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id="toc-Economic_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crisis_of_2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_of_2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Crisis of 2011</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_of_2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015_unemployment_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_unemployment_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>2015 unemployment regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_unemployment_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_COVID_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_COVID_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>2020 COVID figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_COVID_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_via_Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_via_Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine via Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_via_Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wages_and_labour_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wages_and_labour_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Wages and labour market</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wages_and_labour_market-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wages and labour market subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wages_and_labour_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unemployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unemployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Unemployment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unemployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Labour rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_sectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_sectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy sectors</span> </div> </a> <button 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href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Nuclear energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Electricity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Natural gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_shale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_shale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Oil shale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_shale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>Renewable energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulp_and_paper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulp_and_paper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pulp and paper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulp_and_paper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Metal production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Chemical industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxury_goods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxury_goods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Luxury goods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxury_goods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Information technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_cooperation_and_treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_cooperation_and_treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International cooperation and treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_cooperation_and_treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gross_Regional_Domestic_Product_(GRDP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gross_Regional_Domestic_Product_(GRDP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gross_Regional_Domestic_Product_(GRDP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sanctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Belarus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="اقتصاد روسيا البيضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اقتصاد روسيا البيضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_de_Bielorrusia" title="Economía de Bielorrusia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Economía de Bielorrusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_iqtisadiyyat%C4%B1" title="Belarus iqtisadiyyatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Belarus iqtisadiyyatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96" title="Эканоміка Беларусі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эканоміка Беларусі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96" title="Эканоміка Беларусі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эканоміка Беларусі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_de_Belar%C3%BAs" title="Economia de Belarús – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Economia de Belarús" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomika_B%C4%9Bloruska" title="Ekonomika Běloruska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekonomika Běloruska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaft_von_Belarus" title="Wirtschaft von Belarus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wirtschaft von Belarus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Οικονομία της Λευκορωσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικονομία της Λευκορωσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_de_Bielorrusia" title="Economía de Bielorrusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Economía de Bielorrusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اقتصاد بلاروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتصاد بلاروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_de_la_Bi%C3%A9lorussie" title="Économie de la Biélorussie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Économie de la Biélorussie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_de_Belar%C3%BAs" title="Economía de Belarús – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Economía de Belarús" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%EB%9D%BC%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C" title="벨라루스의 경제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벨라루스의 경제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բելառուսի տնտեսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բելառուսի տնտեսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospodarstvo_Bjelorusije" title="Gospodarstvo Bjelorusije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gospodarstvo Bjelorusije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomio_di_Bielorusia" title="Ekonomio di Bielorusia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ekonomio di Bielorusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="כלכלת בלארוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלכלת בלארוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltarusijos_ekonomika" title="Baltarusijos ekonomika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baltarusijos ekonomika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_de_Bielorussia" title="Economia de Bielorussia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Economia de Bielorussia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospodarka_Bia%C5%82orusi" title="Gospodarka Białorusi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gospodarka Białorusi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_da_Bielorr%C3%BAssia" title="Economia da Bielorrússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Economia da Bielorrússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_Belarusului" title="Economia Belarusului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Economia Belarusului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Экономика Белоруссии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экономика Белоруссии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia_e_Bjellorusis%C3%AB" title="Ekonomia e Bjellorusisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekonomia e Bjellorusisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Привреда Белорусије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Привреда Белорусије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" 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ekonomisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Belarus ekonomisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96" title="Економіка Білорусі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Економіка Білорусі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="بیلاروس کی معیشت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیلاروس کی معیشت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:26.0em;padding:0;"><caption class="infobox-title adr">Economy of <span class="country-name">Belarus</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg/310px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg/465px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg/620px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, the financial capital of Belarus</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Belarusian ruble</a> (BYN, Rbl)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">Fiscal year</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Calendar year</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Trade organisations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">EAEU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area">CISFTA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Country group</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">Developing/Emerging</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Upper-middle income economy<sup id="cite_ref-wb-groups_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-groups-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9,408,350 (1 January 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $73,1 billion (nominal, 2024 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOBY_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOBY-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $293,140 billion (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>, 2024 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOBY_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOBY-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">85th (nominal, 2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">65rd (PPP, 2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP growth</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>3.9% (2023)</li> <li>3.6% (2024)</li> <li>1.1% (2025)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOBY_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOBY-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $8,008 (nominal, 2024 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOBY_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOBY-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $32.098 (PPP, 2024 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOBY_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOBY-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita rank</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">91nd (nominal, 2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">62st (PPP, 2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP by sector</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">agriculture</a>: 8.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">industry</a>: 40.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">services</a>: 51.1%</li> <li>(2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFBO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP by component</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>household consumption: 54.8%</li> <li>government consumption: 14.6%</li> <li>investment in fixed capital: 24.9%</li> <li>investment in inventories: 5.7%</li> <li>exports of goods and services: 67%</li> <li>imports of goods and services: −67%</li> <li>(2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFBO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Consumer_price_index" title="Consumer price index">CPI</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6.3% (2024 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEOBY_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOBY-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Population below <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty line</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.6% (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.4% on less than $5.50/day (2020f)<sup id="cite_ref-Spring2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spring2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient"><span class="wrap">Gini coefficient</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 25.2 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">low</span> (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-WorldBank_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldBank-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.801 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">very high</span> (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-hdi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">69th</a>)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.750 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">high</span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI">IHDI</a> (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-hdi_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 37 out of 100 points (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-ti_2023_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti_2023-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index#Ranking_over_Time" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">98th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Labour force</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4,975,430 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 67.5% employment rate (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Labour force by occupation</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">agriculture</a>: 9.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">industry</a>: 23.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">services</a>: 66.8%</li> <li>(2015 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFBO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unemployment</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.8% (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Average gross salary</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Br 2,026 (€578)</a> (2024-02)<sup id="cite_ref-myfin.by_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myfin.by-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income"><span class="wrap">Average net salary</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Br 1,745 (€498)</a> (2024-02)<sup id="cite_ref-myfin.by_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myfin.by-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main industries</div></th><td class="infobox-data">metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, synthetic fibers, fertilizer, textiles, refrigerators, washing-machines and other household appliances Agricultural products: grain, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beets, flax; beef, milk</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">External</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Exports</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $28.65 billion (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFBO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Export goods</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">Agricultural</a> products 19.6%</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuels">Fuels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> products 22.0%</li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturers" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</a> 55.0%</li><li>Others 3.5%<sup id="cite_ref-wto_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main export partners</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> 45.7%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> 13.7%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> 5.7%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> 5.08%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> 2.8%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> 2.7%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> 2.2%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> 2.1%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> 1.56%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> 1.52% (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-OECexport_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECexport-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Imports</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $31.58 billion (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFBO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Import goods</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">Agricultural</a> products 15.3%</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuels">Fuels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> products 29.7%</li><li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturers" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</a> 51.5%</li><li>Others 3.5%<sup id="cite_ref-wto_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main import partners</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> 54.5%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> 9.4%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> 4.9%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> 4.7%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> 3.9%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> 2.9%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> 2.4%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> 1.4%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> 0.96%</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> 0.93% (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-OECimport_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECimport-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">FDI</a> stock</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $6.929 billion (31 December 2016 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFBO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> Abroad: $3.547 billion (31 December 2016 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFBO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Current_account_(balance_of_payments)" title="Current account (balance of payments)"><span class="wrap">Current account</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> −$931 million (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFBO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Gross <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt"><span class="wrap">external debt</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $39.92 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFBO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Public finances</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_government_debt" title="List of countries by government debt"><span class="wrap">Government debt</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 53.4% of GDP (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFBO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Government_budget_balance" title="Government budget balance"><span class="wrap">Budget balance</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">+2.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFBO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenues</th><td class="infobox-data">22.15 billion (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFBO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Expenses</th><td class="infobox-data">20.57 billion (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFBO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_credit_rating" title="List of countries by credit rating"><span class="wrap">Credit rating</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard & Poor's">Standard & Poor's</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>B+ (Domestic)</li> <li>B (Foreign)</li> <li>B (T&C Assessment)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves"><span class="wrap">Foreign reserves</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $7.315 billion (31 December 2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFBO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:lightblue;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em;padding:0.2em;"> <i>All values, unless otherwise stated, are in <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollars</a>.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Belarus.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Belarus.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Belarus.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Change in per capita GDP of Belarus, 1973–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>economy of Belarus</b> is an upper-middle income <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wb-groups_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-groups-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">transition economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> rejected most <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatisation</a> efforts in favour of retaining centralised political and economic controls by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highly centralized Belarusian economy emphasizes full employment and a dominant public sector. It has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market socialist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belarus is the world's 74th-largest economy by GDP. </p><p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Belarus ranks 53rd from 189 countries on the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, and appeared in the group of states with "very high development". With an efficient health system, it has a very low <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant-mortality</a> rate of 2.9 (compared to 6.6 in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> or 3.7 in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>). The rate of doctors per capita is 40.7 per 10,000 inhabitants (the figure is 26.7 in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, 32 in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, 41.9 in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>) and the literacy rate is estimated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2020)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> at 99%. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Program</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a> (inequality indicator) is one of the lowest in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_background">Economic background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Economic background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, Belarus was a relatively backward and underdeveloped country, heavily reliant on agriculture and with rural overpopulation,<sup id="cite_ref-ioffe_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioffe-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it experienced a rapid economic and industrial growth after the construction of railways in the late 19th century (with <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitsebsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitsebsk">Vitsebsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hrodna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrodna">Hrodna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinsk" title="Pinsk">Pinsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homel" class="mw-redirect" title="Homel">Homel</a> becoming significant industrial centres.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Second World War">The Second World War</a> devastated Belarus, which lost about a quarter of its population and suffered immense destruction of infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-ioffe_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioffe-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the post-war years, Belarus <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_economic_miracle" title="Belarusian economic miracle">rapidly industrialised</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became an important trade hub between the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and Europe. Manufacturing became a pillar of its economy emphasising tractors, heavy trucks, oil processing, metal-cutting lathes, synthetic fibres, TV sets, semi-conductors and microchips.<sup id="cite_ref-ioffe_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioffe-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, more than half of the industrial personnel of Belarus worked for enterprises with over 500 employees. Among the Soviet republics, it had an unusually high export rate of its products, about 80%, and was the most technologically advanced.<sup id="cite_ref-ioffe_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioffe-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its role as a producer of products made from raw materials imported from the Soviet Union, Belarus was called "the Soviet assembly shop".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union and under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Lukashenko</a>'s leadership, Belarus has maintained government control over key industries and eschewed the large-scale privatizations seen in other former Soviet republics.<sup id="cite_ref-cheng2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheng2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period between 1996 and 2000 was also characterised by significant financial distress, in particular in 1998 and 1999 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">financial and economic crisis in Russia</a>. This resulted primarily in a sharp increase in prices and the devaluation of the national currency, a decline in trade with Russia and other CIS countries, growth in inter-enterprise arrears, and overall deterioration of the country's <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a>. Extreme tension within the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_market" title="Foreign exchange market">foreign exchange market</a> was the key factor that destabilized the economy in 1998 and 1999. In 1999, consumer prices grew by 294%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Between 2001 and 2005, the national economy demonstrated steady and dynamic growth. The GDP grew at an average rate of 7.4 percent, peaking in 2005 at 9.2 percent. This growth was mainly a result of the performance of the industrial sector, which grew on average more than 8.7 percent per year, with a high of 10.4 percent in 2005. <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">Potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarbeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugarbeet">sugarbeets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> are the chief agricultural products. <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">Dairy</a> and beef <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a> are raised. Belarus has only small reserves of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and imports most of its oil and gas from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The main branches of industry produce tractors and trucks, earth movers for use in construction and mining, metal-cutting machine tools, agricultural equipment, motorcycles, chemicals, fertilizer, <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, and consumer goods. The chief trading partners are Russia, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. </p><p>The Belarus GDP grew 9.9% in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first quarter of 2007, GDP grew 8.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GDP further grew in 2008 by 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysis of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> to Belarus between 2002 and 2007 shows that nearly 80% of FDI was geared into the <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a>, while industrial concerns accounted for 20%. Agricultural FDI was negligible at 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis_of_2011">Crisis of 2011</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Crisis of 2011"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2011_Belarus_financial_crisis" title="2011 Belarus financial crisis">2011 Belarus financial crisis</a></div> <p>Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_presidential_election,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian presidential election, 2010">2010 presidential election</a>, average salaries in Belarus were increased by the government to $500 per month. It is believed to be one of the main reasons for the crisis in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reasons for the crisis were strong governmental control in the economy, a discount rate lower than inflation and the budget deficit.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2011, Belarusians started to convert their savings from <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Belarusian rubles</a> to dollars and euros. The situation was influenced by rumors of possible devaluation of the ruble.<sup id="cite_ref-lenta.1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenta.1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exchange rates in Belarus are centralized by the government-controlled <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bank of Belarus">National Bank of Belarus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt.1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt.1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Bank was forced to spend $1 billion of the foreign reserves to balance the supply and demand of currency<sup id="cite_ref-lenta.1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenta.1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 22, it stopped the support to banks.<sup id="cite_ref-lenta.1_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenta.1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Bank also didn't change the exchange rate significantly (3,000 BYR per dollar on January 1 and 3,045 BYR on April 1), so the increased demand of dollars and euro exhausted cash reserves of banks. In April and May 2011, many people had to wait for several days in queues to buy dollars in the exchange booths.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt.1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt.1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April, Belarusian banks were given informal permission of government to increase the exchange rate to 4,000 BYR for 1 dollar (later 4,500 BYR), but few people started to sell dollars and euro. On May 24, the ruble was officially devalued by 36% (from 3,155 to 4,931 BYR per 1 dollar).<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg.1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the shortage of the currency retained. As a result of the shortage, a <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> of currency was created. In July 2011, the black market exchange rate was nearly 6,350 BYR per 1 dollar,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in August, it reached 9,000 BYR per 1 dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2011, National Bank of Belarus introduced a free exchange market session to determine a market value of the ruble.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From November 2011 to March 2012, the exchange rate was <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Br</a> 8,000—8,150 per dollar, but it started to rise in April 2012 and reached Br 8,360 per dollar on 10 July 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recovery from the crisis was difficult due to isolation of the Belarusian government from the EU and US.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt.1_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt.1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crisis strongly affected the economy. Inflation reached 108.7% in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation.2011_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation.2011-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Average salary (counted in dollars) decreased from $530 in December 2010 to $330 in May 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2012, the average salary reached $436 (3,559,600 with 8,165 per dollar).<sup id="cite_ref-salary.05.2012_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salary.05.2012-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Refinancing rate (analogue of <a href="/wiki/Discount_window" title="Discount window">discount rate</a>) rose from 10.5% in December 2010 to 45% in December 2011<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fell to 32% in June 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2011, interest rates of several banks reached 120% in rubles.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015_unemployment_regulation">2015 unemployment regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2015 unemployment regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2015, Alexander Lukashenko signed a bill on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decree_on_the_prevention_of_social_parasitism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decree on the prevention of social parasitism (page does not exist)">"preventing freeloading practices"</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Декрет о предупреждении социального иждивенчества">ru</a>]</span> which introduced a fine on unemployed population, among other restrictions. This law obliged all citizens who were paying direct taxes less than 183 days every year to pay a fee in the size of 20 <a href="/wiki/Basic_amount" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic amount">basic amounts</a> (BYN 360 ≈ $250).<sup id="cite_ref-belta.tuneyad_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belta.tuneyad-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tmt_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmt-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian.160415_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.160415-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mass media compared the bill with a struggle with "<i>тунеядцы</i>", or <a href="/wiki/Social_parasitism_(offense)" title="Social parasitism (offense)">social parasites</a>, in Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-tmt_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tmt-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian.160415_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.160415-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several categories of people were exempt from paying the fee: parents with a child under 7 years old, disabled persons, students, those who were officially registered as unemployed, etc. Avoiding the payment was punished by fines, <a href="/wiki/Administrative_arrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative arrest">administrative arrests</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_community_works&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penal community works (page does not exist)">penal community works</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B_(%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" class="extiw" title="ru:Обязательные работы (административное наказание)">ru</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-belta.tuneyad_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belta.tuneyad-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2018 the fine was abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_COVID_figures">2020 COVID figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2020 COVID figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Belarusian economy was relatively less impacted by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> caused by<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> relatively light and delayed COVID-19 lockdown and quarantine measures. Professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Sayevich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Sayevich (page does not exist)">Victor Sayevich</a> said in September 2020 that Belarus suffered a decline in economic figures of between 1.5% and 2%,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> whereas European countries sustained drops around 12%. Contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests" title="2020–2021 Belarusian protests">political unrest and increased state repression</a> also negatively impacted the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-btasay_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-btasay-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. BTA is biased towards the Belarusian government, which is currently facing protests. (September 2020)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_via_Belarus">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine via Belarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine via Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2022, as a result of its facilitation of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the EU imposed trade sanctions on Belarus.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sanctions were extended and expanded in August 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sanctions are in addition to those imposed following the <a href="/wiki/2020_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2020 Belarusian presidential election">2020 Belarusian presidential election</a>, which was widely criticized by western observers.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wages_and_labour_market">Wages and labour market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wages and labour market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus,_salaries_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C,_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_(2017).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Belarus%2C_salaries_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%2C_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%282017%29.png/300px-Belarus%2C_salaries_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%2C_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%282017%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Belarus%2C_salaries_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%2C_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%282017%29.png/450px-Belarus%2C_salaries_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%2C_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%282017%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Belarus%2C_salaries_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%2C_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%282017%29.png/600px-Belarus%2C_salaries_%E2%80%94_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%2C_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%282017%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption>Nominal accrued wages in Belarus by <a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raions</a> in 2017 (in <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_rubel" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian rubel">rubels</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Belarusian labour market is highly regulated. Important elements of the <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">central-planning</a> system are still in place. In principle, the decision to determine wages is left to firms, but the Government can affect the structure of wages through the so-called tariff system, a type of centrally determined wage grid. The tariff system is binding in the budget sector, including enterprises and organisations mainly financed and subsidised within the state and/or the local budgets. The private (so-called self-financing sector) sector, representing, as already noted, only a small share of employment, has little autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment">Unemployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unemployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Official unemployment rate is lower than 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methods of <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> (international standard) also include job-seekers who are not registered officially.<sup id="cite_ref-charter.2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charter.2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many unemployed people in Belarus are trying to avoid registration, because of obligatory <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are no official statistics of unemployment using the ILO methods. 6.1% Belarusians of economically active population called themselves unemployed during the 2009 census.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2012, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> concluded that the real unemployment rate is seven times higher than the official rate.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former labour minister Alexander Sosnov estimates that the unemployment rate is 10% of the economically active population<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Charter_97" title="Charter 97">Charter 97</a></i> estimate, the real unemployment in Belarus may be 15% or even 24%.<sup id="cite_ref-charter.2_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charter.2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour_rights">Labour rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Labour rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a> listed Belarus among top 10 worst countries for working people in the world (<a href="/wiki/Global_Rights_Index" title="Global Rights Index">Global Rights Index</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ituc_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ituc-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reasons for worsening of the situation included state repression of independent union activity, arbitrary arrests and severe cases of limited or no access to justice.<sup id="cite_ref-ituc.report2021_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ituc.report2021-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2020_Belarusian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Belarusian protests">2020 Belarusian protests</a>, some activists attempted to start a strike and were met with repression.<sup id="cite_ref-ituc.report2021_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ituc.report2021-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, three employees of <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Steel_Works" title="Belarusian Steel Works">Belarusian Steel Works</a> were imprisoned for attempting to organize a strike.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_sectors">Economy sectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy sectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Belarus" title="Industry of Belarus">Industry of Belarus</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 159.78512068371px; border-left-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 100px; border-left-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 55.796527497726px; border-left-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 19.076020221857px; border-left-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:98.768834059514px 15.643446504023px 0 0; border-top-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:54.112125212688px 84.094458229817px 0 0; border-top-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 277.7606853915px 100px 0; border-right-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:0.63886894799916px; border-width:0 0 99.361131052001px 11.285638487348px; border-bottom-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Share of output selected industries in total industrial output in 2008 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1F78B4; color:;"> </span> Machinery and metalworking (23.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#33A02C; color:;"> </span> Fuel (21.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E31A1C; color:;"> </span> Food (14.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F00; color:;"> </span> Chemical and petrochemical (13.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6A3D9A; color:;"> </span> Electric power (5.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B15928; color:;"> </span> Building materials (5.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A6CEE3; color:;"> </span> Wood-working, paper (4.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B2DF8A; color:;"> </span> Light (3.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Other (8.9%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 25.00696627359px; border-left-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:79.015501237569px 61.290705365298px 0 0; border-top-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:24.259923079541px 97.012659649011px 0 0; border-top-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 379.55753557188px 100px 0; border-right-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 88.161859236319px 100px 0; border-right-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 19.72799294353px 100px 0; border-right-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Sector-focused structure of Gross Domestic Product in 2008 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1F78B4; color:;"> </span> Industry (28.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#33A02C; color:;"> </span> Agriculture (8.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E31A1C; color:;"> </span> Construction (9.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F00; color:;"> </span> Transport and communications (8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6A3D9A; color:;"> </span> Trade and catering (10.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B15928; color:;"> </span> Net taxes on products (14.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Other (21.1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>In the Soviet period, Belarus specialized mainly in machine building and instrument building (especially tractors, large trucks, machine tools, and automation equipment), in computers and electronics industry and in agricultural production. In 1992, industry in Belarus accounted for approximately 38 percent of GDP, down from 51 percent in 1991. This figure reflects a decline in the availability of imported inputs (especially crude oil and deliveries from Russia), a drop in investments, and decreased demand from Belarus's traditional export markets among the former Soviet republics. Belarus's economy was also affected by decreased demand for military equipment, traditionally an important sector.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1994, gross industrial output declined by 19 percent. At the beginning of 1995, every industrial sector had decreased output, including fuel and energy extracting (down by 27 percent); chemical and oil refining (18 percent); ferrous metallurgy (13 percent); machine building and metal working (17 percent); truck production (31 percent); tractor production (48 percent); light industry (33 percent); wood, paper, and pulp production (14 percent); construction materials (32 percent); and consumer goods (16 percent).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1996, a <a href="/wiki/Free_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Economic Zone">Free Economic Zone</a> (FEZ) area was set up in <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a>. The programme has been expanded to Minsk, Gomel, Vitebsk, Grodno, and Mogilev. As of 2020, more than 270 foreign organizations have benefited from the opportunity. Membership in a FEZ confers substantial benefits:<sup id="cite_ref-fezby_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fezby-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>* Tax free profits on all goods and services for five years, then a 50% discount </p><ul><li>50% discount on VAT on import substitution goods manufactured within an FEZ</li> <li>No taxes on real estate owned or leased in the FEZ</li> <li>Exempt from payments to National Agriculture Support Fund</li> <li>No tax on purchasing vehicles</li> <li>No customs duty on raw materials and equipment imported from outside Belarus</li> <li>A guarantee that legislation governing firms will not change for seven years</li></ul></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus_952.3_Tractor_in_Bucharest_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Belarus_952.3_Tractor_in_Bucharest_2011.jpg/250px-Belarus_952.3_Tractor_in_Bucharest_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Belarus_952.3_Tractor_in_Bucharest_2011.jpg/375px-Belarus_952.3_Tractor_in_Bucharest_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Belarus_952.3_Tractor_in_Bucharest_2011.jpg/500px-Belarus_952.3_Tractor_in_Bucharest_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Belarus_(tractor)" title="Belarus (tractor)">Belarus</a></i> tractor</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2013, some of Belarusian industry was inflicted with <a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">overproduction</a>: its unsold goods stocks were estimated to be worth at least US$3.8 billion, including 20,000 unsold <i><a href="/wiki/Belarus_(tractor)" title="Belarus (tractor)">Belarus</a></i>-brand <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unsold_Belarus_tractors_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unsold_Belarus_tractors-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Land ownership is tightly regulated in Belarus. The <b>Land Code and Presidential Decree 667</b> was issued in 2007, and follows strict guidelines according to its targeted use. Approximately 90% of the land is dedicated by this means to agricultural or forestry use.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Belarus" title="Agriculture in Belarus">Agriculture in Belarus</a></div> <p>The cumulative decline of value-added reached 30 percent since 1991, and 15 percent since 1995. The share of agriculture in GDP declined by over 10-percentage point to 14 percent in 1997. This happened, irrespective to the president's economic strategy of self-sufficiency in food production in 2001. The decline in overall agriculture production partly could be attributed to unfavorable weather conditions (like floods), but declines in the harvests of potatoes, vegetables, and other crops that grow mostly in private plots were smaller than in produce grown by collective farms. Also, animal breeding has been in decline and it is concentrated in the state sector. Subsidization of agricultural sector in Belarus amounted to 1–2 percent of GDP in the form of direct government credits, advanced payments for the realization of state orders of major crops, at strongly negative interest rates. Additionally, a state budget fund, Agriculture Support Fund provides funds to compensate food producers for the costs of inputs (fertilizers and equipment) that amounted to another 1–2 percent of GDP in 1996–1997. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of Belarus">Central Bank of Belarus</a> issued subsidized credits to the agriculture sector at an interest rate of half the refinance rate. However, in spite of the fact that state-owned and collective farms cultivate about 83 percent of agricultural land and benefited the most from the government subsidies, privately run farms and private plots produce more than 40 percent of gross output.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Belarus can be divided into three agricultural regions: north (<a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasses">grasses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>), central (<a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">potatoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigs">pigs</a>), and south (<a href="/wiki/Pastureland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastureland">pastureland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, and cattle). Belarus' cool climate and dense soil are well suited to fodder crops, which support herds of cattle and pigs, and temperate-zone crops (<a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a>, potatoes, flax, and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a>). Belarus' soils are generally fertile, especially in the river valleys, except in the southern marshy regions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The greatest changes in agriculture in the first half of the 1990s were a decline in the amount of land under cultivation and a significant shift from livestock to crop production because crops had become a great deal more profitable than before. The sales price for crops generally increased more than production costs, while inputs for livestock (such as imported fodder) have increased in price beyond livestock sales prices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The food processing industry in the country is led primarily by state concern <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgospischeprom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belgospischeprom (page does not exist)">Belgospischeprom</a> and local municipal or regional owned production facilities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textiles">Textiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Textiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orsha_Linen_Mill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orsha Linen Mill (page does not exist)">Orsha Linen Mill</a>, which is a part of the Belarusian State Concern <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bellegprom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bellegprom (page does not exist)">Bellegprom</a>, processes from flax a number of <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> fabrics, which necessitates "spinning, weaving, dyeing, mechanical, chemical softening, shrinkage and other textile processings." The linen mill was projected from 1928; the first factory was completed in 1930, the second in 1961 and the third in 1972. In 2008, the plant supplied 8% of the global market for linen fabrics, when 5,000 workers processed 25,000 tonnes of flax fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-lmby_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lmby-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavianka_(clothing)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavianka (clothing) (page does not exist)">OJSC Slavianka</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Babruisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Babruisk">Babruisk</a> houses modern textile equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-slavi_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slavi-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first trousers were commissioned in 1930, and today the firm produces of the most modern fabrics: </p> <ul><li>Coats and costumes</li> <li>Dresses and blouses</li> <li>Clothes for sports</li> <li>Business-style clothing for students</li> <li>Special clothes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belarus" title="Energy in Belarus">Energy in Belarus</a></div> <p>Belarus is a partner country of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> <a href="/wiki/INOGATE" title="INOGATE">INOGATE</a> energy programme, which has four key topics: enhancing <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convergence" class="extiw" title="wikt:convergence">convergence</a> of member state <a href="/wiki/Energy_market" title="Energy market">energy markets</a> on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Internal_energy_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal energy market">EU internal energy market</a> principles, supporting <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">sustainable energy</a> development, and attracting <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a> for energy projects of common and regional interest.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beneficial terms of Russian oil and gas deliveries are behind a degree of economic dependence on <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, Belarus' <a href="/wiki/EAEU" class="mw-redirect" title="EAEU">EAEU</a> neighbour.<sup id="cite_ref-Visegrad_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visegrad-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some estimates, profits stemming from the low prices the country pays for Russian gas and oil -either consumed locally or processed and then re-exported- has occasionally accounted to up to 10% of national GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-Visegrad_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visegrad-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, the main export market for the Belarusian agricultural and industrial produce lies in its Russian neighbour.<sup id="cite_ref-Visegrad_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visegrad-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_energy">Nuclear energy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nuclear energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nuclear_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian nuclear power plant">Belarusian nuclear power plant</a></div> <p>In 2008, the Belarusian government decided to build a nuclear power plant. The help of <a href="/wiki/Power_Machines_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Machines Company">Power Machines Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atomstroyexport" title="Atomstroyexport">Atomstroyexport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosatom" title="Rosatom">Rosatom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atommash" title="Atommash">Atommash</a> was enlisted to erect in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shulniki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shulniki (page does not exist)">Shulniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodno Region">Grodno Region</a> two <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">pressurized water reactors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/AES-2006" class="mw-redirect" title="AES-2006">AES-2006</a> type. The first unit was commissioned not long after December 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-bfpre_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfpre-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electricity">Electricity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The electric power sector of the country is amalgamated into the state-owned production union of the power sector "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belenergo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belenergo (page does not exist)">Belenergo</a>", which consists, apart from the central dispatch unit ODU, of six republican unitary regional power system enterprises (RUP-Oblenergo) and of entities of all kinds of ownership that carry out repair, maintenance and rehabilitation of facilities, research and development, service activities, and construction of new power sector facilities. RUP-Oblenergo are set up on particular territory (the regional power systems cover the relevant geographic administrative units of Belarus). RUP-Oblenergo are vertically integrated companies that perform generation, transmission, distribution and supply of electricity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oil">Oil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All the activities related to prospecting, exploration and production of oil and associated gas in the country are carried out by the government-controlled concern <a href="/wiki/Belneftekhim" title="Belneftekhim">Belneftekhim</a> via its subsidiary, the <a href="/wiki/Unitary_enterprise" title="Unitary enterprise">unitary republic enterprise</a> Belorusneft. Belorusneft exports about 50% of its oil output. Oil deposits on the territory of Belarus are located in a single oil and gas basin, the Pripyat depression, which covers approximately 30,000 km<sup>2</sup> (12,000 sq mi). About 50 out of total of 70 known fields are currently under production<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (May 2018)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup>. Belarus' own production covers only about 30% of domestic oil consumption. For this reason, the Government is seeking ways to access oil and gas resources on the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and other countries, so that oil produced there could be delivered to refineries in Belarus and refined products would be sold domestically and on export markets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Belarus has two state-owned oil pipeline operating companies, both inherited from Glavtransneft in 1991. Gomel Oil Transportation Enterprise (RUP Gomeltransneft Druzhba) operates pipelines to the west and southwest directions, and Novopolotsk Oil Transportation Enterprise (NRUPTN "Druzhba") for the north (Belarus-Lithuania) direction. All decisions concerning plans to increase capacity or build new capacity are taken by these two state-owned companies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The activities of oil pipeline operating companies are regulated in accordance with the Law on Natural Monopolies, which explicitly prescribes a mechanism for their regulation by a state regulator. The Law on Natural Monopolies considers oil pipeline transport operators to be natural monopolies (Article 3). The Law also has certain requirements for transparency of their activities. Domestic oil transportation via pipelines is primarily regulated by the Law on Trunk Pipelines (2002), n 87–3. Article 27 of the Law regulates pipeline transport service in accordance with the capacity of the pipelines and actual throughput, based on the principle of equal access and non-discrimination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_gas">Natural gas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Natural gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all of the natural gas used in Belarus is imported from Russia (about 99% of consumption). Domestic gas prices continue to be regulated by the government and in many instances cover only a fraction of the actual cost. Belarus has a well-developed gas transportation and gas distribution networks that ensure reliable supplies of natural gas to the consumers in the country. <a href="/wiki/Beltransgaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltransgaz">Beltransgaz</a>, 100% state-owned joint stock company, owns and operates the system of main natural gas pipelines. In November 2002, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Belarus">Belarusian parliament</a> passed a law allowing for the privatization of Beltransgaz. An agreement was reached in 2006 with <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a> about the acquisition of a 50% plus a share stake in Beltransgaz at a price of $2.5 billion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oil_shale">Oil shale</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Oil shale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_Belarus" title="Oil shale in Belarus">Oil shale in Belarus</a></div> <p>Belarus contains large, but undeveloped reserves of <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a>, estimated at 8.8 billion tonnes. As of 2010, Belarus seeks to start exploiting the reserves to reduce its dependence on the Russian hydrocarbons.<sup id="cite_ref-wec_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wec-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renewable_energy">Renewable energy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Renewable energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Belarus" title="Renewable energy in Belarus">Renewable energy in Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Belarus" title="Solar power in Belarus">Solar power in Belarus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulp_and_paper">Pulp and paper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pulp and paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forest_industry_of_Belarus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Forest_industry_of_Belarus.png/220px-Forest_industry_of_Belarus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Forest_industry_of_Belarus.png/330px-Forest_industry_of_Belarus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Forest_industry_of_Belarus.png/440px-Forest_industry_of_Belarus.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption>Major pulp and paper mills and woodworking factories in Belarus<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> Major woodworking facilities</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> Pulp and paper mills</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Belarus#Forest_industry" title="Industry of Belarus">Industry of Belarus § Forest industry</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Slonim" title="Slonim">Slonim</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Grodno_oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodno oblast">Grodno oblast</a> has been the site of a paper mill since 1806. In 1995, the plant was renamed '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Slonim_Cardboard_and_Paper_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slonim Cardboard and Paper Plant (page does not exist)">Slonim Cardboard and Paper Plant</a> "Albertin"' and now produces <a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">cardboard</a>, paper and <a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">tissue paper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jscslonim_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jscslonim-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpaper_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interpaper LLC (page does not exist)">Interpaper LLC</a> produces much of Belarus' <a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">toilet paper</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_napkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paper napkins (page does not exist)">paper napkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paper_towels" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper towels">paper towels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ipllc_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipllc-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svetlogorsk_Pulp%26Board_Mill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svetlogorsk Pulp&Board Mill (page does not exist)">Svetlogorsk Pulp&Board Mill</a> produces <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_bags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paper bags (page does not exist)">paper bags</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paper_boxes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paper boxes (page does not exist)">paper boxes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jscsvet_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jscsvet-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The OJSC <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spartak_(paper_mill)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spartak (paper mill) (page does not exist)">Spartak (paper mill)</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0klo%C5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Škloŭ">Škloŭ</a> and produces 20 kinds of paper.<sup id="cite_ref-spartak_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spartak-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the state-owned timber and paper industries concern, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bellesbumprom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bellesbumprom (page does not exist)">Bellesbumprom</a>, put up for sale an 85.14% stake in Spartak for $7.393m.<sup id="cite_ref-bbp_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbp-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although not rich in minerals, Belarus has been found to have small deposits of iron ore, nonferrous metal ores, dolomite, potash (for fertilizer production), rock salt, phosphorites, refractory clay, molding sand, sand for glass production, and various building materials.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Belarus also has deposits of industrial diamonds, titanium, copper ore, lead, mercury, bauxite, nickel, vanadium, and <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Belarus is a major producer of <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>: as of 2024, the third most potash-producing country.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </p><p>In 2019 Belarus was the 20th largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Table_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Table salt">salt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on iron from the: <a href="/wiki/Okulovsky_mine" title="Okulovsky mine">Okulovsky mine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_production">Metal production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Metal production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> decreed a steel works should be erected and the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Steel_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian Steel Works">Byelorussian Steel Works</a> was born two years later in order primarily to process local scrap steel. The major items of production consist of rebar, billet, channel, wire rod and cold heading wire rod. More than 50 alloyed and low-alloyed structural and carbon steel grades are produced by the plant. Two BSW shops produce steel cord, brass bead wire and hose wire.<sup id="cite_ref-expby_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expby-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tm_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tm-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aluminum and stainless steel are sourced for the domestic market in Russia and Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-colormet_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colormet-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsvetmet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsvetmet (page does not exist)">Tsvetmet</a> casts as many as 5,000 tons per annum of non-ferrous metal like <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-tsv_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsv-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while cast iron and steel parts as large as 8,000 kg are produced by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal-Lit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal-Lit (page does not exist)">Universal-Lit</a> company.<sup id="cite_ref-ulit_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ulit-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nivaul_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nivaul-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter company is a part of Sergey Romanovich's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niva-Holding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niva-Holding (page does not exist)">Niva-Holding</a> empire of integrated engineering solutions for the mining industry, which employs 2,100 people in <a href="/wiki/Soligorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Soligorsk">Soligorsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urechye" class="mw-redirect" title="Urechye">Urechye</a> across several subsidiary organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-abniva_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abniva-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Belarus" title="Automotive industry in Belarus">Automotive industry in Belarus</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAZ_5551_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/MAZ_5551_2.jpg/250px-MAZ_5551_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/MAZ_5551_2.jpg/375px-MAZ_5551_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/MAZ_5551_2.jpg/500px-MAZ_5551_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>MAZ-5551</figcaption></figure> <p>Belarus is home to several domestic automotive manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/BelAZ" title="BelAZ">BelAZ</a>, which makes haulage and earthmoving equipment, <a href="/wiki/MZKT" title="MZKT">MZKT</a>, which makes heavy off-road vehicles, especially military trucks, <a href="/wiki/Neman_(bus)" title="Neman (bus)">Neman</a>, which makes public transport buses, and <a href="/wiki/MoAZ" title="MoAZ">MoAZ</a>, which makes anything else industrial with wheels. Most vehicles manufactured in Belarus are commercial vehicles. Belarus has been seeing foreign automotive companies setting up partnerships and automotive factories in the country. Belarusian company <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Automobile_Plant" title="Minsk Automobile Plant">MAZ</a> and German company <a href="/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">MAN</a> have been in partnership since 1997. <a href="/wiki/Belkommunmash" title="Belkommunmash">Belkommunmash</a> makes electric urban transit vehicles. </p><p>The most recent partnership has been between American company <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> and Belarusian company <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unison_SP_ZAO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unison SP ZAO (page does not exist)">Unison SP ZAO</a> to produce the <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Escalade" title="Cadillac Escalade">Cadillac Escalade</a> for Russian and CIS markets.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мотавела (page does not exist)">Мотавела</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="be:Мотавела">be</a>]</sup> plant was located in the city of Minsk between 1945 and 2018, but beginning in 2013, the government started to question the will of <a href="/w/index.php?title=ATEK_Holdings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATEK Holdings (page does not exist)">ATEK Holdings</a>, who had managed the company for a number of years. ATEK was not fulfilling its investment programme, and eventually declared bankruptcy in 2017. The premises have become a sort of multi-tenant light industrial facility.<sup id="cite_ref-mv1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mv1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government has been supportive of China's <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> global infrastructure development strategy, leading to the inception in 2012 of the associated low-tax <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Belarus_Industrial_Park" title="China–Belarus Industrial Park">China–Belarus Industrial Park</a> near <a href="/wiki/Minsk_National_Airport" title="Minsk National Airport">Minsk National Airport</a> planned to grow to 112 square kilometres (43 sq mi) by the 2060s. This is intended to be a manufacturing centre for the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a>, with good transport links to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fdi-20190815_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fdi-20190815-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nar-20200716_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nar-20200716-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_industry">Chemical industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Chemical industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Belarus#Chemical_industry" title="Industry of Belarus">Industry of Belarus § Chemical industry</a></div> <p>The Belarusian chemical industry specializes in extracting value from the Russian oil products which transit through the country's pipelines to Germany and the west. Synthetic polymers like <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viscose" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscose">viscose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">acrylic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> are produced from this stream as well as household chemical products.<sup id="cite_ref-cib_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cib-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil refineries are located in <a href="/wiki/Navapolacak" class="mw-redirect" title="Navapolacak">Navapolacak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naftan" class="mw-redirect" title="Naftan">Naftan</a>) and in <a href="/wiki/Mazyr" title="Mazyr">Mazyr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mozyr_Oil_Refinery" title="Mozyr Oil Refinery">Mozyr Oil Refinery</a>). </p><p>More than 500 kinds of chemical and petrochemical products are produced in Belarus by one firm: the <a href="/wiki/Belneftekhim_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Belneftekhim Concern">Belneftekhim Concern</a>, which is "among the largest and most strategically important" businesses in the country, and was created in 1997, unites most important chemical industries under one umbrella. It provides about 30 percent of all industrial output in Belarus and half of exports, which go to over 120 countries worldwide. More than 70 percent of petrochemical products are sold abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-bfp_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfp-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oop_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oop-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mineral fertilizers in the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> complex are produced by <a href="/wiki/Belaruskali" title="Belaruskali">Belaruskali</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Starobin,_Belarus" title="Starobin, Belarus">Starobin</a> plant.<sup id="cite_ref-cib_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cib-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bkali_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bkali-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belarusian <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Azot" title="Grodno Azot">Grodno Azot</a> is one of major players in global <a href="/wiki/UAN" title="UAN">UAN</a> fertilizer market.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense">Defense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Soviet times, Belarus' radio-electronic industry was primarily oriented towards military applications. With the break-up of the Soviet military and the reduction in size of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Belarus" title="Armed Forces of Belarus">new state's military establishments</a>, the Belarus defense sector desperately needs to export to survive. Currently, under Belarusian law, its weapons exports are required to be carried out through one of four licensed weapons trade exporters: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belspetsvneshtekhnika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belspetsvneshtekhnika (page does not exist)">Belspetsvneshtekhnika</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beltekhexport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beltekhexport (page does not exist)">Beltekhexport</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belvneshpromservis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belvneshpromservis (page does not exist)">Belvneshpromservis</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belorusintorg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belorusintorg (page does not exist)">Belorusintorg</a>. Certain other enterprises are permitted to sell products that they developed or control.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Belarus" title="List of banks in Belarus">List of banks in Belarus</a></div> <p>Six commercial banks, four formerly state-owned specialized banks Belagroprombank (agricultural sector), <a href="/wiki/Promstroybank_(Belarus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Promstroybank (Belarus)">Promstroybank</a> (industrial sector), Vneshekonombank (foreign trade), and <a href="/wiki/Belarusbank" title="Belarusbank">Belarusbank</a> (savings bank) and two universal banks (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Priorbank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Priorbank (page does not exist)">Priorbank</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belbusinessbank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belbusinessbank (page does not exist)">Belbusinessbank</a>) dominated the banking system. These former state-owned specialized banks accounts for over 80 percent of the banking system outstanding loans, over 70 percent of domestic currency deposits, and all the NBB's refinancing credit. Many commercial banks are subject to direct and personal influence of the government since many officials at the ministerial level participate in chairing and managing banks. Commercial banks act as agents of the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a> distributing state financial resources. Therefore, also the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of Belarus">Central Bank of Belarus</a> fulfills mostly technical functions as the president and government are permanently interfering in the operation of the whole banking sector by decrees and resolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-imfbanks_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imfbanks-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luxury_goods">Luxury goods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Luxury goods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spirits and liquors are produced at the eight distilleries of the Joint Stock Company «Minsk kristall»,<sup id="cite_ref-mkex_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mkex-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in turn is managed by the state-run <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgospishcheprom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belgospishcheprom (page does not exist)">Belgospishcheprom</a> concern.<sup id="cite_ref-belmk_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belmk-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belyuvelirtorg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belyuvelirtorg (page does not exist)">Belyuvelirtorg</a>, which was organized in 1948, is a chain of 64 jewelry stores present all over Belarus. The chain retails items made of gold, silver and natural stones as well as watches and the like. The chain produces precious metal decorative chain and its own line of rings, bracelets and earrings in its Gomel factory.<sup id="cite_ref-hauc_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hauc-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_technology">Information technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Information technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the open-source community: <a href="/wiki/Drupal-club_(Minsk)" title="Drupal-club (Minsk)">Drupal-club (Minsk)</a></div> <p>Information technology was a growing sector of Belarus economy. In the early 2000s, a propitious climate was created in the country: IT companies received a 0% rate on taxes and state subsidies, income tax for tech workers was also reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-ittax_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ittax-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Launched in 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Belarus_High_Technologies_Park" title="Belarus High Technologies Park">Hi-Tech Park</a> on the northeastern outskirts of Minsk was meant to become Belarusian Silicon Valley. In 2019 Lukashenko visited the HTP and called it his favorite project.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2020, it hosted more than 750 start-ups and outsourcing companies that employed 58,000 workers.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_IT_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT_IT-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters20200826_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters20200826-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, more than 100,000 citizens worked in IT.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last two decades Belarusian IT turned into a major tech hub in Europe, it made up 5.5% of the country's GDP and exported up to $2 billion (€1.69bn) worth of software.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nation-wide opposition crackdown led by the authorities after <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests" title="2020–2021 Belarusian protests">2020 protests</a> resulted in significant decline of the previously booming IT sector because most tech specialists fled the country.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Minsk-born start-ups relocated to other European countries, only in 2021 more than 15,000 IT workers left the country. More than 3000 tech workers had gone to Ukraine, 1800 employees of 30 companies with total investments of $76.8 million moved to Poland, at least 41 companies went to Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such giants as Viber and Wargaming joined the exodus.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters20200826_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters20200826-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine</a> provoked the second wave of IT brain drain in Belarus. According to Dev.by, it was even bigger than the first one.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost 40% of companies faced refuses in new contracts due to sanctions, imposed on Belarus.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2021 Lukashenko accused HTP companies of working 'for the USA for half prices'.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 4, 2022, he commanded to 'deal with the tech workers' and return the IT sector into equal terms with other industries. In March 2022 taxes for IT companies were raised.<sup id="cite_ref-ittax_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ittax-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 272.37868371332px; border-left-color:#A9A9A9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#A9A9A9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#A9A9A9"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 267.17780051813px; border-left-color:#A9A9A9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#A9A9A9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#A9A9A9"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 248.00703903113px; border-left-color:#A9A9A9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#A9A9A9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#A9A9A9"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 227.1597302733px; border-left-color:#FEEBE2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FEEBE2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FEEBE2"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 209.09058255155px; border-left-color:#FFFF99"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FFFF99"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FFFF99"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 193.24964492842px; border-left-color:#CAB2D6"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#CAB2D6"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#CAB2D6"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 176.60553439863px; border-left-color:#FDBF6F"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FDBF6F"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FDBF6F"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 162.04028779102px; border-left-color:#FB9A99"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FB9A99"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FB9A99"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 149.15285830502px; border-left-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 135.83513899568px; border-left-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 124.01991640705px; border-left-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 106.48918403248px; border-left-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 91.568921586116px; border-left-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 77.567951104961px; border-left-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 63.461929754415px; border-left-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 49.379652823647px; border-left-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Foreign tourists received by organisations engaged in tourist activities in the Republic of Belarus in 2014 by countries (percent of total) </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1F78B4; color:;"> </span> Russia (82.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#33A02C; color:;"> </span> Latvia (1.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E31A1C; color:;"> </span> Lithuania (1.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F00; color:;"> </span> Ukraine (1.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6A3D9A; color:;"> </span> Germany (1.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B15928; color:;"> </span> Poland (1.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A6CEE3; color:;"> </span> Turkey (0.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B2DF8A; color:;"> </span> United Kingdom (0.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FB9A99; color:;"> </span> Italy (0.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FDBF6F; color:;"> </span> Australia (0.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CAB2D6; color:;"> </span> Israel (0.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF99; color:;"> </span> United States (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FEEBE2; color:;"> </span> Finland (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A9A9A9; color:;"> </span> Switzerland (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A9A9A9; color:;"> </span> France (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A9A9A9; color:;"> </span> Slovakia (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Other (5.6%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Because of its position, Belarus is actively visited with transit purposes: about 1,500,000 arrivals per year.<sup id="cite_ref-arrivals_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arrivals-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian people are greater part of the inbound tourist flow, but there is no proper number of their arrivals as the <a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Belarus–Russia border">border between Russia and Belarus</a> is crossed without any <a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">border control</a> as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a> policy.<sup id="cite_ref-arrivals_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arrivals-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Belarusian health resorts and sanatoriums are popular with Russian tourists because of relatively lower prices. In 2010, Belarus had 334 sanatoria, health resorts and health-improving organizations and other specialized accommodation facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of arrivals of foreign visitors to Belarus in 2000 was 2,029,800. Since 2005, this number fluctuates between 4,737,800 and 5,673,800. Private arrivals are the most popular purpose of the travel. In all these indicators, crossings of Russian-Belarusian border are excluded, though they are likely to be significant.<sup id="cite_ref-arrivals_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arrivals-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in 2010, the number of tourist departures abroad was 7,464,200.<sup id="cite_ref-departures_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-departures-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 783 travel agencies (in 2010) in the country and they serve small part of all arrivals of foreign citizens and departures of Belarusians.<sup id="cite_ref-agencies_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agencies-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also leads to the widespread opinion that tourism in Belarus is negligible. Most of the travel agencies are private,<sup id="cite_ref-agencies-ownership_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agencies-ownership-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more than 50% of them are situated in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-agencies-regions_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agencies-regions-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main partners in the field of international tourism are countries of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The profit from foreign tourism amounts to less than US$200 per each tourist. The volume of tourism in total export makes up 1%. The most popular among the visitors are: <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> City (40% of visitors), <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a> Oblast (32%), <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a> Oblast (22%), <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a> Oblast (5%).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The number of hotels has grown from 256 to 359 in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intensive construction of new hotels is organized in Minsk because of the planned <a href="/wiki/Ice_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Ice Hockey World Championships">Ice Hockey World Championships</a> in 2014. But the average rate of use of the hotels does not exceed 40%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The number of employees in tourism and recreation areas in 2010 were 9,900.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">World Heritage Committee</a> session, held in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> (South Africa) approved the addition of the Architectural, Residential and Cultural Complex of the <a href="/wiki/Radziwill" class="mw-redirect" title="Radziwill">Radziwill</a> Family at <a href="/wiki/Nesvizh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesvizh">Nesvizh</a> into the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a>. The castle in Mir was also included in this list.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_cooperation_and_treaties">International cooperation and treaties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: International cooperation and treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belarus became a member of <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes" title="International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes">ICSID</a> in 1992 and <a href="/wiki/UNCITRAL" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCITRAL">UNCITRAL</a> in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009, there had been no cases involving Belarus in ICSID arbitration.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2008, Belarus had concluded 54 <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_Investment_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral Investment Treaties">Bilateral Investment Treaties</a> (BITs); of these BITs more than 20 were with first-world countries.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of April 2009, Belarus had signed <a href="/wiki/Double_Taxation_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Taxation Treaties">Double Taxation Treaties</a> (DTTs) with 61 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009, the corporate tax rate was 24%.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, a <a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">flat tax</a> rate of 12% was imposed on personal incomes, and the standard rate of <a href="/wiki/VAT" class="mw-redirect" title="VAT">VAT</a> was 18%.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Import and export duties are mostly <a href="/wiki/Ad_valorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad valorem">ad valorem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">environmental tax</a> is imposed on the release of <a href="/wiki/Contaminants" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminants">contaminants</a> and the extraction of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belarus is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belarus accepted in 2001 the <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a> Agreement that the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign exchange rate">foreign exchange rate</a> be free of restrictions on payments and transfers.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents of Belarus need a permit from the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bank of Belarus">National Bank of Belarus</a> to open bank accounts in foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">social insurance</a> rate payable by the employer was 35%.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the average monthly wage was $500, and "a rigid wage determination process" was in place.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The labour market, which is governed by the Republican Labour Arbitration body, is inflexible and strict limitations apply to severance and termination.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right to strike is allowed for all employees except those of the state, and succeeds on a two-thirds majority.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corporations which wish to hire a foreign labourer are subject to a permit process determined by the Ministry of Internal Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entrepreneurship "is subject to prolific legislative activity" and "very high number of administrative controls", and although the country signed on to the <a href="/wiki/UN_Convention_against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Convention against Corruption">UN Convention against Corruption</a> in 1995, the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perception_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption Perception Index">Corruption Perception Index</a> had Belarus ranked high in the league tables.<sup id="cite_ref-unctad_31-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unctad-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Belarus">Environmental issues in Belarus</a></div> <p>Belarus has established ministries of energy, forestry, <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a>, and water resources and state committees to deal with ecology and safety procedures in the nuclear power industry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The most serious environmental issue in Belarus results from the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobyl accident">1986 accident</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_nuclear_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobyl nuclear power plant">Chernobyl nuclear power plant</a> across the border in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>, had a devastating effect on Belarus. As a result of the radioactivity release, many villages were abandoned. About 70% of the nuclear fallout from the plant landed on Belarusian territory, and about 25% of that land is considered uninhabitable. Resettlement and medical costs were substantial and long-term. Government restrictions on residence and use of contaminated land are not strictly enforced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gross_Regional_Domestic_Product_(GRDP)"><span id="Gross_Regional_Domestic_Product_.28GRDP.29"></span>Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus_regions_by_Gross_Regional_Product_GRP_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Belarus_regions_by_Gross_Regional_Product_GRP_2022.png/250px-Belarus_regions_by_Gross_Regional_Product_GRP_2022.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Belarus_regions_by_Gross_Regional_Product_GRP_2022.png/375px-Belarus_regions_by_Gross_Regional_Product_GRP_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Belarus_regions_by_Gross_Regional_Product_GRP_2022.png/500px-Belarus_regions_by_Gross_Regional_Product_GRP_2022.png 2x" data-file-width="6480" data-file-height="7480" /></a><figcaption>Belarus regions by Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Gross_regional_domestic_product" title="Gross regional domestic product">Gross regional domestic product</a> in 2024 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th scope="col">Region </th> <th>GDP (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_rubel" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian rubel">BYN</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>GDP (€) </th> <th>GDP per capita (BYN) </th> <th>GDP per capita (€)<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> </td> <td>Br 76.781 billion </td> <td>€21.8 billion </td> <td>Br 38,600 </td> <td>€11,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Minsk_Voblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Minsk_Voblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Minsk_Voblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Minsk_Voblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Minsk_Voblast.svg/46px-Flag_of_Minsk_Voblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Region">Minsk Region</a> </td> <td>Br 46.303 billion </td> <td>€13.1 billion </td> <td>Br 31,700 </td> <td>€9,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Homyel_Voblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Homyel_Voblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Homyel_Voblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Homyel_Voblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Homyel_Voblast.svg/46px-Flag_of_Homyel_Voblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Gomel_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomel Region">Gomel Region</a> </td> <td>Br 27.435 billion </td> <td>€7.8 billion </td> <td>Br 20,500 </td> <td>€5,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Brest_Voblast%2C_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brest_Voblast%2C_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Brest_Voblast%2C_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brest_Voblast%2C_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Brest_Voblast%2C_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brest_Voblast%2C_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brest_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest Region">Brest Region</a> </td> <td>Br 28.649 billion </td> <td>€8.1 billion </td> <td>Br 21,900 </td> <td>€6,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodno Region">Grodno Region</a> </td> <td>Br 26.686 billion </td> <td>€7.6 billion </td> <td>Br 26,900 </td> <td>€7,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Vitsebsk_region.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vitsebsk_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Vitsebsk_region.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vitsebsk_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Vitsebsk_region.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vitsebsk_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitebsk Region">Vitebsk Region</a> </td> <td>Br 21.218 billion </td> <td>€6.0 billion </td> <td>Br 19,600 </td> <td>€5,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Mahilyow_Voblast.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mahilyow_Voblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Mahilyow_Voblast.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mahilyow_Voblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Mahilyow_Voblast.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mahilyow_Voblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mogilev_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogilev Region">Mogilev Region</a> </td> <td>Br 19.424 billion </td> <td>€5.5 billion </td> <td>Br 19,800 </td> <td>€5,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></i> </td> <td><i>Br 246.587 billion</i> </td> <td><i>€70.0 billion</i> </td> <td><i>Br 26,900</i> </td> <td><i>€7,600</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_statistics">Other statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Other statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus_-_Annual_GDP_and_CPI_rates_2001-2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Belarus_-_Annual_GDP_and_CPI_rates_2001-2013.jpg/400px-Belarus_-_Annual_GDP_and_CPI_rates_2001-2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Belarus_-_Annual_GDP_and_CPI_rates_2001-2013.jpg/600px-Belarus_-_Annual_GDP_and_CPI_rates_2001-2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Belarus_-_Annual_GDP_and_CPI_rates_2001-2013.jpg/800px-Belarus_-_Annual_GDP_and_CPI_rates_2001-2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>Belarusian annual GDP and CPI rates 2001–2013</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Investment (gross fixed)–</dt></dl> <ul><li>24.2% of GDP (2005 est.)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Household income or consumption by percentage share–</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>lowest 10%:</i> 3.4%</li> <li><i>highest 10%:</i> 23.5% (2002)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Distribution of family income – <a href="/wiki/Gini_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Gini index">Gini index</a>–</dt></dl> <ul><li>27.9 (123) <dl><dd><i>country comparison to the world:</i> 123</dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dt>Agriculture – products–</dt></dl> <ul><li>grain, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beets, flax; beef, milk</li></ul> <dl><dt>Industrial production growth rate–</dt></dl> <ul><li>11.5% (2008 est.) <dl><dd><i>country comparison to the world:</i> 8</dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dt>Electricity–</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>production:</i> 29.91 <a href="/wiki/TWh" class="mw-redirect" title="TWh">TWh</a> (2006)</li> <li><i>country comparison to the world:</i> 63</li> <li><i>consumption:</i> 30.43 TWh (2006)</li> <li><i>country comparison to the world:</i> 58</li> <li><i>exports:</i> 5.789 TWh (2006)</li> <li><i>imports:</i> 10.15 TWh (2006), mainly from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Electricity – production by source–</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>fossil fuel:</i> 99.5%</li> <li><i>hydro:</i> 0.1%</li> <li><i>other:</i> 0.4% (2001)</li> <li><i>nuclear:</i> 0%</li></ul> <dl><dt>Oil–</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>production:</i> 33,700 bbl/d (5,360 m<sup>3</sup>/d) (2007 est.) <dl><dd><i>country comparison to the world:</i> 67</dd></dl></li> <li><i>consumption:</i> 179,700 bbl/d (28,570 m<sup>3</sup>/d) (2007 est.) <dl><dd><i>country comparison to the world:</i> 61</dd></dl></li> <li><i>exports:</i> 256,400 bbl/d (40,760 m<sup>3</sup>/d) (2005 est.) <dl><dd><i>country comparison to the world:</i> 45</dd></dl></li> <li><i>imports:</i> 394,100 bbl/d (62,660 m<sup>3</sup>/d) (2005 est.) <dl><dd><i>country comparison to the world:</i> 27</dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dt>Natural gas–</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>production:</i> 164 million cu m (2007 est.) <dl><dd><i>country comparison to the world:</i> 75</dd></dl></li> <li><i>consumption:</i> 21.76 billion cu m (2007 est.) <dl><dd><i>country comparison to the world:</i> 32</dd></dl></li> <li><i>exports:</i> 0 cu m (2007 est.) <dl><dd><i>country comparison to the world:</i> 45</dd></dl></li> <li><i>imports:</i> 21.6 billion cu m (2007 est.) <dl><dd><i>country comparison to the world:</i> 13</dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dt>Current account balance–</dt></dl> <ul><li>-$3.832 billion (2008 est.) <dl><dd><i>country comparison to the world:</i> 158</dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dt>Exports – commodities–</dt></dl> <ul><li>machinery and equipment, mineral products, chemicals, metals; textiles, foodstuffs</li></ul> <dl><dt>Imports – commodities–</dt></dl> <ul><li>mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, metals</li></ul> <dl><dt>Reserves of foreign exchange & gold–</dt></dl> <ul><li>$8.424 billion ( 2021 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><i>country comparison to the world:</i> 88th</dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dt>Debt – external–</dt></dl> <ul><li>$9.127 billion (December 31, 2008 est.) <dl><dd><i>country comparison to the world:</i> 86</dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dt>Exchange rates–</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_Belarusian_Ruble_Exchange_Rate.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Euro_Belarusian_Ruble_Exchange_Rate.webp/220px-Euro_Belarusian_Ruble_Exchange_Rate.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Euro_Belarusian_Ruble_Exchange_Rate.webp/330px-Euro_Belarusian_Ruble_Exchange_Rate.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Euro_Belarusian_Ruble_Exchange_Rate.webp/440px-Euro_Belarusian_Ruble_Exchange_Rate.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="4327" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>/<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Belarusian Ruble</a> Exchange Rate</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USD_Belarusian_Ruble_Exchange_Rate.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/USD_Belarusian_Ruble_Exchange_Rate.webp/220px-USD_Belarusian_Ruble_Exchange_Rate.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/USD_Belarusian_Ruble_Exchange_Rate.webp/330px-USD_Belarusian_Ruble_Exchange_Rate.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/USD_Belarusian_Ruble_Exchange_Rate.webp/440px-USD_Belarusian_Ruble_Exchange_Rate.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="4333" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>USD/Belarusian Ruble Exchange Rate</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Belarusian rubels per US dollar – 17,500 (August 2015), 10,000 (April 2014), 8,650 (Jan 9, 2013), 8,180 (Mar 7, 2012), 8,900 (Nov 9, 2011), 4,977 (May 31, 2011, after the devaluation) 2,130 (2008 est.), 2,145 (2007), 2,144.6 (2006), 2,150 (2005), 2,170 (2004)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanctions">Sanctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sanctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_in_relation_to_human_rights_violations_in_Belarus" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned in relation to human rights violations in Belarus">List of people and organizations sanctioned in relation to human rights violations in Belarus</a></div> <p>A number of state-owned Belarusian companies were sanctioned by the EU, USA, UK, Canada following 2006, 2010, 2012 and 2020 elections. In 2020 and 2021, the EU imposed sanctions on several companies, including <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Automobile_Plant" title="Minsk Automobile Plant">MAZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/MZKT" title="MZKT">MZKT</a>, <a href="/wiki/BelAZ" title="BelAZ">BelAZ</a> (automotive industry), Dana Holdings real estate company, trading companies Bremino Group, Sohra, Logex, Globalcastcom Management, NNK, and other companies.<sup id="cite_ref-ahk_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahk-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 June 2021, the EU introduced the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sectoral_sanctions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sectoral sanctions (page does not exist)">sectoral sanctions</a> that affected petroleum and fertilizer production, tobacco industry, supply of dual-purpose equipment, and access to the EU financial markets by the Belarusian government.<sup id="cite_ref-ahk_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahk-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Treasury">U.S. Treasury</a> imposed sanctions on <a href="/wiki/Belneftekhim" title="Belneftekhim">Belneftekhim</a> concern and its subordinated companies. They were later suspended, but not cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-ahk_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahk-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, USA renewed them and imposed new sanctions on several companies.<sup id="cite_ref-ahk_127-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahk-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, UK and Canada imposed similar sanctions on several companies.<sup id="cite_ref-ahk_127-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahk-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020–2021, Belarusian authorities made different efforts to circumvent the Western sanctions. They also hid the statistics to prevent revealing the ways used to circumvent them and track their effects.<sup id="cite_ref-kubiak_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kubiak-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, access to data regarding production and exports of the sanctioned goods became restricted to public.<sup id="cite_ref-kubiak_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kubiak-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2021, <a href="/wiki/Belstat" class="mw-redirect" title="Belstat">Belstat</a> started to hide data regarding exports of tractors and trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-dw.59534803_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw.59534803-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall classified exports in January–August 2021 is estimated at US$8.2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-dw.59534803_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw.59534803-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2021, Alexander Lukashenko mentioned minister of industry <a href="/wiki/Petr_Parkhomchik" class="mw-redirect" title="Petr Parkhomchik">Petr Parkhomchik</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA,_%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Пархомчик, Пётр Александрович">ru</a>]</span> and vice prime minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Nazarov_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri Nazarov (politician) (page does not exist)">Yuri Nazarov (politician)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Назаров, Юрий Викторович">ru</a>]</span> as the people who organized the circumvention of sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-z.3488_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z.3488-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also accused several workers of state factories of gathering information about the ways used to circumvent the sanctions, and he threatened them with imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-z.3488_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z.3488-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 13 workers from <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Azot" title="Grodno Azot">Grodno Azot</a> fertilizer factory, <a href="/wiki/Naftan" class="mw-redirect" title="Naftan">Naftan</a> oil refinery, <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Steel_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian Steel Works">BMZ</a> steel mill and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Railway" title="Belarusian Railway">Belarusian Railway</a> were arrested by the <a href="/wiki/KGB_(Belarus)" class="mw-redirect" title="KGB (Belarus)">Belarusian KGB</a> in a possible connection with this statement. It was reported that some of them were accused of state <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">treason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-z.3488_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z.3488-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least two of them were later released.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2021, Belorusneft was removed from subordination of Belneftekhim. This move was believed to be connected with the sanctions.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Belarusian ruble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Bank of the Republic of Belarus">National Bank of the Republic of Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Russia%E2%80%93Belarus_energy_dispute" title="2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute">Russia-Belarus energy dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Belarus&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2019%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweoselco.aspx%3Fg%3D2200%26sg%3DAll%2Bcountries%2B%252f%2BEmerging%2Bmarket%2Band%2Bdeveloping%2Beconomies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wb-groups-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wb-groups_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wb-groups_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups">"World Bank Country and Lending Groups"</a>. <i>datahelpdesk.worldbank.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Country+and+Lending+Groups&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org%2Fknowledgebase%2Farticles%2F906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tps00001&plugin=1">"Population on 1 January"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu/eurostat</i>. Eurostat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu%2Feurostat&rft.atitle=Population+on+1+January&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Ftgm%2Ftable.do%3Ftab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtps00001%26plugin%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEOBY-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOBY_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOBY_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOBY_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOBY_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOBY_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEOBY_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=PPPGDP,&sy=2024&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024"</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.</cite><span 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAWFBO-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFBO_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/">"EUROPE :: BELARUS"</a>. <i>CIA.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(28 April 2019) - "Sur le plan des inégalités, selon le Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, le coefficient de Gini (qui est un indicateur de la répartition des revenus, 0 étant l'égalité parfaite et 1 ou 100 étant l'inégalité la plus extrême) du Bélarus est l'un des plus bas du continent : 27 (Alors qu'il est de 37,2 en Estonie, 34 en Italie, 31,8 en Pologne et 23,2 en Slovaquie... mais 25,6 en Islande)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ioffe-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ioffe_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ioffe_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ioffe_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ioffe_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoffe2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ioffe, Grigory (2010). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/english/2011/12/19/ic_news_259_383078/">the original</a> on 2014-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+election+played+role+as+catalyst+for+economic+crisis%2C+expert+says&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaviny.by%2Frubrics%2Fenglish%2F2011%2F12%2F19%2Fic_news_259_383078%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/opinion/2011/04/27/ic_articles_410_173414/">Ярослав Романчук. КРИЗИС. Четыре айсберга для белорусского «Титаника»</a> (by economist <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Romanchuk" title="Jaroslav Romanchuk">Jaroslav Romanchuk</a>) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lenta.1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lenta.1_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lenta.1_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lenta.1_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lenta.ru/news/2011/03/22/nacbank/">"ЦБ Белоруссии отказался продавать банкам валюту для населения"</a>. <i>lenta.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Aug 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lenta.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A6%D0%91+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%83+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flenta.ru%2Fnews%2F2011%2F03%2F22%2Fnacbank%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt.1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt.1_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt.1_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt.1_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2011" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Andrew E. (11 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160719055304/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/12/world/europe/12belarus.html?_r=1">"Belarus Economic Crisis Deepens as Currency Plunges"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/12/world/europe/12belarus.html?_r=1">the original</a></span> on 19 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Belarus+Economic+Crisis+Deepens+as+Currency+Plunges&rft.date=2011-05-11&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F12%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F12belarus.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloomberg.1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg.1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-25/belarus-headed-for-economic-meltdown-51-ruble-plunge-vtb-capital-says.html">VTB Says Belarus Bound for Meltdown, Ruble Plunge, as Locals Hoard Fridges</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://charter97.org/en/news/2011/7/29/41077/">"Ruble-dollar black market exchange rate reaches 6,350"</a>. <i>charter97.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=charter97.org&rft.atitle=Ruble-dollar+black+market+exchange+rate+reaches+6%2C350&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcharter97.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2011%2F7%2F29%2F41077%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charter97.org/ru/news/2011/8/24/41926/">"Реакция валютчиков - доллар взлетел до 8500-9000 рублей"</a>. <i>charter97.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Aug 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=charter97.org&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+-+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%B4%D0%BE+8500-9000+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcharter97.org%2Fru%2Fnews%2F2011%2F8%2F24%2F41926%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121203202958/http://naviny.by/rubrics/english/2011/09/14/ic_news_259_376171/">"US dollar reaches 8,600 rubels at additional trading session"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/english/2011/09/14/ic_news_259_376171/">the original</a> on 2012-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+dollar+reaches+8%2C600+rubels+at+additional+trading+session&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaviny.by%2Frubrics%2Fenglish%2F2011%2F09%2F14%2Fic_news_259_376171%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbrb.by/engl/statistics/Rates/RatesDaily.asp?fromdate=2012-7-10">"Official Exchange Rate of the Belarusian Ruble Against Foreign Currencies Set on a Daily Basis – National Bank of the Republic of Belarus"</a>. <i>www.nbrb.by</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nbrb.by&rft.atitle=Official+Exchange+Rate+of+the+Belarusian+Ruble+Against+Foreign+Currencies+Set+on+a+Daily+Basis+%E2%80%93+National+Bank+of+the+Republic+of+Belarus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbrb.by%2Fengl%2Fstatistics%2FRates%2FRatesDaily.asp%3Ffromdate%3D2012-7-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation.2011-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation.2011_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wyborcza.biz/biznes/1,100896,10936099,Bialorus__Inflacja_w_2011_r__wyniosla_108_7_proc_.html">"Wyborcza.pl"</a>. <i>wyborcza.biz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wyborcza.biz&rft.atitle=Wyborcza.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwyborcza.biz%2Fbiznes%2F1%2C100896%2C10936099%2CBialorus__Inflacja_w_2011_r__wyniosla_108_7_proc_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telegraf.by/2011/06/belstat_srednjaja_zarplata_s_nachala_goda_snizilas__na_200_dollarov">"Белстат: средняя зарплата с начала года снизилась на 200 долларов"</a>. <i>telegraf.by</i>. 23 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=telegraf.by&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%3A+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0+200+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2011-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftelegraf.by%2F2011%2F06%2Fbelstat_srednjaja_zarplata_s_nachala_goda_snizilas__na_200_dollarov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-salary.05.2012-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-salary.05.2012_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInfographics2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Infographics (2013-06-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/economic/2012/06/26/ic_media_infografic_113_4177/"><bdi lang="ru">За май реальная зарплата в Беларуси выросла на 7,7%</bdi></a>. <i>NAVINY.BY – БЕЛОРУССКИЕ НОВОСТИ</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NAVINY.BY+%E2%80%93+%D0%91%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%95+%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%98&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+7%2C7%25&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft.au=Infographics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaviny.by%2Frubrics%2Feconomic%2F2012%2F06%2F26%2Fic_media_infografic_113_4177%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503230437/http://naviny.by/rubrics/english/2012/02/15/ic_news_259_387093/">"Government expects National Bank's refinance rate to decreased by half by year-end, vice premier says"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/english/2012/02/15/ic_news_259_387093/">the original</a> on 2015-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+expects+National+Bank%27s+refinance+rate+to+decreased+by+half+by+year-end%2C+vice+premier+says&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaviny.by%2Frubrics%2Fenglish%2F2012%2F02%2F15%2Fic_news_259_387093%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbrb.by/engl/statistics/refrate.asp">"National Bank of the Republic of Belarus: Refinancing Rate"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Bank+of+the+Republic+of+Belarus%3A+Refinancing+Rate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbrb.by%2Fengl%2Fstatistics%2Frefrate.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rosbalt.ru/world/2011/11/08/909813.html">"Белорусские банки на грани краха"</a>. <i>Росбалт</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.belta.by/all_news/president/Belarus-president-signs-ordinance-to-prevent-freeloading-practices_i_80714.html">the original</a> on 2015-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Pay Up. 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Но лишит льгот неработающих"</a> [Lukashenko Cancells 'Unemployment Tax' but Suspends Benefits] (in Russian). BBC. 2018-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Belarusian Telegraph Agency. 17 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+The+goal+of+Western+puppeteers+is+to+discredit+Belarus&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.belta.by%2Fpolitics%2Fview%2Fopinion-the-goal-of-western-puppeteers-is-to-discredit-belarus-133548-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2021-05-11/cost-a-police-state-belaruss-economic-problems">"The cost of a police state: Belarus's economic problems"</a>. <i>OSW Centre for Eastern Studies</i>. 2021-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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involvement of Belarus in the Russian military aggression against Ukraine"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. 8 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+sanctions+in+response+to+the+involvement+of+Belarus+in+the+Russian+military+aggression+against+Ukraine&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2022-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrade.ec.europa.eu%2Faccess-to-markets%2Fen%2Fnews%2Feu-sanctions-response-involvement-belarus-russian-military-aggression-against-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/08/03/belarus-eu-adopts-new-round-of-individual-sanctions-over-continued-human-rights-abuses-and-imposes-further-targeted-measures-in-response-to-involvement-in-russia-s-military-aggression-against-ukraine/">"Belarus: EU adopts new round of individual sanctions over continued human rights abuses and imposes further targeted measures in response to involvement in Russia's military aggression against Ukraine"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a>. 3 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belarus%3A+EU+adopts+new+round+of+individual+sanctions+over+continued+human+rights+abuses+and+imposes+further+targeted+measures+in+response+to+involvement+in+Russia%27s+military+aggression+against+Ukraine&rft.pub=Council+of+the+European+Union&rft.date=2023-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consilium.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fpress-releases%2F2023%2F08%2F03%2Fbelarus-eu-adopts-new-round-of-individual-sanctions-over-continued-human-rights-abuses-and-imposes-further-targeted-measures-in-response-to-involvement-in-russia-s-military-aggression-against-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/EN/Meta/abisz/ILO_Arbeitsmarktstatistik_e.html">What does the International labour organization (ILO) labour market statistics describe?</a>, Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723125449/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/2009/pc_publications.php">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Socio-Economic Characteristics of Population of the Republic of Belarus" (Volume 6)"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax.by/news/belarus/113685">the original</a> on 2012-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8+%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2+7+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7+%E2%80%93+%D0%92%D0%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax.by%2Fnews%2Fbelarus%2F113685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/economic/2012/02/02/ic_articles_113_176704/">Низкая безработица — фетиш белорусской власти</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://charter97.org/en/news/2008/4/2/5390/">Real unemployment rate in Belarus not less than 15 per cent</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Charter_97" title="Charter 97">Charter 97</a></i> (2 April 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ituc-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ituc_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ituc-csi.org/2021-global-rights-index?lang=en">2021 ITUC Global Rights Index: COVID-19 pandemic puts spotlight on workers' rights</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ituc.report2021-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ituc.report2021_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ituc.report2021_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.mutualcdn.com/ituc/files/ITUC_GlobalRightsIndex_2021_EN-final.pdf">2021 ITUC Global Rights Index</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kp.ru/online/news/4171592/">Жлобинский суд вынес решение по делу о забастовке на БМЗ, когда на заводе остановились печи</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fezby-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fezby_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belarus.by/en/invest/investment-climate/free-economic-zones">"Free Economic Zones in Belarus"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown&rft.atitle=Belarus+Struggles+to+Circumvent+Western+Sanctions+Against+Its+Oil+Industry&rft.date=2021-08-10&rft.au=Mateusz+Kubiak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fbelarus-struggles-to-circumvent-western-sanctions-against-its-oil-industry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАрина_Ползик2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Арина Ползик (2021-09-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/ru/smertnost-i-jeksport-zachem-belarus-skryvaet-statistiku/a-59062285">"Смертность и экспорт. Зачем Беларусь скрывает статистику"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B8+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82.+%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2021-09-03&rft.au=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fru%2Fsmertnost-i-jeksport-zachem-belarus-skryvaet-statistiku%2Fa-59062285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dw.59534803-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dw.59534803_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dw.59534803_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВадим_Шаталин2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Вадим Шаталин (2021-10-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/ru/belarus-zasekretila-15-procentov-jeksporta-v-rossiju/a-59534803">"Беларусь засекретила 15 процентов экспорта в Россию"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+15+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8E&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft.au=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fru%2Fbelarus-zasekretila-15-procentov-jeksporta-v-rossiju%2Fa-59534803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-z.3488-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-z.3488_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-z.3488_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-z.3488_131-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.zerkalo.io/life/3488.html">"Работники "Азота", БМЗ, БелЖД, "Нафтана". Что известно о задержанных, которых показали по госТВ"</a>. zerkalo.io. 2021-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%22%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%22%2C+%D0%91%D0%9C%D0%97%2C+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%96%D0%94%2C+%22%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%22.+%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%2C+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%A2%D0%92&rft.pub=zerkalo.io&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.zerkalo.io%2Flife%2F3488.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">«Но посмотрите на своих сотрудников на предприятиях. У меня есть информация, что мерзавцев несколько там еще кое-где осталось, и они ставят перед собой цель проинформировать коллективный Запад о том, как Пархомчик с Назаровым пытаются обойти санкции. Шпионят фактически и сдают информацию туда... — Сядут, и надолго. Это я прямо говорю» = "But look on your employees at your enterprises. I have the information that several scoundrels are still there, and they set themselves the goal of informing the collective West about how Parkhomchik and Nazarov are trying to circumvent the sanctions. They actually spy and pass information there... They will go to prison for a long time. I am speaking directly."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belsat.eu/ru/news/28-09-2021-na-novopolotskom-naftane-prodolzhayutsya-zaderzhaniya/">"В Новополоцке продолжаются задержания работников"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Belsat_TV" title="Belsat TV">Belsat TV</a>. 2021-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.pub=Belsat+TV&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelsat.eu%2Fru%2Fnews%2F28-09-2021-na-novopolotskom-naftane-prodolzhayutsya-zaderzhaniya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115064327/https://ej.by/news/companies/2021/09/08/kak-belorusskaya-neftehimiya-pytaetsya-oboyti-amerikanskie-sanktsii.html">"Как белорусская нефтехимия пытается обойти американские санкции"</a>. <i>Нефть и капитал</i>. 2021-09-08. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ej.by/news/companies/2021/09/08/kak-belorusskaya-neftehimiya-pytaetsya-oboyti-amerikanskie-sanktsii.html">the original</a> on 2021-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=2021-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fej.by%2Fnews%2Fcompanies%2F2021%2F09%2F08%2Fkak-belorusskaya-neftehimiya-pytaetsya-oboyti-amerikanskie-sanktsii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Belarus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Economy of Belarus">Economy of Belarus</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belarusdigest.com/category/economy">Belarus Digest – Economy </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minskherald.com/category/business/">The Minsk Herald – Economy </a></li> <li>Tariffs applied by Belarus as provided by ITC's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macmap.org/QuickSearch/FindTariff/FindTariff.aspx?subsite=open_access&country=112&source=1">ITC Market Access Map</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Europe" title="Template:Economy of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Economy of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andorra" title="Economy of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economy of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Monaco" title="Economy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_San_Marino" title="Economy of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Serbia" title="Economy of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vatican_City" title="Economy of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Abkhazia" title="Economy of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kosovo" title="Economy of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Economy of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Economy of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gibraltar" title="Economy of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Economy of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jersey" title="Economy of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Svalbard" title="Economy of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Belarus_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belarus_topics" title="Template:Belarus topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belarus_topics" title="Template talk:Belarus topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belarus_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belarus topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Belarus_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Belarus-related_topics" title="List of Belarus-related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuri" title="Neuri">Neuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphagi" title="Androphagi">Androphagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Turov" title="Principality of Turov">Principality of Turov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Belorussia" title="Western Belorussia">Western Belorussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Western_Belorussia" title="Soviet annexation of Western Belorussia">Annexation of Western Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_Western_Byelorussia_(1939-1941)" title="Sovietization of Western Byelorussia (1939-1941)">Sovietization of Western Byelorussia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus#Republic_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Republic of Belarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belarus" title="Geography of Belarus">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_largest_towns_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and largest towns in Belarus">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Belarus" title="List of extreme points of Belarus">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Belarus" title="Geology of Belarus">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Belarus" title="Protected areas of Belarus">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Belarus" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Belarus" title="List of national parks of Belarus">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Belarus" title="List of rivers of Belarus">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamps_of_Belarus" title="Swamps of Belarus">Swamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Belarus" title="Censorship in Belarus">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belarus" title="Elections in Belarus">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_of_Belarus" title="Central Election Commission of Belarus">Central Election Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belarus" title="Foreign relations of Belarus">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Belarus" title="Government of Belarus">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belarus" title="Human rights in Belarus">Human rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Belarus">LGBT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belarus" title="Law enforcement in Belarus">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">State Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Belarus)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Belarus)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops_of_Belarus" title="Internal Troops of Belarus">Internal Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya_(Belarus)" title="Militsiya (Belarus)">Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Security_Service_(Belarus)" title="Presidential Security Service (Belarus)">Presidential Security Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Belarus" title="Armed Forces of Belarus">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Belarus" title="List of political parties in Belarus">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Belarus" title="List of prime ministers of Belarus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State of Russia and Belarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Belarus" title="Agriculture in Belarus">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Belarus" title="List of banks in Belarus">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Bank of the Republic of Belarus">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belarus" title="Energy in Belarus">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Belarus" title="Industry of Belarus">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_in_relation_to_human_rights_violations_in_Belarus" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned in relation to human rights violations in Belarus">International sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Currency_and_Stock_Exchange" title="Belarusian Currency and Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belarus" title="Transport in Belarus">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Belarus" title="Category:Society of Belarus">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belarus" title="Demographics of Belarus">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Belarus" title="Healthcare in Belarus">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Belarus" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Belarus">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_folk_dance" title="Belarusian folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Belarus" title="Mass media in Belarus">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Belarus" title="National symbols of Belarus">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Belarus" title="Public holidays in Belarus">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Belarus" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Belarus">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" 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