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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presbytery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Presbytery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presbytery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ceiling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religious associations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_associations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious associations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_national_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_national_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>American national church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_national_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardinal_Priests_of_Santa_Susanna_since_494" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardinal_Priests_of_Santa_Susanna_since_494"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cardinal Priests of Santa Susanna since 494</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardinal_Priests_of_Santa_Susanna_since_494-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Susanna, Rome</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Susanna_(Rom)" title="Santa Susanna (Rom) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Santa Susanna (Rom)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_de_Santa_Susana_(Roma)" title="Iglesia de Santa Susana (Roma) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia de Santa Susana (Roma)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_Santa_Susanna_alle_Terme_di_Diocleziano" title="Église Santa Susanna alle Terme di Diocleziano – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église Santa Susanna alle Terme di Diocleziano" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1_(%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4)" title="Սանտա Սուսաննա (Հռոմ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սանտա Սուսաննա (Հռոմ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Susanna" title="Santa Susanna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Santa Susanna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkja_heilagrar_S%C3%BAs%C3%B6nnu" title="Kirkja heilagrar Súsönnu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kirkja heilagrar Súsönnu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_di_Santa_Susanna_alle_Terme_di_Diocleziano" title="Chiesa di Santa Susanna alle Terme di Diocleziano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiesa di Santa Susanna alle Terme di Diocleziano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="كنيسه سانتا سوزانا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كنيسه سانتا سوزانا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Susanna_(titelkerk)" title="Santa Susanna (titelkerk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Santa Susanna (titelkerk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Susanna" title="Santa Susanna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Santa Susanna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Zuzanny_w_Rzymie" title="Kościół św. Zuzanny w Rzymie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kościół św. Zuzanny w Rzymie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_de_Santa_Susana_nas_Termas_de_Diocleciano" title="Igreja de Santa Susana nas Termas de Diocleciano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja de Santa Susana nas Termas de Diocleciano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Санта-Сузанна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Санта-Сузанна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Susanna_(kyrka)" title="Santa Susanna (kyrka) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Santa Susanna (kyrka)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Susanna" title="Santa Susanna – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Santa Susanna" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Санта-Сусанна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Санта-Сусанна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%88%E6%B5%B4%E5%9C%BA%E5%9C%A3%E5%A5%B3%E8%8B%8F%E6%92%92%E7%BA%B3%E5%A0%82" title="戴克里先浴场圣女苏撒纳堂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="戴克里先浴场圣女苏撒纳堂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2030809#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Santa_Susanna,_Rome&params=41_54_15.3_N_12_29_37.1_E_type:landmark_region:IT_scale:10000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°54′15.3″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°29′37.1″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.904250°N 12.493639°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.904250; 12.493639</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Susanna&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Susanna">Santa Susanna</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Santa_Susana_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Santa Susana (disambiguation)">Santa Susana</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Church in Rome, Italy</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Santa Susanna at the Baths of Diocletian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold"><div class="nickname" lang="it">Santa Susanna alle Terme di Diocleziano</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Susanna_(Rome)_-_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Santa_Susanna_%28Rome%29_-_Front.jpg/220px-Santa_Susanna_%28Rome%29_-_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Santa_Susanna_%28Rome%29_-_Front.jpg/330px-Santa_Susanna_%28Rome%29_-_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Santa_Susanna_%28Rome%29_-_Front.jpg/440px-Santa_Susanna_%28Rome%29_-_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4551" data-file-height="6653" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Baroque façade of Santa Susanna by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maderno" title="Carlo Maderno">Carlo Maderno</a> (1603).</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="12" data-overlays="["_5d689176dddf208bdffe044ad5171234660782d7"]"><img 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nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Santa_Susanna,_Rome&params=41_54_15.3_N_12_29_37.1_E_type:landmark_region:IT_scale:10000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°54′15.3″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°29′37.1″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.904250°N 12.493639°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.904250; 12.493639</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">14 Via XX Settembre, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denomination</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order#Christianity" title="Religious order">Religious order</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a> (nuns)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">History</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Titular_church" title="Titular church">Titular church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dedication_of_churches" title="Dedication of churches">Dedication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Susanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Susanna">Saint Susanna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">Consecrated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">330</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Architecture</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maderno" title="Carlo Maderno">Carlo Maderno</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architectural type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred architecture">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Groundbreaking" title="Groundbreaking">Groundbreaking</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data">1603</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#FFCC99">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">45 metres (148 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">17 metres (56 ft)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Church of Saint Susanna at the Baths of Diocletian</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Chiesa di Santa Susanna alle Terme di Diocleziano</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a> <a href="/wiki/Conventual_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventual church">conventual church</a> located on the <a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Hill" title="Quirinal Hill">Quirinal Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy. There has been a <a href="/wiki/Titular_church" title="Titular church">titular church</a> associated to its site as far back as AD 280. The current church was rebuilt between 1585 to 1603 for a community of <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_nuns" title="Cistercian nuns">Cistercian nuns</a> founded on the site in 1587 and still based there. </p><p>The church served as the <a href="/wiki/National_parish" title="National parish">national parish</a> for residents of Rome from the United States from 1921 to 2017, during which period the pastoral work of the parish was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Paulist_Fathers" title="Paulist Fathers">Paulist Fathers</a>, a society of priests founded in the United States. The Paulist Fathers' ministry to United States Catholics subsequently moved to <a href="/wiki/San_Patrizio" title="San Patrizio">San Patrizio</a> (Saint Patrick). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architectural_history">Architectural history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Susanna,_Rome&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Architectural history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_era">Roman era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Susanna,_Rome&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About AD 280, an early Christian house of worship was established on this site, which, like many of the earliest Christian meeting places, was in a house (<i>domus ecclesiae</i>). According to the 6th-century <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acta" class="extiw" title="wikt:acta">acta</a></i> of Susanna, the <i><a href="/wiki/Domus" title="Domus">domus</a></i> belonged to two brothers named Caius and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gabinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Gabinus">Gabinus</a>, prominent Christians. Caius has been identified both with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Pope Caius</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius the presbyter</a>, who was a <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefect</a> and who is a source of information on early Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gabinus or Gabinius is the name given to the father of the semi-legendary <a href="/wiki/Saint_Susanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Susanna">Susanna of Rome</a>. Her earliest documented attestations identify her as the patron of the church, not as a martyr,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and previously the church was identified in the earliest, fourth-century documents by its title "of Gaius" by the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a> or as "<i>ad duas domos</i>" ("near the two houses"). It is mentioned in connection with a Roman synod of 499. </p><p>The Church of Santa Susanna is one of the oldest titles in the city of Rome. The early Christian church, built on the remains of three Roman villas still visible beneath the monastery, was situated immediately outside the wall of the Baths built by Diocletian and the <a href="/wiki/Servian_Wall" title="Servian Wall">Servian Wall</a>, the first walls built to defend the city. According to tradition, the church was erected on Susanna's house, where she was martyred. In the 4th century it was marked with the designation <i>ad duas domos</i> (at the two houses). This first three-aisled basilica was almost certainly built under the pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> (795–816). </p><p>According to tradition, the structure became a church around 330, under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilicas</a> of numerous house churches came to be adapted for liturgical use. The basilica was T-shaped with a central nave with twelve columns on each side, flanked by side aisles. All that is left of these two side aisles, after the late 16th-century rebuilding, are the two side chapels of the basilica church. In the Synod of 565, the church is first referred to by the title of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Susanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Susanna">Susanna</a>; the church has been dedicated to her veneration ever since. In the <i>acta</i>, Susanna is martyred with her family when the girl refuses to marry the son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>; the occasion of Susanna's martyrdom is a literary <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">trope</a> that is familiar in other <a href="/wiki/Passio" class="mw-redirect" title="Passio">"passions"</a> of <a href="/wiki/Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin">virgins</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" title="Roman Martyrology">Roman Martyrology</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Felicity_of_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Saint_Felicity_of_Rome.jpg/220px-Saint_Felicity_of_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Saint_Felicity_of_Rome.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption>Fresco detail in Santa Susanna depicting the martyrdom of St. Felicity, by <a href="/wiki/Paris_Nogari" title="Paris Nogari">Paris Nogari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Pope Sergius I</a> restored it at the end of the 7th century, but <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a>, the fourth pope who had been pastor of this church, rebuilt it from the ground in 796, adding the great <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a> and conserving the relics of the saints in the crypt. A vast mosaic of Christ flanked by Leo and the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, and Saints Susanna and <a href="/wiki/Felicitas_of_Rome" title="Felicitas of Rome">Felicity</a> on the other side, was so badly damaged in the 12th century by an earthquake that the interior was plastered over in the complete renovation that spanned the years 1585–1602, and frescoed by Cesare Nebbia. </p><p>A façade, in travertine, remained to be constructed. The present church of Santa Susanna on its ancient foundations was the first independent commission in Rome for Carlo Maderno, who had trained as an assistant to his uncle <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fontana" title="Domenico Fontana">Domenico Fontana</a>, the chief architect of Pope Sixtus V. In 1603, Maderno completed the façade, a highly influential early Baroque design. The dynamic rhythm of columns and pilasters, crowding centrally, and the protrusion and increased central decoration add further complexity to the structure. There is an interplay of relationships, none exactly symmetric on any one mirror side. The entrance and roof are surrounded by triangular pediments. The windows are replaced by niches. There is an incipient playfulness with the rules of classic design, still maintaining rigor. The statues of the higher level (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Pope Caius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genesius_of_Rome" title="Genesius of Rome">Genesius of Rome</a>) are by Giovanni Antonio Paracea, those of the lower level (Susanna and <a href="/wiki/Felicitas_of_Rome" title="Felicitas of Rome">Felicitas of Rome</a>) are by <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Maderno" title="Stefano Maderno">Stefano Maderno</a>. </p><p>The church of Santa Susanna was accounted so successful that in 1605 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a> named Maderno architect of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's</a> Basilica, where he completed the nave and constructed the great façade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Susanna,_Rome&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Susanna_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Santa_Susanna_exterior.jpg/220px-Santa_Susanna_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Santa_Susanna_exterior.jpg/330px-Santa_Susanna_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Santa_Susanna_exterior.jpg/440px-Santa_Susanna_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Santa Susanna, Rome</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a> (1475–1477) proceeded to rebuild the church, probably a single nave with two side chapels. In 1588 it became the last great rebuilding effort of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Rusticucci" title="Girolamo Rusticucci">Girolamo Rusticucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_protector" title="Cardinal protector">Cardinal protector</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercian Order</a>, with construction running from 1595 to 1603. One of the objectives pursued with greater commitment from Rusticucci as the <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">vicar general</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> was to renew the life of the religious orders. A reflection of that action can be seen in a figurative program decorating the walls of the church. The main themes are: defense of chastity against corruption of morals and the victory of the true faith over any temptation to idolatry and heresy. They were joined by the exaltation of the virginal choice of Susanna and her prayerful attitude. Rusticucci wanted to highlight and connect these themes to the inseparable bond that his church had with the Cistercian nuns whose monastery occupied the site. </p><p>Rusticucci, a lover of "tradition", chose from the best of that time, which came from the fruitful artistic outpouring from the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. Consequently, he gave the assignment to <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maderno" title="Carlo Maderno">Carlo Maderno</a> (1556–1629) for architectural renovations made to the church. It was he who was the designer of its <a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">travertine</a> facade. The frescoes of the central hall (six scenes from the life of the chaste Susanna) are by <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Croce" title="Baldassare Croce">Baldassare Croce</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> (1563-1638). To <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Nebbia" title="Cesare Nebbia">Cesare Nebbia</a>, a native of <a href="/wiki/Orvieto" title="Orvieto">Orvieto</a> (1536–1614), can be attributed the frescoes in the dome and apse curve in which are reproduced some scenes from the life of Susanna. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">altarpiece</a> of the <a href="/wiki/High_altar" class="mw-redirect" title="High altar">high altar</a>, depicting the beheading of Susanna, is by <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Laureti" title="Tommaso Laureti">Tommaso Laureti</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> (1530–1602). Camilla Peretti, sister of Pope Sixtus, was a great benefactor of the Cistercian nuns, and helped build their residential quarters, including the Chapel of St Lawrence whose frescoes are the work of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovan_Battista_Pozzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovan Battista Pozzo (page does not exist)">Giovan Battista Pozzo</a> (1563-1591). The painting of the altar depicting the martyrdom of the holy <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> is also by Nebbia. Large statues of the major prophets and two of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> are attributed to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Antonio_Paracea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Antonio Paracea (page does not exist)">Giovanni Antonio Paracea</a>, called Valsoldo. Through the glass floor of the <a href="/wiki/Sacristy" title="Sacristy">sacristy</a> can be seen part of the early Christian Church and the remains of the Roman house, which is said to be the home of the father of Susanna. A Roman sarcophagus with fragments of painted plaster was discovered in modern times. The excavations also unearthed a <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> depicting the <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a> on a blue background and flanked by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a>; a Madonna and child between <a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha</a> and Susanna; plus five beautiful busts of other saints. </p><p>Behind the <a href="/wiki/Chancel" title="Chancel">chancel</a>, separated by an iron grating, is located the splendid monastic choir, a large rectangular room. It was built in 1596 by Rusticucci, as attested by the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> in the center of the choir's rich, carved wooden-coffered floor. The <a href="/wiki/Choir_stall" class="mw-redirect" title="Choir stall">choir stalls</a> were donated by Pope Sixtus and are repeatedly mentioned in the old guides as one of the finest choirs existent in Roman monasteries. The walls are adorned with frescoes depicting saints and scenes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. The artist who created these paintings was Francesco Di (1676–1702). Also in the choir, in the four branches of the two niches that preserve the <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquaries</a>, appear <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nurcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict of Nurcia">Benedict of Nurcia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scholastica" title="Scholastica">Scholastica</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> and Susanna (on the right), all by the <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbrian</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Avanzino_Nucci" title="Avanzino Nucci">Avanzino Nucci</a> (1599). In 1719, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filippo_Fregiotti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filippo Fregiotti (page does not exist)">Filippo Fregiotti</a> painted the frescoes in a chapel inside the enclosure. </p><p><a href="/wiki/St._Susanna_Church_(Dedham,_Massachusetts)" title="St. Susanna Church (Dedham, Massachusetts)">St. Susanna Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts" title="Dedham, Massachusetts">Dedham, Massachusetts</a> was named by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cushing" title="Richard Cushing">Richard Cushing</a> for Santa Susanna.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interior">Interior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Susanna,_Rome&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lazio_Roma_SSusanna1_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lazio_Roma_SSusanna1_tango7174.jpg/220px-Lazio_Roma_SSusanna1_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lazio_Roma_SSusanna1_tango7174.jpg/330px-Lazio_Roma_SSusanna1_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lazio_Roma_SSusanna1_tango7174.jpg/440px-Lazio_Roma_SSusanna1_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>The interior.</figcaption></figure> <p>The church consists of a single nave, with a circular apse forming two side-chapels. The frescoes of the central nave by <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Croce" title="Baldassare Croce">Baldassare Croce</a> represent six scenes from the life of Susanna found in the Book of Daniel. The frescoes on the curved side of the apse show Susanna being threatened by <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>, but defended by the angel of God, and to the right, Susanna refusing to worship the idol <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Nebbia" title="Cesare Nebbia">Nebbia</a>'s frescoes on the dome of the apse depict Susanna flanked on either side by angels with musical instruments. Behind the high altar, the painting depicting the beheading of Susanna is by <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Laureti" title="Tommaso Laureti">Tommaso Laureti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapel_of_our_Lady_of_Graces">Chapel of our Lady of Graces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Susanna,_Rome&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chapel of our Lady of Graces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chapel of our Lady of Graces (whose painting was formerly on the altar) has on its walls two recent frescoes of Benedict of Nursia and Bernard of Clairvaux. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapel_of_Saint_Lawrence">Chapel of Saint Lawrence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Susanna,_Rome&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chapel of Saint Lawrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fontana" title="Domenico Fontana">Domenico Fontana</a> constructed the second side-chapel to the left, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence" title="Saint Lawrence">Saint Lawrence</a> and commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Camilla_Peretti" class="mw-redirect" title="Camilla Peretti">Camilla Peretti</a>, sister of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a>. The paintings are by the Milanese artist Giovanni Battista Pozzo (1563–1591). The altar painting by Cesare Nebbia depicts the martyrdom of St. Lawrence. In this chapel are venerated <a href="/wiki/Genesius_of_Rome" title="Genesius of Rome">Genesius of Rome</a>, patron of actors, in the act of receiving baptism, and the bishop <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleuterus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Eleuterus">Pope Eleuterus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presbytery">Presbytery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Susanna,_Rome&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Presbytery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Presbytery_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbytery (architecture)">presbytery</a> is decorated with two frescoes. To the left, <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Croce" title="Baldassare Croce">Baldassare Croce</a> depicts the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gabinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Gabinus">Gabinus</a>, while to the right, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Nogari" title="Paris Nogari">Paris Nogari</a> shows the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Felicitas_of_Rome" title="Felicitas of Rome">Felicitas of Rome</a> and her seven sons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceiling">Ceiling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Susanna,_Rome&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ceiling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The valuable ceiling of the nave and of the presbytery is made in polychromed gilt wood, carved to the design of Carlo Maderno. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_associations">Religious associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Susanna,_Rome&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religious associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Convent,_Lviv" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite Convent, Lviv">A 17th-century replica of Santa Susanna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Entombed in the church are five early church martyrs and saints: Susanna, her father Gabinus, <a href="/wiki/Felicitas_of_Rome" title="Felicitas of Rome">Felicitas of Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleuterus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Eleuterus">Pope Eleuterus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genesius_of_Rome" title="Genesius of Rome">Genesius of Rome</a>.</li> <li>The commemoration of Saint Susanna has long been linked in the Roman calendar with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Tiburtius" title="Saint Tiburtius">Saint Tiburtius</a>, 11 August.</li> <li>Among the previous <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal priest">cardinal priests</a> of Santa Susanna was <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> (1446).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_national_church">American national church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Susanna,_Rome&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: American national church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paulist_Fathers" title="Paulist Fathers">Paulist Fathers</a>, founded in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1858, had grown to such an extent that they felt the time had come to seek approval of their <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious institute (Catholic)">religious institute</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, in order to be able to work throughout the worldwide Catholic Church. They also wanted to establish a <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Catholic Church)">procurator</a> general there to coordinate their work with the Vatican. To this end, the <a href="/wiki/Superior_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General">Superior General</a> of the Society, Thomas Burke, went to Rome in January 1921 to meet with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a> for this. During this trip, they first noticed Santa Susanna, as it was adjacent to the American Embassy to Italy at the time. Its location made it of interest to the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-CSP_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Paulists opened the office of the Procurator General in the city that following spring, headed by Thomas Lantry O'Neill. In the meantime, Burke's brother, also a member of the Society, had approached President <a href="/wiki/Warren_Harding" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Harding">Warren Harding</a> to make him aware of their interest in making use of the church to serve the growing American population of Rome. Harding made a request for this to the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_the_United_States" title="Apostolic Nunciature to the United States">Apostolic Delegate</a> to the United States, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bonzano" title="Giovanni Bonzano">Giovanni Bonzano</a>, during the course of a meeting in June. Bonzano transmitted the request to the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Secretary of State">Vatican Secretary of State</a>, with the recommendation that it be granted as a gesture of good will to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-CSP_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1921, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a> authorized the <a href="/wiki/Paulist_Fathers" title="Paulist Fathers">Paulist Fathers</a> to administer Santa Susanna as the <a href="/wiki/National_churches_in_Rome" title="National churches in Rome">national church in Rome</a> for the American residents of Rome and visitors from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a> of the monastery gave the keys to the church to the new pastor on 1 January 1922. Cardinal <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_O%27Connell" title="William Henry O'Connell">William Henry O'Connell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> presided at the first public <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> for the American community of the city on 26 February 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-CSP_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cardinal who held the title to the church had died during the summer of 1921, leaving the church with no legal owner under Italian law. At the same time, electrical lights were installed in the church, to which Americans were accustomed but Roman people found shocking. The Ambassador of Romania also claimed the church as a national church for the people of his country. The ownership issue settled at the end of 1924, when Bonzano, the former Apostolic Nuncio and by then a cardinal himself, requested a transfer of his title to this church. Once that was accomplished, he appointed O'Neill as the <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a> of the parish.<sup id="cite_ref-CSP_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Santa_Susanna,_Rome,_Italy_circa_1972_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Church_of_Santa_Susanna%2C_Rome%2C_Italy_circa_1972_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Church_of_Santa_Susanna%2C_Rome%2C_Italy_circa_1972_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Church_of_Santa_Susanna%2C_Rome%2C_Italy_circa_1972_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Church_of_Santa_Susanna%2C_Rome%2C_Italy_circa_1972_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Church_of_Santa_Susanna%2C_Rome%2C_Italy_circa_1972_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Church_of_Santa_Susanna%2C_Rome%2C_Italy_circa_1972_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5587" data-file-height="3829" /></a><figcaption>The Santa Susanna in 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1958 to 1985, the cardinal assigned to Santa Susanna as his titular church has been the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Boston">Archbishop of Boston</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Francis_Law" title="Bernard Francis Law">Bernard Francis Law</a> remained the titular cardinal until his December 2017 death, though he resigned as archbishop in 2002 in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_scandal_in_the_Catholic_archdiocese_of_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic archdiocese of Boston">sexual abuse scandal in his archdiocese</a>. </p><p>Since August 2017, following a campaign by the Cistercian nuns who had maintained a presence at Santa Susanna since 1587, the American expatriate community relocated its national church to <a href="/wiki/San_Patrizio" title="San Patrizio">San Patrizio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cardinal_Priests_of_Santa_Susanna_since_494">Cardinal Priests of Santa Susanna since 494</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Susanna,_Rome&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cardinal Priests of Santa Susanna since 494"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>List of the cardinal titulars of the church<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li>Asello (494–?)</li> <li>Rusticus (590–?)</li> <li>Conone (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Pope Conon</a>) (683?–686)</li> <li>Sergius (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Pope Sergius I</a>) (683?–687)</li> <li>Johanes (745 – before 761)</li> <li>Leontius (761 – before 796)</li> <li>Leo (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a>) (795)</li> <li>Johannes (964 – before 1012)</li> <li>Johannes (before 1012 – before 1033)</li> <li>Johannes (1033 – before 1062)</li> <li>Petrus (1062 – before 1099)</li> <li>Pietro Gheradesca di Donoratico (1099–1106)</li> <li>Gezo (1106 – c. 1112)</li> <li>Pietro Gherardeschi (1117–1130); pseudocardinal of <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Anacletus_II" title="Antipope Anacletus II">Antipope Anacletus II</a></li> <li>Stanzio (1130–1133)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bobone_Orsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giordano Bobone Orsini">Giordano Bobone Orsini</a> (1145–1165)</li> <li>Ermanno, called il Maestro (1165 or 1166 – c. 1170)</li> <li>Lesbio Grassi (1170–1173)</li> <li>Pietro de Bono (1173–1187)</li> <li>Alessio (1188–1189)</li> <li>Giovani Felice (1190–1194)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Porto_e_Santa_Rufina_(died_1216)" title="Benedict of Porto e Santa Rufina (died 1216)">Bendetto</a> (1201–1212)</li> <li>Aldobrandino Gaetani (or Ildebrando) (1219–1221)</li> <li>Geoffroy Barbeau (or de Barro) (1281–1287)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Benedetto Caetani</a> (1288–1294)</li> <li>Pierre d'Arrablay (or Arabloy) (1316–1328)</li> <li>Andrea Ghini Malpighi (Andrea Ghilini) (1342–1343)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bertrand_de_Colombier" title="Pierre Bertrand de Colombier">Pierre Bertrand (or du Colombier)</a> (1344–1361)</li> <li>Filippo Ruffini (or Gezza) (1378–1386)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Carbone_Tomacelli" title="Francesco Carbone Tomacelli">Francesco Carbone Tomacelli</a> (1384–1392)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Thury" title="Pierre de Thury">Pierre de Thury</a> (1385–1410)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_II_Panciera" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio II Panciera">Antonio II Panciera</a> (6 June 1411 – 3 July 1431)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Hugues_d%27Estaing" title="Guillaume-Hugues d'Estaing">Guillaume-Hugues d'Estaing</a> (1431–1446)</li> <li>Tommaso Parentucelli di Sanzana (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a>) (1446–1447)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Calandrini" title="Filippo Calandrini">Filippo Calandrini</a> (1448–1451)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Oliva_di_Sassoferrato" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro Oliva di Sassoferrato">Alessandro Oliva di Sassoferrato</a> (19 March 1460 – 20 August 1463)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Balue" title="Jean Balue">Jean Balue</a> (13 May 1468 – 31 January 1483)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Cibo_de%E2%80%99_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo Cibo de’ Mari">Lorenzo Cibo de’ Mari</a> (23 March 1489 – 14 March 1491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Borja_Lanzol_de_Roman%C3%AD,_el_mayor" title="Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el mayor">Juan de Borja Lanzol de Romaní, el mayor</a> (31 August 1492 – 1 August 1503)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Soderini" title="Francesco Soderini">Francesco Soderini</a> (12 June 1503 – 15 September 1508)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Grosso_della_Rovere" title="Leonardo Grosso della Rovere">Leonardo Grosso della Rovere</a> (15 September 1508 – 9 March 1517)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffaello_Petrucci" title="Raffaello Petrucci">Raffaello Petrucci</a> (26 December 1517 – 11 December 1522)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Sanseverino" title="Antonio Sanseverino">Antonio Sanseverino</a> (27 April 1528 – 16 May 1530)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Loaysa_y_Mendoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan García de Loaysa y Mendoza">Juan García de Loaysa y Mendoza</a> (16 May 1530 – 22 April 1546)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_II_d%27Amboise" title="Georges II d'Amboise">Georges II d'Amboise</a> (7 September 1546 – 28 February 1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_d%27Annebaut" title="Jacques d'Annebaut">Jacques d'Annebaut</a> (22 March 1548 – 6 June 1557)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Seripando" title="Girolamo Seripando">Girolamo Seripando</a> (10 March 1561 – 17 March 1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pacheco_de_Toledo" title="Francisco Pacheco de Toledo">Francisco Pacheco de Toledo</a> (14 July 1564 – 7 February 1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Navagero" title="Bernardo Navagero">Bernardo Navagero</a> (6 February 1565 – 13 April 1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Alciati" title="Francesco Alciati">Francesco Alciati</a> (3 June 1565 – 13 May 1569)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Rusticucci" title="Girolamo Rusticucci">Girolamo Rusticucci</a> (9 June 1570 – 18 August 1597 or 1603<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_d%27Escars_de_Givry" title="Anne d'Escars de Givry">Anne d’Escars de Givry</a> (de Pérusse), O.S.B. (14 June 1604 – 19 April 1612)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Borja_y_Velasco" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar Borja y Velasco">Gaspar Borja y Velasco</a> (10 December 1612 – 17 October 1616)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipione_Cobelluzzi" title="Scipione Cobelluzzi">Scipione Cobelluzzi</a> (17 October 1616 – 29 June 1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cesare_Sacchetti" title="Giulio Cesare Sacchetti">Giulio Cesare Sacchetti</a> (2 December 1626 – 29 April 1652)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Spada" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Battista Spada">Giovanni Battista Spada</a> (23 March 1654 – 27 January 1659)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Pallavincio_Sforza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Pallavincio Sforza (page does not exist)">Francesco Pallavincio Sforza</a> (1659–1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Carafa_della_Spina" title="Carlo Carafa della Spina">Carlo Carafa della Spina</a> (13 April 1665 – 27 May 1675)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Gustav_of_Baden-Durlach" title="Bernhard Gustav of Baden-Durlach">Bernhard Gustave von Baden-Durlach</a> (19 October 1676 – 26 December 1677)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Barbarigo" title="Marcantonio Barbarigo">Marc Antonio Barbarigo</a> (30 September 1686 – 1 July 1697)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniello_Marco_Delfino" title="Daniello Marco Delfino">Daniello Marco Delfino</a> (30 March 1700 – 5 August 1704)</li> <li>Lorenzo Corsini (<a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Pope Clement XII</a>) (25 June 1706 – 16 December 1720)</li> <li>José Pereira de Lacerda (16 June 1721 – 28 September 1738)</li> <li>Raniero Felice Simonetti (15 May 1747 – 20 August 1749)</li> <li>Luca Melchiore Tempi (24 May 1756 – 23 May 1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Valenti" title="Ludovico Valenti">Ludovico Valenti</a> (19 November 1759 – 20 December 1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Crivelli" title="Carlo Crivelli">Carlo Crivelli</a> (24 May 1802 – 19 January 1818)</li> <li>Giuseppe Della Porta Rodiani (24 July 1835 – 18 December 1841)</li> <li>Ignazio Cadolini (30 January 1843 – 11 April 1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Barnab%C3%B2" title="Alessandro Barnabò">Alessandro Barnabò</a> (19 June 1856 – 24 February 1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_D%E2%80%99Avanzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomeo D’Avanzo">Bartolomeo D’Avanzo</a> (7 April 1876 – 20 October 1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Patrick_Moran" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Patrick Moran">Francis Patrick Moran</a> (30 July 1885 – 16 August 1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Virgile_Dubillard" title="François-Virgile Dubillard">François-Virgile Dubillard</a> (30 November 1911 – 1 December 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Gusmini" title="Giorgio Gusmini">Giorgio Gusmini</a> (9 December 1915 – 24 August 1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bonzano" title="Giovanni Bonzano">Giovanni Bonzano</a> (18 December 1924 – 26 November 1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_L%C3%A9picier" title="Alexis Lépicier">Alexis Lépicier</a> (22 December 1927 – 20 May 1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hinsley" title="Arthur Hinsley">Arthur Hinsley</a> (16 December 1937 – 17 March 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Aloysius_Mooney" title="Edward Aloysius Mooney">Edward Mooney</a> (22 February 1946 – 25 October 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cushing" title="Richard Cushing">Richard Cushing</a> (18 December 1958 – 2 November 1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Sousa_Medeiros" title="Humberto Sousa Medeiros">Humberto Sousa Medeiros</a> (5 March 1973 – 17 September 1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Francis_Law" title="Bernard Francis Law">Bernard Francis Law</a> (25 May 1985 – 20 December 2017)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Susanna,_Rome&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHealy1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Healy, Patrick J. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Caius"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Caius">"Caius" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caius&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Susanna%2C+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meier, Gabriel (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sts._Tiburtius_and_Susanna"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Sts._Tiburtius_and_Susanna">"Sts. Tiburtius and Susanna" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sts._Tiburtius_and_Susanna&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Susanna%2C+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Clauss, "Susanna" in <i>Biographisch-Bibliographische Kirchenlexikon</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare the <i>Acta</i> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Saint Lucy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saint_Agnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Agnes">Saint Agnes</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paris Nogari (c. 1536–1601) was a minor pupil of <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Nebbia" title="Cesare Nebbia">Cesare Nebbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sydney_J._Freedberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney J. Freedberg">Sydney J. Freedberg</a>, <i>Painting in Italy, 1500–1600</i>, 3rd ed. 1993, p. 656).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDedham_Historical_Society2001" class="citation book cs1">Dedham Historical Society (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cRpMDQffkGsC"><i>Images of America: Dedham</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0944-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0944-0"><bdi>978-0-7385-0944-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+America%3A+Dedham&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-0944-0&rft.au=Dedham+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcRpMDQffkGsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Susanna%2C+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSP-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSP_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSP_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSP_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSP_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santasusanna.org/ourUniqueHistory/parishHistory.html">The Church of Santa Susanna "Our History: The American Parish"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091102150831/http://www.santasusanna.org/ourUniqueHistory/parishHistory.html">Archived</a> November 2, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArocho_Esteves2017" class="citation news cs1">Arocho Esteves, Junno (7 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/news/world/american-community-finds-new-home-rome">"American community finds a new home in Rome"</a>. <i>National Catholic Reporter</i>. Catholic News Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=American+community+finds+a+new+home+in+Rome&rft.date=2017-08-07&rft.aulast=Arocho+Esteves&rft.aufirst=Junno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncronline.org%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famerican-community-finds-new-home-rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Susanna%2C+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/cardinal/288.htm">Cardinal Title of S. Susanna</a>. The list begins with 1130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090517214415/http://www.santasusanna.org/ourUniqueHistory/cardinals.html">"Our Cardinals"</a>. <i>The Church of Santa Susanna</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santasusanna.org/ourUniqueHistory/cardinals.html">the original</a> on May 17, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+Santa+Susanna&rft.atitle=Our+Cardinals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santasusanna.org%2FourUniqueHistory%2Fcardinals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Susanna%2C+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703095216/http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/cardinals.htm">"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/cardinals.htm">the original</a> on 2009-07-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiu.edu%2F~mirandas%2Fcardinals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Susanna%2C+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the date given in the church's own website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/besgi.html">Catholic Hierarchy</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Susanna,_Rome&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_churches_in_Rome" title="National churches in Rome">National churches in Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulist_Fathers" title="Paulist Fathers">Paulist Fathers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Susanna,_Rome&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meier, Gabriel (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sts. Tiburtius and Susanna"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Sts._Tiburtius_and_Susanna">"Sts. Tiburtius and Susanna" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sts.+Tiburtius+and+Susanna&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Susanna%2C+Rome" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienS/Susanna.htm#">Manfred Clauss, "Susanna" in <i>Biographisch-Bibliographische Kirchenlexikon</i></a> Full bibliography.</li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Susanna_(titolo_cardinalizio)" class="extiw" title="it:Santa Susanna (titolo cardinalizio)">it:Santa Susanna (titolo cardinalizio)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Santa_Susanna_(Rome)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Santa Susanna (Rome)">Santa Susanna (Rome)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122030607/http://www.markstravelnotes.com/europe/western_europe/italy/lazio/rome/places_of_interest/places_of_worship/church_of_santa_barbara_dei_librari/">More the 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aria-labelledby="Carlo_Maderno" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carlo_Maderno" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maderno" title="Carlo Maderno">Carlo Maderno</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches and<br />religious buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinit%C3%A0_dei_Monti" title="Trinità dei Monti">Trinità dei Monti</a> (co-autorship, late 16th-century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva" title="Santa Maria sopra Minerva">Santa Maria sopra Minerva</a> (façade and other works, 1600)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Susanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Susanna">Santa Susanna</a> (reconstruction project, 1595–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_della_Valle" title="Sant'Andrea della Valle">Sant'Andrea della Valle</a> (new project, 1608)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giacomo_in_Augusta" title="San Giacomo in Augusta">San Giacomo in Augusta</a> (original project by Francesco Capriani; completion in 1604–1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> (façade and nave, 1602–1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_dei_Fiorentini" title="San Giovanni dei Fiorentini">San Giovanni dei Fiorentini</a> (direction of the works, 1602–1620)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Vittoria,_Rome" title="Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome">Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome</a> (1605–1620)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ignazio,_Rome" title="Sant'Ignazio, Rome">Sant'Ignazio, Rome</a> (possible collaboration, 1620s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chapels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerasi_Chapel" title="Cerasi Chapel">Cerasi Chapel</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Popolo" title="Santa Maria del Popolo">Santa Maria del Popolo</a> (c. 1601–1605)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secular buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Mattei" title="Palazzo Mattei">Palazzo Mattei</a> (1598–1618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Aldobrandini" title="Villa Aldobrandini">Villa Aldobrandini</a> (co-autorship with <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_della_Porta" title="Giacomo della Porta">Giacomo della Porta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Fontana_(architect)" title="Giovanni Fontana (architect)">Giovanni Fontana</a>; involvement, 1603–1623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini" title="Palazzo Barberini">Palazzo Barberini</a> (co-autorship with <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Borromini" title="Francesco Borromini">Francesco Borromini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a>, 1627–1633)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giacomo_degli_Incurabili" title="San Giacomo degli Incurabili">San Giacomo degli Incurabili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fontana" title="Domenico Fontana">Domenico Fontana</a> (oncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Fontana_(architect)" title="Giovanni Fontana (architect)">Giovanni Fontana</a> (oncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Maderno" title="Stefano Maderno">Stefano Maderno</a> (possible brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Borromini" title="Francesco Borromini">Francesco Borromini</a> (collaborator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a> (collaborator)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2030809#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2030809#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2030809#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007270846205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/733820896">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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