan agak lisogenik dengan inangnya, yang tampak sebagai infeksi kronis. Hal ini melibatkan produksi dan pelepasan virion secara bertahap dan terus-menerus tanpa membunuh sel inang.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Prangishyili (2013) mencatat bahwa telah dihipotesiskan bahwa fag arkea berekor berasal dari bakteriofag yang mampu menginfeksi spesies Haloarchaea. Jika hipotesisnya benar, dapat disimpulkan bahwa virus DNA berunting ganda lainnya yang menyusun sisa kelompok spesifik arkea adalah kelompok unik mereka sendiri dalam komunitas virus global. Krupovic dkk. (2018) menyatakan bahwa tingginya tingkat transfer gen horizontal, tingkat mutasi yang cepat pada genom virus, dan kurangnya urutan gen universal telah membuat para peneliti mempersepsikan jalur evolusi virus arkea sebagai jejaring. Kurangnya kesamaan antara <a href="/wiki/Penanda_genetik" title="Penanda genetik">penanda filogenetik</a> dalam jejaring ini dan virosfer global, serta hubungan eksternal dengan elemen nonvirus, mungkin menunjukkan bahwa beberapa spesies virus spesifik-arkea berevolusi dari elemen genetik seluler nonvirus (MGE).<a href="#cite_note-:3-160">[160]</a> Virus-virus ini telah dipelajari secara rinci pada kelompok termofil, khususnya ordo Sulfolobales dan Thermoproteales.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Dua kelompok virus DNA unting tunggal yang menginfeksi arkea telah diisolasi. Satu kelompok dicontohkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halorubrum_pleomorphic_virus_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halorubrum pleomorphic virus 1 (halaman belum tersedia)">Halorubrum pleomorphic virus 1</a> ("Pleolipoviridae") yang menginfeksi arkea halofilik<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> dan yang lainnya oleh virus aeropyrum berbentuk spiral ("<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiraviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiraviridae (halaman belum tersedia)">Spiraviridae</a>") yang menginfeksi inang hipertermofilik (pertumbuhan optimal pada 90–95 °C).<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Spiraviridae dilaporkan memiliki genom ssDNA yang terbesar hingga saat ini. Pertahanan terhadap virus ini mungkin melibatkan <a href="/wiki/Interferensi_RNA" title="Interferensi RNA">interferensi RNA</a> dari urutan <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_repetitif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA repetitif (halaman belum tersedia)">DNA repetitif</a> yang terkait dengan gen dari virus.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduksi">Reproduksi</h2></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Info lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Reproduksi_aseksual" title="Reproduksi aseksual">Reproduksi aseksual</a></div> Arkea bereproduksi secara aseksual dengan <a href="/wiki/Fisi_(biologi)" title="Fisi (biologi)">fisi</a> biner atau berganda, fragmentasi, atau <a href="/wiki/Tunas_(reproduksi)" title="Tunas (reproduksi)">tunas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> tidak terjadi, jadi jika spesies arkea memiliki lebih dari satu bentuk, semua memiliki materi genetik yang sama.<a href="#cite_note-Bergey-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pembelahan_sel" title="Pembelahan sel">Pembelahan sel</a> dikendalikan dalam <a href="/wiki/Siklus_sel" title="Siklus sel">siklus sel</a>; setelah <a href="/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom">kromosom</a> sel direplikasi dan dua kromosom anak terpisah, sel akan membelah.<a href="#cite_note-Bernander-169">[169]</a> Pada genus <a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus" title="Sulfolobus">Sulfolobus</a>, siklus sel memiliki karakteristik yang mirip dengan sistem bakteri dan eukariota. Kromosom bereplikasi dari beberapa titik-awal (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Origo_replikasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Origo replikasi (halaman belum tersedia)">origo replikasi</a>) menggunakan <a href="/wiki/DNA_polimerase" title="DNA polimerase">DNA polimerase</a> yang menyerupai enzim eukariota yang setara.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Pada Euryarchaea, protein pembelahan sel <a href="/w/index.php?title=FtsZ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FtsZ (halaman belum tersedia)">FtsZ</a>, yang membentuk cincin kontraktor di sekitar sel, dan komponen <a href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septum</a> yang dibangun di tengah sel, mirip dengan protein serupa pada bakteri.<a href="#cite_note-Bernander-169">[169]</a> Pada cren-<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> dan thaumarchaea,<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> mesin pembelahan sel CDV memiliki peran serupa. Mesin ini terkait dengan mesin eukariotik <a href="/wiki/ESCRT" title="ESCRT">ESCRT-III</a> (yang sementara paling dikenal untuk perannya dalam pemilahan sel) yang juga terlihat memenuhi peran dalam pemisahan pada sel yang membelah, yang menunjukkan peran leluhur dalam pembelahan sel.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Baik bakteri dan eukariota, tetapi tidak arkea, membentuk <a href="/wiki/Spora" title="Spora">spora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Beberapa spesies <a href="/wiki/Haloarchaea" title="Haloarchaea">Haloarchaea</a> menjalani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peralihan_fenotipik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peralihan fenotipik (halaman belum tersedia)">peralihan fenotipik</a> dan tumbuh sebagai beberapa jenis sel yang berbeda, termasuk struktur berdinding tebal yang tahan terhadap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guncangan_osmotik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guncangan osmotik (halaman belum tersedia)">guncangan osmotik</a> dan memungkinkan arkea untuk bertahan hidup dalam air pada konsentrasi garam rendah, tetapi ini bukanlah struktur reproduksi dan dapat membantu mereka mencapai habitat baru.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekologi">Ekologi</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat">Habitat</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg/220px-Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg/330px-Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg/440px-Morning-Glory_Hotspring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Arkea yang tumbuh di air panas di Morning Glory <a href="/wiki/Mata_air_panas" title="Mata air panas">Hot Spring</a> di <a href="/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Yellowstone" title="Taman Nasional Yellowstone">Taman Nasional Yellowstone</a> menjadikannya berwarna terang</figcaption></figure> Arkea hidup di berbagai habitat dan kini diakui sebagai bagian besar dalam ekosistem global,<a href="#cite_note-DeLong-15">[15]</a> yang dapat berkontribusi hingga 20% dari <a href="/wiki/Biomassa_(ekologi)" title="Biomassa (ekologi)">biomassa</a> bumi.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Arkea yang pertama ditemukan adalah <a href="/wiki/Ekstremofil" title="Ekstremofil">ekstremofil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-valentine-125">[125]</a> Beberapa arkea mampu bertahan pada suhu tinggi, sering kali di atas 100 °C (212 °F), seperti yang ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Geyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Geyser">geyser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventilasi_hidrotermal" title="Ventilasi hidrotermal">ventilasi hidrotermal</a> laut-dalam, dan sumur minyak. Habitat umum lainnya termasuk habitat yang sangat dingin dan air yang sangat asin, <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a>, atau <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a>. Selain itu, arkea juga mencakup <a href="/wiki/Mesofil" title="Mesofil">mesofil</a> yang tumbuh dalam kondisi ringan, seperti di tanah <a href="/wiki/Rawa" title="Rawa">rawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_limbah" title="Air limbah">air limbah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samudra" title="Samudra">samudra</a>, saluran usus hewan, dan <a href="/wiki/Tanah" title="Tanah">tanah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DeLong-15">[15]</a> Arkea-arkea ekstremofil merupakan anggota dari empat kelompok <a href="/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi">fisiologis</a> utama, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Halofili" title="Halofili">halofili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisme_termofil" title="Organisme termofil">termofili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkalifili" title="Alkalifili">alkalifili</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Asidofili_(organisme)" title="Asidofili (organisme)">asidofili</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pikuta-178">[178]</a> Kelompok-kelompok ini tidak komprehensif atau spesifik terhadap filum, mereka juga tidak saling eksklusif karena beberapa arkea digolongkan dalam beberapa kelompok. Meskipun demikian, pengelompokan ini menjadi titik awal yang berguna untuk klasifikasi.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Halofili, termasuk genus <a href="/wiki/Halobacterium" title="Halobacterium">Halobacterium</a>, hidup di lingkungan yang sangat asin seperti <a href="/wiki/Danau_garam" title="Danau garam">danau garam</a> dan jumlahnya melebihi bakteri di lingkungan dengan salinitas yang lebih besar dari 20–25%.<a href="#cite_note-valentine-125">[125]</a> Termofil tumbuh paling baik pada suhu di atas 45 °C (113 °F), di tempat-tempat seperti mata air panas; arkea hipertermofil tumbuh optimal pada suhu yang lebih besar dari 80 °C (176 °F).<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Arkea <a href="/wiki/Methanopyrus_kandleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Methanopyrus kandleri">Methanopyrus kandleri</a> galur 116 bahkan dapat bereproduksi pada 122 °C (252 °F), suhu tertinggi yang tercatat dari organisme mana pun.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Arkea lain hidup di kondisi yang sangat asam atau basa.<a href="#cite_note-Pikuta-178">[178]</a> Sebagai contoh, salah satu arkea asidofil paling ekstrem adalah <a href="/wiki/Picrophilus" title="Picrophilus">Picrophilus torridus</a>, yang tumbuh pada pH 0, yang setara dengan berkembang di 1,2 <a href="/wiki/Molar" class="mw-redirect" title="Molar">molar</a> <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Ketahanan pada lingkungan yang ekstrem ini telah membuat arkea menjadi fokus spekulasi tentang kemungkinan sifat <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan_ekstraterestrial" title="Kehidupan ekstraterestrial">kehidupan ekstraterestrial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Beberapa habitat ekstremofil tidak berbeda dengan <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> sehingga muncul kemungkinan bahwa mikrob yang sesuai bisa saja ditransfer ke antara planet-planet di <a href="/wiki/Meteorit" title="Meteorit">meteorit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa arkea tidak hanya ada di lingkungan mesofilik dan termofilik tetapi juga hidup, kadang-kadang dalam jumlah yang tinggi, pada suhu rendah. Misalnya, arkea banyak ditemukan di lingkungan lautan dingin seperti laut kutub.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Lebih signifikan lagi adalah temuan sejumlah besar arkea di seluruh lautan di dunia pada habitat nonekstrem di antara komunitas <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> (sebagai bagian dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pikoplankton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pikoplankton (halaman belum tersedia)">pikoplankton</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Karner-187">[187]</a> Meskipun arkea ini dapat hadir dalam jumlah yang sangat tinggi (hingga 40% dari biomassa mikrob), hampir tidak ada spesies ini yang telah diisolasi dan dipelajari dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kultur_murni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kultur murni (halaman belum tersedia)">kultur murni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Akibatnya, pemahaman tentang peran arkea di ekologi laut masih dasar sehingga pengaruh penuh mereka pada siklus <a href="/wiki/Biogeokimia" title="Biogeokimia">biogeokimia</a> global sebagian besar masih belum diselidiki.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Beberapa Crenarchaeota laut mampu melakukan <a href="/wiki/Nitrifikasi" title="Nitrifikasi">nitrifikasi</a>, yang menunjukkan bahwa organisme ini dapat memengaruhi <a href="/wiki/Siklus_nitrogen" title="Siklus nitrogen">siklus nitrogen</a> samudra,<a href="#cite_note-:4-137">[137]</a> meskipun Crenarchaeota laut ini juga dapat menggunakan sumber-sumber energi lain.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Sejumlah besar arkea juga ditemukan dalam <a href="/wiki/Sedimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimen">sedimen</a> yang menutupi <a href="/wiki/Dasar_laut" title="Dasar laut">dasar laut</a>, dengan organisme ini membentuk sebagian besar sel hidup pada kedalaman lebih dari 1 meter di bawah dasar laut.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Telah dibuktikan bahwa di semua sedimen permukaan samudra (dari kedalaman air 1.000 sampai 10.000 m), dampak infeksi virus lebih tinggi pada arkea dibandingkan pada bakteri; sementara itu, lisis arkea yang diinduksi virus menyumbang hingga sepertiga dari total biomassa mikrob yang terbunuh, yang menghasilkan pelepasan ~0,3 hingga 0,5 gigaton karbon per tahun secara global.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peran_dalam_pendauran_kimia">Peran dalam pendauran kimia</h3></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Info lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Siklus_biogeokimia" class="mw-redirect" title="Siklus biogeokimia">Siklus biogeokimia</a></div> Arkea mendaur ulang unsur-unsur seperti <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">belerang</a> di berbagai habitat mereka.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Arkea terlibat dalam banyak langkah pada<a href="/wiki/Siklus_nitrogen" title="Siklus nitrogen">siklus nitrogen</a>, yang meliputi reaksi yang dapat menghapus nitrogen dari ekosistem (seperti respirasi berbasis <a href="/wiki/Nitrat" title="Nitrat">nitrat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Denitrifikasi" title="Denitrifikasi">denitrifikasi</a>) serta proses yang mendatangkan nitrogen (seperti asimilasi nitrat dan <a href="/wiki/Fiksasi_nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiksasi nitrogen">fiksasi nitrogen</a>).<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Para peneliti menemukan keterlibatan arkea pada reaksi oksidasi <a href="/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a>. Reaksi-reaksi ini sangat penting di lautan.<a href="#cite_note-:5-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Arkea juga tampaknya penting untuk oksidasi amonia di tanah. Mereka menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Nitrit" title="Nitrit">nitrit</a>, dan mikrob lainnya mengoksidasi ke <a href="/wiki/Nitrat" title="Nitrat">nitrat</a>. Tumbuhan dan organisme lain mengonsumsi nitrat.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Pada <a href="/wiki/Daur_belerang" class="mw-redirect" title="Daur belerang">daur belerang</a>, arkea yang tumbuh dengan mengoksidasi senyawa <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> melepaskan elemen ini dari batuan agar tersedia bagi organisme lain. Namun, arkea yang melakukan hal ini, seperti Sulfolobus, menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a> sebagai produk limbah, dan pertumbuhan organisme ini di tambang yang ditinggalkan dapat berkontribusi pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_asam_tambang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air asam tambang (halaman belum tersedia)">air asam tambang</a> dan kerusakan lingkungan lainnya.<a href="#cite_note-Baker2003-199">[199]</a> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Siklus_karbon" title="Siklus karbon">siklus karbon</a>, arkea metanogen mengeliminasi hidrogen dan memainkan peran penting dalam pembusukan bahan organik dengan populasi mikroorganisme yang berperan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Dekomposer" title="Dekomposer">dekomposer</a> dalam ekosistem anaerob, seperti sedimen, rawa-rawa, dan <a href="/wiki/Pengolahan_air_limbah" title="Pengolahan air limbah">pengolahan air limbah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interaksi_dengan_organisme_lain">Interaksi dengan organisme lain</h3></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Info lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Interaksi_biologis" title="Interaksi biologis">Interaksi biologis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpg/220px-Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpg/330px-Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpg/440px-Coptotermes_formosanus_shiraki_USGov_k8204-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Arkea metanogen membentuk <a href="/wiki/Simbiosis" title="Simbiosis">simbiosis</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Rayap" title="Rayap">rayap</a>.</figcaption></figure> Interaksi yang diketahui dengan baik antara arkea dan organisme lainnya bersifat <a href="/wiki/Mutualisme" title="Mutualisme">mutual</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Komensalisme" title="Komensalisme">komensal</a>. Tidak ada contoh yang jelas dan dikenal untuk arkea yang bersifat <a href="/wiki/Patogen" title="Patogen">patogenik</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Parasit" title="Parasit">parasitik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Namun, beberapa spesies metanogen diperkirakan terlibat dalam <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_periodontal" title="Penyakit periodontal">infeksi di mulut</a>,<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeum_equitans" title="Nanoarchaeum equitans">Nanoarchaeum equitans</a> mungkin merupakan parasit bagi spesies arkea lain karena hanya bertahan dan bereproduksi dalam sel-sel Crenarchaeon <a href="/wiki/Ignicoccus" title="Ignicoccus">Ignicoccus hospitalis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:6-142">[142]</a> dan tampaknya tidak memberikan manfaat bagi inangnya.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Metanogen berperan sebagai mitra utama yang mendukung proses fermentasi bakteri yang didasarkan pada <a href="/wiki/Sintrofi" title="Sintrofi">sintrofi</a> yang bekerja dalam kondisi kekurangan energi.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mutualisme">Mutualisme</h4></div> Salah satu contoh mutualisme yang dipahami dengan baik adalah interaksi antara <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> dan arkea <a href="/wiki/Metanogen" title="Metanogen">metanogen</a> dalam saluran pencernaan hewan yang mencerna <a href="/wiki/Selulosa" title="Selulosa">selulosa</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Ruminansia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminansia">ruminansia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Rayap" title="Rayap">rayap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chaban-207">[207]</a> Dalam lingkungan anaerobik ini, protozoa memecah selulosa tanaman untuk memperoleh energi. Proses ini melepaskan hidrogen sebagai produk limbah, tetapi hidrogen dalam tingkat tinggi mengurangi produksi energi. Ketika metanogen mengubah hidrogen menjadi metana, protozoa diuntungkan dengan lebih banyak energi.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Dalam protozoa anaerobik, seperti Plagiopyla frontata, arkea berada di dalam protozoa dan mengonsumsi hidrogen yang diproduksi di <a href="/wiki/Hidrogenosom" title="Hidrogenosom">hidrogenosom</a> mereka.<a href="#cite_note-Lange2005-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Arkea juga berasosiasi dengan organisme yang lebih besar. Sebagai contoh, arkea laut <a href="/wiki/Cenarchaeum" title="Cenarchaeum">Cenarchaeum symbiosum</a> hidup dalam (merupakan <a href="/wiki/Endosimbion" title="Endosimbion">endosimbion</a> dari) <a href="/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera">spons</a> <a href="/wiki/Axinella" title="Axinella">Axinella mexicana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Preston1996-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Komensalisme">Komensalisme</h4></div> Arkea juga bisa menjadi komensal, yang diuntungkan dari asosiasi tanpa membantu atau merugikan organisme lainnya. Sebagai contoh, metanogen <a href="/wiki/Methanobrevibacter_smithii" title="Methanobrevibacter smithii">Methanobrevibacter smithii</a> adalah arkea paling umum dalam <a href="/wiki/Flora_manusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora manusia">flora manusia</a>, yang menyusun sekitar satu dari sepuluh dari semua prokariota dalam usus manusia.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Pada rayap dan manusia, metanogen ini mungkin sebenarnya mutualis, berinteraksi dengan mikrob lain dalam usus untuk membantu pencernaan.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Dalam tubuh manusia, arkea ditemukan di usus, rongga mulut, dan kulit.<a href="#cite_note-Bang2015-214">[214]</a> Komunitas arkea juga berhubungan dengan berbagai organisme lain, seperti di permukaan <a href="/wiki/Karang" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Karang">karang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> dan di wilayah tanah yang mengelilingi akar tanaman (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rizosfer_(ekologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rizosfer (ekologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">rizosfer</a>).<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parasitisme">Parasitisme</h4></div> Meskipun Arkeaa secara tradisional tidak dikaitkan dengan patogenisitas, mereka sering kali memiliki genom yang memiliki kemiripan dengan patogen yang lebih umum seperti E. coli.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Hal ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan metabolik dan hubungan evolusioner dengan patogen kontemporer. Deteksi Arkea yang terputus-putus dalam penelitian klinis dapat dikaitkan dengan tidak adanya klasifikasi spesies yang lebih tepat untuk Arkea.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peran_dalam_teknologi_dan_industri">Peran dalam teknologi dan industri</h2></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Info lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Bioteknologi" title="Bioteknologi">Bioteknologi</a></div> Arkea <a href="/wiki/Ekstremofili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekstremofili">ekstremofili</a>, terutama yang tahan terhadap panas atau keasaman dan alkalinitas ekstrem, merupakan sumber <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> yang berfungsi dalam kondisi yang ekstrem.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Egorova-221">[221]</a> Enzim-enzim ini memiliki banyak kegunaan. Misalnya, <a href="/wiki/DNA_polimerase" title="DNA polimerase">DNA polimerase</a> termostabil, seperti <a href="/wiki/Pfu_DNA_polimerase" title="Pfu DNA polimerase">Pfu DNA polimerase</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus" title="Pyrococcus furiosus">Pyrococcus furiosus</a>, merevolusi <a href="/wiki/Biologi_molekuler" title="Biologi molekuler">biologi molekuler</a> dengan memungkinkan <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_berantai_polimerase" title="Reaksi berantai polimerase">reaksi berantai polimerase</a> digunakan dalam penelitian sebagai teknik sederhana dan cepat untuk <a href="/wiki/Kloning" title="Kloning">kloning</a> DNA. Dalam industri, <a href="/wiki/Amilase" title="Amilase">amilase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaktosidase" title="Galaktosidase">galaktosidase</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pullulanase" class="mw-redirect" title="Pullulanase">pullulanase</a> dari spesies <a href="/wiki/Pyrococcus" title="Pyrococcus">Pyrococcus</a> yang lain yang berfungsi pada suhu di atas 100 °C (212 °F) sehingga memungkinkan <a href="/wiki/Pengolahan_makanan" title="Pengolahan makanan">pengolahan makanan</a> pada suhu tinggi, seperti produksi susu rendah <a href="/wiki/Laktosa" title="Laktosa">laktosa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Whey" class="mw-redirect" title="Whey">whey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Enzim dari arkea termofilik ini juga cenderung sangat stabil dalam pelarut organik, sehingga dapat digunakan dalam proses ramah lingkungan dalam <a href="/wiki/Kimia_hijau" title="Kimia hijau">kimia hijau</a> yang menyintesis senyawa organik.<a href="#cite_note-Egorova-221">[221]</a> Stabilitas ini membuatnya lebih mudah untuk digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Biologi_struktural" class="mw-redirect" title="Biologi struktural">biologi struktural</a>. Akibatnya, enzim dari arkea ekstremofil yang ekuivalen dengan enzim bakteri atau eukariotik sering digunakan dalam studi struktural.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Berbeda dengan berbagai aplikasi enzim arkea, penggunaan organisme-organisme arkea sendiri di bidang bioteknologi kurang dikembangkan. Arkea metanogen adalah bagian penting dari <a href="/wiki/Pengolahan_limbah" title="Pengolahan limbah">pengolahan limbah</a> karena mereka adalah bagian dari komunitas mikroorganisme yang melaksanakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pencernaan_anaerobik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pencernaan anaerobik (halaman belum tersedia)">pencernaan anaerobik</a> dan menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengolahan_mineral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengolahan mineral (halaman belum tersedia)">pengolahan mineral</a>, arkea asidofilik dipandang menjanjikan untuk ekstraksi logam dari <a href="/wiki/Bijih" title="Bijih">bijih</a>, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">emas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalt</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Arkea menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Antibiotik" title="Antibiotik">antibiotik</a> kelas baru yang berpotensi dapat digunakan. Beberapa antibiotik asal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkeosin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkeosin (halaman belum tersedia)">arkeosin</a> telah dikarakterisasi, tetapi ratusan calon antibiotik lainnya diyakini keberadaannya, terutama dari <a href="/wiki/Haloarchaea" title="Haloarchaea">Haloarchaea</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sulfolobus" title="Sulfolobus">Sulfolobus</a>. Senyawa-senyawa ini memiliki struktur yang berbeda dari antibiotik asal bakteri sehingga mereka mungkin memiliki cara kerja yang baru. Selain itu, mereka dapat memungkinkan pembuatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penanda_yang_dapat_diseleksi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penanda yang dapat diseleksi (halaman belum tersedia)">penanda yang dapat diseleksi</a> yang baru untuk digunakan dalam biologi molekuler arkea.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22254620">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"> <ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biologi" title="Portal:Biologi">Portal Biologi </a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Produksi_metana_aerobik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Produksi metana aerobik (halaman belum tersedia)">Produksi metana aerobik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentuk_kehidupan_terawal_yang_diketahui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bentuk kehidupan terawal yang diketahui (halaman belum tersedia)">Bentuk kehidupan terawal yang diketahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_genus_Arkea" title="Daftar genus Arkea">Daftar genus Arkea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_genom_arkea_yang_sudah_diurutkan" title="Daftar genom arkea yang sudah diurutkan">Daftar genom arkea yang sudah diurutkan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Woese-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woese_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woese_1-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2112744">"Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal 2015-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Towards+a+natural+system+of+organisms%3A+proposal+for+the+domains+Archaea%2C+Bacteria%2C+and+Eucarya&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4576-9&rft.date=1990&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC54159&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2112744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PNAS...87.4576W&rft.aulast=Woese&rft.aufirst=CR&rft.au=Kandler%2C+O&rft.au=Wheelis%2C+ML&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D2112744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-CS2002-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CS2002_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CS2002_2-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bacterio.net/-aboveclass.html">"Taxa above the rank of class"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (halaman belum tersedia)">List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808155041/http://www.bacterio.net/-aboveclass.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2017-08-08. Diakses tanggal 8 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=List+of+Prokaryotic+names+with+Standing+in+Nomenclature&rft.atitle=Taxa+above+the+rank+of+class&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bacterio.net%2F-aboveclass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cavalier-Smith T (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4142966">"The neomuran revolution and phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and cilia in the light of intracellular coevolution and a revised tree of life"</a>. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 6 (9): a016006. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a016006">10.1101/cshperspect.a016006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4142966">4142966</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25183828">25183828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+Spring+Harb.+Perspect.+Biol.&rft.atitle=The+neomuran+revolution+and+phagotrophic+origin+of+eukaryotes+and+cilia+in+the+light+of+intracellular+coevolution+and+a+revised+tree+of+life&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=a016006&rft.date=2014&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4142966&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25183828&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a016006&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4142966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Petitjean, C., Deschamps, P., López-García, P., and Moreira, D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4316627">"Rooting the Domain archaea by phylogenomic analysis supports the foundation of the new kingdom proteoarchaeota"</a>. Genome Biol. Evol. 7 (1): 191–204. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevu274">10.1093/gbe/evu274</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4316627">4316627</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25527841">25527841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol.+Evol.&rft.atitle=Rooting+the+Domain+archaea+by+phylogenomic+analysis+supports+the+foundation+of+the+new+kingdom+proteoarchaeota&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=191-204&rft.date=2014&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4316627&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25527841&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevu274&rft.au=Petitjean%2C+C.%2C+Deschamps%2C+P.%2C+L%C3%B3pez-Garc%C3%ADa%2C+P.%2C+and+Moreira%2C+D.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4316627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-NCBI_taxonomy_page_on_Archaea-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_taxonomy_page_on_Archaea_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_taxonomy_page_on_Archaea_5-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=2157&lvl=5&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock">"NCBI taxonomy page on Archaea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201004224/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=2157&lvl=5&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-12-01. Diakses tanggal 2015-08-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NCBI+taxonomy+page+on+Archaea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2FTaxonomy%2FBrowser%2Fwwwtax.cgi%3Fmode%3DUndef%26id%3D2157%26lvl%3D5%26lin%3Df%26keep%3D1%26srchmode%3D1%26unlock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Staley JT (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/openurl.asp?genre=article&doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1914">"The bacterial species dilemma and the genomic-phylogenetic species concept"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 361 (1475): 1899–909. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2006.1914">10.1098/rstb.2006.1914</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1857736">1857736</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17062409">17062409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=The+bacterial+species+dilemma+and+the+genomic-phylogenetic+species+concept&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=1475&rft.pages=1899-909&rft.date=2006&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1857736&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17062409&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2006.1914&rft.au=Staley+JT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.royalsociety.org%2Fopenurl.asp%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26doi%3D10.1098%2Frstb.2006.1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Zuckerkandl E, Pauling L; Pauling (1965). 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Biol. 8 (2): 357–66. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-5193%2865%2990083-4">10.1016/0022-5193(65)90083-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5876245">5876245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Theor.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Molecules+as+documents+of+evolutionary+history&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=357-66&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-5193%2865%2990083-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5876245&rft.au=Zuckerkandl+E%2C+Pauling+L&rft.au=Pauling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30148503-8"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid30148503_8-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Parks DH, Chuvochina M, Waite DW, Rinke C, Skarshewski A, Chaumeil PA, Hugenholtz P (November 2018). 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Nature Biotechnology. 36 (10): 996–1004. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt.4229">10.1038/nbt.4229</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30148503">30148503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=A+standardized+bacterial+taxonomy+based+on+genome+phylogeny+substantially+revises+the+tree+of+life&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=996-1004&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnbt.4229&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30148503&rft.aulast=Parks&rft.aufirst=DH&rft.au=Chuvochina%2C+M&rft.au=Waite%2C+DW&rft.au=Rinke%2C+C&rft.au=Skarshewski%2C+A&rft.au=Chaumeil%2C+PA&rft.au=Hugenholtz%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3">d</a> <cite class="citation journal">Woese, C. 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 74 (11): 5088–5090. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.74.11.5088">10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC432104">432104</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/270744">270744</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088">versi asli</a> tanggal 2020-06-09. Diakses tanggal 2022-03-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+structure+of+the+prokaryotic+domain%3A+The+primary+kingdoms&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=5088-5090&rft.date=1977-11-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC432104&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F270744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.74.11.5088&rft.aulast=Woese&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft.au=Fox%2C+G.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fdoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.74.11.5088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pace NR (Mei 2006). "Time for a change". 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Diakses tanggal 2020-11-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+foundations+of+evolution%3A+on+the+tree+of+life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973438-2&rft.aulast=Sapp&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd7zOviXnbSYC%26q%3DJan%2BSapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> archaea. (2008). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 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Diakses tanggal 2015-08-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+exchange+across+a+species+boundary+in+the+archaeal+genus+ferroplasma&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=407-16&rft.date=2007&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2013692&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17603112&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1534%2Fgenetics.107.072892&rft.au=Eppley+JM%2C+Tyson+GW%2C+Getz+WM%2C+Banfield+JF&rft.au=Tyson&rft.au=Getz&rft.au=Banfield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D17603112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Papke RT, Zhaxybayeva O, Feil EJ, Sommerfeld K, Muise D, Doolittle WF; Zhaxybayeva; Feil; Sommerfeld; Muise; Doolittle (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17715057">"Searching for species in haloarchaea"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal 2015-08-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiol.+Rev.&rft.atitle=There+must+be+a+prokaryote+somewhere%3A+microbiology%27s+search+for+itself&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=1994-03-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC372949&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8177167&rft.au=Woese+CR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmmbr.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D8177167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Information is from Willey JM, Sherwood LM, Woolverton CJ. Microbiology 7th ed. (2008), Ch. 19 pp. 474–475, except where noted. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Heimerl, Thomas; Flechsler, Jennifer; Pickl, Carolin; Heinz, Veronika; Salecker, Benjamin; Zweck, Josef; Wanner, Gerhard; Geimer, Stefan; Samson, Rachel Y. 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Frontiers in Microbiology. 8: 1072. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2017.01072">10.3389/fmicb.2017.01072</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-302X">1664-302X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5468417">5468417</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28659892">28659892</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825002416/http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01072/full">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2017-08-25. Diakses tanggal 2020-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=A+Complex+Endomembrane+System+in+the+Archaeon+Ignicoccus+hospitalis+Tapped+by+Nanoarchaeum+equitans&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=1072&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC5468417&rft.issn=1664-302X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28659892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmicb.2017.01072&rft.aulast=Heimerl&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Flechsler%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Pickl%2C+Carolin&rft.au=Heinz%2C+Veronika&rft.au=Salecker%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Zweck%2C+Josef&rft.au=Wanner%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Geimer%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Samson%2C+Rachel+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.frontiersin.org%2Farticle%2F10.3389%2Ffmicb.2017.01072%2Ffull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite id="Medical_Microbiology" class="citation book">Jurtshuk, Peter (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7919/">Medical Microbiology</a> (edisi ke-4). Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903151233/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7919/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2019-09-03. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Microbiology&rft.place=Galveston+%28TX%29&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Medical+Branch+at+Galveston&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Jurtshuk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK7919%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Howland, John L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl">The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surprisingarchae0000howl/page/25">25</a>–30. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-511183-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-511183-4">0-19-511183-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Surprising+Archaea%3A+Discovering+Another+Domain+of+Life&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=25-30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-511183-4&rft.aulast=Howland&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurprisingarchae0000howl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nature.com-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_63-2">c</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cavicchioli, Ricardo (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v9/n1/full/nrmicro2482.html">"Archaea- timeline of the third domain"</a>. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 9 (1): 51–61. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro2482">10.1038/nrmicro2482</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21132019">21132019</a>. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Archaea-+timeline+of+the+third+domain&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-61&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro2482&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21132019&rft.aulast=Cavicchioli&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnrmicro%2Fjournal%2Fv9%2Fn1%2Ffull%2Fnrmicro2482.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gupta, Radhey S.; Shami, Ali (2011-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10482-010-9488-3">"Molecular signatures for the Crenarchaeota and the Thaumarchaeota"</a>. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (dalam bahasa Inggris). 99 (2): 133–157. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10482-010-9488-3">10.1007/s10482-010-9488-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-6072">0003-6072</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327090207/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10482-010-9488-3">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-27. Diakses tanggal 2020-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antonie+van+Leeuwenhoek&rft.atitle=Molecular+signatures+for+the+Crenarchaeota+and+the+Thaumarchaeota&rft.chron=2011-02&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-157&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10482-010-9488-3&rft.issn=0003-6072&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Radhey+S.&rft.au=Shami%2C+Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10482-010-9488-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gao, Beile; Gupta, Radhey S (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-8-86">"Phylogenomic analysis of proteins that are distinctive of Archaea and its main subgroups and the origin of methanogenesis"</a>. BMC Genomics. 8 (1): 86. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-8-86">10.1186/1471-2164-8-86</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852104">1852104</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17394648">17394648</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125000105/https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-8-86">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-11-25. Diakses tanggal 2020-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&rft.atitle=Phylogenomic+analysis+of+proteins+that+are+distinctive+of+Archaea+and+its+main+subgroups+and+the+origin+of+methanogenesis&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86&rft.date=2007&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC1852104&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17394648&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2164-8-86&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Beile&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Radhey+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2F1471-2164-8-86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gupta, Radhey S.; Naushad, Sohail; Baker, Sheridan (2015-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.070136-0">"Phylogenomic analyses and molecular signatures for the class Halobacteria and its two major clades: a proposal for division of the class Halobacteria into an emended order Halobacteriales and two new orders, Haloferacales ord. nov. and Natrialbales ord. nov., containing the novel families Haloferacaceae fam. nov. and Natrialbaceae fam. nov"</a>. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 65 (Pt_3): 1050–1069. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.070136-0">10.1099/ijs.0.070136-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1466-5026">1466-5026</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929200150/https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijs.0.070136-0">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-09-29. Diakses tanggal 2020-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Systematic+and+Evolutionary+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Phylogenomic+analyses+and+molecular+signatures+for+the+class+Halobacteria+and+its+two+major+clades%3A+a+proposal+for+division+of+the+class+Halobacteria+into+an+emended+order+Halobacteriales+and+two+new+orders%2C+Haloferacales+ord.+nov.+and+Natrialbales+ord.+nov.%2C+containing+the+novel+families+Haloferacaceae+fam.+nov.+and+Natrialbaceae+fam.+nov.&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=Pt_3&rft.pages=1050-1069&rft.date=2015-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fijs.0.070136-0&rft.issn=1466-5026&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Radhey+S.&rft.au=Naushad%2C+Sohail&rft.au=Baker%2C+Sheridan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microbiologyresearch.org%2Fcontent%2Fjournal%2Fijsem%2F10.1099%2Fijs.0.070136-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Deppenmeier, U. 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Diakses tanggal 5 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PubMed&rft.atitle=The+unique+biochemistry+of+methanogenesis&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=223-283&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0079-6603%2802%2971045-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12102556&rft.aulast=Deppenmeier&rft.aufirst=U.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F12102556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Cicc06-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Cicc06_68-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ciccarelli FD, Doerks T, von Mering C, Creevey CJ, Snel B, Bork P; Doerks; von Mering; Creevey; Snel; Bork (2006). "Toward automatic reconstruction of a highly resolved tree of life". 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J Mol Evol. 38 (6): 566–576. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00175876">10.1007/BF00175876</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7916055">7916055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Evol&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+relationships+of+bacterial+and+archaeal+glutamine+synthetase+genes&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=566-576&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00175876&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7916055&rft.au=Brown+JR%2C+Masuchi+Y%2C+Robb+FT%2C+Doolittle+WF&rft.au=Masuchi&rft.au=Robb&rft.au=Doolittle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_1994-06_38_6%2Fpage%2Fn23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Katz, Laura A. 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Diakses tanggal 2020-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=This+Strange+Microbe+May+Mark+One+of+Life%E2%80%99s+Great+Leaps&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F01%2F15%2Fscience%2Fcells-eukaryotes-archaea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Imachi, Hiroyuki; Nobu, Masaru K.; Nakahara, Nozomi; Morono, Yuki; Ogawara, Miyuki; Takaki, Yoshihiro; Takano, Yoshinori; Uematsu, Katsuyuki; Ikuta, Tetsuro (2020-01-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1916-6">"Isolation of an archaeon at the prokaryote–eukaryote interface"</a>. 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Microbiol. 50 (3): 997–1006. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-50-3-997">10.1099/00207713-50-3-997</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10843038">10843038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Syst.+Evol.+Microbiol.&rft.atitle=Ferroplasma+acidiphilum+gen.+nov.%2C+sp.+nov.%2C+an+acidophilic%2C+autotrophic%2C+ferrous-iron-oxidizing%2C+cell-wall-lacking%2C+mesophilic+member+of+the+Ferroplasmaceae+fam.+nov.%2C+comprising+a+distinct+lineage+of+the+Archaea&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=997-1006&rft.date=2000-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2F00207713-50-3-997&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10843038&rft.au=Golyshina+OV%2C+Pivovarova+TA%2C+Karavaiko+GI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijs.sgmjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10843038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati">pranala nonaktif permanen</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hall-Stoodley L, Costerton JW, Stoodley P; Costerton; Stoodley (2004). "Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2 (2): 95–108. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro821">10.1038/nrmicro821</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15040259">15040259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Bacterial+biofilms%3A+from+the+natural+environment+to+infectious+diseases&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-108&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro821&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15040259&rft.au=Hall-Stoodley+L%2C+Costerton+JW%2C+Stoodley+P&rft.au=Costerton&rft.au=Stoodley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kuwabara T, Minaba M, Iwayama Y; et al. (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16280518">"Thermococcus coalescens sp. nov., a cell-fusing hyperthermophilic archaeon from Suiyo Seamount"</a>. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55 (Pt 6): 2507–14. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.63432-0">10.1099/ijs.0.63432-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280518">16280518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Syst.+Evol.+Microbiol.&rft.atitle=Thermococcus+coalescens+sp.+nov.%2C+a+cell-fusing+hyperthermophilic+archaeon+from+Suiyo+Seamount&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=Pt+6&rft.pages=2507-14&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fijs.0.63432-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16280518&rft.au=Kuwabara+T%2C+Minaba+M%2C+Iwayama+Y&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijs.sgmjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D16280518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati">pranala nonaktif permanen</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Nickell S, Hegerl R, Baumeister W, Rachel R; Hegerl; Baumeister; Rachel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1047847702005816">"Pyrodictium cannulae enter the periplasmic space but do not enter the cytoplasm, as revealed by cryo-electron tomography"</a>. J. Struct. Biol. 141 (1): 34–42. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1047-8477%2802%2900581-6">10.1016/S1047-8477(02)00581-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12576018">12576018</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627055236/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1047847702005816">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2018-06-27. Diakses tanggal 2015-08-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Struct.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Pyrodictium+cannulae+enter+the+periplasmic+space+but+do+not+enter+the+cytoplasm%2C+as+revealed+by+cryo-electron+tomography&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-42&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1047-8477%2802%2900581-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12576018&rft.au=Nickell+S%2C+Hegerl+R%2C+Baumeister+W%2C+Rachel+R&rft.au=Hegerl&rft.au=Baumeister&rft.au=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1047847702005816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Horn C, Paulmann B, Kerlen G, Junker N, Huber H; Paulmann; Kerlen; Junker; Huber (15 August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10438790">"In vivo observation of cell division of anaerobic hyperthermophiles by using a high-intensity dark-field microscope"</a>. J. Bacteriol. 181 (16): 5114–8. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC94007">94007</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10438790">10438790</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016200241/https://jb.asm.org/content/181/16/5114.long">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2019-10-16. Diakses tanggal 2015-08-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&rft.atitle=In+vivo+observation+of+cell+division+of+anaerobic+hyperthermophiles+by+using+a+high-intensity+dark-field+microscope&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=5114-8&rft.date=1999-08-15&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC94007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10438790&rft.au=Horn+C%2C+Paulmann+B%2C+Kerlen+G%2C+Junker+N%2C+Huber+H&rft.au=Paulmann&rft.au=Kerlen&rft.au=Junker&rft.au=Huber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10438790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Rudolph C, Wanner G, Huber R; Wanner; Huber (May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC92875">"Natural communities of novel archaea and bacteria growing in cold sulfurous springs with a string-of-pearls-like morphology"</a>. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67 (5): 2336–44. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.67.5.2336-2344.2001">10.1128/AEM.67.5.2336-2344.2001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC92875">92875</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11319120">11319120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appl.+Environ.+Microbiol.&rft.atitle=Natural+communities+of+novel+archaea+and+bacteria+growing+in+cold+sulfurous+springs+with+a+string-of-pearls-like+morphology&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2336-44&rft.date=2001-05&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC92875&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11319120&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FAEM.67.5.2336-2344.2001&rft.au=Rudolph+C%2C+Wanner+G%2C+Huber+R&rft.au=Wanner&rft.au=Huber&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC92875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_106-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Thomas NA, Bardy SL, Jarrell KF; Bardy; Jarrell (2001). "The archaeal flagellum: a different kind of prokaryotic motility structure". FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 25 (2): 147–74. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6976.2001.tb00575.x">10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00575.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11250034">11250034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEMS+Microbiol.+Rev.&rft.atitle=The+archaeal+flagellum%3A+a+different+kind+of+prokaryotic+motility+structure&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-74&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1574-6976.2001.tb00575.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11250034&rft.au=Thomas+NA%2C+Bardy+SL%2C+Jarrell+KF&rft.au=Bardy&rft.au=Jarrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Rachel R, Wyschkony I, Riehl S, Huber H; Wyschkony; Riehl; Huber (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224225629/http://archaea.ws/archive/freetext/1-9.pdf">"The ultrastructure of Ignicoccus: evidence for a novel outer membrane and for intracellular vesicle budding in an archaeon"</a> (PDF). Archaea. 1 (1): 9–18. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2002%2F307480">10.1155/2002/307480</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2685547">2685547</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15803654">15803654</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaea.ws/archive/freetext/1-9.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2009-02-24. Diakses tanggal 2015-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaea&rft.atitle=The+ultrastructure+of+Ignicoccus%3A+evidence+for+a+novel+outer+membrane+and+for+intracellular+vesicle+budding+in+an+archaeon&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-18&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2685547&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15803654&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2002%2F307480&rft.au=Rachel+R%2C+Wyschkony+I%2C+Riehl+S%2C+Huber+H&rft.au=Wyschkony&rft.au=Riehl&rft.au=Huber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaea.ws%2Farchive%2Ffreetext%2F1-9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sára M, Sleytr UB; Sleytr (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10648507">"S-Layer proteins"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal 2015-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Front.+Biosci.&rft.atitle=Adaptations+of+the+archaeal+cell+membrane+to+heat+stress&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=D813-20&rft.date=2000-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2741%2Falbers&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10966867&rft.au=Albers+SV%2C+van+de+Vossenberg+JL%2C+Driessen+AJ%2C+Konings+WN&rft.au=Van+De+Vossenberg&rft.au=Driessen&rft.au=Konings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bioscience.org%2F2000%2Fv5%2Fd%2Falbers%2Flist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Damsté JS, Schouten S, Hopmans EC, van Duin AC, Geenevasen JA; Schouten; Hopmans; Van Duin; Geenevasen (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jlr.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12364548">"Crenarchaeol: the characteristic core glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether membrane lipid of cosmopolitan pelagic crenarchaeota"</a>. J. Lipid Res. 43 (10): 1641–51. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1194%2Fjlr.M200148-JLR200">10.1194/jlr.M200148-JLR200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364548">12364548</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527120925/https://www.jlr.org/content/43/10/1641.long">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-05-27. Diakses tanggal 2015-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Lipid+Res.&rft.atitle=Crenarchaeol%3A+the+characteristic+core+glycerol+dibiphytanyl+glycerol+tetraether+membrane+lipid+of+cosmopolitan+pelagic+crenarchaeota&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1641-51&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1194%2Fjlr.M200148-JLR200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12364548&rft.au=Damst%C3%A9+JS%2C+Schouten+S%2C+Hopmans+EC%2C+van+Duin+AC%2C+Geenevasen+JA&rft.au=Schouten&rft.au=Hopmans&rft.au=Van+Duin&rft.au=Geenevasen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jlr.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D12364548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Koga Y, Morii H; Morii (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081231032123/http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb/69/11/2019/_pdf">"Recent advances in structural research on ether lipids from arkea including comparative and physiological aspects"</a>. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 69 (11): 2019–34. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1271%2Fbbb.69.2019">10.1271/bbb.69.2019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16306681">16306681</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bbb/69/11/2019/_pdf">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-12-31. Diakses tanggal 2015-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biosci.+Biotechnol.+Biochem.&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+structural+research+on+ether+lipids+from+arkea+including+comparative+and+physiological+aspects&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2019-34&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1271%2Fbbb.69.2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16306681&rft.au=Koga+Y%2C+Morii+H&rft.au=Morii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fbbb%2F69%2F11%2F2019%2F_pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hanford MJ, Peeples TL; Peeples (January 2002). "Archaeal tetraether lipids: unique structures and applications". Appl. Biochem. 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Extremophiles. 8 (5): 411–9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00792-004-0404-5">10.1007/s00792-004-0404-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15258835">15258835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Extremophiles&rft.atitle=Tetraether-linked+membrane+monolayers+in+Ferroplasma+spp%3A+a+key+to+survival+in+acid&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=411-9&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00792-004-0404-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15258835&rft.au=Macalady+JL%2C+Vestling+MM%2C+Baumler+D%2C+Boekelheide+N%2C+Kaspar+CW%2C+Banfield+JF&rft.au=Vestling&rft.au=Baumler&rft.au=Boekelheide&rft.au=Kaspar&rft.au=Banfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-valentine-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-valentine_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valentine_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-valentine_125-2">c</a> <cite class="citation journal">Valentine DL (2007). 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BioEssays. 29 (8): 722–4. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20616">10.1002/bies.20616</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17621634">17621634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=New+roads+lead+to+Rubisco+in+archaebacteria&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=722-4&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.20616&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17621634&rft.au=Mueller-Cajar+O%2C+Badger+MR&rft.au=Badger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Berg IA, Kockelkorn D, Buckel W, Fuchs G; Kockelkorn; Buckel; Fuchs (December 2007). 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Science. 318 (5857): 1782–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...318.1782B">2007Sci...318.1782B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1149976">10.1126/science.1149976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18079405">18079405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+3-hydroxypropionate%2F4-hydroxybutyrate+autotrophic+carbon+dioxide+assimilation+pathway+in+Archaea&rft.volume=318&rft.issue=5857&rft.pages=1782-6&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18079405&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1149976&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...318.1782B&rft.au=Berg+IA%2C+Kockelkorn+D%2C+Buckel+W%2C+Fuchs+G&rft.au=Kockelkorn&rft.au=Buckel&rft.au=Fuchs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Thauer RK (December 2007). 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Nature. 437 (7058): 543–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.437..543K">2005Natur.437..543K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03911">10.1038/nature03911</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16177789">16177789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Isolation+of+an+autotrophic+ammonia-oxidizing+marine+archaeon&rft.volume=437&rft.issue=7058&rft.pages=543-6&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16177789&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03911&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.437..543K&rft.au=K%C3%B6nneke+M%2C+Bernhard+AE%2C+de+la+Torre+JR%2C+Walker+CB%2C+Waterbury+JB%2C+Stahl+DA&rft.au=Bernhard&rft.au=de+la+Torre&rft.au=Walker&rft.au=Waterbury&rft.au=Stahl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_138-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Francis CA, Beman JM, Kuypers MM; Beman; Kuypers (May 2007). 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Genome Res. 12 (4): 532–42. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.223902">10.1101/gr.223902</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC187521">187521</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11932238">11932238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Res.&rft.atitle=The+genome+of+M.+acetivorans+reveals+extensive+metabolic+and+physiological+diversity&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=532-42&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC187521&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11932238&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.223902&rft.au=Galagan+JE%2C+Nusbaum+C%2C+Roy+A&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC187521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_142-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Waters E; et al. 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (22): 12984–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..10012984W">2003PNAS..10012984W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1735403100">10.1073/pnas.1735403100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC240731">240731</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14566062">14566062</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016200312/https://www.pnas.org/content/100/22/12984.long">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2019-10-16. Diakses tanggal 2015-09-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=The+genome+of+Nanoarchaeum+equitans%3A+insights+into+early+archaeal+evolution+and+derived+parasitism&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=12984-8&rft.date=2003&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC240731&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14566062&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1735403100&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PNAS..10012984W&rft.au=Waters+E&rft.au=Ahel&rft.au=Graham&rft.au=Adams&rft.au=Barnstead&rft.au=Beeson&rft.au=Bibbs&rft.au=Bolanos&rft.au=Keller&rft.au=Kretz&rft.au=Lin%2C+X&rft.au=Mathur%2C+E&rft.au=Ni%2C+J&rft.au=Podar%2C+M&rft.au=Richardson%2C+T&rft.au=Sutton%2C+GG&rft.au=Simon%2C+M&rft.au=Soll%2C+D&rft.au=Stetter%2C+KO&rft.au=Short%2C+JM&rft.au=Noordewier%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D14566062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Schleper C, Holz I, Janekovic D, Murphy J, Zillig W; Holz; Janekovic; Murphy; Zillig (1 August 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120529013258/http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7635827">"A multicopy plasmid of the extremely thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus effects its transfer to recipients by mating"</a>. J. Bacteriol. 177 (15): 4417–26. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC177192">177192</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7635827">7635827</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7635827">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-05-29. Diakses tanggal 2015-09-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Bacteriol.&rft.atitle=A+multicopy+plasmid+of+the+extremely+thermophilic+archaeon+Sulfolobus+effects+its+transfer+to+recipients+by+mating&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=4417-26&rft.date=1995-08-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC177192&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7635827&rft.au=Schleper+C%2C+Holz+I%2C+Janekovic+D%2C+Murphy+J%2C+Zillig+W&rft.au=Holz&rft.au=Janekovic&rft.au=Murphy&rft.au=Zillig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D7635827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-SotaTop-144"><a href="#cite_ref-SotaTop_144-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Sota M; Top EM (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/pla">"Horizontal Gene Transfer Mediated by Plasmids"</a>. Plasmids: Current Research and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/pla">isbn=978-1-904455-35-6. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411053922/http://www.horizonpress.com/pla Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-04-11. Diakses tanggal 2015-09-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Horizontal+Gene+Transfer+Mediated+by+Plasmids&rft.btitle=Plasmids%3A+Current+Research+and+Future+Trends&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Sota+M%3B+Top+EM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fpla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanpa pipa (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Tanpa_pipa" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanpa pipa">link</a>) ] </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Xiang X, Chen L, Huang X, Luo Y, She Q, Huang L; Chen; Huang; Luo; She; Huang (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016200316/https://jvi.asm.org/content/79/14/8677.long">"Sulfolobus tengchongensis spindle-shaped virus STSV1: virus-host interactions and genomic features"</a>. J. Virol. 79 (14): 8677–86. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.79.14.8677-8686.2005">10.1128/JVI.79.14.8677-8686.2005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1168784">1168784</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15994761">15994761</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15994761">versi asli</a> tanggal 2019-10-16. Diakses tanggal 2015-09-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Virol.&rft.atitle=Sulfolobus+tengchongensis+spindle-shaped+virus+STSV1%3A+virus-host+interactions+and+genomic+features&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=8677-86&rft.date=2005&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1168784&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15994761&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJVI.79.14.8677-8686.2005&rft.au=Xiang+X%2C+Chen+L%2C+Huang+X%2C+Luo+Y%2C+She+Q%2C+Huang+L&rft.au=Chen&rft.au=Huang&rft.au=Luo&rft.au=She&rft.au=Huang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjvi.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15994761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Graham DE, Overbeek R, Olsen GJ, Woese CR; Overbeek; Olsen; Woese (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10716711">"An archaeal genomic signature"</a>. 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Diakses tanggal 2015-11-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res.&rft.atitle=DNA-binding+proteins+and+evolution+of+transcription+regulation+in+the+archaea&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=4658-70&rft.date=1999&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC148756&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10556324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2F27.23.4658&rft.au=Aravind+L%2C+Koonin+EV&rft.au=Koonin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnar.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D10556324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lykke-Andersen J, Aagaard C, Semionenkov M, Garrett RA; Aagaard; Semionenkov; Garrett (September 1997). "Archaeal introns: splicing, intercellular mobility and evolution". Trends Biochem. 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FEBS Lett. 510 (1–2): 27–30. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2801%2903219-7">10.1016/S0014-5793(01)03219-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11755525">11755525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEBS+Lett.&rft.atitle=Introns+in+protein-coding+genes+in+Archaea&rft.volume=510&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=27-30&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2801%2903219-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11755525&rft.au=Watanabe+Y%2C+Yokobori+S%2C+Inaba+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Yoshinari S, Itoh T, Hallam SJ; et al. 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Commun. 346 (3): 1024–32. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2006.06.011">10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16781672">16781672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochem.+Biophys.+Res.+Commun.&rft.atitle=Archaeal+pre-mRNA+splicing%3A+a+connection+to+hetero-oligomeric+splicing+endonuclease&rft.volume=346&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1024-32&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2006.06.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16781672&rft.au=Yoshinari+S%2C+Itoh+T%2C+Hallam+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Rosenshine, I; Tchelet, R; Mevarech, M. 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Science. 245 (4924): 1387–1389. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Sci...245.1387R">1989Sci...245.1387R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.2818746">10.1126/science.2818746</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2818746">2818746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+mechanism+of+DNA+transfer+in+the+mating+system+of+an+archaebacterium&rft.volume=245&rft.issue=4924&rft.pages=1387-1389&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2818746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.2818746&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Sci...245.1387R&rft.aulast=Rosenshine&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Tchelet%2C+R&rft.au=Mevarech%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Frols2008-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frols2008_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frols2008_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frols2008_155-2">c</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fröls, S; Ajon, M; Wagner, M; Teichmann, D; Zolghadr, B; Folea, M; Boekema, EJ; Driessen, AJ; Schleper, C; et al. (2008). "UV-inducible cellular aggregation of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus is mediated by pili formation". Mol Microbiol. 70 (4): 938–52. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2008.06459.x">10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06459.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18990182">18990182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol+Microbiol&rft.atitle=UV-inducible+cellular+aggregation+of+the+hyperthermophilic+archaeon+Sulfolobus+solfataricus+is+mediated+by+pili+formation&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=938-52&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2008.06459.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18990182&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%B6ls&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Ajon%2C+M&rft.au=Wagner%2C+M&rft.au=Teichmann%2C+D&rft.au=Zolghadr%2C+B&rft.au=Folea%2C+M&rft.au=Boekema%2C+EJ&rft.au=Driessen%2C+AJ&rft.au=Schleper%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Ajon-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ajon_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajon_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ajon_156-2">c</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ajon, M; Fröls, S; van Wolferen, M; Stoecker, K; Teichmann, D; Driessen, AJ; Grogan, DW; Albers, SV; Schleper, C.; et al. 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Mol Microbiol. 82 (4): 807–17. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2011.07861.x">10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07861.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21999488">21999488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol+Microbiol&rft.atitle=UV-inducible+DNA+exchange+in+hyperthermophilic+archaea+mediated+by+type+IV+pili&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=807-17&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2011.07861.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21999488&rft.aulast=Ajon&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Fr%C3%B6ls%2C+S&rft.au=van+Wolferen%2C+M&rft.au=Stoecker%2C+K&rft.au=Teichmann%2C+D&rft.au=Driessen%2C+AJ&rft.au=Grogan%2C+DW&rft.au=Albers%2C+SV&rft.au=Schleper%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fröls, S; White, MF; Schleper, C. (2009). "Reactions to UV damage in the model archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus". Biochem Soc Trans. 37 (1): 36–41. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2FBST0370036">10.1042/BST0370036</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19143598">19143598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochem+Soc+Trans&rft.atitle=Reactions+to+UV+damage+in+the+model+archaeon+Sulfolobus+solfataricus&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-41&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2FBST0370036&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19143598&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%B6ls&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=White%2C+MF&rft.au=Schleper%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Bernstein, H; Bernstein, C (2013). Bernstein, Carol, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intechopen.com/books/meiosis/evolutionary-origin-and-adaptive-function-of-meiosis">Evolutionary Origin and Adaptive Function of Meiosis, Meiosis</a>. InTech. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-953-51-1197-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-953-51-1197-9">978-953-51-1197-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209154831/http://www.intechopen.com/books/meiosis/evolutionary-origin-and-adaptive-function-of-meiosis">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2014-02-09. Diakses tanggal 2015-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Origin+and+Adaptive+Function+of+Meiosis%2C+Meiosis&rft.pub=InTech&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-953-51-1197-9&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Bernstein%2C+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intechopen.com%2Fbooks%2Fmeiosis%2Fevolutionary-origin-and-adaptive-function-of-meiosis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_159-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Blohs, Marcus; Mahnert, Alexander; Spang, Anja; Dombrowski, Nina; Krupovic, Mart; Klingl, Andreas (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128096338208844">Reference Module in Life Sciences</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Elsevier. hlm. B9780128096338208844. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-809633-8.20884-4">10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.20884-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-809633-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-809633-8">978-0-12-809633-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728110138/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780128096338208844">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-28. Diakses tanggal 2020-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reference+Module+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=B9780128096338208844&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-809633-8.20884-4&rft.isbn=978-0-12-809633-8&rft.aulast=Blohs&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft.au=Mahnert%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Spang%2C+Anja&rft.au=Dombrowski%2C+Nina&rft.au=Krupovic%2C+Mart&rft.au=Klingl%2C+Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FB9780128096338208844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_160-2">c</a> <cite class="citation journal">Krupovic, Mart; Cvirkaite-Krupovic, Virginija; Iranzo, Jaime; Prangishvili, David; Koonin, Eugene V. 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Virus Research (dalam bahasa Inggris). 244: 181–193. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.virusres.2017.11.025">10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5801132">5801132</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29175107">29175107</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200831191101/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168170217305798">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-08-31. Diakses tanggal 2020-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virus+Research&rft.atitle=Viruses+of+archaea%3A+Structural%2C+functional%2C+environmental+and+evolutionary+genomics&rft.chron=2018-01&rft.volume=244&rft.pages=181-193&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC5801132&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29175107&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.virusres.2017.11.025&rft.aulast=Krupovic&rft.aufirst=Mart&rft.au=Cvirkaite-Krupovic%2C+Virginija&rft.au=Iranzo%2C+Jaime&rft.au=Prangishvili%2C+David&rft.au=Koonin%2C+Eugene+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0168170217305798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pietilä, Maija K.; Demina, Tatiana A.; Atanasova, Nina S.; Oksanen, Hanna M.; Bamford, Dennis H. (2014-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0966842X14000419">"Archaeal viruses and bacteriophages: comparisons and contrasts"</a>. Trends in Microbiology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 22 (6): 334–344. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2014.02.007">10.1016/j.tim.2014.02.007</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728131706/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0966842X14000419">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-07-28. Diakses tanggal 2020-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Archaeal+viruses+and+bacteriophages%3A+comparisons+and+contrasts&rft.chron=2014-06&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=334-344&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tim.2014.02.007&rft.aulast=Pietil%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=Maija+K.&rft.au=Demina%2C+Tatiana+A.&rft.au=Atanasova%2C+Nina+S.&rft.au=Oksanen%2C+Hanna+M.&rft.au=Bamford%2C+Dennis+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0966842X14000419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Principi, Nicola; Silvestri, Ettore; Esposito, Susanna (2019-05-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2019.00513/full">"Advantages and Limitations of Bacteriophages for the Treatment of Bacterial Infections"</a>. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 10: 513. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphar.2019.00513">10.3389/fphar.2019.00513</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1663-9812">1663-9812</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6517696">6517696</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31139086">31139086</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327090200/https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2019.00513/full">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-27. Diakses tanggal 2020-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Advantages+and+Limitations+of+Bacteriophages+for+the+Treatment+of+Bacterial+Infections&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=513&rft.date=2019-05-08&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC6517696&rft.issn=1663-9812&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31139086&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphar.2019.00513&rft.aulast=Principi&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft.au=Silvestri%2C+Ettore&rft.au=Esposito%2C+Susanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%2Farticle%2F10.3389%2Ffphar.2019.00513%2Ffull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Prangishvili, D. 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Diakses tanggal 2015-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol+Microbiol.&rft.atitle=Cdv-based+cell+division+and+cell+cycle+organization+in+the+thaumarchaeon+Nitrosopumilus+maritimus.&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=555-566&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2011.07834.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21923770&rft.au=Pelve+EA%2C+Lind%C3%A5s+AC%2C+Martens-Habbena+W%2C+de+la+Torre+JR%2C+Stahl+DA%2C+Bernander+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F21923770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Caspi, Yaron; Dekker, Cees (2018-03-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00174/full">"Dividing the Archaeal Way: The Ancient Cdv Cell-Division Machinery"</a>. Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 174. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2018.00174">10.3389/fmicb.2018.00174</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-302X">1664-302X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5840170">5840170</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29551994">29551994</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327090441/https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00174/full">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-27. 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Diakses tanggal 2020-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+ISME+Journal&rft.atitle=The+growing+tree+of+Archaea%3A+new+perspectives+on+their+diversity%2C+evolution+and+ecology&rft.chron=2017-11&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2407-2425&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC5649171&rft.issn=1751-7362&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28777382&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fismej.2017.122&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=Panagiotis+S&rft.au=Borrel%2C+Guillaume&rft.au=Brochier-Armanet%2C+C%C3%A9line&rft.au=Gribaldo%2C+Simonetta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fismej2017122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Madigan MT, Martino JM (2006). 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Nature. 454 (7207): 991–4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.454..991L">2008Natur.454..991L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07174">10.1038/nature07174</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18641632">18641632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Significant+contribution+of+Archaea+to+extant+biomass+in+marine+subsurface+sediments&rft.volume=454&rft.issue=7207&rft.pages=991-4&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18641632&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07174&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.454..991L&rft.au=Lipp+JS%2C+Morono+Y%2C+Inagaki+F%2C+Hinrichs+KU&rft.au=Morono&rft.au=Inagaki&rft.au=Hinrichs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Danovaro, Roberto; Dell’Anno, Antonio; Corinaldesi, Cinzia; Rastelli, Eugenio; Cavicchioli, Ricardo; Krupovic, Mart; Noble, Rachel T.; Nunoura, Takuro; Prangishvili, David (2016-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1600492">"Virus-mediated archaeal hecatomb in the deep seafloor"</a>. Science Advances (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2 (10): e1600492. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1600492">10.1126/sciadv.1600492</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5061471">5061471</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27757416">27757416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Virus-mediated+archaeal+hecatomb+in+the+deep+seafloor&rft.chron=2016-10&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e1600492&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMCPMC5061471&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27757416&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1600492&rft.aulast=Danovaro&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=Dell%E2%80%99Anno%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Corinaldesi%2C+Cinzia&rft.au=Rastelli%2C+Eugenio&rft.au=Cavicchioli%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Krupovic%2C+Mart&rft.au=Noble%2C+Rachel+T.&rft.au=Nunoura%2C+Takuro&rft.au=Prangishvili%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadvances.sciencemag.org%2Flookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1600492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Format_PMC" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Format PMC">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Liu, Xiaobo; Pan, Jie; Liu, Yang; Li, Meng; Gu, Ji-Dong (2018-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969718316486">"Diversity and distribution of Archaea in global estuarine ecosystems"</a>. Science of The Total Environment (dalam bahasa Inggris). 637-638: 349–358. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2018.05.016">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.016</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200903183553/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969718316486">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-09-03. Diakses tanggal 2020-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+The+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Diversity+and+distribution+of+Archaea+in+global+estuarine+ecosystems&rft.chron=2018-10&rft.volume=637-638&rft.pages=349-358&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2018.05.016&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xiaobo&rft.au=Pan%2C+Jie&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yang&rft.au=Li%2C+Meng&rft.au=Gu%2C+Ji-Dong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0048969718316486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cabello P, Roldán MD, Moreno-Vivián C; Roldán; Moreno-Vivián (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/150/11/3527?view=long&pmid=15528644">"Nitrate reduction and the nitrogen cycle in archaea"</a>. Microbiology (Reading, Engl.). 150 (Pt 11): 3527–46. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.27303-0">10.1099/mic.0.27303-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15528644">15528644</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607082720/http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/150/11/3527?view=long&pmid=15528644">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-07. Diakses tanggal 2015-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+%28Reading%2C+Engl.%29&rft.atitle=Nitrate+reduction+and+the+nitrogen+cycle+in+archaea&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=Pt+11&rft.pages=3527-46&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fmic.0.27303-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15528644&rft.au=Cabello+P%2C+Rold%C3%A1n+MD%2C+Moreno-Vivi%C3%A1n+C&rft.au=Rold%C3%A1n&rft.au=Moreno-Vivi%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmic.sgmjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F150%2F11%2F3527%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15528644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mehta MP, Baross JA; Baross (December 2006). 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Science. 314 (5806): 1783–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...314.1783M">2006Sci...314.1783M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1134772">10.1126/science.1134772</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170307">17170307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Nitrogen+fixation+at+92+degrees+C+by+a+hydrothermal+vent+archaeon&rft.volume=314&rft.issue=5806&rft.pages=1783-6&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17170307&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1134772&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...314.1783M&rft.au=Mehta+MP%2C+Baross+JA&rft.au=Baross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Coolen MJ, Abbas B, van Bleijswijk J; et al. 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Microbiol. 9 (4): 1001–16. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2006.01227.x">10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01227.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17359272">17359272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environ.+Microbiol.&rft.atitle=Putative+ammonia-oxidizing+Crenarchaeota+in+suboxic+waters+of+the+Black+Sea%3A+a+basin-wide+ecological+study+using+16S+ribosomal+and+functional+genes+and+membrane+lipids&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1001-16&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1462-2920.2006.01227.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17359272&rft.au=Coolen+MJ%2C+Abbas+B%2C+van+Bleijswijk+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Leininger S, Urich T, Schloter M; et al. 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Nature. 442 (7104): 806–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.442..806L">2006Natur.442..806L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04983">10.1038/nature04983</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16915287">16915287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Archaea+predominate+among+ammonia-oxidizing+prokaryotes+in+soils&rft.volume=442&rft.issue=7104&rft.pages=806-9&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16915287&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04983&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.442..806L&rft.au=Leininger+S%2C+Urich+T%2C+Schloter+M&rft.au=Schloter&rft.au=Schwark&rft.au=Qi&rft.au=Nicol&rft.au=Prosser&rft.au=Schuster&rft.au=Schleper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker2003-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Baker2003_199-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Baker, B. 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Diakses tanggal 2019-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEMS+Microbiology+Ecology&rft.atitle=Microbial+communities+in+acid+mine+drainage&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-152&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0168-6496%2803%2900028-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19719632&rft.au=Baker%2C+B.+J&rft.au=Banfield%2C+J.+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2FS0168-6496%2803%2900028-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Schimel J (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15314221">"Playing scales in the methane cycle: from microbial ecology to the globe"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (34): 12400–1. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10112400S">2004PNAS..10112400S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0405075101">10.1073/pnas.0405075101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC515073">515073</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15314221">15314221</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016200318/https://www.pnas.org/content/101/34/12400.long">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2019-10-16. Diakses tanggal 2015-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Playing+scales+in+the+methane+cycle%3A+from+microbial+ecology+to+the+globe&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=12400-1&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC515073&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15314221&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0405075101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PNAS..10112400S&rft.au=Schimel+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D15314221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Eckburg P, Lepp P, Relman D; Lepp; Relman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC145348">"Archaea and their potential role in human disease"</a>. Infect Immun. 71 (2): 591–6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FIAI.71.2.591-596.2003">10.1128/IAI.71.2.591-596.2003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC145348">145348</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12540534">12540534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infect+Immun&rft.atitle=Archaea+and+their+potential+role+in+human+disease&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=591-6&rft.date=2003&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC145348&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12540534&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FIAI.71.2.591-596.2003&rft.au=Eckburg+P%2C+Lepp+P%2C+Relman+D&rft.au=Lepp&rft.au=Relman&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC145348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cavicchioli R, Curmi P, Saunders N, Thomas T; Curmi; Saunders; Thomas (2003). 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Science. 308 (5728): 1635–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...308.1635E">2005Sci...308.1635E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1110591">10.1126/science.1110591</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1395357">1395357</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831718">15831718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+the+human+intestinal+microbial+flora&rft.volume=308&rft.issue=5728&rft.pages=1635-8&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1395357&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15831718&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1110591&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...308.1635E&rft.au=Eckburg+PB%2C+Bik+EM%2C+Bernstein+CN&rft.au=Bernstein&rft.au=Purdom&rft.au=Dethlefsen&rft.au=Sargent&rft.au=Gill&rft.au=Nelson&rft.au=Relman&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1395357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Samuel BS, Gordon JI; Gordon (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1479766">"A humanized gnotobiotic mouse model of host-archaeal-bacterial mutualism"</a>. 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Reviews in Medical Microbiology (dalam bahasa Inggris). 23 (3): 45–51. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMRM.0b013e328353c7c9">10.1097/MRM.0b013e328353c7c9</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0954-139X">0954-139X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Medical+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+search+for+archaeal+pathogens&rft.chron=2012-07&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=45-51&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMRM.0b013e328353c7c9&rft.issn=0954-139X&rft.aulast=Shiffman&rft.aufirst=Miriam+E.&rft.au=Charalambous%2C+Bambos+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2F00013542-201207000-00002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Breithaupt H (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1084137">"The hunt for living gold. The search for organisms in extreme environments yields useful enzymes for industry"</a>. EMBO Rep. 2 (11): 968–71. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fembo-reports%2Fkve238">10.1093/embo-reports/kve238</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1084137">1084137</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11713183">11713183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Rep.&rft.atitle=The+hunt+for+living+gold.+The+search+for+organisms+in+extreme+environments+yields+useful+enzymes+for+industry&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=968-71&rft.date=2001&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1084137&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11713183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fembo-reports%2Fkve238&rft.au=Breithaupt+H&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1084137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Egorova-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Egorova_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egorova_221-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Egorova K, Antranikian G; Antranikian (2005). "Industrial relevance of thermophilic Archaea". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 8 (6): 649–55. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mib.2005.10.015">10.1016/j.mib.2005.10.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16257257">16257257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Industrial+relevance+of+thermophilic+Archaea&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=649-55&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mib.2005.10.015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16257257&rft.au=Egorova+K%2C+Antranikian+G&rft.au=Antranikian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Synowiecki J, Grzybowska B, Zdziebło A; Grzybowska; Zdziebło (2006). "Sources, properties and suitability of new thermostable enzymes in food processing". Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 46 (3): 197–205. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408690590957296">10.1080/10408690590957296</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527752">16527752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crit+Rev+Food+Sci+Nutr&rft.atitle=Sources%2C+properties+and+suitability+of+new+thermostable+enzymes+in+food+processing&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=197-205&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10408690590957296&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16527752&rft.au=Synowiecki+J%2C+Grzybowska+B%2C+Zdzieb%C5%82o+A&rft.au=Grzybowska&rft.au=Zdzieb%C5%82o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jenney FE, Adams MW; Adams (January 2008). "The impact of extremophiles on structural genomics (and vice versa)". Extremophiles. 12 (1): 39–50. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00792-007-0087-9">10.1007/s00792-007-0087-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17563834">17563834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Extremophiles&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+extremophiles+on+structural+genomics+%28and+vice+versa%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-50&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00792-007-0087-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17563834&rft.au=Jenney+FE%2C+Adams+MW&rft.au=Adams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Schiraldi C, Giuliano M, De Rosa M; Giuliano; De Rosa (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826211816/http://archaea.ws/archive/pdf/volume1/issue2/1-75.pdf">"Perspectives on biotechnological applications of archaea"</a> (PDF). Archaea. 1 (2): 75–86. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2002%2F436561">10.1155/2002/436561</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2685559">2685559</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15803645">15803645</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaea.ws/archive/pdf/volume1/issue2/1-75.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2013-08-26. Diakses tanggal 2015-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaea&rft.atitle=Perspectives+on+biotechnological+applications+of+archaea&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75-86&rft.date=2002&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2685559&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15803645&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2002%2F436561&rft.au=Schiraldi+C%2C+Giuliano+M%2C+De+Rosa+M&rft.au=Giuliano&rft.au=De+Rosa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaea.ws%2Farchive%2Fpdf%2Fvolume1%2Fissue2%2F1-75.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Norris PR, Burton NP, Foulis NA; Burton; Foulis (2000). "Acidophiles in bioreactor mineral processing". Extremophiles. 4 (2): 71–6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs007920050139">10.1007/s007920050139</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10805560">10805560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Extremophiles&rft.atitle=Acidophiles+in+bioreactor+mineral+processing&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=71-6&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs007920050139&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10805560&rft.au=Norris+PR%2C+Burton+NP%2C+Foulis+NA&rft.au=Burton&rft.au=Foulis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Shand RF; Leyva KJ (2008). "Archaeal Antimicrobials: An Undiscovered Country". Dalam Blum P (ed.). Archaea: New Models for Prokaryotic Biology. Caister Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-904455-27-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-904455-27-1">978-1-904455-27-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archaeal+Antimicrobials%3A+An+Undiscovered+Country&rft.btitle=Archaea%3A+New+Models+for+Prokaryotic+Biology&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-27-1&rft.au=Shand+RF%3B+Leyva+KJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: editors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_editors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: editors list">link</a>) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lebih_lanjut">Bacaan lebih lanjut</h2></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Howland, John L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=25LQQRBJI8QC">The Surprising Archaea: Discovering Another Domain of Life</a>. Oxford University. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-511183-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-511183-5">978-0-19-511183-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Surprising+Archaea%3A+Discovering+Another+Domain+of+Life&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511183-5&rft.aulast=Howland&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D25LQQRBJI8QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Martinko JM, Madigan MT (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (edisi ke-11th). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-13-144329-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-13-144329-1">0-13-144329-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-13-144329-1&rft.au=Martinko+JM%2C+Madigan+MT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Garrett RA, Klenk H (2005). Archaea: Evolution, Physiology and Molecular Biology. WileyBlackwell. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4051-4404-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4051-4404-1">1-4051-4404-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaea%3A+Evolution%2C+Physiology+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.pub=WileyBlackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4051-4404-1&rft.au=Garrett+RA%2C+Klenk+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Cavicchioli R (2007). Archaea: Molecular and Cellular Biology. American Society for Microbiology. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-55581-391-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-55581-391-7">1-55581-391-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaea%3A+Molecular+and+Cellular+Biology&rft.pub=American+Society+for+Microbiology&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=1-55581-391-7&rft.au=Cavicchioli+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Blum P (editor) (2008). Archaea: New Models for Prokaryotic Biology. Caister Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-904455-27-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-904455-27-1">978-1-904455-27-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaea%3A+New+Models+for+Prokaryotic+Biology&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-27-1&rft.au=Blum+P+%28editor%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Lipps G (2008). "Archaeal Plasmids". Plasmids: Current Research and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-904455-35-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-904455-35-6">978-1-904455-35-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archaeal+Plasmids&rft.btitle=Plasmids%3A+Current+Research+and+Future+Trends&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-35-6&rft.au=Lipps+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Sapp, Jan (2009). The New Foundations of Evolution. On the Tree of Life. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-538850-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-538850-X">0-19-538850-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Foundations+of+Evolution.+On+the+Tree+of+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=0-19-538850-X&rft.au=Sapp%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Schaechter, M (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deskencyclopedia0000unse_r5n0">Archaea (Overview) in The Desk Encyclopedia of Microbiology, 2nd edition</a>. San Diego and London: Elsevier Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-374980-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-12-374980-2">978-0-12-374980-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaea+%28Overview%29+in+The+Desk+Encyclopedia+of+Microbiology%2C+2nd+edition&rft.place=San+Diego+and+London&rft.pub=Elsevier+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-12-374980-2&rft.au=Schaechter%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeskencyclopedia0000unse_r5n0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArkea" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> mempunyai informasi mengenai <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arkea" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Arkea">Arkea</a>.</div></div> </div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;padding:3px;"> <tbody><tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;padding-bottom:5px;">Cari tahu mengenai Arkea pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya: </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arkea" title="Cari di Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/21px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/31px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="474" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arkea" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Arkea">Definisi dan terjemahan</a> dari Wiktionary </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arkea" title="Cari di Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arkea" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Arkea">Gambar dan media</a> dari Commons </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arkea" title="Cari di Wikinews"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arkea" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Arkea">Berita</a> dari Wikinews </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arkea" title="Cari di Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arkea" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Arkea">Kutipan</a> dari Wikiquote </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arkea" title="Cari di Wikisource"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arkea" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Arkea">Teks sumber</a> dari Wikisource </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arkea" title="Cari di Wikibuku"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arkea" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Arkea">Buku</a> dari Wikibuku </td></tr> </tbody></table> Umum <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html">Introduction to the Archaea, ecology, systematics and morphology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microeco.unizh.ch/uni/kurs/mikevol03/scinews/ASM_news_69_2003_503.pdf">Oceans of Archaea</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati">pranala nonaktif permanen</a>] – E.F. DeLong, ASM News, 2003</li></ul> Klasifikasi <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2157&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock">NCBI taxonomy page on Archaea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081128023142/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/archaea.html">Genera of the domain Archaea</a> – list of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2006/12/21_microbes.shtml">Shotgun sequencing finds nanoorganisms</a> – discovery of the ARMAN group of archaea</li></ul> Genomika <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaea.ucsc.edu/">Browse any completed archaeal genome at UCSC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/pub/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&domain=Archaea">Comparative Analysis of Archaeal Genomes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014223530/http://img.jgi.doe.gov/cgi-bin/pub/main.cgi?section=TaxonList&page=lineageMicrobes&domain=Archaea">Diarsipkan</a> 2008-10-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (at <a href="/wiki/Departemen_Energi_Amerika_Serikat" title="Departemen Energi Amerika Serikat">DOE's</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Microbial_Genomes_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrated Microbial Genomes System (halaman belum tersedia)">IMG system</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F3E0E0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#e0e0ff; font-size:small"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biologi)" title="Domain (biologi)">Domain</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Klasifikasi_arkea" title="Templat:Klasifikasi arkea">Arkea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Klasifikasi_bakteri" title="Templat:Klasifikasi bakteri">Bakteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Eukaryota" title="Templat:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt>(<a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" title="Kerajaan (biologi)">Kerajaan</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Plantae_sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:Plantae sensu lato">Tumbuhan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Hacrobia" title="Templat:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Heterokontophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Heterokontophyta (halaman belum tersedia)">Heterokontophyta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Alveolata" title="Templat:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Rhizaria" title="Templat:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Excavata" title="Templat:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Amoebozoa" title="Templat:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Animalia" title="Templat:Animalia">Hewan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Templat:Fungi" title="Templat:Fungi">Fungi</a>)</dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeoglobi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeoglobi (halaman belum tersedia)">Archaeoglobi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeoglobales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeoglobales (halaman belum tersedia)">Archaeoglobales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halobacteriales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halobacteriales (halaman belum tersedia)">Halobacteriales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methanobacteria" title="Methanobacteria">Methanobacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methanobacteriales" title="Methanobacteriales">Methanobacteriales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methanococci" title="Methanococci">Methanococci</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanococcales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanococcales (halaman belum tersedia)">Methanococcales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanomicrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanomicrobia (halaman belum tersedia)">Methanomicrobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanocellales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanocellales (halaman belum tersedia)">Methanocellales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanomicrobiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanomicrobiales (halaman belum tersedia)">Methanomicrobiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanosarcinales" title="Methanosarcinales">Methanosarcinales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methanopyri" title="Methanopyri">Methanopyri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanopyrales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanopyrales (halaman belum tersedia)">Methanopyrales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermococci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermococci (halaman belum tersedia)">Thermococci</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermococcales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermococcales (halaman belum tersedia)">Thermococcales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoplasmata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermoplasmata (halaman belum tersedia)">Thermoplasmata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplasmatales" title="Thermoplasmatales">Thermoplasmatales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota" title="Crenarchaeota">Crenarchaeota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Thermoprotei" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoprotei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermoprotei (halaman belum tersedia)">Thermoprotei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acidilobales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acidilobales (halaman belum tersedia)">Acidilobales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desulfurococcales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desulfurococcales (halaman belum tersedia)">Desulfurococcales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fervidicoccales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fervidicoccales (halaman belum tersedia)">Fervidicoccales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfolobales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfolobales (halaman belum tersedia)">Sulfolobales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermoproteales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermoproteales (halaman belum tersedia)">Thermoproteales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thaumarchaeota" title="Thaumarchaeota">Thaumarchaeota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nitrososphaeria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrososphaeria">Nitrososphaeria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cenarchaeales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenarchaeales">Cenarchaeales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosopumilales" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrosopumilales">Nitrosopumilales</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrososphaerales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrososphaerales (halaman belum tersedia)">Nitrososphaerales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Ca. <a href="/wiki/Korarchaeum_cryptofilum" class="mw-redirect" title="Korarchaeum cryptofilum">Korarchaeum cryptofilum</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanoarchaeum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanoarchaeum (halaman belum tersedia)">Nanoarchaeum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aigarchaeota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aigarchaeota (halaman belum tersedia)">Aigarchaeota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Ca. <a href="/wiki/Caldiarchaeum_subterraneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldiarchaeum subterraneum">Caldiarchaeum subterraneum</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lokiarchaeota" title="Lokiarchaeota">Lokiarchaeota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Ca. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lokiarchaeum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lokiarchaeum (halaman belum tersedia)">Lokiarchaeum</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ekstremofili" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Extremophile" title="Templat:Extremophile"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Extremophile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Extremophile (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Extremophile&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ekstremofili" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ekstremofili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekstremofili">Ekstremofili</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Jenis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <a href="/wiki/Asidofili_(organisme)" title="Asidofili (organisme)">Asidofili</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alkalifili" title="Alkalifili">Alkalifili</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kapnofili" title="Kapnofili">Kapnofili</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kriozoa" title="Kriozoa">Kriozoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Endolit" title="Endolit">Endolit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Halofili" title="Halofili">Halofili</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hipolit" title="Hipolit">Hipolit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bakteri_lipofilik" title="Bakteri lipofilik">Lipofili</a> • <a href="/wiki/Litoautotrof" title="Litoautotrof">Litoautotrof</a> • <a href="/wiki/Litofili" title="Litofili">Litofili</a> • <a href="/wiki/Metanogen" title="Metanogen">Metanogen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Metalotoleran" title="Metalotoleran">Metalotoleran</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oligotrof" title="Oligotrof">Oligotrof</a> • <a href="/wiki/Osmofili" title="Osmofili">Osmofili</a> • <a href="/wiki/Piezofili" title="Piezofili">Piezofili</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poliekstremofili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poliekstremofili (halaman belum tersedia)">Poliekstremofili</a> • <a href="/wiki/Psamofili" title="Psamofili">Psamofili</a> • <a href="/wiki/Psikrofili" title="Psikrofili">Psikrofili (Kriofili)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radioresistan" title="Radioresistan">Radioresistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Termofili" class="mw-redirect" title="Termofili">Termofili</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipertermofili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipertermofili (halaman belum tersedia)">Hipertermofili</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termoasidofili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termoasidofili (halaman belum tersedia)">Termoasidofili</a> • <a href="/wiki/Xerofili" title="Xerofili">Xerofili</a> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg/150px-Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg/225px-Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg/300px-Deinococcus_radiodurans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="612" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Ekstremofili utama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">Bakteri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloroflexus_aurantiacus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloroflexus aurantiacus (halaman belum tersedia)">Chloroflexus aurantiacus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans" title="Deinococcus radiodurans">Deinococcus radiodurans</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deinococcus-Thermus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deinococcus-Thermus (halaman belum tersedia)">Deinococcus-Thermus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Snottit" title="Snottit">Snottit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thermus_aquaticus" title="Thermus aquaticus">Thermus aquaticus</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermus_thermophilus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermus thermophilus (halaman belum tersedia)">Thermus thermophilus</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirochaeta_americana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spirochaeta americana (halaman belum tersedia)">Spirochaeta americana</a> • <a href="/wiki/GFAJ-1" title="GFAJ-1">GFAJ-1</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arkea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <a href="/wiki/Pyrococcus_furiosus" title="Pyrococcus furiosus">Pyrococcus furiosus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Strain_121" title="Strain 121">Strain 121</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrolobus_fumarii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrolobus fumarii (halaman belum tersedia)">Pyrolobus fumarii</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">Eukariota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paralvinella_sulfincola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paralvinella sulfincola (halaman belum tersedia)">Paralvinella sulfincola</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alvinella_pompejana" title="Alvinella pompejana">Cacing Pompeii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galdieria_sulphuraria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galdieria sulphuraria (halaman belum tersedia)">Galdieria sulphuraria</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Halicephalobus_mephisto" title="Halicephalobus mephisto">Halicephalobus mephisto</a> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Artikel terkait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asal_mula_minyak_bumi_abiogenik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asal mula minyak bumi abiogenik (halaman belum tersedia)">Asal mula minyak bumi abiogenik</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acidithiobacillales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acidithiobacillales (halaman belum tersedia)">Acidithiobacillales</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acidobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acidobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Acidobacteria</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asidofili_di_saluran_tambang_asam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asidofili di saluran tambang asam (halaman belum tersedia)">Asidofili di saluran tambang asam</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeoglobaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeoglobaceae (halaman belum tersedia)">Archaeoglobaceae</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_Pit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkeley Pit (halaman belum tersedia)">Berkeley Pit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeram_Darah" title="Jeram Darah">Jeram Darah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota" title="Crenarchaeota">Crenarchaeota</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grylloblattidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grylloblattidae (halaman belum tersedia)">Grylloblattidae</a> • <a href="/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Halobacterium" title="Halobacterium">Halobacterium</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helaeomyia_petrolei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helaeomyia petrolei (halaman belum tersedia)">Helaeomyia petrolei</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lubang_hidrotermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubang hidrotermal">Lubang hidrotermal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Methanopyrus" title="Methanopyrus">Methanopyrus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gua_Movile" title="Gua Movile">Gua Movile</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioresistensi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radioresistensi (halaman belum tersedia)">Radioresistensi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jamur_radiotrofik" title="Jamur radiotrofik">Jamur radiotrofik</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rio_Tinto_(sungai)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rio Tinto (sungai) (halaman belum tersedia)">Rio Tinto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Taq_Polimerase" class="mw-redirect" title="Taq Polimerase">Taq Polimerase</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Termostabilitas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termostabilitas (halaman belum tersedia)">Termostabilitas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thermotogae" title="Thermotogae">Thermotogae</a> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Filum/divisi_kehidupan_yang_masih_ada_menurut_domain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kehidupan_di_Bumi" title="Templat:Kehidupan di Bumi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Kehidupan_di_Bumi" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kehidupan di Bumi"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kehidupan_di_Bumi&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Filum/divisi_kehidupan_yang_masih_ada_menurut_domain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Filum" title="Filum">Filum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Divisi_(botani)" title="Divisi (botani)">divisi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a> yang masih ada menurut <a href="/wiki/Domain_(biologi)" title="Domain (biologi)">domain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acidobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acidobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Acidobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinobacteria">Actinobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificae" title="Aquificae">Aquificae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidetes" title="Bacteroidetes">Bacteroidetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiae" title="Chlamydiae">Chlamydiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorobi" title="Chlorobi">Chlorobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexi" title="Chloroflexi">Chloroflexi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysiogenetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysiogenetes (halaman belum tersedia)">Chrysiogenetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sianobakteri" title="Sianobakteri">Cyanobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deferribacteres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deferribacteres (halaman belum tersedia)">Deferribacteres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deinococcus-Thermus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deinococcus-Thermus (halaman belum tersedia)">Deinococcus-Thermus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictyoglomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictyoglomi (halaman belum tersedia)">Dictyoglomi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrobacteres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fibrobacteres (halaman belum tersedia)">Fibrobacteres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" title="Firmicutes">Firmicutes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Fusobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemmatimonadetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemmatimonadetes (halaman belum tersedia)">Gemmatimonadetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrospirae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrospirae (halaman belum tersedia)">Nitrospirae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planctomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planctomycetes (halaman belum tersedia)">Planctomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteobacteria" title="Proteobacteria">Proteobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetes">Spirochaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodesulfobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodesulfobacteria (halaman belum tersedia)">Thermodesulfobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermomicrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermomicrobia (halaman belum tersedia)">Thermomicrobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogae" title="Thermotogae">Thermotogae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verrucomicrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verrucomicrobia (halaman belum tersedia)">Verrucomicrobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crenarchaeota" title="Crenarchaeota">Crenarchaeota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_Acidophilic_Nanoorganisms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine Acidophilic Nanoorganisms (halaman belum tersedia)">Archaeal Richmond Mine Acidophilic Nanoorganisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eukariota" title="Eukariota">Eukaryota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protista" title="Protista">Protista</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heterokontophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokontophyta">Heterokontophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptophyta" title="Haptophyta">Haptophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptophyta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptophyta (halaman belum tersedia)">Cryptophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellata" title="Dinoflagellata">Dinoflagellata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Percolozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percolozoa (halaman belum tersedia)">Percolozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiolaria" title="Radiolaria">Radiolaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Foraminifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neocallimastigomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neocallimastigomycota (halaman belum tersedia)">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan">Plantae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumut_hati" title="Lumut hati">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumut_tanduk" title="Lumut tanduk">Anthocerotophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumut_daun" title="Lumut daun">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_paku" title="Tumbuhan paku">Pteridophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_runjung" title="Tumbuhan runjung">Pinophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnoliophyta">Magnoliophyta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan">Animalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porifera" title="Porifera">Porifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordata" title="Chordata">Chordata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordata" title="Hemichordata">Hemichordata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" title="Echinodermata">Echinodermata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacing_panah" title="Cacing panah">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematoda" title="Nematoda">Nematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrada" title="Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artropoda" title="Artropoda">Arthropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platyhelminthes" title="Platyhelminthes">Platyhelminthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnathostomulida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gnathostomulida (halaman belum tersedia)">Gnathostomulida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micrognathozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micrognathozoa (halaman belum tersedia)">Micrognathozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronida" title="Phoronida">Phoronida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakiopoda" title="Brakiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moluska" title="Moluska">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelida" title="Annelida">Annelida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipuncula" title="Sipuncula">Sipuncula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon_myojinensis" title="Parakaryon myojinensis">Parakaryon</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="noprint metadata navbox" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 0em"><ul style="margin:0.1em 0 0"><li style="display:inline"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/24px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/36px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biologi" title="Portal:Biologi">Portal Biologi</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pengidentifikasi_takson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Pengidentifikasi_takson" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi_takson" title="Bantuan:Pengidentifikasi takson">Pengidentifikasi takson</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10872" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q10872">Q10872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Archaea" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/7920">7920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ARCAK">1ARCAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/151817">151817</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=935939">935939</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (halaman belum tersedia)">LPSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/domain/archaea">archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2157">2157</a></li> <li>uBio: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=5486010">5486010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=8">8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10872#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10872#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10872#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4002825-2">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12349885c">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12349885c">(data)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh86006229">Amerika Serikat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001145941">Jepang</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1001642&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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