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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xifeng_concentration_camp&params=27_2_37_N_106_44_15_E_scale:25000_region:CN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°2′37″N</span> <span class="longitude">106°44′15″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.04361°N 106.73750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.04361; 106.73750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xifeng_Concentration_Camp&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Xifeng Concentration Camp">Xifeng Concentration Camp</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Kuomintang concentration camp in Guizhou, China</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Xifeng concentration camp<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">息烽集中營</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>)</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Kuomintang <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> (1938–1946)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Xifeng_concentration_camp&params=27_2_37_N_106_44_15_E_scale:25000_region:CN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°2′37″N</span> <span class="longitude">106°44′15″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.04361°N 106.73750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.04361; 106.73750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location">Maodong Village, <a href="/wiki/Xifeng_County,_Guizhou" title="Xifeng County, Guizhou">Xifeng County</a>, Guizhou, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Investigation_and_Statistics" title="Bureau of Investigation and Statistics">Juntong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operational</th><td class="infobox-data">September 1938 – July 1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">Mainly Juntong members and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communists</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">At least 3,200<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Killed</th><td class="infobox-data">At least 600<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="#Notable_inmates">notable inmates</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #A8EDEF; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Major_cultural_heritage_sites_under_national-level_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Major cultural heritage sites under national-level protection">Major cultural heritage sites under national-level protection</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Ancient buildings and historical monuments</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1988 (3rd batch)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">3-161</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Xifeng concentration camp</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">息烽集中营</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">息烽集中營</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xīfēng jízhōngyíng</span></i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xifeng_County,_Guizhou" title="Xifeng County, Guizhou">Xifeng County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, China. Established by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) following the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_incident" title="Marco Polo Bridge incident">Marco Polo Bridge incident</a> in 1937, the camp –  the largest of the KMT's internment sites –  was constructed primarily to discipline staff of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Investigation_and_Statistics" title="Bureau of Investigation and Statistics">Bureau of Investigation and Statistics</a> (Juntong) and hold members of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP). Initially modelled after <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>, it was led from 1938 through 1941 by He Zizhen, who strictly controlled prisoners and guards. When <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Yanghao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Yanghao (page does not exist)">Zhou Yanghao</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E5%85%BB%E6%B5%A9" class="extiw" title="zh:周养浩">zh</a>]</span> assumed leadership of the camp in March 1941, he reformed the camp along the Soviet philosophy of "<a href="/wiki/Corrective_labor_colony" title="Corrective labor colony">corrective labour</a>" while simultaneously reorganizing camp administration. The camp was dissolved in 1946, and in 1988 the former site was designated a <a href="/wiki/Major_cultural_heritage_sites_under_national-level_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Major cultural heritage sites under national-level protection">National Key Cultural Relic</a>. Since 1997, it has been a destination for <a href="/wiki/Red_tourism" title="Red tourism">red tourism</a>. </p><p>Under both directors, the Xifeng concentration camp had a reputation for violence, and rape and torture were commonplace. Prisoners were divided by camp administrators into a hierarchy based on their organizational affiliations, with members of the Juntong holding higher status than communists. Inmates, meanwhile, established their own hierarchy, with a group of CCP members banding together to challenge KMT rule and improve the treatment of prisoners. According to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture (China)">Ministry of Culture of China</a>, approximately 3,200 people were detained at Xifeng; of these, 600 died during their internment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xifeng_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xifeng_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%88%B4%E7%AC%A0%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man in a uniform with medals on his chest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%E6%88%B4%E7%AC%A0%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.jpg/170px-%E6%88%B4%E7%AC%A0%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%E6%88%B4%E7%AC%A0%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.jpg/255px-%E6%88%B4%E7%AC%A0%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%E6%88%B4%E7%AC%A0%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.jpg/340px-%E6%88%B4%E7%AC%A0%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2381" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dai_Li" title="Dai Li">Dai Li</a> established several camps, including Xifeng, through the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Investigation_and_Statistics" title="Bureau of Investigation and Statistics">Bureau of Investigation and Statistics</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Construction of the Xifeng concentration camp began following the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_incident" title="Marco Polo Bridge incident">Marco Polo Bridge incident</a> of July 1937,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which members of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> came into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> –  the military arm of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) party –  outside Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXia2024_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXia2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KMT government, which at the time was capturing suspected members of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForth2024155_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2024155-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> closed its camp in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and migrated the government southward as the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> escalated.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKenna2024_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKenna2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> –  the leader of the KMT government –  viewed the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">German model of concentration camps</a> as an "efficient means ... to quell communist opposition and pacify society."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForth2024155_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2024155-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To implement this model near the new capital of <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dai_Li" title="Dai Li">Dai Li</a> –  the director of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Investigation_and_Statistics" title="Bureau of Investigation and Statistics">Bureau of Investigation and Statistics</a> (commonly known as the Juntong) –  arranged for multiple sites due to the number of detainees;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these included Xifeng, as well as <a href="/wiki/Baigongguan_and_Zhazidong" title="Baigongguan and Zhazidong">Baigongguan</a> and Wanglongmen Prisons in Chongqing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChina_Daily2020_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChina_Daily2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the government moved southward, more than 15,000 troops were stationed in Xifeng –  which then only had a population of 2,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xifeng was constructed on the site of a <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor house</a> owned by the Liu family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_Site_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_Site-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was located in what is now Maodong Village, Yongjing Town, part of <a href="/wiki/Xifeng_County,_Guizhou" title="Xifeng County, Guizhou">Xifeng County</a>, Guizhou,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approximately 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang">Guiyang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009135_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009135-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed for the ready transportation of materials and personnel from the wartime capital of Chongqing,with which Guiyang was connected by highway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009135_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009135-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mountainous terrain also allowed for ready concealment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As originally established, the camp consisted of two sites covering two square kilometres (0.77 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_Site_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_Site-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sites were centred around the Yanglangba and Xuantian caves. Yanglangba Cave, which has an area of approximately 40 square metres (430 sq ft), was supplemented with since-demolished barracks and a two-metre (6 ft 7 in)-tall wall that extended for 1,100 metres (3,600 ft). The area near the cave was used primarily for office work. Meanwhile, the Xuantian Cave measures approximately 30 metres (98 ft) high, 54 metres (177 ft) across at its widest, and 137 metres (449 ft) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most detainees were kept near this cave,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChina_Daily2020_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChina_Daily2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with particularly important prisoners held within it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_Site_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_Site-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the site's cave system is the "Cat Cave" (<span lang="zh">猫洞</span>), a hidden alcove approximately 10 square metres (110 sq ft) in size that was used for torture and isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Xifeng camp, codenamed "Alarmfire",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010552_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010552-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began operations in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with other internment camps, it was not acknowledged; the Xifeng camp was officially identified as the Xifeng Headquarters of the National Government Military Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xifeng was the largest of the KMT camps, and held the party's most important prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010553_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010553-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the model used by Xifeng and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shangrao_concentration_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shangrao concentration camp (page does not exist)">Shangrao concentration camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shangrao" title="Shangrao">Shangrao</a> was emulated for numerous <a href="/wiki/Black_site" title="Black site">black sites</a> operated by the KMT.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForth2024155_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2024155-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="He_Zizhen_leadership">He Zizhen leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xifeng_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: He Zizhen leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, the Xifeng camp was under the directorship of He Zizhen. The sinologist <a href="/wiki/Klaus_M%C3%BChlhahn" title="Klaus Mühlhahn">Klaus Mühlhahn</a>, in his exploration of criminal justice in China, writes that Xifeng under He Zizhen was "marked by a high degree of violence, harsh living conditions, executions, assaults on prisoners, and a high mortality rate," with prisoners remaining in incarceration rather than used for labour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009136_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009136-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first detainees arrived in September 1938, two hundred people who had been transferred from <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> as the Japanese Army came southward. These arrivals were forced to construct their own barracks, being temporarily accommodated in local farmhouses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009135_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009135-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Security was tight, with passwords required for general mobility as well as entry to specific buildings. Prisoners were under the supervision of two lookout stations, with additional guards deployed at night. Prisoners were not allowed to communicate with the outside world, and communications between them were limited. Each group of prisoners had a room leader, tasked with supervising the group and liable for misbehaviour,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009140_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009140-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all prisoners were encouraged to act as informants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009141_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009141-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Room leaders were known to make spurious accusations in order to curry favour with camp management.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009140_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009140-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zhou_Yanghao_leadership">Zhou Yanghao leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xifeng_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Zhou Yanghao leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He Zizhen was replaced in March 1941 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Yanghao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Yanghao (page does not exist)">Zhou Yanghao</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E5%85%BB%E6%B5%A9" class="extiw" title="zh:周养浩">zh</a>]</span>, a graduate of the Shanghai Law Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009136_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009136-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sought to implement a "<a href="/wiki/Corrective_labor_colony" title="Corrective labor colony">corrective labour</a>" model inspired by the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009137_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009137-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this, he oversaw the rapid expansion of the camp, which grew to include eight barracks for men –  each named for a tenet of <a href="/wiki/Confucian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian philosophy">Confucian philosophy</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">yi</a></i> (righteousness) and <i><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">xiao</a></i> (filial piety),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009137_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009137-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and divided into four or five rooms<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010553_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010553-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> –  as well as a special residence (<span lang="zh">特斋</span>) for women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_Site_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_Site-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also constructed were a machine shop, assembly hall, study room, and garden. This was accompanied by a revamping of the camp's administrative system, with the intent of increasing its efficiency,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009137_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009137-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the introduction of a bureau dedicated to the re-education of prisoners, which produced two magazines and several booklets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009137_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009137-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following this series of reforms, prisoners in Xifeng began to produce goods for sale. These included textiles, wood carvings, pottery, straw sandals,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009141_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009141-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> soap, and cigarettes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners who surpassed their quota were provided <a href="/wiki/Scrip" title="Scrip">scrip</a> to be used at the newly-established <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> for food, cigarettes, or alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009141_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009141-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great emphasis was given to modifying prisoners' thoughts and beliefs, both through the KMT's political ideology and traditional philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009143_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009143-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different parts of the camp were rebranded, with the camp being deemed "university", cells "study rooms", prisoners "convalescents", and executions "study abroad".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010553_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010553-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, violence remained common, and prisoners' quality of life was poor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009142_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009142-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contact with the outside world remained prohibited, though inter-prisoner communication was allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009143_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009143-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CCP internees used these relaxations to establish a "Secret Cell", under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Luo_Shiwen" title="Luo Shiwen">Luo Shiwen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which eventually extended to all members and sympathizers in the camp. Through carefully orchestrated resistance, they successfully pressured Zhou Yanghao to allow barracks to remain open during daytime hours, reduce beatings, and improve food quality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009144_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009144-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several members of the group gained positions that enabled them to spread Communist literature,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009144_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009144-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though prisoners continued to be required to prove their dedication to the KMT's ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010553_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010553-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xifeng was dissolved in July 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many of the detainees were sent to Chongqing; before the CCP gained control of the city in 1949, almost all of these inmates had been executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camp's approach to indoctrination and <a href="/wiki/Thought_reform_in_China" title="Thought reform in China">thought reform</a> was subsequently adopted by the CCP and used in the <a href="/wiki/People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People’s Republic of China">People’s Republic of China</a> following the country's establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010554_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010554-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, former detainee <a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Zidong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Zidong (page does not exist)">Han Zidong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:韩子栋">zh</a>]</span> returned to the site to find the graves of seven people executed after attempting to infiltrate the Juntong; their remains were identified and reinterred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prisoners">Prisoners</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xifeng_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prisoners"><span>edit</span></a><span 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/></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:134px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Song_Zhenzhong.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white image of an infant in a jumper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Song_Zhenzhong.jpeg/110px-Song_Zhenzhong.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Song_Zhenzhong.jpeg/165px-Song_Zhenzhong.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Song_Zhenzhong.jpeg/220px-Song_Zhenzhong.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="622" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Held at Xifeng were (left-to-right, top-to-bottom) <a href="/wiki/Ma_Yinchu" title="Ma Yinchu">Ma Yinchu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Hucheng" title="Yang Hucheng">Yang Hucheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luo_Shiwen" title="Luo Shiwen">Luo Shiwen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_Qiyun" title="Song Qiyun">Song Qiyun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xu_Linxia" title="Xu Linxia">Xu Linxia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Song_Zhenzhong" title="Song Zhenzhong">Song Zhenzhong</a></div></div></div></div> <p>Throughout its existence, Xifeng housed several hundred internees at any given time;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009138_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009138-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture (China)">Ministry of Culture of China</a>, approximately 3,200 people were detained at Xifeng between 1938 and 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These prisoners were held based on accusations of political enmity, rather than any formal criminal indictment;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009138_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009138-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a result, they had no legal protections, nor did they have any expected time of release.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010553_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010553-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some prisoners, such as <a href="/wiki/Yang_Hucheng" title="Yang Hucheng">Yang Hucheng</a>, were detained with their families,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others –  such as six relatives of <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fohai" title="Zhou Fohai">Zhou Fohai</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> –  were held due to the activities of their family members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200960_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200960-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prisoners were sorted into a hierarchy based on their political associations. At the top of the hierarchy were Juntong members who had been accused of dereliction of duty or disobedience; according to Mühlhahn, these accounted for approximately 70 per cent of all detainees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009138_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009138-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below them were members of the CCP, mostly students and intellectuals, and persons accused of collaborating with Japanese forces. A third category consisted of prominent prisoners who, though kept in isolation from the general population, generally received better treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009139_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009139-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prisoners themselves established a hierarchy based on seniority, with many of the CCP detainees basing their status on their underground work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009143_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009143-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners were also differentiated by sex and age, with female internees and their children held in a dedicated area of the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXifeng_Concentration_Camp_Revolutionary_History_Memorial_Hall2021_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXifeng_Concentration_Camp_Revolutionary_History_Memorial_Hall2021-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extensive acts of violence were recorded. Female prisoners were raped by their Juntong guards. Torture was commonly used to collect information, with practices including burning prisoners with boiling water and hot irons, subjecting them to electrical shocks, and dunking them into "water of hot pepper".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009143_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009143-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where prisoners were executed, guards were required to take photographs of them before, during, and afterwards, then submit these photographs to central command as proof.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009143_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009143-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the concentration camp model used by the KMT was generally intended to condition internees to become loyal to the party,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForth2024155_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2024155-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Ministry of Culture reports that more than six hundred detainees died before the camp's closure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Notable_inmates"></span> Notable inmates included: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Che_Yaoxian" title="Che Yaoxian">Che Yaoxian</a>, communist<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Qiyou" title="Chen Qiyou">Chen Qiyou</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/China_Zhi_Gong_Party" title="China Zhi Gong Party">China Zhi Gong Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESong2018_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESong2018-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Zidong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Zidong (page does not exist)">Han Zidong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:韩子栋">zh</a>]</span>, communist<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huang_Xiansheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huang Xiansheng (page does not exist)">Huang Xiansheng</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%A1%AF%E8%81%B2" class="extiw" title="zh:黃顯聲">zh</a>]</span>, general in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Volunteer_Righteous_and_Brave_Fighters" title="Northeastern Volunteer Righteous and Brave Fighters">Northeastern Volunteer Righteous and Brave Fighters</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Shiwen" title="Luo Shiwen">Luo Shiwen</a>, communist executed by the KMT<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yinchu" title="Ma Yinchu">Ma Yinchu</a>, economist<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Qiyun" title="Song Qiyun">Song Qiyun</a>, communist and husband of Xu Linxia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Zhenzhong" title="Song Zhenzhong">Song Zhenzhong</a>, son of Song Qiyun and Xu Linxia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Hucheng" title="Yang Hucheng">Yang Hucheng</a>, general in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Army" title="Republic of China Army">Republic of China Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Linxia" title="Xu Linxia">Xu Linxia</a>, communist and wife of Song Qiyun<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Xiaoxuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Xiaoxuan (page does not exist)">Xu Xiaoxuan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%B8%E6%99%93%E8%BD%A9" class="extiw" title="zh:许晓轩">zh</a>]</span>, communist<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_Site_and_Memorial_Hall">Xifeng Concentration Camp Site and Memorial Hall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xifeng_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Xifeng Concentration Camp Site and Memorial Hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_development">Tourism development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xifeng_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tourism development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Xifeng concentration camp site was declared a <a href="/wiki/Major_cultural_heritage_sites_under_national-level_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Major cultural heritage sites under national-level protection">National Key Cultural Relic</a> on 13 January 1988, part of the third batch of heritage sites identified by the <a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Cultural_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration of Cultural Heritage">State Administration of Cultural Heritage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESACH1988_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESACH1988-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, the site was renovated by the Guiyang Municipal Government, with total funds allocated by all government levels reaching ¥50 million (US$7,000,000) as of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xifeng_concentration_camp&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was opened to the public in 1997,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChinese_Communist_Party_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChinese_Communist_Party-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the intent of using it as a tourist attraction and a means of <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Education_Campaign" title="Patriotic Education Campaign">patriotic education</a>. Premier <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a> attended the site in July 1997, leaving the inscription "The Xifeng heroes inspire the people to move forward courageously."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In subsequent years, the Xifeng site was expanded. An exhibition hall was constructed in 2008, with an 800-square-metre (8,600 sq ft) plaza installed alongside it. As the site was expanded, Maodong Village received extensive investment, including the paving of roads, installation of streetlights, and development of an agricultural cooperative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202117_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang202117-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xifeng_concentration_camp&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the former Xifeng concentration camp has received a <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction_rating_categories_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist attraction rating categories of China">tourist attraction rating</a> of 4A and hosted nine million visitors. It is considered a <a href="/wiki/Red_tourism" title="Red tourism">red tourism</a> destination,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xifeng_concentration_camp&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> can be accessed by bus via Station No 1 on Yan'anxi Rd, Guiyang. Entry is <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">¥</a>15 (US$2.17).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChina_Daily2020_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChina_Daily2020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_site">Current site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xifeng_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Xifeng Concentration Camp Site covers an area of 57,124.4 square metres (614,882 sq ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entrance gate identifies the site as the Xifeng Headquarters of the National Government Military Commission, the site's official name when the camp was operational.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further in is a sign reading "Lift Your Head Up" (<span lang="zh">抬起头来</span>), which Li Jingya of the <i><a href="/wiki/Xinhua_Daily_Telegraph" title="Xinhua Daily Telegraph">Xinhua Daily Telegraph</a></i> describes as having been installed by the KMT to urge internees to acknowledge their wrongs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site consists of the caves, as well as expansive gardens and a central plaza.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The barracks are accessible to the public, and showcase prisoner beds that are <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> feet (0.38 m) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere on the grounds, wooden cages and iron shackles are displayed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2014_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2014-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central to the plaza is the sculpture <i>Song of Loyal Souls</i> (<span lang="zh">忠魂曲</span>), which depicts a group of people identified as martyrs who are restrained by iron shackles and high walls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the side of the plaza is a two-storey memorial hall, which consists of four exhibition halls that display more than 350 pictures and 160 artefacts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including makeup owned by the communist spy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Luping_(spy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Luping (spy) (page does not exist)">Zhang Luping</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2024-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> issues of the prisoner-developed publication <i>Resurrection Monthly</i> (<span lang="zh">复活月刊</span>), and writings by <a href="/wiki/Che_Yaoxian" title="Che Yaoxian">Che Yaoxian</a>. A projection room screens a documentary film titled <i>The Undying Flame</i> (<span lang="zh">烽火不息</span>), which introduces the camp and the experiences of its prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xifeng_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This process had begun in 1927 following the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a> (<a href="#CITEREFChenRen2017">Chen & Ren 2017</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> had marched on <a href="/wiki/Hankou" title="Hankou">Hankou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> by the end of July. They <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">captured Shanghai</a> in November 1937, and seized the capital of Nanjing in December (<a href="#CITEREFMcKenna2024">McKenna 2024</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the <a href="#CITEREFXifeng_Concentration_Camp_Revolutionary_History_Memorial_Hall2021">Xifeng Concentration Camp Revolutionary History Memorial Hall (2021)</a> notes that husband and wife <a href="/wiki/Song_Qiyun" title="Song Qiyun">Song Qiyun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xu_Linxia" title="Xu Linxia">Xu Linxia</a> were initially unaware that they were both being held in the same prison. After <a href="/wiki/Luo_Shiwen" title="Luo Shiwen">Luo Shiwen</a> petitioned Director Zhou, the couple were allowed weekly meetings.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dai Li had died in an aviation accident on 17 March 1946. In the aftermath, amidst extensive power struggles, the Juntong was downsized and reorganized (<a href="#CITEREFYick1995">Yick 1995</a>, pp. 482, 489).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yang was detained with his wife Xie Baozhen and two of their children, daughter Yang Zhenggui and son Yang Zhengzhong. The four were executed in 1949, then reinterred the following year at the General Yang Hucheng Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an,_Xi%27an" title="Chang'an, Xi'an">Chang'an District, Xian</a> (<a href="#CITEREFDu2020">Du 2020</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhou Fohai had allied with <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China</a>, which collaborated with the Empire of Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. Under the command of Dai Li, Juntong agents captured his mother; his younger sister and her husband; and his father-in-law, his wife, and their daughter (<a href="#CITEREFMartin2009">Martin 2009</a>, p. 60).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original: <span lang="zh">｢息烽英烈激励人民勇往直前｣</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xifeng_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2008_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture2008">Ministry of Culture 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXia2024-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXia2024_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXia2024">Xia 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForth2024155-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForth2024155_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForth2024155_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForth2024155_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForth2024155_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForth2024">Forth 2024</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp">Encyclopaedia of China, Xifeng Concentration Camp</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKenna2024-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKenna2024_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKenna2024">McKenna 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChina_Daily2020-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChina_Daily2020_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChina_Daily2020_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChina_Daily2020_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChina_Daily2020">China Daily 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2024-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2024_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2024">Li 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_Site-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_Site_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_Site_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_Site_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_Site_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_Site">Encyclopaedia of China, Xifeng Concentration Camp Site</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019">Guiyang Provincial Government 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009135-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009135_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009135_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009135_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMühlhahn2009">Mühlhahn 2009</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenRen2017_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenRen2017">Chen & Ren 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp_Site">Encyclopaedia of China, Xifeng Concentration Camp Site</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture2008">Ministry of Culture 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp">Encyclopaedia of China, Xifeng Concentration Camp</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture2014">Ministry of Culture 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010552-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010552_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMühlhahn2010">Mühlhahn 2010</a>, p. 552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010553-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010553_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010553_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010553_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010553_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010553_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMühlhahn2010">Mühlhahn 2010</a>, p. 553.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009136-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009136_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009136_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMühlhahn2009">Mühlhahn 2009</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009140-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009140_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009140_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMühlhahn2009">Mühlhahn 2009</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009141-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009141_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009141_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009141_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMühlhahn2009">Mühlhahn 2009</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009137-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009137_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009137_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009137_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009137_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMühlhahn2009">Mühlhahn 2009</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009143-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009143_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009143_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009143_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009143_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009143_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMühlhahn2009">Mühlhahn 2009</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009142-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009142_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMühlhahn2009">Mühlhahn 2009</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009144-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009144_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009144_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMühlhahn2009">Mühlhahn 2009</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010554-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2010554_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMühlhahn2010">Mühlhahn 2010</a>, p. 554.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009138-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009138_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009138_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009138_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMühlhahn2009">Mühlhahn 2009</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMühlhahn2009">Mühlhahn 2009</a>, p. 138; <a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture2008">Ministry of Culture 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200960-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200960_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2009">Martin 2009</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009139-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMühlhahn2009139_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMühlhahn2009">Mühlhahn 2009</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXifeng_Concentration_Camp_Revolutionary_History_Memorial_Hall2021-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXifeng_Concentration_Camp_Revolutionary_History_Memorial_Hall2021_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFXifeng_Concentration_Camp_Revolutionary_History_Memorial_Hall2021">Xifeng Concentration Camp Revolutionary History Memorial Hall 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESong2018-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESong2018_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSong2018">Song 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESACH1988-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESACH1988_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSACH1988">SACH 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChinese_Communist_Party-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChinese_Communist_Party_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChinese_Communist_Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYang202117-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYang202117_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYang2021">Yang 2021</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenRen2017">Chen & Ren 2017</a>; <a href="#CITEREFColville2011">Colville 2011</a>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2014-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Culture2014_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture2014">Ministry of Culture 2014</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xifeng_concentration_camp&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChenRen2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chen Bowei (陈伯伟), Ren Yongda (任永达) (1 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241015005416/https://jsnews.jschina.com.cn/sxzt/a/201706/t20170601_587160.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">"寻访小萝卜头"采访纪实贵州息烽站——息烽英烈激励人民勇往直前</bdi></a> ["Searching for Little Radish Head": Record of Guizhou Xifeng Camp – Xifeng Heroes Inspire People to Move Forward Courageously] (in Chinese). Jiangsu Central Committee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jsnews.jschina.com.cn/sxzt/a/201706/t20170601_587160.shtml">the original</a> on 15 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Hidden Land of Guizhou". <i>China Today</i>. <b>60</b> (5): 58–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Today&rft.atitle=The+Hidden+Land+of+Guizhou&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=58-61&rft.date=2011-05&rft.aulast=Colville&rft.aufirst=Penelope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXifeng+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Du Rong (杜荣), ed. (26 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241016003206/https://changan.xiancity.cn/system/2020/03/24/030728022.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">杨虎城将军陵园</bdi></a> [General Yang Hucheng Cemetery] (in Chinese). Xi'an Municipal Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://changan.xiancity.cn/system/2020/03/24/030728022.shtml">the original</a> on 16 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9D%A8%E8%99%8E%E5%9F%8E%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E9%99%B5%E5%9B%AD&rft.pub=Xi%27an+Municipal+Government&rft.date=2020-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchangan.xiancity.cn%2Fsystem%2F2020%2F03%2F24%2F030728022.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXifeng+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForth2024" class="citation book cs1">Forth, Aidan (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qv0MEQAAQBAJ"><i>Camps: A Global History of Mass Confinement</i></a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-8830-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-8830-4"><bdi>978-1-4875-8830-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camps%3A+A+Global+History+of+Mass+Confinement&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-8830-4&rft.aulast=Forth&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQv0MEQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXifeng+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinese_Communist_Party" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241014183621/http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/64176/64180/2524328.html"><bdi lang="zh">貴州息烽集中營革命歷史紀念館</bdi></a> [Guizhou Xifeng Concentration Camp Revolutionary History Memorial Hall] (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intoxicated+on+the+Colorful+Guizhou+Province&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture&rft.date=2014-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chinaculture.org%2Fchineseway%2F2014-10%2F11%2Fcontent_567702_7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXifeng+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Li Jingya (李惊亚) (4 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241014185937/http://www.news.cn/local/20240404/5a38a79e7352467e95770d64b613e4ce/c.html#selection-1969.162-1969.165"><bdi lang="zh">探访息烽集中营旧址，追寻先烈们的热血与信仰</bdi></a> [Visit the Site of Xifeng Concentration Camp and Trace the Passion and Faith of the Martyrs]. <i><a href="/wiki/Xinhua_Daily_Telegraph" title="Xinhua Daily Telegraph">Xinhua Daily Telegraph</a></i> (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.cn/local/20240404/5a38a79e7352467e95770d64b613e4ce/c.html">the original</a> on 14 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xinhua+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=%E6%8E%A2%E8%AE%BF%E6%81%AF%E7%83%BD%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%90%A5%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80%EF%BC%8C%E8%BF%BD%E5%AF%BB%E5%85%88%E7%83%88%E4%BB%AC%E7%9A%84%E7%83%AD%E8%A1%80%E4%B8%8E%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&rft.date=2024-04-04&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Jingya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.cn%2Flocal%2F20240404%2F5a38a79e7352467e95770d64b613e4ce%2Fc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXifeng+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Brian G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%85%AC%E5%B8%83%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%89%B9%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E9%87%8D%E7%82%B9%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%90%8D%E5%8D%95%E7%9A%84%E9%80%9A%E7%9F%A5&rft.pub=State+Administration+of+Cultural+Heritage&rft.date=1988-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sach.gov.cn%2Ftabid%2F96%2FInfoID%2F21%2Ffrtid%2F96%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXifeng+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture2008" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241014160004/http://en.chinaculture.org/library/2008-02/15/content_33199.htm">"Site of Xifeng Concentration Camp"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture (China)">Ministry of Culture</a>. 15 February 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Site+of+Xifeng+Concentration+Camp&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Culture&rft.date=2008-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chinaculture.org%2Flibrary%2F2008-02%2F15%2Fcontent_33199.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXifeng+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXifeng_Concentration_Camp_Revolutionary_History_Memorial_Hall2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241015115331/https://www.xifeng.gov.cn/ztzl/lszt/fdbnlqhxzc/xfhsjt/202108/t20210816_69545065.html"><bdi lang="zh">宋绮云在息烽集中营的铁窗岁月</bdi></a> [Song Qiyun's Years Behind Bars in Xifeng Concentration Camp] (in Chinese). Xifeng Concentration Camp Revolutionary History Memorial Hall. 25 February 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xifeng.gov.cn/ztzl/lszt/fdbnlqhxzc/xfhsjt/202108/t20210816_69545065.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marco+Polo+Bridge+Incident&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-10-04&rft.aulast=Xia&rft.aufirst=Zhihou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FMarco-Polo-Bridge-Incident&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXifeng+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChina_Daily2020" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241014163548/http://guizhou.chinadaily.com.cn/guiyang/2020-01/06/c_730333.htm">"Xifeng Concentration Camp"</a>. <i>China Daily</i>. 6 January 2020. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Xifeng+Concentration+Camp&rft.date=2020-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguizhou.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fguiyang%2F2020-01%2F06%2Fc_730333.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXifeng+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiyang_Provincial_Government2019" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241014161816/http://english.guiyang.gov.cn/xifeng/2019-10/18/c_417119.htm">"Xifeng Concentration Camp Revolutionary History Memorial Hall"</a>. Guiyang Provincial Government. 18 October 2019. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xifeng+Concentration+Camp+Revolutionary+History+Memorial+Hall&rft.pub=Guiyang+Provincial+Government&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.guiyang.gov.cn%2Fxifeng%2F2019-10%2F18%2Fc_417119.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXifeng+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaedia_of_China,_Xifeng_Concentration_Camp" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241016140919/https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&Name=%E6%81%AF%E7%83%BD%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%90%A5&Type=bkztb&subSourceType=000004000013000029&SourceID=370818"><bdi lang="zh">息烽集中营</bdi></a> [Xifeng Concentration Camp]. <i>Encyclopaedia of China</i> (in Chinese) (3rd ed.). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=370818">the original</a> on 16 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E6%81%AF%E7%83%BD%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%90%A5&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+China&rft.edition=3rd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zgbk.com%2Fecph%2Fwords%3FSiteID%3D1%26ID%3D370818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXifeng+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Feiyue (30 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2506608720">"Patriotic Site Boosts Rural Tourism and Helps Educate Visitors"</a>. <i>China Daily</i>: 17. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2506608720">2506608720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Patriotic+Site+Boosts+Rural+Tourism+and+Helps+Educate+Visitors&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2021-03-30&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Feiyue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F2506608720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXifeng+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYick1995" class="citation journal cs1">Yick, Joseph K. S. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/189388">"Juntong and the Ma Hansan Affair: Factionalism in the Nationalist Secret Service, 1946–1949"</a>. <i>Modern China</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 481–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009770049502100404">10.1177/009770049502100404</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/189388">189388</a>.</cite><span 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