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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="التسلسل الزمني للغات البرمجة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التسلسل الزمني للغات البرمجة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hronologija_programskih_jezika" title="Hronologija programskih jezika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hronologija programskih jezika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeittafel_der_Programmiersprachen" title="Zeittafel der Programmiersprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zeittafel der Programmiersprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Cronolog%C3%ADa_de_los_lenguajes_de_programaci%C3%B3n" title="Anexo:Cronología de los lenguajes de programación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Cronología de los lenguajes de programación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_des_langages_de_programmation" title="Chronologie des langages de programmation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chronologie des langages de programmation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रोग्रामन भाषाओं की समयरेखा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रोग्रामन भाषाओं की समयरेखा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vremenska_ljestvica_razvitka_programskih_jezika" title="Vremenska ljestvica razvitka programskih jezika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vremenska ljestvica razvitka programskih jezika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendice:Lista_de_linguages_de_programmation" title="Appendice:Lista de linguages de programmation – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Appendice:Lista de linguages de programmation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_dei_linguaggi_di_programmazione" title="Cronologia dei linguaggi di programmazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cronologia dei linguaggi di programmazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidslinje_over_programmeringsspr%C3%A5k" title="Tidslinje over programmeringsspråk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tidslinje over programmeringsspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хронология языков программирования – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хронология языков программирования" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Хронологія мов програмування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хронологія мов програмування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B7%9A" title="程序語言時間線 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="程序語言時間線" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q186936#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Timeline of programming languages">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <p>This is a record of notable <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, by decade. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-1950">Pre-1950</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre-1950"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1804 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacquard_machine" title="Jacquard machine">Jacquard machine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Jacquard" title="Joseph Marie Jacquard">Joseph Marie Jacquard</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1879 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Begriffsschrift" title="Begriffsschrift">Begriffsschrift</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943–45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plankalk%C3%BCl" title="Plankalkül">Plankalkül</a> (year of conceptualization) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943–46 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC coding system </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Mauchly" title="John Mauchly">John Mauchly</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a> after <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>. The first programmers of ENIAC were <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Antonelli" title="Kathleen Antonelli">Kay McNulty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bartik" title="Jean Bartik">Betty Jennings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Holberton" title="Betty Holberton">Betty Snyder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlyn_Wescoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlyn Wescoff">Marlyn Meltzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Spence" title="Frances Spence">Fran Bilas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Teitelbaum" title="Ruth Teitelbaum">Ruth Lichterman</a>. </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ENIAC#Programming_languages" title="ENIAC">ENIAC Short Code</a> </td> <td>Richard Clippinger and <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> after <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947–52 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Booth#Career" title="Kathleen Booth">ARC/Birkbeck Assembler</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Booth" title="Kathleen Booth">Kathleen Booth</a> </td> <td>ENIAC Short Code<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plankalk%C3%BCl" title="Plankalkül">Plankalkül</a> (year of concept publication) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EDSAC#System_software" title="EDSAC">EDSAC Initial Orders</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Wheeler_(computer_scientist)" title="David Wheeler (computer scientist)">David Wheeler</a> </td> <td>ENIAC coding system </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Short_Code_(computer_language)" title="Short Code (computer language)">Short Code</a> (originally known as Brief Code) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Mauchly" title="John Mauchly">John Mauchly</a> and William F. Schmitt </td> <td>ENIAC Short Code </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1950s">1950s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Short_Code_(computer_language)" title="Short Code (computer language)">Short Code</a> (for UNIVAC I) </td> <td>William F. Schmitt </td> <td>Short Code </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Superplan" title="Superplan">Superplan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Rutishauser" title="Heinz Rutishauser">Heinz Rutishauser</a> </td> <td>Plankalkül </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>ALGAE </td> <td>Edward A. Voorhees and Karl Balke </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>Intermediate Programming Language </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Burks" title="Arthur Burks">Arthur Burks</a> </td> <td>Short Code </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>Boehm unnamed coding system </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corrado_B%C3%B6hm" title="Corrado Böhm">Corrado Böhm</a> </td> <td>CPC Coding scheme </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>Klammerausdrücke </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a> </td> <td>Plankalkül </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>Stanislaus (Notation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_L._Bauer" title="Friedrich L. Bauer">Fritz Bauer</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sort_Merge_Generator" title="Sort Merge Generator">Sort Merge Generator</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Betty_Holberton" title="Betty Holberton">Betty Holberton</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Short_Code_(computer_language)" title="Short Code (computer language)">Short Code</a> (for UNIVAC II) </td> <td>Albert B. Tonik,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J. R. Logan </td> <td>Short Code (for UNIVAC I) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A-0_System" title="A-0 System">A-0</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a> </td> <td>Short Code </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Autocode" title="Autocode">Glennie Autocode</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alick_Glennie" title="Alick Glennie">Alick Glennie</a> after <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> </td> <td>CPC Coding scheme </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td>Operator programming </td> <td>Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov with the participation <a href="/wiki/Kateryna_Yushchenko_(scientist)" title="Kateryna Yushchenko (scientist)">Kateryna Yushchenko</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MESM" title="MESM">MESM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td>Editing Generator </td> <td>Milly Koss </td> <td>SORT/MERGE </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td>COMPOOL </td> <td>RAND/SDC </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Speedcoding" title="Speedcoding">Speedcoding</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John W. Backus</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td>READ/PRINT </td> <td>Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laning_and_Zierler_system" title="Laning and Zierler system">Laning and Zierler system</a> </td> <td>Laning, Zierler, Adams at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> <a href="/wiki/Whirlwind_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whirlwind (computer)">Project Whirlwind</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Autocode" title="Autocode">Mark I Autocode</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tony_Brooker" title="Tony Brooker">Tony Brooker</a> </td> <td>Glennie Autocode </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954–55 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">FORTRAN</a> (concept) </td> <td>Team led by <a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John W. Backus</a> at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> </td> <td>Speedcoding </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ARITH-MATIC" title="ARITH-MATIC">ARITH-MATIC</a> </td> <td>Team led by <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a> at UNIVAC </td> <td>A-0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MATH-MATIC" title="MATH-MATIC">MATH-MATIC</a> </td> <td>Team led by Charles Katz </td> <td>A-0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td>MATRIX MATH </td> <td>H G Kahrimanian </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Language" title="Information Processing Language">IPL I</a> (concept) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Shaw" title="Cliff Shaw">Cliff Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Address_(programming_language)" title="Address (programming language)">Address programming language</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kateryna_Yushchenko_(scientist)" title="Kateryna Yushchenko (scientist)">Kateryna Yushchenko</a> </td> <td>Operator programming – Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov & <a href="/wiki/Kateryna_Yushchenko_(scientist)" title="Kateryna Yushchenko (scientist)">Kateryna Yushchenko</a> & <a href="/wiki/MESM" title="MESM">MESM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FLOW-MATIC" title="FLOW-MATIC">FLOW-MATIC</a> </td> <td>Team led by <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a> at UNIVAC </td> <td>A-0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td>BACAIC </td> <td>M. Grems and R. Porter </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PACT_I" class="mw-redirect" title="PACT I">PACT I</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SHARE_(computing)" title="SHARE (computing)">SHARE</a> </td> <td>FORTRAN, A-2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td>Freiburger Code<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955–56 </td> <td>Sequentielle Formelübersetzung </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_L._Bauer" title="Friedrich L. Bauer">Fritz Bauer</a> and Karl Samelson </td> <td>Boehm </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955–56 </td> <td>IT </td> <td>Team led by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Perlis" title="Alan Perlis">Alan Perlis</a> </td> <td>Laning and Zierler </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td>PRINT </td> <td>IBM </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Language" title="Information Processing Language">IPL II</a> (implementation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Shaw" title="Cliff Shaw">Cliff Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> </td> <td>IPL I </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956–58 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">LISP</a> (concept) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a> </td> <td>IPL </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/COMTRAN" title="COMTRAN">COMTRAN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bob_Bemer" title="Bob Bemer">Bob Bemer</a> </td> <td>FLOW-MATIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GEORGE_(programming_language)" title="GEORGE (programming language)">GEORGE</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leonard_Hamblin" title="Charles Leonard Hamblin">Charles Leonard Hamblin</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FORTRAN_I" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN I">FORTRAN I</a> (implementation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John W. Backus</a> at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> </td> <td>FORTRAN </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957–58 </td> <td>UNICODE </td> <td>Remington Rand UNIVAC </td> <td>MATH-MATIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/COMIT" title="COMIT">COMIT</a> (concept) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victor_Yngve" title="Victor Yngve">Victor Yngve</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortran#FORTRAN_II" title="Fortran">FORTRAN II</a> </td> <td>Team led by <a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John W. Backus</a> at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> </td> <td>FORTRAN I </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a> (IAL) </td> <td>ACM/GAMM </td> <td>FORTRAN, IT, Sequentielle Formelübersetzung </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Language" title="Information Processing Language">IPL V</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Shaw" title="Cliff Shaw">Cliff Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> </td> <td>IPL II </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/APT_(programming_language)" title="APT (programming language)">APT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_T._Ross" title="Douglas T. Ross">Douglas T. Ross</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FACT_computer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="FACT computer language">FACT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fletcher_R._Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Fletcher R. Jones">Fletcher R. Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Nutt" title="Roy Nutt">Roy Nutt</a>, Robert L. Patrick </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> (concept) </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/CODASYL" title="CODASYL">CODASYL</a> Committee </td> <td>FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN, FACT </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JOVIAL" title="JOVIAL">JOVIAL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jules_Schwartz" title="Jules Schwartz">Jules Schwartz</a> at <a href="/wiki/System_Development_Corporation" title="System Development Corporation">SDC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">LISP</a> (implementation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steve_Russell_(computer_scientist)" title="Steve Russell (computer scientist)">Steve Russell</a> </td> <td>IPL </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MAD_(programming_language)" title="MAD (programming language)">MAD – Michigan Algorithm Decoder</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Arden" title="Bruce Arden">Bruce Arden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Galler" title="Bernard Galler">Bernard Galler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Graham_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert M. Graham (computer scientist)">Robert M. Graham</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TRAC_(programming_language)" title="TRAC (programming language)">TRAC</a> (concept) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Mooers" title="Calvin Mooers">Calvin Mooers</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1960s">1960s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>ALGOL 58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> 61 (implementation) </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/CODASYL" title="CODASYL">CODASYL</a> Committee </td> <td>FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/COMIT" title="COMIT">COMIT</a> (implementation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victor_Yngve" title="Victor Yngve">Victor Yngve</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GPSS" title="GPSS">GPSS</a> </td> <td>Geoffrey Gordon, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortran#FORTRAN_IV" title="Fortran">FORTRAN IV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> </td> <td>FORTRAN II </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a> (concept) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a> (concept) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Ole-Johan Dahl</a> (mostly) </td> <td>ALGOL 60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SNOBOL" title="SNOBOL">SNOBOL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Griswold" title="Ralph Griswold">Ralph Griswold</a>, <i>et al.</i> </td> <td>FORTRAN II, COMIT </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CPL_(programming_language)" title="CPL (programming language)">Combined Programming Language</a> (CPL) (concept) </td> <td>Barron, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Strachey" title="Christopher Strachey">Christopher Strachey</a>, <i>et al.</i> </td> <td>ALGOL 60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SNOBOL" title="SNOBOL">SNOBOL</a>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Griswold" title="Ralph Griswold">Griswold</a>, <i>et al.</i> </td> <td>SNOBOL </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a> (concept) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_van_Wijngaarden" title="Adriaan van Wijngaarden">Adriaan van Wijngaarden</a>, <i>et al.</i> </td> <td>ALGOL 60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JOSS" title="JOSS">JOSS</a> I </td> <td>Cliff Shaw, <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND</a> </td> <td>ALGOL 58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MIMIC" title="MIMIC">MIMIC</a> </td> <td>H. E. Petersen, <i>et al.</i> </td> <td>MIDAS </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/COWSEL" title="COWSEL">COWSEL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rod_Burstall" title="Rod Burstall">Rod Burstall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Popplestone" title="Robin Popplestone">Robin Popplestone</a> </td> <td>CPL, LISP </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a> (concept) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> </td> <td>ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basic_Assembly_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Assembly Language">Basic Assembly Language</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> </td> <td>Assembly language </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_George_Kemeny" class="mw-redirect" title="John George Kemeny">John George Kemeny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Kurtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz">Thomas Eugene Kurtz</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> </td> <td>FORTRAN II, JOSS </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_RPG" title="IBM RPG">IBM RPG</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> </td> <td>FARGO </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MARK_IV_(software)" title="MARK IV (software)">Mark-IV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Software" title="Sterling Software">Informatics</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy_(computational_environment)" title="Speakeasy (computational environment)">Speakeasy-2</a> </td> <td>Stanley Cohen at <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a> </td> <td>Speakeasy </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TRAC_(programming_language)" title="TRAC (programming language)">TRAC</a> (implementation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Mooers" title="Calvin Mooers">Calvin Mooers</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P%E2%80%B2%E2%80%B2" title="P′′">P′′</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corrado_B%C3%B6hm" title="Corrado Böhm">Corrado Böhm</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IITRAN" title="IITRAN">IITRAN</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RPG_II" class="mw-redirect" title="RPG II">RPG II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=FARGO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FARGO (page does not exist)">FARGO</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_RPG" title="IBM RPG">RPG</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MAD_(programming_language)" title="MAD (programming language)">MAD/I</a> (concept) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MAD_(programming_language)" title="MAD (programming language)">MAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a>, <a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TELCOMP" title="TELCOMP">TELCOMP</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">BBN</a> </td> <td>JOSS </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Autocode" title="Atlas Autocode">Atlas Autocode</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tony_Brooker" title="Tony Brooker">Tony Brooker</a>, Derrick Morris at <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester University">Manchester University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autocode" title="Autocode">Autocode</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PL360" title="PL360">PL360</a> (concept) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_Systems_Problem_Oriented_Language" title="Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language">ESPOL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JOSS" title="JOSS">JOSS II</a> </td> <td>Chuck Baker, <a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> </td> <td>JOSS I </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_W" title="ALGOL W">ALGOL W</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._A._R._Hoare" class="mw-redirect" title="C. A. R. Hoare">C. A. R. Hoare</a> </td> <td>ALGOL 60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FORTRAN_66" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN 66">FORTRAN 66</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a> and his team </td> <td>FORTRAN IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISWIM" title="ISWIM">ISWIM</a> (concept) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Landin" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter J. Landin">Peter J. Landin</a> </td> <td>LISP </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CORAL" title="CORAL">CORAL</a> 66 </td> <td>I. F. Currie, M. Griffiths </td> <td>ALGOL 60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a> (implementation)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BCPL" title="BCPL">BCPL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Richards_(computer_scientist)" title="Martin Richards (computer scientist)">Martin Richards</a> </td> <td>CPL </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MUMPS" title="MUMPS">MUMPS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a> </td> <td>FORTRAN, TELCOMP </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a> 67 (implementation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Ole-Johan Dahl</a>, Bjørn Myhrhaug, <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard">Kristen Nygaard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Computing_Center" title="Norwegian Computing Center">Norsk Regnesentral</a> </td> <td>ALGOL 60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interlisp" title="Interlisp">Interlisp</a> </td> <td>D.G. Bobrow and D.L. Murphy </td> <td>Lisp </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EXAPT" title="EXAPT">EXAPT</a> </td> <td>Herwart Opitz, Wilhelm Simon, Günter Spur, and Gottfried Stute at <a href="/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_University" title="RWTH Aachen University">RWTH Aachen University</a> and <a href="/wiki/TU_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="TU Berlin">TU Berlin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/APT_(programming_language)" title="APT (programming language)">APT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SNOBOL" title="SNOBOL">SNOBOL</a>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Griswold" title="Ralph Griswold">Ralph Griswold</a>, <i>et al.</i> </td> <td>SNOBOL3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/XPL" title="XPL">XPL</a> </td> <td>William M. McKeeman, <i>et al.</i> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jim_Horning" title="Jim Horning">J. J. Horning</a>, <i>et al.</i> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> </td> <td>PL/I </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a> (<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Information_Processing" title="International Federation for Information Processing">IFIP</a> standard) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_van_Wijngaarden" title="Adriaan van Wijngaarden">Adriaan van Wijngaarden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_J._Mailloux" title="Barry J. Mailloux">Barry J. Mailloux</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_E._L._Peck" title="John E. L. Peck">John E. L. Peck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_H._A._Koster" title="Cornelis H. A. Koster">Cornelis H. A. Koster</a>, <i>et al.</i> </td> <td>ALGOL 60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/COWSEL" title="COWSEL">POP-1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rod_Burstall" title="Rod Burstall">Rod Burstall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_Popplestone" title="Robin Popplestone">Robin Popplestone</a> </td> <td>COWSEL </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DIBOL" title="DIBOL">DIBOL</a>-8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> </td> <td>DIBOL </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a> (concept) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Moore" title="Charles H. Moore">Moore</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wally_Feurzeig" title="Wally Feurzeig">Wally Feurzeig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Solomon" title="Cynthia Solomon">Cynthia Solomon</a> </td> <td>LISP </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MAPPER" title="MAPPER">MAPPER</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys</a> </td> <td>CRT RPS </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/REFAL" class="mw-redirect" title="REFAL">REFAL</a> (implementation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Turchin" title="Valentin Turchin">Valentin Turchin</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TTM_(programming_language)" title="TTM (programming language)">TTM</a> (implementation) </td> <td>Steven Caine and E. Kent Gordon, <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> </td> <td>GAP, GPM </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PILOT" title="PILOT">PILOT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Amsden_Starkweather" title="John Amsden Starkweather">John Amsden Starkweather</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Francisco" title="University of California, San Francisco">University of California, San Francisco</a> </td> <td>Computest </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PL360" title="PL360">PL360</a> (implementation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_Systems_Problem_Oriented_Language" title="Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language">ESPOL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_PL/S" title="IBM PL/S">PL/S</a> (as Basic Systems Language) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> </td> <td>Assembly language </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PL/I" title="PL/I">PL/I</a> (implementation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> </td> <td>ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B_(programming_language)" title="B (programming language)">B</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>, with contributions from <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polymorphic_Programming_Language" title="Polymorphic Programming Language">Polymorphic Programming Language</a> (PPL) </td> <td>Thomas A. Standish at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SETL" title="SETL">SETL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schwartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Schwartz">Jack Schwartz</a> at <a href="/wiki/Courant_Institute_of_Mathematical_Sciences" title="Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences">Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences</a> </td> <td>ALGOL 60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TUTOR" title="TUTOR">TUTOR</a> </td> <td>Paul Tenczar & <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_IMP" title="Edinburgh IMP">Edinburgh IMP</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh University">Edinburgh University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autocode" title="Autocode">Autocode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Autocode" title="Atlas Autocode">Atlas Autocode</a> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1970s">1970s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a> (implementation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Moore" title="Charles H. Moore">Charles H. Moore</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/POP-2" title="POP-2">POP-2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robin_Popplestone" title="Robin Popplestone">Robin Popplestone</a> </td> <td>POP-1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAIL_(programming_language)" title="SAIL (programming language)">SAIL</a> </td> <td>Dan Swinehart, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Sproull" title="Bob Sproull">Bob Sproull</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a>, Kathleen Jensen </td> <td>ALGOL 60, <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_W" title="ALGOL W">ALGOL W</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BLISS" title="BLISS">BLISS</a> </td> <td>Wulf, Russell, Habermann at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/KRL_(programming_language)" title="KRL (programming language)">KRL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_G._Bobrow" title="Daniel G. Bobrow">Daniel G. Bobrow</a> at <a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox PARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Winograd" title="Terry Winograd">Terry Winograd</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> </td> <td>KM, FRL (MIT) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Compiler_Description_Language" title="Compiler Description Language">Compiler Description Language</a> (CDL) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_H.A._Koster" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelis H.A. Koster">Cornelis H.A. Koster</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nijmegen" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nijmegen">University of Nijmegen</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>-72 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adele_Goldberg_(computer_scientist)" title="Adele Goldberg (computer scientist)">Adele Goldberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Ingalls" title="Dan Ingalls">Dan Ingalls</a>, <a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox PARC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a> 67 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PL/M" title="PL/M">PL/M</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Kildall" title="Gary Kildall">Gary Kildall</a> at <a href="/wiki/Digital_Research" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> </td> <td>PL/I, ALGOL, XPL </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> </td> <td>B, BCPL, <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/INTERCAL" title="INTERCAL">INTERCAL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Don_Woods_(programmer)" title="Don Woods (programmer)">Don Woods</a>, James M. Lyon </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alain_Colmerauer" title="Alain Colmerauer">Alain Colmerauer</a> </td> <td>2-level W-Grammar </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td>Structured Query language (<a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> </td> <td>ALPHA, Quel (Ingres) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SASL_(programming_language)" title="SASL (programming language)">SASL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Turner_(computer_scientist)" title="David Turner (computer scientist)">David Turner</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISWIM" title="ISWIM">ISWIM</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/COMAL" title="COMAL">COMAL</a> </td> <td>Børge Christensen, Benedict Løfstedt </td> <td>Pascal, BASIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robin_Milner" title="Robin Milner">Robin Milner</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/LIS_(programming_language)" title="LIS (programming language)">LIS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ichbiah" title="Jean Ichbiah">Jean Ichbiah</a> <i>et al.</i> at <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Bull" title="Groupe Bull">CII Honeywell Bull</a> </td> <td>Pascal, Sue </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy_(computational_environment)" title="Speakeasy (computational environment)">Speakeasy-3</a> </td> <td>Stanley Cohen, Steven Pieper at <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a> </td> <td>Speakeasy-2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">CLU</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Liskov" title="Barbara Liskov">Barbara Liskov</a> </td> <td>ALGOL 60, Lisp, Simula </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GRASS_(programming_language)" title="GRASS (programming language)">GRASS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a> </td> <td>BASIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MAI_Basic_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="MAI Basic Four">BASIC FOUR</a> </td> <td>MAI BASIC Four Inc. </td> <td>Business BASIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PROSE_modeling_language" title="PROSE modeling language">PROSE modeling language</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CDC_6600" title="CDC 6600">CDC 6600</a> Cybernet Services </td> <td>SLANG, FORTRAN </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sed" title="Sed">sed</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lee_E._McMahon" title="Lee E. McMahon">Lee E. McMahon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ed_(text_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed (text editor)">ed</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a> </td> <td>Leo Geurts and <a href="/wiki/Lambert_Meertens" title="Lambert Meertens">Lambert Meertens</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SETL" title="SETL">SETL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PROSE_modeling_language" title="PROSE modeling language">PROSE modeling language</a> Time-Sharing Version </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CDC_6400" class="mw-redirect" title="CDC 6400">CDC 6400</a> Cybernet KRONOS Services </td> <td>SLANG, FORTRAN </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Jay_Sussman" title="Gerald Jay Sussman">Gerald Jay Sussman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a> </td> <td>LISP </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Altair_BASIC" title="Altair BASIC">Altair BASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Allen" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a> </td> <td>BASIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modula" title="Modula">Modula</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a> </td> <td>Pascal </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>-76 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox PARC</a> </td> <td>Smalltalk-72 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesa_(programming_language)" title="Mesa (programming language)">Mesa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox PARC</a> </td> <td>ALGOL </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ratfor" title="Ratfor">Ratfor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a> </td> <td>C, FORTRAN </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S_(programming_language)" title="S (programming language)">S</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Chambers_(programmer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Chambers (programmer)">John Chambers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> </td> <td>APL, PPL, Scheme </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAS_language" title="SAS language">SAS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAS_Institute" title="SAS Institute">SAS Institute</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Integer_BASIC" title="Integer BASIC">Integer BASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a> </td> <td>BASIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FP_(programming_language)" title="FP (programming language)">FP</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bourne_shell" title="Bourne shell">Bourne Shell</a> (<i>sh</i>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bourne" title="Stephen R. Bourne">Stephen R. Bourne</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commodore_BASIC" title="Commodore BASIC">Commodore BASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jack_Tramiel" title="Jack Tramiel">Jack Tramiel</a> </td> <td>BASIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IDL_(programming_language)" title="IDL (programming language)">IDL</a> </td> <td>David Stern of Research Systems Inc </td> <td>Fortran </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MUMPS" title="MUMPS">Standard MUMPS</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>MUMPS </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Icon_(programming_language)" title="Icon (programming language)">Icon</a> (concept) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Griswold" title="Ralph Griswold">Ralph Griswold</a> </td> <td>SNOBOL </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(programming_language)" title="Euclid (programming language)">Euclid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Butler_Lampson" title="Butler Lampson">Butler Lampson</a> at <a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox PARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ric_Holt" title="Ric Holt">Ric Holt</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Cordy" title="James Cordy">James Cordy</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Applesoft_BASIC" title="Applesoft BASIC">Applesoft BASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marc_McDonald" title="Marc McDonald">Marc McDonald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ric_Weiland" title="Ric Weiland">Ric Weiland</a> </td> <td>BASIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Freddy_II" title="Freddy II">RAPT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pat_Ambler" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Ambler">Pat Ambler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Popplestone" title="Robin Popplestone">Robin Popplestone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/APT_(programming_language)" title="APT (programming language)">APT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_shell" title="C shell">C shell</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RPG_III" class="mw-redirect" title="RPG III">RPG III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=FARGO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FARGO (page does not exist)">FARGO</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_RPG" title="IBM RPG">RPG</a>, <a href="/wiki/RPG_II" class="mw-redirect" title="RPG II">RPG II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HAL/S" title="HAL/S">HAL/S</a> </td> <td>designed by Intermetrics for NASA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/XPL" title="XPL">XPL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Applesoft_BASIC" title="Applesoft BASIC">Applesoft II BASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marc_McDonald" title="Marc McDonald">Marc McDonald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ric_Weiland" title="Ric Weiland">Ric Weiland</a> </td> <td>Applesoft BASIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleve_Moler" title="Cleve Moler">Cleve Moler</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico" title="University of New Mexico">University of New Mexico</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SMALL" title="SMALL">SMALL</a> </td> <td>Nevil Brownlee at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Auckland" title="University of Auckland">University of Auckland</a> </td> <td>Algol60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VisiCalc" title="VisiCalc">VisiCalc</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bricklin" title="Dan Bricklin">Dan Bricklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Frankston" title="Bob Frankston">Bob Frankston</a> marketed by <a href="/wiki/VisiCorp" title="VisiCorp">VisiCorp</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TI_BASIC_(TI_99/4A)" title="TI BASIC (TI 99/4A)">TI BASIC (TI 99/4A)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a> </td> <td>Modula, Mesa </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/REXX" class="mw-redirect" title="REXX">REXX</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mike_Cowlishaw" title="Mike Cowlishaw">Mike Cowlishaw</a> at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> </td> <td>PL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">AWK</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Aho" title="Alfred Aho">Alfred Aho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Weinberger" title="Peter J. Weinberger">Peter J. Weinberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a> </td> <td>C, SNOBOL </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Icon_(programming_language)" title="Icon (programming language)">Icon</a> (implementation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Griswold" title="Ralph Griswold">Ralph Griswold</a> </td> <td>SNOBOL </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DBase" title="DBase">Vulcan dBase-II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Ratliff" title="Wayne Ratliff">Wayne Ratliff</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RETRIEVE" title="RETRIEVE">RETRIEVE</a> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980s">1980s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Lamport" title="Leslie Lamport">Leslie Lamport</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada 80</a> (MIL-STD-1815) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ichbiah" title="Jean Ichbiah">Jean Ichbiah</a> at <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Bull" title="Groupe Bull">CII Honeywell Bull</a> </td> <td>ALGOL 68, Green </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C with classes</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>C, Simula 67 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Applesoft_BASIC" title="Applesoft BASIC">Applesoft III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> </td> <td>Applesoft II BASIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Applesoft_BASIC" title="Applesoft BASIC">Apple III Microsoft BASIC</a> </td> <td>Microsoft </td> <td>Microsoft BASIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980–81 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CBASIC" title="CBASIC">CBASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Eubanks" title="Gordon Eubanks">Gordon Eubanks</a> </td> <td>BASIC, Compiler Systems, Digital Research </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>-80 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adele_Goldberg_(computer_scientist)" title="Adele Goldberg (computer scientist)">Adele Goldberg</a> at <a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox PARC</a> </td> <td>Smalltalk-76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TI_Extended_BASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="TI Extended BASIC">TI Extended BASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TI_BASIC_(TI_99/4A)" title="TI BASIC (TI 99/4A)">TI BASIC (TI 99/4A)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BBC_BASIC" title="BBC BASIC">BBC BASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acorn_Computers" title="Acorn Computers">Acorn Computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Wilson" title="Sophie Wilson">Sophie Wilson</a> </td> <td>BASIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_BASICA" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM BASICA">IBM BASICA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td> <td>BASIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy_(computational_environment)" title="Speakeasy (computational environment)">Speakeasy-IV</a> </td> <td>Stanley Cohen, <i>et al.</i> at Speakeasy Computing Corporation </td> <td>Speakeasy-3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Draco_(programming_language)" title="Draco (programming language)">Draco</a> </td> <td>Chris Gray </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Warnock" title="John Warnock">Warnock</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/InterPress" class="mw-redirect" title="InterPress">InterPress</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turing_(programming_language)" title="Turing (programming language)">Turing</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ric_Holt" title="Ric Holt">Ric Holt</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Cordy" title="James Cordy">James Cordy</a>, at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(programming_language)" title="Euclid (programming language)">Euclid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GW-BASIC" title="GW-BASIC">GW-BASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_BASICA" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM BASICA">IBM BASICA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turbo_Pascal" title="Turbo Pascal">Turbo Pascal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anders_Hejlsberg" title="Anders Hejlsberg">Hejlsberg</a> at <a href="/wiki/Borland" title="Borland">Borland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada 83</a> (ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ichbiah" title="Jean Ichbiah">Jean Ichbiah</a> at <a href="/wiki/Alsys" title="Alsys">Alsys</a> </td> <td>Ada 80, Green </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brad_Cox" title="Brad Cox">Brad Cox</a> </td> <td>Smalltalk, C </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a><sup id="cite_ref-invention3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-invention3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a> </td> <td>C with Classes </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/True_BASIC" title="True BASIC">True BASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_George_Kemeny" class="mw-redirect" title="John George Kemeny">John George Kemeny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Kurtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Eugene Kurtz">Thomas Eugene Kurtz</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> </td> <td>BASIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Occam_(programming_language)" title="Occam (programming language)">occam</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_May_(computer_scientist)" title="David May (computer scientist)">David May</a> </td> <td>EPL </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ABAP" title="ABAP">ABAP</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAP_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP AG">SAP AG</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/KornShell" title="KornShell">KornShell</a> (<i>ksh</i>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Korn_(computer_scientist)" title="David Korn (computer scientist)">David Korn</a> </td> <td>sh </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clascal" title="Clascal">Clascal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clipper_(programming_language)" title="Clipper (programming language)">CLIPPER</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nantucket,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantucket, Massachusetts">Nantucket</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DBase" title="DBase">dBase</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guy_L._Steele,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Guy L. Steele, Jr.">Guy L. Steele, Jr.</a> and many others </td> <td>LISP </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coq_(software)" title="Coq (software)">Coq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/INRIA" class="mw-redirect" title="INRIA">INRIA</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RPL_(programming_language)" title="RPL (programming language)">RPL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>ML </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Core_War" title="Core War">Redcode</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dewdney" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Dewdney">Alexander Dewdney</a> and <a href="/wiki/D._G._Jones" title="D. G. Jones">D.G. Jones</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_Programming_Language" title="Open Programming Language">OPL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Psion_(company)" title="Psion (company)">Psion</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paradox_(database)" title="Paradox (database)">PARADOX</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borland" title="Borland">Borland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DBase" title="DBase">dBase</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/QuickBASIC" title="QuickBASIC">QuickBASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clarion_(programming_language)" title="Clarion (programming language)">Clarion</a> </td> <td>Bruce Barrington </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CorVision" title="CorVision">CorVision</a> </td> <td>Cortex </td> <td>INFORM </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Meyer" title="Bertrand Meyer">Bertrand Meyer</a> </td> <td>Simula 67, Ada </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GFA_BASIC" title="GFA BASIC">GFA BASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ostrowski" title="Frank Ostrowski">Frank Ostrowski</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_Informix-4GL" title="IBM Informix-4GL">Informix-4GL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_Informix" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Informix">Informix</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/LabVIEW" title="LabVIEW">LabVIEW</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Instruments" title="National Instruments">National Instruments</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(programming_language)" title="Miranda (programming language)">Miranda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Turner_(computer_scientist)" title="David Turner (computer scientist)">David Turner</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SASL_(programming_language)" title="SASL (programming language)">SASL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> </td> <td>Pascal </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PROMAL" title="PROMAL">PROMAL</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joe_Armstrong_(programmer)" title="Joe Armstrong (programmer)">Joe Armstrong</a> and others in <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PLEX_(programming_language)" title="PLEX (programming language)">PLEX</a>, Prolog </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada ISO 8652:1987</a> </td> <td>ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A unchanged </td> <td>Ada 83 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Self_(programming_language)" title="Self (programming language)">Self</a> (concept) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> Inc. </td> <td>Smalltalk </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Occam_(programming_language)" title="Occam (programming language)">occam 2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_May_(computer_scientist)" title="David May (computer scientist)">David May</a> and <a href="/wiki/INMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="INMOS">INMOS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Occam_(programming_language)" title="Occam (programming language)">occam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HyperTalk" title="HyperTalk">HyperTalk</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clean_(programming_language)" title="Clean (programming language)">Clean</a> </td> <td>Software Technology Research Group of <a href="/wiki/Radboud_University_Nijmegen" title="Radboud University Nijmegen">Radboud University Nijmegen</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larry_Wall" title="Larry Wall">Larry Wall</a> </td> <td>C, sed, awk, sh </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(programming_language)" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a> </td> <td>Modula-2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turbo_Basic" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo Basic">Turbo Basic</a> </td> <td>Robert 'Bob' Zale </td> <td>BASIC/Z </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Language" title="Wolfram Language">Wolfram Language</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Research" title="Wolfram Research">Wolfram Research</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">Octave</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Ousterhout" title="John Ousterhout">John Ousterhout</a> </td> <td>Awk, Lisp </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/STOS_BASIC" title="STOS BASIC">STOS BASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lionet" title="François Lionet">François Lionet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Sotiropoulos" title="Constantin Sotiropoulos">Constantin Sotiropoulos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actor_(programming_language)" title="Actor (programming language)">Actor</a> </td> <td>Charles Duff, the Whitewater Group </td> <td>Forth, Smalltalk </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Object_REXX" title="Object REXX">Object REXX</a> </td> <td>Simon C. Nash </td> <td>REXX, Smalltalk </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SPARK_(programming_language)" title="SPARK (programming language)">SPARK</a> </td> <td>Bernard A. Carré </td> <td>Ada </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A%2B_(programming_language)" title="A+ (programming language)">A+</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Whitney_(computer_scientist)" title="Arthur Whitney (computer scientist)">Arthur Whitney</a> </td> <td>APL, A </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_C_shell" title="Hamilton C shell">Hamilton C shell</a> </td> <td>Nicole Hamilton </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_shell" title="C shell">C shell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988–1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">C90</a> </td> <td>C90 ISO/IEC 9899:1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turbo_Pascal#Object-oriented_programming" title="Turbo Pascal">Turbo Pascal OOP</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anders_Hejlsberg" title="Anders Hejlsberg">Anders Hejlsberg</a> at <a href="/wiki/Borland" title="Borland">Borland</a> </td> <td>Turbo Pascal, Object Pascal </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modula-3" title="Modula-3">Modula-3</a> </td> <td>Cardeli, et al. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olivetti" title="Olivetti">Olivetti</a> </td> <td>Modula-2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PowerBASIC" title="PowerBASIC">PowerBASIC</a> </td> <td>Robert 'Bob' Zale </td> <td>Turbo Basic </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VisSim" title="VisSim">VisSim</a> </td> <td>Peter Darnell, Visual Solutions </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/LPC_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="LPC (programming language)">LPC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lars_Pensj%C3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Lars Pensjö">Lars Pensjö</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brian_Fox_(computer_programmer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Fox (computer programmer)">Brian Fox</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bourne_shell" title="Bourne shell">Bourne shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_shell" title="C shell">C shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/KornShell" title="KornShell">KornShell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magik_(programming_language)" title="Magik (programming language)">Magik</a> </td> <td>Arthur Chance, of <a href="/wiki/Smallworld" title="Smallworld">Smallworld</a> Systems Ltd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1990s">1990s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sather" title="Sather">Sather</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steve_Omohundro" title="Steve Omohundro">Steve Omohundro</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AMOS_(programming_language)" title="AMOS (programming language)">AMOS BASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lionet" title="François Lionet">François Lionet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Sotiropoulos" title="Constantin Sotiropoulos">Constantin Sotiropoulos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/STOS_BASIC" title="STOS BASIC">STOS BASIC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AMPL" title="AMPL">AMPL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fourer" title="Robert Fourer">Robert Fourer</a>, David Gay and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Object_Oberon" title="Object Oberon">Object Oberon</a> </td> <td>H Mössenböck, J Templ, R Griesemer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(programming_language)" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J_(programming_language)" title="J (programming language)">J</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hui" title="Roger Hui">Roger Hui</a> at Iverson Software </td> <td><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a>, <a href="/wiki/FP_(programming_language)" title="FP (programming language)">FP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(programming_language)" title="Miranda (programming language)">Miranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clean_(programming_language)" title="Clean (programming language)">Clean</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EuLisp" title="EuLisp">EuLisp</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z_shell" title="Z shell">Z shell</a> (<i>zsh</i>) </td> <td>Paul Falstad at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> </td> <td>ksh </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SKILL" class="mw-redirect" title="SKILL">SKILL</a> </td> <td>T. J. Barnes at <a href="/wiki/Cadence_Design_Systems" title="Cadence Design Systems">Cadence Design Systems</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lisp" title="Franz Lisp">Franz Lisp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GNU_E" title="GNU E">GNU E</a> </td> <td>David J. DeWitt, Michael J. Carey </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oberon-2" title="Oberon-2">Oberon-2</a> </td> <td>Hanspeter Mössenböck, <a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a> </td> <td>Object Oberon </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oz_(programming_language)" title="Oz (programming language)">Oz</a> </td> <td>Gert Smolka and his students </td> <td>Prolog </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pure_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure (programming language)">Q</a> </td> <td>Albert Gräf </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a> </td> <td>Perl, <a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">Visual Basic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cooper" title="Alan Cooper">Alan Cooper</a>, sold to <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td> <td>QuickBASIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turbo_Pascal" title="Turbo Pascal">Borland Pascal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Turbo Pascal OOP </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a> </td> <td>Many people at <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>, Scheme </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S-Lang" title="S-Lang">S-Lang</a> </td> <td>John E. Davis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Self_(programming_language)" title="Self (programming language)">Self</a> (implementation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> </td> <td>Smalltalk </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amiga_E" title="Amiga E">Amiga E</a> </td> <td>Wouter van Oortmerssen </td> <td>DEX, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, Modula-2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brainfuck" title="Brainfuck">Brainfuck</a> </td> <td>Urban Müller </td> <td>P'′ </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transcript_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcript (programming language)">LiveCode Transcript</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>HyperTalk </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AppleScript" title="AppleScript">AppleScript</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> </td> <td>HyperTalk </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K_(programming_language)" title="K (programming language)">K</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Whitney_(computer_scientist)" title="Arthur Whitney (computer scientist)">Arthur Whitney</a> </td> <td>APL, Lisp </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Ierusalimschy" title="Roberto Ierusalimschy">Roberto Ierusalimschy</a> <i>et al.</i> at Tecgraf, PUC-Rio </td> <td>Scheme, SNOBOL, Modula, CLU, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gentleman_(statistician)" title="Robert Gentleman (statistician)">Robert Gentleman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ross_Ihaka" title="Ross Ihaka">Ross Ihaka</a> </td> <td>S </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ZPL_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZPL (programming language)">ZPL</a> </td> <td>Chamberlain <i>et al.</i> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> </td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NewtonScript" title="NewtonScript">NewtonScript</a> </td> <td>Walter Smith </td> <td>Self, Dylan </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euphoria_(programming_language)" title="Euphoria (programming language)">Euphoria</a> </td> <td>Robert Craig </td> <td>SNOBOL, AWK, ABC, Icon, Python </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claire_(programming_language)" title="Claire (programming language)">Claire</a> </td> <td>Yves Caseau </td> <td>Smalltalk, SETL, OPS5, Lisp, ML, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, LORE, LAURE </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RAPID" title="RAPID">RAPID</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a> </td> <td>ARLA </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pike_(programming_language)" title="Pike (programming language)">Pike</a> </td> <td>Fredrik Hübinette et al. at <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping_University" title="Linköping University">Linköping University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/LPC_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="LPC (programming language)">LPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, μLPC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">ANS Forth</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Rather" title="Elizabeth Rather">Elizabeth Rather</a>, et al. </td> <td>Forth </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada 95</a> </td> <td>S. Tucker Taft, et al. at Intermetrics </td> <td>Ada 83 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borland" title="Borland">Borland</a> <a href="/wiki/Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anders_Hejlsberg" title="Anders Hejlsberg">Anders Hejlsberg</a> at <a href="/wiki/Borland" title="Borland">Borland</a> </td> <td>Borland Pascal </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ColdFusion" class="mw-redirect" title="ColdFusion">ColdFusion (CFML)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Allaire_Corporation" title="Allaire Corporation">Allaire</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, Simula 67, C++, Smalltalk, Ada 83, Objective-C, Mesa </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">LiveScript</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a> at <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a> </td> <td>Self, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, Scheme </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(programming_language)" title="Mercury (programming language)">Mercury</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoltan_Somogyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoltan Somogyi">Zoltan Somogyi</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a> </td> <td>Prolog, Hope, Haskell </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Lerdorf" title="Rasmus Lerdorf">Rasmus Lerdorf</a> </td> <td>Perl </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yukihiro_Matsumoto" title="Yukihiro Matsumoto">Yukihiro Matsumoto</a> </td> <td>Smalltalk, Perl </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a> at <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a> </td> <td>LiveScript </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Racket_(programming_language)" title="Racket (programming language)">Racket</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Flatt" title="Matthew Flatt">Matthew Flatt</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie" title="Håkon Wium Lie">Håkon Wium Lie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bert_Bos" title="Bert Bos">Bert Bos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">SGML</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curl_(programming_language)" title="Curl (programming language)">Curl</a> </td> <td>David Kranz, Steve Ward, Chris Terman at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> </td> <td>Lisp, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, Tcl/Tk, TeX, HTML </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lasso_(programming_language)" title="Lasso (programming language)">Lasso</a> </td> <td>Blue World Communications </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perl_Data_Language" title="Perl Data Language">Perl Data Language</a> (PDL) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Glazebrook" title="Karl Glazebrook">Karl Glazebrook</a>, Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, and Christian Soeller </td> <td>APL, Perl </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a> </td> <td>Microsoft </td> <td>Visual Basic </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/INRIA" class="mw-redirect" title="INRIA">INRIA</a> </td> <td>Caml Light, Standard ML </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/NetRexx" title="NetRexx">NetRexx</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mike_Cowlishaw" title="Mike Cowlishaw">Mike Cowlishaw</a> </td> <td>REXX </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Component_Pascal" title="Component Pascal">Component Pascal</a> </td> <td>Oberon Microsystems </td> <td>Oberon-2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/E_(programming_language)" title="E (programming language)">E</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Miller" title="Mark S. Miller">Mark S. Miller</a> </td> <td>Joule, Original-E </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pico_(programming_language)" title="Pico (programming language)">Pico</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Free University of Brussels</a> </td> <td>Scheme </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Squeak" title="Squeak">Squeak</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay</a>, <i>et al.</i> at <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> </td> <td>Smalltalk-80, Self </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">ECMA</a> TC39-TG1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td>F-Script </td> <td>Philippe Mougin </td> <td>Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">ISLISP</a> </td> <td>ISO Standard ISLISP </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tea_(programming_language)" title="Tea (programming language)">Tea</a> </td> <td>Jorge Nunes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/REBOL" class="mw-redirect" title="REBOL">REBOL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sassenrath" title="Carl Sassenrath">Carl Sassenrath</a>, Rebol Technologies </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Self_(programming_language)" title="Self (programming language)">Self</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logtalk" title="Logtalk">Logtalk</a> </td> <td>Paulo Moura (then at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a>) </td> <td>Prolog </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Grossman" title="Gary Grossman">Gary Grossman</a> </td> <td>ECMAScript </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">Standard C++</a> </td> <td>ANSI/ISO Standard C++ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, Standard C, C </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PureBasic" title="PureBasic">PureBasic</a> </td> <td>Frederic Laboureur, Fantaisie Software </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UnrealScript" class="mw-redirect" title="UnrealScript">UnrealScript</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tim_Sweeney_(game_developer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tim Sweeney (game developer)">Tim Sweeney</a> at <a href="/wiki/Epic_Games" title="Epic Games">Epic Games</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/XSL_Transformations" class="mw-redirect" title="XSL Transformations">XSLT</a> (+ <a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_(XML_expert)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Clark (XML expert)">James Clark</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">DSSSL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xojo" title="Xojo">Xojo</a> (REALbasic at the time) </td> <td>Xojo, Andrew Barry </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">Visual Basic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C99" title="C99">C99</a> </td> <td>C99 ISO/IEC 9899:1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C#C90" title="ANSI C">C90</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gambas" title="Gambas">Gambas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Minisini" title="Benoît Minisini">Benoît Minisini</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">Visual Basic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Game_Maker_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Game Maker Language">Game Maker Language</a> (GML) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_Overmars" title="Mark Overmars">Mark Overmars</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GameMaker:_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="GameMaker: Studio">Game Maker</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harbour_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour (software)">Harbour</a> </td> <td>Antonio Linares </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DBase" title="DBase">dBase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clipper_(programming_language)" title="Clipper (programming language)">Clipper</a> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2000s">2000s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Join_Java" class="mw-redirect" title="Join Java">Join Java</a> </td> <td>G Stewart von Itzstein </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DarkBASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="DarkBASIC">DarkBASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Creators" title="The Game Creators">The Game Creators</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anders_Hejlsberg" title="Anders Hejlsberg">Anders Hejlsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">ECMA</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delphi_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi (programming language)">Delphi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joy_(programming_language)" title="Joy (programming language)">Joy</a> </td> <td>Manfred von Thun </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FP_(programming_language)" title="FP (programming language)">FP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AspectJ" title="AspectJ">AspectJ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Kiczales" title="Gregor Kiczales">Gregor Kiczales</a>, <a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox PARC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bright" title="Walter Bright">Walter Bright</a>, Digital Mars </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Processing_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Processing (programming language)">Processing</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Casey_Reas" title="Casey Reas">Casey Reas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fry" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Fry">Benjamin Fry</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic .NET</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">Visual Basic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GDScript" class="mw-redirect" title="GDScript">GDScript</a> (GDS) </td> <td>Juan Linietsky, Ariel Manzur (OKAM Studio) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Godot_(game_engine)" title="Godot (game engine)">Godot</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Programming_Language" title="Shakespeare Programming Language">Shakespeare Programming Language</a> </td> <td>Jon Åslund, Karl Hasselström </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Io_(programming_language)" title="Io (programming language)">Io</a> </td> <td>Steve Dekorte </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Self_(programming_language)" title="Self (programming language)">Self</a>, <a href="/wiki/NewtonScript" title="NewtonScript">NewtonScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gosu_(programming_language)" title="Gosu (programming language)">Gosu</a> </td> <td>Guidewire Software </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GScript" class="mw-redirect" title="GScript">GScript</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitchel_Resnick" title="Mitchel Resnick">Mitchel Resnick</a>, John Maloney, Natalie Rusk, Evelyn Eastmond, Tammy Stern, Amon Millner, Jay Silver, and Brian Silverman </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squeak" title="Squeak">Squeak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squeak#E-Toys" title="Squeak">E-Toys</a>, <a href="/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a>, <a href="/wiki/AgentSheets" title="AgentSheets">AgentSheets</a>, <a href="/wiki/StarLogo" title="StarLogo">StarLogo</a>, Tweak </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nix_(package_manager)" title="Nix (package manager)">Nix</a> </td> <td>Eelco Dolstra </td> <td>Miranda/SASL, Haskell </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nemerle" title="Nemerle">Nemerle</a> </td> <td>University of <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">ML</a>, MetaHaskell </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Factor_(programming_language)" title="Factor (programming language)">Factor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slava_Pestov" class="mw-redirect" title="Slava Pestov">Slava Pestov</a> </td> <td>Joy, Forth, Lisp </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Odersky" title="Martin Odersky">Martin Odersky</a> </td> <td>Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B03" title="C++03">C++03</a> </td> <td>C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, Standard C, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_(programming_language)" title="Squirrel (programming language)">Squirrel</a> </td> <td>Alberto Demichelis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a> </td> <td>Rodrigo B. de Oliveira </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subtext_(programming_language)" title="Subtext (programming language)">Subtext</a> </td> <td>Jonathan Edwards </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alma-0" title="Alma-0">Alma-0</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_R._Apt" title="Krzysztof R. Apt">Krzysztof Apt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centrum_Wiskunde_%26_Informatica" title="Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica">Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FreeBASIC" title="FreeBASIC">FreeBASIC</a> </td> <td>Andre Victor </td> <td>QBasic </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Strachan_(programmer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Strachan (programmer)">James Strachan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_b_(programming_language)" title="Little b (programming language)">Little b</a> </td> <td>Aneil Mallavarapu, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a>, Department of Systems Biology </td> <td>Lisp </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fantom_(programming_language)" title="Fantom (programming language)">Fantom</a> </td> <td>Brian Frank, Andy Frank </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, Scala, Ruby, Erlang </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Don_Syme" title="Don Syme">Don Syme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haxe" title="Haxe">Haxe</a> </td> <td>Nicolas Cannasse </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RemObjects_Software" title="RemObjects Software">RemObjects Software</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PWCT" title="PWCT">PWCT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Samir_Fayed" title="Mahmoud Samir Fayed">Mahmoud Samir Fayed</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seed7" title="Seed7">Seed7</a> </td> <td>Thomas Mertes </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fish_(Unix_shell)" title="Fish (Unix shell)">fish</a> </td> <td>Thomas Mertes </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a> </td> <td>Chuck Esterbrook </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, Eiffel, Objective-C </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows PowerShell">Windows PowerShell</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, ksh, Perl, <a href="/wiki/Control_Language" title="Control Language">CL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DIGITAL_Command_Language" title="DIGITAL Command Language">DCL</a>, SQL </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/OptimJ" title="OptimJ">OptimJ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ateji" title="Ateji">Ateji</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">Fortress</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guy_L._Steele_Jr." title="Guy L. Steele Jr.">Guy L. Steele Jr.</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">ML</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vala_(programming_language)" title="Vala (programming language)">Vala</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada 2005</a> </td> <td>Ada Rapporteur Group </td> <td>Ada 95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agda_(programming_language)" title="Agda (programming language)">Agda</a> </td> <td>Ulf Norell </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coq_(software)" title="Coq (software)">Coq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epigram_(programming_language)" title="Epigram (programming language)">Epigram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/QB64" title="QB64">QB64</a> </td> <td>Galleon, QB64Team </td> <td>QBasic </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rich_Hickey" title="Rich Hickey">Rich Hickey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/LOLCODE" title="LOLCODE">LOLCODE</a> </td> <td>Adam Lindsay </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">none (unique language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(programming_language)#Oberon-07" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon-07</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Wirth</a> </td> <td>Oberon </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swift_(parallel_scripting_language)" title="Swift (parallel scripting language)">Swift (parallel scripting language)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a> </td> <td>Andreas Rumpf </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>Genie </td> <td>Jamie McCracken </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a>, <a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pure_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure (programming language)">Pure</a> </td> <td>Albert Gräf </td> <td>Q </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a> </td> <td>Brad Chamberlain, <a href="/wiki/Cray" title="Cray">Cray</a> Inc. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_Fortran" title="High Performance Fortran">HPF</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZPL_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZPL (programming language)">ZPL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(programming_language)" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limbo_(programming_language)" title="Limbo (programming language)">Limbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Ashkenas" title="Jeremy Ashkenas">Jeremy Ashkenas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Idris_(programming_language)" title="Idris (programming language)">Idris</a> </td> <td>Edwin Brady </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agda_(programming_language)" title="Agda (programming language)">Agda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coq_(software)" title="Coq (software)">Coq</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ParaSail_(programming_language)" title="ParaSail (programming language)">Parasail</a> </td> <td>S. Tucker Taft, <a href="/wiki/AdaCore" class="mw-redirect" title="AdaCore">AdaCore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modula" title="Modula">Modula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whiley_(programming_language)" title="Whiley (programming language)">Whiley</a> </td> <td>David J. Pearce </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dafny" title="Dafny">Dafny</a> </td> <td>K. Rustan M. Leino </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spec_Sharp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spec Sharp (page does not exist)">Spec#</a> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2010s">2010s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> </td> <td>Graydon Hoare, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alef_(programming_language)" title="Alef (programming language)">Alef</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camlp4" title="Camlp4">Camlp4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermes_(programming_language)" title="Hermes (programming language)">Hermes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limbo_(programming_language)" title="Limbo (programming language)">Limbo</a>, Napier, <a href="/wiki/Napier88" title="Napier88">Napier88</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newsqueak" title="Newsqueak">Newsqueak</a>, NIL, <a href="/wiki/Sather" title="Sather">Sather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C11_(C_standard_revision)" title="C11 (C standard revision)">C11</a> </td> <td>C11 ISO/IEC 9899:2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C99" title="C99">C99</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon Project">Ceylon</a> </td> <td>Gavin King, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a> </td> <td>C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, Standard C, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JetBrains" title="JetBrains">JetBrains</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gosu_(programming_language)" title="Gosu (programming language)">Gosu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_(programming_language)" title="Red (programming language)">Red</a> </td> <td>Nenad Rakočević </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rebol" title="Rebol">Rebol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Opa_(programming_language)" title="Opa (programming language)">Opa</a> </td> <td>MLstate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a> </td> <td>José Valim </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm</a> </td> <td>Evan Czaplicki </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a>, <a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anders_Hejlsberg" title="Anders Hejlsberg">Anders Hejlsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezanson" title="Jeff Bezanson">Jeff Bezanson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Karpinski" title="Stefan Karpinski">Stefan Karpinski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viral_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral Shah">Viral Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Edelman" title="Alan Edelman">Alan Edelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (strictly its <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Language" title="Wolfram Language">Wolfram Language</a>), <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P_(programming_language)" title="P (programming language)">P</a> </td> <td>Vivek Gupta, Ethan Jackson, Shaz Qadeer, Sriram Rajamani, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada 2012</a> </td> <td>ARA and Ada Europe (ISO/IEC 8652:2012) </td> <td>Ada 2005, ISO/IEC 8652:1995/Amd 1:2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P4_(programming_language)" title="P4 (programming language)">P4</a> </td> <td>P4 Language Consortium (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://P4.org">P4.org</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a> </td> <td>Phil Freeman </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hopscotch_(programming_language)" title="Hopscotch (programming language)">Hopscotch</a> </td> <td>Hopscotch Technologies </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_(programming_language)" title="Cuneiform (programming language)">Cuneiform</a> </td> <td>Jörgen Brandt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swift_(parallel_scripting_language)" title="Swift (parallel scripting language)">Swift</a> (the parallel scripting language) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lean_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lean (programming language)">Lean</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coq_(software)" title="Coq (software)">Coq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agda_(programming_language)" title="Agda (programming language)">Agda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hy_(programming_language)" title="Hy (programming language)">Hy</a> </td> <td>Paul Tagliamonte </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crystal_(programming_language)" title="Crystal (programming language)">Crystal</a> </td> <td>Ary Borenszweig, Manas Technology Solutions </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hack_(programming_language)" title="Hack (programming language)">Hack</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">CLU</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B14" title="C++14">C++14</a> </td> <td>C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a>, Standard C, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solidity" title="Solidity">Solidity</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Wood" title="Gavin Wood">Gavin Wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raku_(programming_language)" title="Raku (programming language)">Raku</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larry_Wall" title="Larry Wall">Larry Wall</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/rakudo/rakudo/blob/master/CREDITS">The Rakudo Team</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zig_(programming_language)" title="Zig (programming language)">Zig</a> </td> <td>Andrew Kelley </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/LLVM_IR" class="mw-redirect" title="LLVM IR">LLVM IR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reason_(programming_language)" title="Reason (programming language)">Reason</a> </td> <td>Jordan Walke </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ring_(programming_language)" title="Ring (programming language)">Ring</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Samir_Fayed" title="Mahmoud Samir Fayed">Mahmoud Samir Fayed</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/QML" title="QML">QML</a>, <a href="/wiki/XBase" title="XBase">xBase</a>, Supernova<sup id="cite_ref-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">C++17</a> </td> <td>C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B14" title="C++14">C++14</a>, Standard C, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AssemblyScript" title="AssemblyScript">AssemblyScript</a> </td> <td>The AssemblyScript Project<sup id="cite_ref-as-wg_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-wg-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ballerina_(programming_language)" title="Ballerina (programming language)">Ballerina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/WSO2" title="WSO2">WSO2</a>, Open Source<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaScript (programming language)">Javascript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C17_(C_standard_revision)" title="C17 (C standard revision)">C17</a> </td> <td>ISO/IEC 9899:2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C11_(C_standard_revision)" title="C11 (C standard revision)">C11</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortran#Fortran_2018" title="Fortran">Fortran 2018</a> </td> <td>ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG5 N2150:2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortran#Fortran_2008" title="Fortran">Fortran 2008</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosque_(programming_language)" title="Bosque (programming language)">Bosque</a> </td> <td>Mark Marron, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V_(programming_language)" title="V (programming language)">V (Vlang)</a> </td> <td>Alexander Medvednikov </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(programming_language)" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2020s">2020s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a> </td> <td>C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">C++17</a>, Standard C, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Microsoft Power Fx</a> </td> <td>Vijay Mital, Robin Abraham, Shon Katzenberger, Darryl Rubin, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel formulas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_(programming_language)" title="Carbon (programming language)">Carbon</a> </td> <td>Google </td> <td>C++, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(programming_language)" title="Mojo (programming language)">Mojo</a> </td> <td>Modular </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortran#Fortran_2023" title="Fortran">Fortran 2023</a> </td> <td>ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22 2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fortran#Fortran_2018" title="Fortran">Fortran 2018</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gleam_(programming_language)" title="Gleam (programming language)">Gleam</a> </td> <td>Louis Pilfold, Fly.io </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elm_(programming_language)" title="Elm (programming language)">Elm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B23" title="C++23">C++23</a> </td> <td>C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a>, Standard C, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developer, company </th> <th>Predecessor(s) </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History of programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing" title="Timeline of computing">Timeline of computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory#Timeline" title="Programming language theory">Timeline of programming language theory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_programming_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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href="http://merd.sourceforge.net/pixel/language-study/diagram.html">Diagram & history of programming languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levenez.com/lang/">Eric Levenez's timeline diagram of computer languages history</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b>Lists:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timelines_of_computing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timelines_of_computing" title="Template:Timelines of computing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Timelines_of_computing" title="Template talk:Timelines of computing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Timelines_of_computing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Timelines of computing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timelines_of_computing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Computing_timelines" title="Category:Computing timelines">Timelines of computing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing" title="Timeline of computing">Computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_hardware_before_1950" title="Timeline of computing hardware before 1950">Before 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1950%E2%80%931979" title="Timeline of computing 1950–1979">1950–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1980%E2%80%931989" title="Timeline of computing 1980–1989">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1990%E2%80%931999" title="Timeline of computing 1990–1999">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2000%E2%80%932009" title="Timeline of computing 2000–2009">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2010%E2%80%932019" title="Timeline of computing 2010–2019">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2020%E2%80%93present" title="Timeline of computing 2020–present">2020s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_scientific_computing" title="Timeline of scientific computing">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_in_computing" title="Timeline of women in computing">Women in computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_algorithms" title="Timeline of algorithms">Algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_binary_prefixes" title="Timeline of binary prefixes">Binary prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cryptography" title="Timeline of cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_machine_learning" title="Timeline of machine learning">Machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication" title="Timeline of quantum computing and communication">Quantum computing and communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_hypertext_technology" title="Timeline of hypertext technology">Hypertext technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Operating systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_DOS_operating_systems" title="Timeline of DOS operating systems">DOS family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Microsoft_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_version_history" title="Linux kernel version history">Linux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_virtualization_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of virtualization development">Virtualization development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_viruses_and_worms" title="Timeline of computer viruses and worms">Malware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Internet_conflicts" title="Timeline of Internet conflicts">Internet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_web_browsers" title="Timeline of web browsers">Web browsers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines" title="Timeline of web search engines">Web search engines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Antonelli" title="Kathleen Antonelli">Kathleen Antonelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_Atanasoff" title="John Vincent Atanasoff">John Vincent Atanasoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bartik" title="Jean Bartik">Jean Bartik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Boole" title="George Boole">George Boole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cook" title="Stephen Cook">Stephen Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adele_Goldstine" title="Adele Goldstine">Adele Goldstine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Haibt" title="Lois Haibt">Lois Haibt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Holberton" title="Betty Holberton">Betty Holberton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(software_engineer)" title="Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)">Margaret Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Huffman" title="David A. Huffman">David A. Huffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Koenig_(programmer)" title="Andrew Koenig (programmer)">Andrew Koenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Korsakov" title="Semyon Korsakov">Semyon Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Leveson" title="Nancy Leveson">Nancy Leveson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kruskal" title="Joseph Kruskal">Joseph Kruskal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy" title="Douglas McIlroy">Douglas McIlroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlyn_Meltzer" title="Marlyn Meltzer">Marlyn Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%A1ra_D%C3%A1n_von_Neumann" title="Klára Dán von Neumann">Klára Dán von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Spence" title="Frances Spence">Frances Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Teitelbaum" title="Ruth Teitelbaum">Ruth Teitelbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Vixie" title="Paul Vixie">Paul Vixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Wall" title="Larry Wall">Larry Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram" title="Stephen Wolfram">Stephen Wolfram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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