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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Near_the_wrist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near_the_wrist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Near the wrist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near_the_wrist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near_the_elbow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near_the_elbow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Near the elbow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near_the_elbow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muscle_attachments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscle_attachments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Muscle attachments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscle_attachments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fracture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fracture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fracture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fracture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Radius (bone)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="كعبرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كعبرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C3%A2u-kut" title="Jiâu-kut – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jiâu-kut" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Лъчева кост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лъчева кост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDbica" title="Žbica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Žbica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi_(os)" title="Radi (os) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radi (os)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%88%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%83" title="Пайăркалла шăмă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пайăркалла шăмă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%99etenn%C3%AD_kost" title="Vřetenní kost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vřetenní kost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoleben" title="Spoleben – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spoleben" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_(Anatomie)" title="Radius (Anatomie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Radius (Anatomie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%AD%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%81%DE%A8%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ރޭޑިއަސް ކަށިގަނޑު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރޭޑިއަސް ކަށިގަނޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1_(%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Κερκίδα (ανατομία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κερκίδα (ανατομία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(hueso)" title="Radio (hueso) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radio (hueso)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiuso_(osto)" title="Radiuso (osto) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radiuso (osto)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erradio_(hezurra)" title="Erradio (hezurra) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erradio (hezurra)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زند زبرین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زند زبرین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_(os)" title="Radius (os) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radius (os)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(%C3%B3so)" title="Radio (óso) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Radio (óso)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%BC%88" title="노뼈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노뼈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="रेडियस हड्डी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेडियस हड्डी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C4%8Dana_kost" title="Palčana kost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Palčana kost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiuso" title="Radiuso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Radiuso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_pengumpil" title="Tulang pengumpil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tulang pengumpil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(anatomia)" title="Radio (anatomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radio (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8" title="עצם החישור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עצם החישור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%B6%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Кәрі жілік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кәрі жілік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_(anatomia)" title="Radius (anatomia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Radius (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spie%C4%B7kauls" title="Spieķkauls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spieķkauls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipinkaulis" title="Stipinkaulis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stipinkaulis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ors%C3%B3csont" title="Orsócsont – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orsócsont" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Палечна коска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Палечна коска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaakbeen" title="Spaakbeen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spaakbeen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="रेदियस क्वँय् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रेदियस क्वँय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%88%E9%AA%A8" title="橈骨 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="橈骨" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spolebein" title="Spolebein – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spolebein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9B%C4%87_promieniowa" title="Kość promieniowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kość promieniowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_(osso)" title="Rádio (osso) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rádio (osso)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius" title="Radius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Radius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Лучевая кость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лучевая кость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_(bane)" title="Radius (bane) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Radius (bane)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Radius (bone)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vretenn%C3%A1_kos%C5%A5" title="Vretenná kosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vretenná kosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BEeljnica" title="Koželjnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koželjnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="ئێسکە ئەستوورەی باسک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێسکە ئەستوورەی باسک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C4%8Dana_kost" title="Palčana kost – 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data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radius_(kemik)" title="Radius (kemik) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Radius (kemik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Променева кістка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Променева кістка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زند اعلی – Urdu" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:whitesmoke">Radius</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Radius_-_anterior_view2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Radius_-_anterior_view2.png/250px-Radius_-_anterior_view2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Radius_-_anterior_view2.png/375px-Radius_-_anterior_view2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Radius_-_anterior_view2.png/500px-Radius_-_anterior_view2.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The radius (shown in red) is a bone in the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>radius</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011884">D011884</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/02.4.05.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A02.4.05.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1210">1210</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma23463">23463</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Anatomical terms of bone</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178492" class="extiw" title="d:Q178492">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>radius</b> or <b>radial bone</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>radii</b> or <b>radiuses</b>) is one of the two large <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a>, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a>. It extends from the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">lateral</a> side of the <a href="/wiki/Elbow-joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbow-joint">elbow</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a> side of the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a> and runs parallel to the ulna. The ulna is longer than the radius, but the radius is thicker. The radius is a <a href="/wiki/Long_bone" title="Long bone">long bone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prism_(geometry)" title="Prism (geometry)">prism</a>-shaped and slightly curved longitudinally. </p><p>The radius is part of two <a href="/wiki/Joint_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint (anatomy)">joints</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">elbow</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a>. At the elbow, it joins with the <a href="/wiki/Capitulum_of_the_humerus" title="Capitulum of the humerus">capitulum of the humerus</a>, and in a separate region, with the ulna at the <a href="/wiki/Radial_notch" title="Radial notch">radial notch</a>. At the wrist, the radius forms a joint with the ulna bone. </p><p>The corresponding bone in the <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">lower leg</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radius_(bone)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span class="mw-3d-wrapper" data-label="3D"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_radius.stl" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Human_radius.stl/220px-Human_radius.stl.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Human_radius.stl/330px-Human_radius.stl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Human_radius.stl/440px-Human_radius.stl.png 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span><figcaption>3D model.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_Anterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Full_Anterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png/220px-Full_Anterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Full_Anterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png/330px-Full_Anterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Full_Anterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png/440px-Full_Anterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Full anterior view of right radius</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_Posterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Full_Posterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png/220px-Full_Posterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Full_Posterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png/330px-Full_Posterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Full_Posterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png/440px-Full_Posterior_View_of_Right_Radius.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Full posterior view of right radius</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_Medial_View_of_Right_Radius.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Full_Medial_View_of_Right_Radius.png/220px-Full_Medial_View_of_Right_Radius.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Full_Medial_View_of_Right_Radius.png/330px-Full_Medial_View_of_Right_Radius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Full_Medial_View_of_Right_Radius.png/440px-Full_Medial_View_of_Right_Radius.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Full medial view of right radius</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_Lateral_View_of_Right_Radius.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Full_Lateral_View_of_Right_Radius.png/220px-Full_Lateral_View_of_Right_Radius.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Full_Lateral_View_of_Right_Radius.png/330px-Full_Lateral_View_of_Right_Radius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Full_Lateral_View_of_Right_Radius.png/440px-Full_Lateral_View_of_Right_Radius.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Full lateral view of right radius</figcaption></figure> <p>The long narrow <a href="/wiki/Medullary_cavity" title="Medullary cavity">medullary cavity</a> is enclosed in a strong wall of <a href="/wiki/Compact_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact bone">compact bone</a>. It is thickest along the interosseous border and thinnest at the extremities, same over the cup-shaped articular surface (fovea) of the head. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Trabeculae" class="mw-redirect" title="Trabeculae">trabeculae</a> of the spongy tissue are somewhat arched at the upper end and pass upward from the compact layer of the shaft to the <i>fovea capituli</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a>'s cup-shaped articulatory notch); they are crossed by others parallel to the surface of the fovea. The arrangement at the lower end is somewhat similar. It is missing in <a href="/wiki/Radial_aplasia" title="Radial aplasia">radial aplasia</a>. </p><p>The radius has a body and two extremities. The <a href="/wiki/Upper_extremity_of_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper extremity of radius">upper extremity of the radius</a> consists of a somewhat cylindrical head articulating with the ulna and the humerus, a neck, and a <a href="/wiki/Radial_tuberosity" title="Radial tuberosity">radial tuberosity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Body_of_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of radius">body of the radius</a> is self-explanatory, and the <a href="/wiki/Lower_extremity_of_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower extremity of radius">lower extremity of the radius</a> is roughly quadrilateral in shape, with articular surfaces for the <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scaphoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaphoid">scaphoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunate_bone" title="Lunate bone">lunate bones</a>. The distal end of the radius forms two palpable points, radially the <a href="/wiki/Radial_styloid_process" title="Radial styloid process">styloid process</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lister%27s_tubercle" title="Lister's tubercle">Lister's tubercle</a> on the ulnar side. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Proximal_radioulnar_articulation" title="Proximal radioulnar articulation">proximal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distal_radioulnar_articulation" title="Distal radioulnar articulation">distal radioulnar articulations</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane_of_forearm" title="Interosseous membrane of forearm">interosseous membrane</a> originates medially along the length of the body of the radius to attach the radius to the ulna.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:792px;max-width:792px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:394px;max-width:394px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radius_Anteiror_Proximal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Radius_Anteiror_Proximal.png/392px-Radius_Anteiror_Proximal.png" decoding="async" width="392" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Radius_Anteiror_Proximal.png/588px-Radius_Anteiror_Proximal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Radius_Anteiror_Proximal.png/784px-Radius_Anteiror_Proximal.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:394px;max-width:394px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Posterior_Radius_Proximal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Posterior_Radius_Proximal.png/392px-Posterior_Radius_Proximal.png" decoding="async" width="392" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Posterior_Radius_Proximal.png/588px-Posterior_Radius_Proximal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Posterior_Radius_Proximal.png/784px-Posterior_Radius_Proximal.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:394px;max-width:394px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radius_Anteiror_Distal_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Radius_Anteiror_Distal_01.png/392px-Radius_Anteiror_Distal_01.png" decoding="async" width="392" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Radius_Anteiror_Distal_01.png/588px-Radius_Anteiror_Distal_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Radius_Anteiror_Distal_01.png/784px-Radius_Anteiror_Distal_01.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:394px;max-width:394px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:220px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radius_Posterior_Distal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Radius_Posterior_Distal.png/392px-Radius_Posterior_Distal.png" decoding="async" width="392" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Radius_Posterior_Distal.png/588px-Radius_Posterior_Distal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Radius_Posterior_Distal.png/784px-Radius_Posterior_Distal.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Anterior and posterior view of radius bone - labelled.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near_the_wrist">Near the wrist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radius_(bone)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Near the wrist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>distal end of the radius</b> is large and of quadrilateral form. </p> <dl><dt>Joint surfaces</dt></dl> <p>It is provided with two articular surfaces – one below, for the <a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">carpus</a>, and another at the medial side, for the <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a>. </p> <ul><li>The <i>carpal</i> articular surface is triangular, concave, smooth, and divided by a slight antero-posterior ridge into two parts. Of these, the lateral, triangular, articulates with the <a href="/wiki/Scaphoid_bone" title="Scaphoid bone">scaphoid bone</a>; the medial, quadrilateral, with the <a href="/wiki/Lunate_bone" title="Lunate bone">lunate bone</a>.</li> <li>The articular surface for the <i>ulna</i> is called the <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_notch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulnar notch">ulnar notch</a> (<i>sigmoid cavity</i>) of the radius; it is narrow, concave, smooth, and articulates with the head of the ulna.</li></ul> <p>These two articular surfaces are separated by a prominent ridge, to which the base of the triangular articular disk is attached; this disk separates the wrist-joint from the distal radioulnar articulation. </p> <dl><dt>Other surfaces</dt></dl> <p>This end of the bone has three non-articular surfaces – volar, dorsal, and lateral. </p> <ul><li>The <i>volar surface</i>, rough and irregular, affords attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Volar_radiocarpal_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Volar radiocarpal ligament">volar radiocarpal ligament</a>.</li> <li>The <i>dorsal surface</i> is convex, affords attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_radiocarpal_ligament" title="Dorsal radiocarpal ligament">dorsal radiocarpal ligament</a>, and is marked by three grooves. Enumerated from the lateral side: <ul><li>The <i>first</i> groove is broad, but shallow, and subdivided into two by a slight ridge: the lateral of these two, transmits the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle">extensor carpi radialis longus muscle</a>; the medial, the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Extensor_carpi_radialis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle">extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle</a>.</li> <li>The <i>second</i> is deep but narrow, and bounded laterally by a sharply defined ridge; it is directed obliquely from above downward and lateralward, and transmits the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis longus muscle">extensor pollicis longus muscle</a>.</li> <li>The <i>third</i> is broad, for the passage of the tendons of the <a href="/wiki/Extensor_indicis_proprius" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor indicis proprius">extensor indicis proprius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extensor_digitorum_communis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor digitorum communis">extensor digitorum communis</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>The <i>lateral surface</i> is prolonged obliquely downward into a strong, conical projection, the styloid process, which gives attachment by its base to the tendon of the brachioradialis, and by its apex to the <a href="/wiki/Radial_collateral_ligament_of_wrist_joint" title="Radial collateral ligament of wrist joint">radial collateral ligament of wrist joint</a>. The lateral surface of this process is marked by a flat groove, for the tendons of the <a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus" class="mw-redirect" title="Abductor pollicis longus">abductor pollicis longus</a> muscle and <a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_brevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor pollicis brevis">extensor pollicis brevis</a> muscle.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body">Body</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radius_(bone)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>body of the radius</b> (or <b>shaft of radius</b>) is prismoid in form, narrower above than below, and slightly curved, so as to be convex lateralward. It presents three borders and three surfaces. </p> <dl><dt>Borders</dt></dl> <p>The <b>volar border</b> (<i>margo volaris; anterior border; palmar</i>;) extends from the lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Radial_tuberosity" title="Radial tuberosity">tuberosity</a> above to the anterior part of the base of the <a href="/wiki/Radial_styloid_process" title="Radial styloid process">styloid process</a> below, and separates the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Hands_and_feet" title="Anatomical terms of location">volar</a> from the lateral surface. Its upper third is prominent, and from its oblique direction has received the name of the oblique line of the radius; it gives origin to the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle" title="Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle">flexor digitorum superficialis muscle</a> (also <i>flexor digitorum sublimis</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Flexor pollicis longus muscle">flexor pollicis longus muscle</a>; the surface above the line gives insertion to part of the <a href="/wiki/Supinator_muscle" title="Supinator muscle">supinator muscle</a>. The middle third of the volar border is indistinct and rounded. The lower fourth is prominent, and gives insertion to the <a href="/wiki/Pronator_quadratus_muscle" title="Pronator quadratus muscle">pronator quadratus muscle</a>, and attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Extensor_retinaculum_of_the_hand" title="Extensor retinaculum of the hand">dorsal carpal ligament</a>; it ends in a small tubercle, into which the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Brachioradialis_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachioradialis muscle">brachioradialis muscle</a> is inserted. </p><p>The <b>dorsal border</b> (<i>margo dorsalis; posterior border</i>) begins above at the back of the neck, and ends below at the posterior part of the base of the <a href="/wiki/Radial_styloid_process" title="Radial styloid process">styloid process</a>; it separates the posterior from the lateral surface. is indistinct above and below, but well-marked in the middle third of the bone. </p><p>The <b>interosseous border</b> (<i>internal border; crista interossea; interosseous crest;</i>) begins above, at the back part of the <a href="/wiki/Radial_tuberosity" title="Radial tuberosity">tuberosity</a>, and its upper part is rounded and indistinct; it becomes sharp and prominent as it descends, and at its lower part divides into two ridges which are continued to the anterior and posterior margins of the <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_notch_of_the_radius" title="Ulnar notch of the radius">ulnar notch</a>. To the posterior of the two ridges the lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane" title="Interosseous membrane">interosseous membrane</a> is attached, while the triangular surface between the ridges gives insertion to part of the <a href="/wiki/Pronator_quadratus_muscle" title="Pronator quadratus muscle">pronator quadratus muscle</a>. This crest separates the volar from the dorsal surface, and gives attachment to the interosseous membrane. The connection between the two bones is actually a joint referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Syndesmosis" title="Syndesmosis">syndesmosis</a> joint. </p> <dl><dt>Surfaces</dt></dl> <p>The <b>volar surface</b> (<i>facies volaris; anterior surface</i>) is concave in its upper three-fourths, and gives origin to the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Flexor pollicis longus muscle">flexor pollicis longus muscle</a>; it is broad and flat in its lower fourth, and affords insertion to the <a href="/wiki/Pronator_quadratus_muscle" title="Pronator quadratus muscle">Pronator quadratus</a>. A prominent ridge limits the insertion of the Pronator quadratus below, and between this and the inferior border is a triangular rough surface for the attachment of the <a href="/wiki/Palmar_radiocarpal_ligament" title="Palmar radiocarpal ligament">volar radiocarpal ligament</a>. At the junction of the upper and middle thirds of the volar surface is the nutrient foramen, which is directed obliquely upward. </p><p>The <b>dorsal surface</b> (<i>facies dorsalis; posterior surface</i>) is convex, and smooth in the upper third of its extent, and covered by the <a href="/wiki/Supinator_muscle" title="Supinator muscle">Supinator</a>. Its middle third is broad, slightly concave, and gives origin to the <a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Abductor pollicis longus muscle">Abductor pollicis longus</a> above, and the <a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis brevis muscle">extensor pollicis brevis muscle</a> below. Its lower third is broad, convex, and covered by the tendons of the muscles which subsequently run in the grooves on the lower end of the bone. </p><p>The <b>lateral surface</b> (<i>facies lateralis; external surface</i>) is convex throughout its entire extent and is known as the <b>convexity of the radius</b>, curving outwards to be convex at the side. Its upper third gives insertion to the <a href="/wiki/Supinator_muscle" title="Supinator muscle">supinator muscle</a>. About its center is a rough ridge, for the insertion of the <a href="/wiki/Pronator_teres_muscle" title="Pronator teres muscle">pronator teres muscle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its lower part is narrow, and covered by the tendons of the <a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Abductor pollicis longus muscle">abductor pollicis longus muscle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis brevis muscle">extensor pollicis brevis muscle</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near_the_elbow">Near the elbow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radius_(bone)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Near the elbow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>upper extremity of the radius</b> (or <b>proximal extremity</b>) presents a head, neck, and tuberosity. </p> <ul><li>The radial <i>head</i> has a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for articulation with the <a href="/wiki/Capitulum_of_the_humerus" title="Capitulum of the humerus">capitulum</a> (or capitellum) of the <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a>. The circumference of the head is smooth; it is broad medially where it articulates with the <a href="/wiki/Radial_notch_of_the_ulna" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial notch of the ulna">radial notch of the ulna</a>, narrow in the rest of its extent, which is embraced by the <a href="/wiki/Annular_ligament_of_radius" title="Annular ligament of radius">annular ligament</a>. The deepest point in the fovea is not axi-symmetric with the long axis of the radius, creating a cam effect during pronation and supination.</li> <li>The head is supported on a round, smooth, and constricted portion called the <i>neck</i>, on the back of which is a slight ridge for the insertion of part of the <a href="/wiki/Supinator_muscle" title="Supinator muscle">supinator muscle</a>.</li> <li>Beneath the neck, on the medial side, is an eminence, the <i><a href="/wiki/Radial_tuberosity" title="Radial tuberosity">radial tuberosity</a></i>; its surface is divided into a posterior, rough portion, for the insertion of the tendon of the <a href="/wiki/Biceps_brachii" class="mw-redirect" title="Biceps brachii">biceps brachii muscle</a>, and an anterior, smooth portion, on which a <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">bursa</a> is interposed between the <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendon</a> and the bone.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radius_(bone)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The radius is <a href="/wiki/Ossified" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossified">ossified</a> from <i>three</i> centers: one for the body, and one for each extremity. That for the body makes its appearance near the center of the bone, during the eighth week of <a href="/wiki/Fetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal">fetal</a> life. </p><p>Ossification commences in the lower end between 9 and 26 months of age.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The ossification center for the upper end appears by the fifth year. </p><p>The upper <a href="/wiki/Epiphysis" title="Epiphysis">epiphysis</a> fuses with the body at the age of seventeen or eighteen years, the lower about the age of twenty. </p><p>An additional center sometimes found in the <a href="/wiki/Radial_tuberosity" title="Radial tuberosity">radial tuberosity</a>, appears about the fourteenth or fifteenth year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radius_(bone)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscle_attachments">Muscle attachments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radius_(bone)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Muscle attachments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Biceps" title="Biceps">biceps</a> muscle inserts on the <a href="/wiki/Radial_tuberosity" title="Radial tuberosity">radial tuberosity</a> of the upper extremity of the bone. The upper third of the body of the bone attaches to the <a href="/wiki/Supinator_muscle" title="Supinator muscle">supinator</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_digitorum_superficialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor digitorum superficialis">flexor digitorum superficialis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_pollicis_longus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexor pollicis longus">flexor pollicis longus</a> muscles. The middle third of the body attaches to the <a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus" class="mw-redirect" title="Abductor pollicis longus">extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_brevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor pollicis brevis">extensor primi internodii pollicis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pronator_teres" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronator teres">pronator teres</a> muscles. The lower quarter of the body attaches to the <a href="/wiki/Pronator_quadratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronator quadratus">pronator quadratus</a> muscle and the <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brachioradialis" title="Brachioradialis">supinator longus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radius_(bone)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radial_aplasia" title="Radial aplasia">Radial aplasia</a> refers to the congenital absence or shortness of the radius. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fracture">Fracture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radius_(bone)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fracture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pradialheadfrac.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pradialheadfrac.png/220px-Pradialheadfrac.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pradialheadfrac.png/330px-Pradialheadfrac.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pradialheadfrac.png/440px-Pradialheadfrac.png 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption> A subtle radial head fracture with associated positive <a href="/wiki/Fat_pad_sign" title="Fat pad sign">sail sign</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Specific <a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">fracture</a> types of the radius include: </p> <ul><li>Proximal radius fracture. A fracture within the capsule of the <a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">elbow</a> joint results in the <a href="/wiki/Fat_pad_sign" title="Fat pad sign">fat pad sign</a> or "sail sign" which is a displacement of the <a href="/wiki/Fat_pad" title="Fat pad">fat pad</a> at the elbow.</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forearm_fracture_-_Radius_fracture_2_--_Smart-Servier.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Forearm_fracture_-_Radius_fracture_2_--_Smart-Servier.png/250px-Forearm_fracture_-_Radius_fracture_2_--_Smart-Servier.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Forearm_fracture_-_Radius_fracture_2_--_Smart-Servier.png/375px-Forearm_fracture_-_Radius_fracture_2_--_Smart-Servier.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Forearm_fracture_-_Radius_fracture_2_--_Smart-Servier.png/500px-Forearm_fracture_-_Radius_fracture_2_--_Smart-Servier.png 2x" data-file-width="3356" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption>Illustration showing radius shaft fracture</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essex-Lopresti_fracture" title="Essex-Lopresti fracture">Essex-Lopresti fracture</a> – a fracture of the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_radius" title="Head of radius">radial head</a> with concomitant dislocation of the <a href="/wiki/Distal_radioulnar_articulation" title="Distal radioulnar articulation">distal radio-ulnar joint</a> with disruption of the <a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane_of_the_forearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Interosseous membrane of the forearm">interosseous membrane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wheeless_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheeless-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Radial shaft fracture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_radius_fracture" title="Distal radius fracture">Distal radius fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzi_fracture" title="Galeazzi fracture">Galeazzi fracture</a> – a fracture of the radius with dislocation of the <a href="/wiki/Distal_radioulnar_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal radioulnar joint">distal radioulnar joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colles%27_fracture" title="Colles' fracture">Colles' fracture</a> – a distal fracture of the radius with dorsal (posterior) displacement of the wrist and hand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_fracture" title="Smith's fracture">Smith's fracture</a> – a distal fracture of the radius with volar (ventral) displacement of the wrist and hand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton%27s_fracture" title="Barton's fracture">Barton's fracture</a> – an <a href="/wiki/Intra-articular_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-articular fracture">intra-articular fracture</a> of the distal radius with dislocation of the <a href="/wiki/Radiocarpal_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarpal joint">radiocarpal joint</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radius_(bone)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>radius</i> is <a href="/wiki/Latin_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin (language)">Latin</a> for "ray". In the context of the radius bone, a ray can be thought of rotating around an axis line extending diagonally<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="how is a line centre-to-centre diagonal? (January 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> from center of <a href="/wiki/Capitulum_of_the_humerus" title="Capitulum of the humerus">capitulum</a> to the center of distal <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a>. While the <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> is the major contributor to the elbow joint, the radius primarily contributes to the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a> joint.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The radius is named so because the radius (bone) acts like the radius (of a circle). It rotates around the ulna and the far end (where it joins to the bones of the hand), known as the styloid process of the radius, is<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="the far end is the distance? (January 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the distance from the ulna (center of the circle) to the edge of the radius (the circle). The ulna acts as the center point to the circle because when the arm is rotated the ulna does not move. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radius_(bone)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In four-legged animals, the radius is the main load-bearing bone of the lower forelimb. Its structure is similar in most terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Tetrapods" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapods">tetrapods</a>, but it may be fused with the ulna in some <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>) and reduced or modified in animals with flippers or vestigial forelimbs.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radius_(bone)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radius_Bone_and_Radius_of_a_circle_comparison.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Radius bone and radius of a circle comparison."><img alt="Radius bone and radius of a circle comparison." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Radius_Bone_and_Radius_of_a_circle_comparison.gif/180px-Radius_Bone_and_Radius_of_a_circle_comparison.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Radius_Bone_and_Radius_of_a_circle_comparison.gif/270px-Radius_Bone_and_Radius_of_a_circle_comparison.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Radius_Bone_and_Radius_of_a_circle_comparison.gif/360px-Radius_Bone_and_Radius_of_a_circle_comparison.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Radius bone and radius of a circle comparison.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radius_-_animation2.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Position of radius (shown in red)."><img alt="Position of radius (shown in red)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Radius_-_animation2.gif/180px-Radius_-_animation2.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Radius_-_animation2.gif/270px-Radius_-_animation2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Radius_-_animation2.gif/360px-Radius_-_animation2.gif 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Position of radius (shown in red).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radius4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Radius, styloid process - anterior view"><img alt="Radius, styloid process - anterior view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Radius4.jpg/180px-Radius4.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Radius4.jpg/270px-Radius4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Radius4.jpg/360px-Radius4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Radius, styloid process - anterior view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radius3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Radius, ulnar notch - posterior view"><img alt="Radius, ulnar notch - posterior view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Radius3.jpg/180px-Radius3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Radius3.jpg/270px-Radius3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Radius3.jpg/360px-Radius3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Radius, ulnar notch - posterior view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radius2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Radius, radial head – posterior view"><img alt="Radius, radial head – posterior view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Radius2.jpg/180px-Radius2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Radius2.jpg/270px-Radius2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Radius2.jpg/360px-Radius2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Radius, radial head – posterior view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radius.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Radius, radial head – anterior view"><img alt="Radius, radial head – anterior view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Radius.jpg/180px-Radius.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Radius.jpg/270px-Radius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Radius.jpg/360px-Radius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Radius, radial head – anterior view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radius_ant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Radius l. dx. – ant. view"><img alt="Radius l. dx. – ant. view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Radius_ant.jpg/38px-Radius_ant.jpg" decoding="async" width="38" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Radius_ant.jpg/57px-Radius_ant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Radius_ant.jpg/77px-Radius_ant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="1627" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Radius l. dx. – ant. view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radius_post.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Radius l. dx. – post. view"><img alt="Radius l. dx. – post. view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radius_post.jpg/38px-Radius_post.jpg" decoding="async" width="38" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radius_post.jpg/57px-Radius_post.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radius_post.jpg/77px-Radius_post.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="1627" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Radius l. dx. – post. view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray213.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anterior surface of radius (at right)"><img alt="Anterior surface of radius (at right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray213.png/101px-Gray213.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray213.png/152px-Gray213.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gray213.png/202px-Gray213.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anterior surface of radius (at right)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray214.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Posterior surface of radius (at left)"><img alt="Posterior surface of radius (at left)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gray214.png/103px-Gray214.png" decoding="async" width="103" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gray214.png/154px-Gray214.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gray214.png/206px-Gray214.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="1254" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Posterior surface of radius (at left)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Posterior_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Posterior view of right proximal radius"><img alt="Posterior view of right proximal radius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Posterior_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png/101px-Posterior_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Posterior_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png/152px-Posterior_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Posterior_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png/202px-Posterior_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Posterior view of right proximal radius</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Posterior_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Posterior view of right distal radius"><img alt="Posterior view of right distal radius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Posterior_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png/101px-Posterior_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Posterior_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png/152px-Posterior_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Posterior_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png/202px-Posterior_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Posterior view of right distal radius</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medial_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Medial view of right proximal radius"><img alt="Medial view of right proximal radius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Medial_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png/101px-Medial_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Medial_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png/152px-Medial_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Medial_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png/202px-Medial_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medial view of right proximal radius</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medial_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Medial view of right distal radius"><img alt="Medial view of right distal radius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Medial_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png/101px-Medial_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Medial_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png/152px-Medial_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Medial_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png/202px-Medial_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medial view of right distal radius</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lateral_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lateral view of right distal radius"><img alt="Lateral view of right distal radius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lateral_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png/101px-Lateral_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lateral_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png/152px-Lateral_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lateral_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png/202px-Lateral_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lateral view of right distal radius</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anterior_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anterior view of right distal radius"><img alt="Anterior view of right distal radius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Anterior_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png/101px-Anterior_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Anterior_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png/152px-Anterior_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Anterior_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png/202px-Anterior_View_of_Right_Distal_Radius.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anterior view of right distal radius</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anterior_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anterior view of right proximal radius"><img alt="Anterior view of right proximal radius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Anterior_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png/101px-Anterior_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Anterior_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png/152px-Anterior_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Anterior_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png/202px-Anterior_View_of_Right_Proximal_Radius.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anterior view of right proximal radius</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Radius_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/180px--Radius_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="180" height="101" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="Radius_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Radius_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Radius_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Radius_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Radius_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Radius_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Radius_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Radius_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Radius_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Radius_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Radius_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm/Radius_Bone_Anatomy_by_Jason_Christian.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Radius bone anatomy</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radius_(bone)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/219/mode/2up">page 219</a> of the 20th edition of</i> <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> <i>(1918)</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1905.02510220061023">"Gray's Anatomy. Descriptive and Surgical. New American from the 15th English edition. Revised, enlarged and rewritten"</a>. <i>JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association</i>. <b>XLV</b> (22): 1675. 1905-11-25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1905.02510220061023">10.1001/jama.1905.02510220061023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7484">0098-7484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA%3A+The+Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Gray%27s+Anatomy.+Descriptive+and+Surgical.+New+American+from+the+15th+English+edition.+Revised%2C+enlarged+and+rewritten&rft.volume=XLV&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=1675&rft.date=1905-11-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.1905.02510220061023&rft.issn=0098-7484&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1001%2Fjama.1905.02510220061023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadius+%28bone%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemente2007" class="citation cs2">Clemente, Carmine D. 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Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-910284-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-910284-X"><bdi>0-03-910284-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-03-910284-X&rft.au=Romer%2C+Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Parsons%2C+Thomas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadius+%28bone%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bones_of_the_arm" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bones_of_upper_limb" title="Template:Bones of upper limb"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bones_of_upper_limb" title="Template talk:Bones of upper limb"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bones_of_upper_limb" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bones of upper limb"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bones_of_the_arm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_girdle" title="Shoulder girdle">Shoulder girdle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conoid_tubercle" class="mw-redirect" title="Conoid tubercle">conoid tubercle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_line" title="Trapezoid line">trapezoid line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costal_tuberosity_of_clavicle" title="Costal tuberosity of clavicle">costal tuberosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subclavian_groove" title="Subclavian groove">subclavian groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">Scapula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>fossae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Subscapular_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscapular fossa">subscapular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supraspinatous_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraspinatous fossa">supraspinatous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infraspinatous_fossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraspinatous fossa">infraspinatous</a>)</li> <li><i>notches</i> (<a href="/wiki/Suprascapular_notch" title="Suprascapular notch">suprascapular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_scapular_notch" title="Great scapular notch">great scapular</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenoid_fossa" title="Glenoid fossa">glenoid fossa</a></li> <li><i>tubercles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Infraglenoid_tubercle" title="Infraglenoid tubercle">infraglenoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supraglenoid_tubercle" title="Supraglenoid tubercle">supraglenoid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spine_of_scapula" title="Spine of scapula">spine of scapula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracoid_process" title="Coracoid process">coracoid process</a></li> <li><i>angles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Superior_angle_of_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior angle of scapula">superior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferior_angle_of_the_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior angle of the scapula">inferior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_angle_of_the_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral angle of the scapula">lateral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_extremity_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper extremity of humerus">upper extremity</a>:</i> <i>necks</i> (<a href="/wiki/Anatomical_neck_of_humerus" title="Anatomical neck of humerus">anatomical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgical_neck_of_the_humerus" title="Surgical neck of the humerus">surgical</a>)</li> <li><i>tubercles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_tubercle" title="Greater tubercle">greater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_tubercle" title="Lesser tubercle">lesser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicipital_groove" title="Bicipital groove">bicipital groove</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Body_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of humerus">body</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Radial_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial sulcus">radial sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_tuberosity" title="Deltoid tuberosity">deltoid tuberosity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_extremity_of_humerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower extremity of humerus">lower extremity</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Capitulum_of_the_humerus" title="Capitulum of the humerus">capitulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochlea_of_humerus" title="Trochlea of humerus">trochlea</a></li> <li><i>epicondyles</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Lateral epicondyle of the humerus">lateral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Medial epicondyle of the humerus">medial</a>)</li> <li><i>supracondylar ridges</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_supracondylar_ridge" title="Lateral supracondylar ridge">lateral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medial_supracondylar_ridge" title="Medial supracondylar ridge">medial</a>)</li> <li><i>fossae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Radial_fossa" title="Radial fossa">radial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_fossa_of_the_humerus" title="Coronoid fossa of the humerus">coronoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olecranon_fossa" title="Olecranon fossa">olecranon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radius</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>near elbow (<a href="/wiki/Head_of_radius" title="Head of radius">head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_tuberosity" title="Radial tuberosity">tuberosity</a>)</li> <li>near wrist (<a href="/wiki/Ulnar_notch_of_the_radius" title="Ulnar notch of the radius">ulnar notch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_styloid_process" title="Radial styloid process">styloid process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lister%27s_tubercle" title="Lister's tubercle">Lister's tubercle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>near elbow (<a href="/wiki/Tuberosity_of_the_ulna" title="Tuberosity of the ulna">tuberosity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olecranon" title="Olecranon">olecranon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronoid_process_of_the_ulna" title="Coronoid process of the ulna">coronoid process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radial_notch" title="Radial notch">radial notch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trochlear_notch" title="Trochlear notch">trochlear notch</a>)</li> <li>near wrist (<a href="/wiki/Ulnar_styloid_process" title="Ulnar styloid process">styloid process</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpal bones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scaphoid_bone" title="Scaphoid bone">scaphoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunate_bone" title="Lunate bone">lunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetral_bone" title="Triquetral bone">triquetral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisiform_bone" title="Pisiform bone">pisiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezium_(bone)" title="Trapezium (bone)">trapezium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_bone" title="Trapezoid bone">trapezoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitate_bone" title="Capitate bone">capitate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamate_bone" title="Hamate bone">hamate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamulus_of_hamate_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamulus of hamate bone">hamulus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpal bones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_metacarpal_bone" title="First metacarpal bone">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_metacarpal_bone" title="Second metacarpal bone">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_metacarpal_bone" title="Third metacarpal bone">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_metacarpal_bone" title="Fourth metacarpal bone">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_metacarpal_bone" title="Fifth metacarpal bone">5th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal phalanges">proximal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate phalanges">intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal phalanges">distal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/12px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/18px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg/24px-Anatomy_posture_and_body_mechanics_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anatomy" title="Portal:Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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