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Germania - Wikipedia
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data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--editLock"></span> <span>Vedeți sursa</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav><!-- version 1.0.2 (change every time you update a partial) --> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><span style="whitespace:nowrap"></span></p> <p><b>Republica Federală Germania</b><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba germană">germană</a> <span lang="de" style="font-style:italic">Bundesrepublik Deutschland</span> <small><span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Despre acest sunet"><img alt="Despre acest sunet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span> </span><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg" class="internal" title="De-Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg">ascultă</a></span> <small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor:help;">(<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajutor:Media?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ajutor:Media"><span style="cursor:ajutor;">ajutor</span></a>·<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fișier:De-Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg"><span style="cursor:ajutor;">info</span></a>)</small></span></small>),<sup id="cite_ref-Duden6_21-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Duden6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acronim <b>RFG</b>, colocvial, <b>Germania</b> (în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba germană">germană</a> <span lang="de" style="font-style:italic">Deutschland</span>; <span style="white-space:no-wrap">pronunție <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba germană">germană</a>: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pronunție audio"><img alt="Pronunție audio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fișier:De-Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg">audio</a></span>), este un stat în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_Central%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa Centrală">Europa Centrală</a>. Face parte din organizații internaționale importante, precum: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consiliul_Europei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consiliul Europei">Consiliul Europei</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1951?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1951">1951</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCDE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCDE">OCDE</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_Vest-European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Vest-Europeană">Uniunea Vest-Europeană</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1954?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1954">1954</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NATO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1955?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1955">1955</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunea Europeană</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1957?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1957">1957</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ONU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ONU">ONU</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1973?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1973">1973</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OSCE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a>, și din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zona_euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zona euro">zona euro</a>. Se învecinează: la nord - cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_Nordului?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea Nordului">Marea Nordului</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danemarca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danemarca">Danemarca</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea Baltică">Marea Baltică</a>; la est - cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia">Polonia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republica_Ceh%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica Cehă">Republica Cehă</a>; la sud - cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elve%C8%9Bia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elveția">Elveția</a>; iar la vest - cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franța">Franța</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luxemburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgia">Belgia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C8%9A%C4%83rile_de_Jos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Țările de Jos">Țările de Jos</a>. Teritoriul Germaniei acoperă 357.021 de kilometri pătrați (137.847 mile pătrate), într-o zonă cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zon%C4%83_temperat%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zonă temperată">climat temperat</a>. Germania are cea mai mare populație dintre <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stat_membru_al_Uniunii_Europene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stat membru al Uniunii Europene">statele membre</a> ale <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunii Europene</a> (82 de milioane de locuitori).</p> <table class="infocaseta"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="antet harta" style="background-color:#ccd2d9;color:#000000;">Germania</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background: linear-gradient( to right, rgba(204, 210, 217, 1), rgba(204, 210, 217, 1), rgba(204, 210, 217, 1), rgba(156, 163, 170, 1)) repeat-y right; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.2em; padding-top: 0;"><span class="fn org country-name">Republica Federală Germania<br><span lang="de" style="font-style:italic">Bundesrepublik Deutschland</span> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba germană">germană</a>)<br><span lang="de" style="font-style:italic">Deutschland</span> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba germană">germană</a>)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"> <table align="center" style="width:100%; background:none;"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="58%"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_Germany.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapelul Germaniei"><img alt="Drapelul Germaniei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/125px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/188px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/250px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Stema Germaniei"><img alt="Stema Germaniei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><small><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapelul_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapelul Germaniei">Drapelul Germaniei</a></small></td> <td align="center"><small><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stema_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stema Germaniei">Stema Germaniei</a></small></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deviz%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Deviză">Deviză</a>: </b><i>Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit</i> <br> „Unitate și dreptate și libertate”<span class="citationNeeded skin-invert"></span><sup class="noprint"><span style="color:red;">[<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citarea_surselor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citarea surselor"><i>necesită citare</i></a>]</span></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16584850">.mw-parser-output .citationNeeded{background-color:#ffeaea;color:#444444}</style></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"> <div style="margin:auto;text-align:center"> <div style="margin-bottom:20"> <b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imn_na%C8%9Bional?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imn național">Imnul național</a></b>: <small>a treia strofă din</small><br><i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Das_Lied_der_Deutschen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Lied der Deutschen">Das Lied der Deutschen</a></i><br><small>(cunoscută și ca <i>Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit</i>)<span class="citationNeeded skin-invert"></span><sup class="noprint"><span style="color:red;">[<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citarea_surselor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citarea surselor"><i>necesită citare</i></a>]</span></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16584850"></small> </div><small><br> <div style="margin:auto"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="81" 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style="text-align:center;;"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:EU-Germany.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Localizarea Germaniei (verde închis) – pe continentul european (verde deschis și gri închis) – în Uniunea Europeană (verde deschis) — [Legendă]"><img alt="Localizarea Germaniei (verde închis) – pe continentul european (verde deschis și gri închis) – în Uniunea Europeană (verde deschis) — [Legendă]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/290px-EU-Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/435px-EU-Germany.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/580px-EU-Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720"></a> <figcaption> <div style="text-align:center;font-size:11px;line-height:1.15em;"> <span style="font-size:11px;">Localizarea <span style="font-size:2px;"> </span><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Germaniei">Germaniei</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">verde închis</span>)</span> <p style="width:250px;font-size:11px;text-align:left;margin-left:1.2ex;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">– pe <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">continentul european</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">verde deschis și gri închis</span>)<br> – în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunea Europeană</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">verde deschis</span>) — [<span style="font-size:10px;"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:EU-Germany.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fișier:EU-Germany.svg">Legendă</a></span>]</p> </div> </figcaption> </figure></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="position:relative;top:0.3em"> <small> <div style="text-align:center;font-size:11px;line-height:1.15em;"> <span style="font-size:11px;">Localizarea <span style="font-size:2px;"> </span><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Germaniei">Germaniei</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">verde închis</span>)</span> <p style="width:250px;font-size:11px;text-align:left;margin-left:1.2ex;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">– pe <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">continentul european</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">verde deschis și gri închis</span>)<br> – în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunea Europeană</a><span style="font-size:8px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> </span></span>(<span style="font-size:9px;">verde deschis</span>) — [<span style="font-size:10px;"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:EU-Germany.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fișier:EU-Germany.svg">Legendă</a></span>]</p> </div></small> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccd2d9;color:#000000;">Geografie</th> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Suprafață</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";font-weight: normal;"> - totală</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">357.121 km²</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Cel mai înalt punct</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zugspitze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zugspitze">Zugspitze</a><sup id="cite_ref-1e2d3d3feaf779c2ba2df6aade6d346c_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1e2d3d3feaf779c2ba2df6aade6d346c-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><sup id="cite_ref-114c088fc5b76ec8256ae785a5c07a9b_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114c088fc5b76ec8256ae785a5c07a9b-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> (2.962 m) <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183%23P610" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Cel mai jos punct</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neuendorf-Sachsenbande?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neuendorf-Sachsenbande">Neuendorf-Sachsenbande</a><sup id="cite_ref-951e8f61424dc8ce177bfe85c569ed50_6-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-951e8f61424dc8ce177bfe85c569ed50-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> (−3,54 m) <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183%23P1589" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Cel mai mare oraș</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Vecini</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danemarca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danemarca">Danemarca</a><br><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia">Polonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-d282867f7a44fbf8aaa72edb524e8124_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-d282867f7a44fbf8aaa72edb524e8124-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elve%C8%9Bia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elveția">Elveția</a><br><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franța">Franța</a><br><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luxemburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a><br><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgia">Belgia</a><br><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C8%9A%C4%83rile_de_Jos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Țările de Jos">Țările de Jos</a><br><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a><br><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cehia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cehia">Cehia</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183%23P47" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fus_orar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fus orar">Fus orar</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">CET (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Or%C4%83_de_var%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oră de vară">Ora de vară</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">CEST (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccd2d9;color:#000000;">Populație</th> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Densitate</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">225,1 loc/km²</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"> - Estimare 2022</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">84.358.845</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Limbi oficiale</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba germană">germană</a><sup><span id="ref_1" class="plainlinks"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania%23endnote_1">[1]</a></span></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Etnonim</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><i>german</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Grupuri etnice</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">81% <b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germani">Germani</a></b>, 7% alți <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europeni</a>, 4% <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turci">turci</a>, 2% <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asia">asiatici</a>, 6% altele<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccd2d9;color:#000000;">Guvernare</th> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Sistem politic</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic%C4%83_federal%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republică federală">Republică federală</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic%C4%83_parlamentar%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republică parlamentară">republică parlamentară</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pre%C8%99edintele_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Președintele Germaniei">Președinte</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a><sup id="cite_ref-0f821f27d366ac7ff2261f700a2715b5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-0f821f27d366ac7ff2261f700a2715b5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-39f66ebd5cdedcf6e9db8ff4e9be5be1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39f66ebd5cdedcf6e9db8ff4e9be5be1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-e89dd2816cf56c46d08f601352793010_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-e89dd2816cf56c46d08f601352793010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183%23P35" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cancelar_federal_al_Germaniei_(1949%E2%80%93)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cancelar federal al Germaniei (1949–)">Cancelar federal</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olaf_Scholz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a><sup id="cite_ref-0240453ce5f2ebce05e02b1b4ffcbb85_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-0240453ce5f2ebce05e02b1b4ffcbb85-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-7d8ce059f641d53a087f1cf1d51b06a4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7d8ce059f641d53a087f1cf1d51b06a4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-c47a88cb6172153a5fa0d94243e1ac73_16-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-c47a88cb6172153a5fa0d94243e1ac73-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183%23P6" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Legislativ</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundesrat_(Germania)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundesrat (Germania)">Bundesrat</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183%23P194" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Capitala</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccd2d9;color:#000000;">Istorie</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regatul_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regatul Germaniei">Formare</a></b></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Imperiu_Roman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sfântul Imperiu Roman">Sfântul Imperiu Roman</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">962</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperiul_German?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperiul German">Imperiul German</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">18 ianuarie 1871</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istoria_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istoria Germaniei">Istoria Germaniei</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">23 mai 1949</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reunificarea_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reunificarea Germaniei">Reunificare</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">3 octombrie 1990</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Aderare la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">UE</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">25 martie 1957</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccd2d9;color:#000000;">Economie</th> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produs_intern_brut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Produs intern brut">PIB</a></b> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paritatea_puterii_de_cump%C4%83rare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paritatea puterii de cumpărare">PPC</a>)</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">2021</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"> - Total</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span style="color: #0c0; font-size: larger;">▲</span> $4.743 trilioane<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-imf2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C8%9B%C4%83rilor_%C3%AEn_func%C8%9Bie_de_PIB_(PPC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista țărilor în funcție de PIB (PPC)">locul 5</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"> - Pe cap de locuitor</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span style="color: #0c0; font-size: larger;">▲</span> $56.956<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-imf2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C8%9B%C4%83rilor_%C3%AEn_func%C8%9Bie_de_PIB_(PPC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista țărilor în funcție de PIB (PPC)">locul 15</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produs_intern_brut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Produs intern brut">PIB</a></b> (nominal)</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">2021</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"> - Total</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><span style="color: #0c0; font-size: larger;">▲</span> $4.319 trilioane<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-imf2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C8%9B%C4%83rilor_%C3%AEn_func%C8%9Bie_de_PIB_(nominal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista țărilor în funcție de PIB (nominal)">locul 4</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"> - Pe cap de locuitor</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">(<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C8%9B%C4%83rilor_%C3%AEn_func%C8%9Bie_de_PIB_(nominal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista țărilor în funcție de PIB (nominal)">locul 15</a>)<span style="color: #0c0; font-size: larger;">▲</span> $51.860<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-imf2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coeficientul_lui_Gini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coeficientul lui Gini">Gini</a> (2019)</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">29.7 (scăzut)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indicele_dezvolt%C4%83rii_umane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indicele dezvoltării umane">IDU</a> (2019)</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">0.947 (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C8%9B%C4%83rilor_dup%C4%83_indicele_dezvolt%C4%83rii_umane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista țărilor după indicele dezvoltării umane">locul 6</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valut%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valută">Monedă</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">Euro</a> (€)</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccd2d9;color:#000000;">Coduri și identificatori</th> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Cod <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comitetul_Olimpic_Interna%C8%9Bional?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comitetul Olimpic Internațional">CIO</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">GER<sup id="cite_ref-5dff556dedbfca865438dae3f70f78cd_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5dff556dedbfca865438dae3f70f78cd-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-282c34b469cabaf977fda53de26564e3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-282c34b469cabaf977fda53de26564e3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup id="cite_ref-50e28f3016cf7095caf8e2168b42319f_19-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50e28f3016cf7095caf8e2168b42319f-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183%23P984" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Cod mobil</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">262 <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183%23P2258" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Prefix telefonic</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">+49</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 3166-2">ISO 3166-2</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">DE <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183%23P297" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domeniu_na%C8%9Bional_de_nivel_superior?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domeniu național de nivel superior">Domeniu Internet</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.de?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".de">.de</a> <sup><span id="ref_2" class="plainlinks"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania%23endnote_2">[2]</a></span></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"> <div style="font-size:smaller;text-align:left"> <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#ref_1">^</a></b></span> Limbile <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_danez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba daneză">daneză</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_de_jos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana de jos">germana de jos</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbi_sorabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limbi sorabe">soraba</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_romani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba romani">romani</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbile_frizone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbile frizone">frizona</a> sunt recunoscute și protejate de Carta Europeană a Limbilor Minoritare sau Regionale. <br><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#ref_2">^</a></b></span> Se poate folosi și domeniul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.eu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".eu">.eu</a>, întrucât Germania face parte din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunea Europeană</a>. </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccd2d9;color:#000000;">Prezență online</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.deutschland.de/">site web oficial</a><br><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.foursquare.com/v/5c2cabf59cadd9002bc0c090">Foursquare City Guide</a><br><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hashtags-hub.toolforge.org/Deutschland">hasthtag</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##ccd2d9 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183" class="extiw" title="d:Q183">date</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DGermania%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_%25C8%259Aar%25C4%2583" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60"></a></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16573438">.mw-parser-output .infocaseta{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#000)}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style> <p>Diferite <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triburi_germanice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Triburi germanice">triburi germanice</a> au ocupat nordul Germaniei încă din antichitate. În timpul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Migra%C8%9Bia_popoarelor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Migrația popoarelor">epocii migrațiilor</a> triburile germanice s-au extins spre sud. Începând din secolul al X-lea teritoriile germane au format o parte centrală a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Imperiu_Roman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sfântul Imperiu Roman">Sfântului Imperiu Roman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În secolul al XVI-lea, regiunile germane din nord au devenit centrul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reforma_protestant%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reforma protestantă">Reformei protestante</a>.</p> <p>Creșterea pan-germanismului în interiorul confederației germane, care a fost ocupată de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franța">Franța</a>, a dus la unificarea majorității statelor germane în 1871 în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperiul_German?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperiul German">Imperiul German</a>. După <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primul Război Mondial">Primul Război Mondial</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_german%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Revoluția germană"> Revoluția germană din 1918-1919</a>, imperiul a fost înlocuit de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republica_de_la_Weimar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republica de la Weimar">Republica de la Weimar</a>. Înființarea celui de-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperiul_German_1933-1945?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperiul German 1933-1945">al treilea Reich</a> în 1933 a dus la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_doilea_r%C4%83zboi_mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al doilea război mondial">al doilea război mondial</a> și a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holocaustul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaustul">Holocaustului</a>. După 1945 Germania a pierdut o parte din teritoriul său și a fost împărțită în două state, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania_de_Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germania de Est">Germania de Est</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania_de_Vest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germania de Vest">Germania de Vest</a>. În 1990, la scurt timp după revoluțiile care au dus la căderea comunismului în Germania de Est și în restul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_de_Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa de Est">Europei de Est</a>, Germania a fost <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reunificarea_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reunificarea Germaniei">reunificată</a>.</p> <p>Germania este o <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republică">republică</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federa%C8%9Bie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federație">federală</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic%C4%83_parlamentar%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republică parlamentară">parlamentară</a> alcătuită din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landurile_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landurile Germaniei">16 state</a> numite <i>Landuri</i> (în limba <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba germană">germană</a> <span lang="de" style="font-style:italic">Länder</span>). Capitala federală și cel mai mare oraș este <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Industria germană este una din cele mai dezvoltate din lume. Germania este unul din principalele state exportatoare, deține o poziție-cheie în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunea Europeană</a> și menține o multitudine de parteneriate strânse la nivel global.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cercetarea științifică și tehnologică din Germania este recunoscută ca cercetare de vârf, la nivel mondial.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Germania a fost un membru fondator al <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comunit%C4%83%C8%9Bile_Europene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comunitățile Europene">Comunităților Europene</a> în 1957, care a devenit <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunea Europeană</a> în 1993. Acesta face parte din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spa%C8%9Biul_Schengen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spațiul Schengen">Spațiul Schengen</a>, și a devenit un co-fondator al <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zona_Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona Euro">zonei euro</a> în 1999. Germania este membru al <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bia_Na%C8%9Biunilor_Unite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organizația Națiunilor Unite">Organizației Națiunilor Unite</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NATO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="G8">G8</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G20?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="G20">G20</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCDE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCDE">OCDE</a>. Cunoscută pentru istoria și cultura sa bogată, Germania a produs numeroși artiști, filozofi, muzicieni, antreprenori, oameni de știință și inventatori.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ro" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Cuprins</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etimologie"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etimologie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Istorie"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Istorie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Triburi_germanice"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Triburi germanice</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sf%C3%A2ntul_Imperiu_Roman_(962-1806)"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sfântul Imperiu Roman (962-1806)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Restaura%C8%9Bie_%C8%99i_revolu%C8%9Bie_(1814-1871)"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Restaurație și revoluție (1814-1871)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Imperiul_German_(1871-1918)"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Imperiul German (1871-1918)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Republica_de_la_Weimar_(1919%E2%80%931933)"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Republica de la Weimar (1919–1933)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Al_Treilea_Reich_(1933%E2%80%931945)"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Al Treilea Reich (1933–1945)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Istoria_modern%C4%83"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Istoria modernă</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Germania_unificat%C4%83_%C8%99i_integrarea_%C3%AEn_UE_(1990%E2%80%93prezent)"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Germania unificată și integrarea în UE (1990–prezent)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Evenimente_politice_recente,_prezentate_sumar"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Evenimente politice recente, prezentate sumar</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geografie"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geografie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Clim%C4%83"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climă</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Biodiversitate"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Biodiversitate</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mediul_%C3%AEncojur%C4%83tor"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mediul încojurător</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Guvernul_%C8%99i_politica_de_stat"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Guvernul și politica de stat</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Componen%C8%9Ba_actual%C4%83_a_guvernului"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Componența actuală a guvernului</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Parlament"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Parlament</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Alte_organe_ale_statului_german"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Alte organe ale statului german</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Organizarea_politico-administrativ%C4%83"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Organizarea politico-administrativă</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ierarhia_administrativ%C4%83_(reprezentare_simplificat%C4%83)"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ierarhia administrativă (reprezentare simplificată)</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Legisla%C8%9Bie"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Legislație</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Legisla%C8%9Bia"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Legislația</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Particularit%C4%83%C8%9Bi_ale_regulilor_de_circula%C8%9Bie"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Particularități ale regulilor de circulație</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rela%C8%9Bii_externe"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Relații externe</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ajutor_pentru_dezvoltare"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ajutor pentru dezvoltare</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Armata"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Armata</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demografie"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Demografie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religie"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Religie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Papi_germani"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Papi germani</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Limbi"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Limbi</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ora%C8%99e"><span class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Orașe</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economie"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Economie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Infrastructur%C4%83"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Infrastructură</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cultur%C4%83"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Cultură</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C8%98tiin%C8%9B%C4%83"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Știință</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sport"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Sport</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#S%C4%83rb%C4%83tori_publice"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Sărbători publice</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Note"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Note</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vezi_%C8%99i"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Vezi și</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Leg%C4%83turi_externe"><span class="tocnumber">17</span> <span class="toctext">Legături externe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Cuvântul „Germania” în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_rom%C3%A2n%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba română">limba română</a>, provine de la cuvântul din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba latină">limba latină</a> „Germania”. Numele „Germania” a fost utilizat după ce <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iulius_Cezar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iulius Cezar">Iulius Cezar</a> l-a adoptat dintr-un termen galic pentru popoarele din partea de est a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rin">Rinului</a> care ar fi însemnat „vecin”.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Istorie">Istorie</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articole principale: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istoria_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istoria Germaniei">Istoria Germaniei</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istoria_Germaniei_postbelice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istoria Germaniei postbelice">Istoria Germaniei postbelice</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16785627">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex;gap:0.5ch}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex;gap:0.5ch}}</style> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Triburi_germanice">Triburi germanice</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Germanic_tribes_(750BC-1AD).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/220px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/220px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/330px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/440px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Expansiunea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triburile_germanice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Triburile germanice">triburilor germanice</a> (750 î.Hr. – 1 d.Hr.) </figcaption> </figure> <p>Se consideră că etnogeneza triburilor germanice a avut loc pe durata Epocii Nordice a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epoca_Bronzului?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epoca Bronzului">Bronzului</a>, sau, cel mai târziu, pe durata Epocii de fier Pre-Romane. Pornind din sudul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scandinavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scandinavia">Scandinaviei</a> și nordul Germaniei, triburile și-au extins teritoriul spre sud, est și vest, în secolul I î.Hr., ajungând în contact cu triburile <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cel%C8%9Bi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celți">celtice</a> din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galia">Galia</a>, precum și cu triburi iraniene, baltice și slave, în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_de_Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa de Est">Europa de Est</a>. Nu se cunosc prea multe despre începuturile istoriei germanicilor, avem la dispoziție doar scrieri ale autorilor <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperiul_Roman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperiul Roman">romani</a>, cercetări etimologice și descoperiri <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arheologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arheologie">arheologice</a>.</p> <p>Pe timpul domniei lui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cezar_August?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cezar August">Cezar August</a>, generalul roman Publius Quinctilius Varus a început invazia Germaniei (<i>Germania</i> era numele dat de romani teritoriilor de dincolo (la est) de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rin">Rin</a> până la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_Ural?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munții Ural">munții Ural</a>). În această perioadă, triburile germanice au început să se familiarizeze cu tacticile de război romane, menținându-și, însă, apartenența tribală. În anul 9 d.Hr., în cadrul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Teutoburger_Wald?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bătălia de la Teutoburger Wald">bătăliei de la Pădurea Teutoburg</a>, triburi germanice conduse de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arminius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> au înfrânt trei legiuni romane conduse de Varus. O mare parte din Germania de astăzi, anume partea de la est de Rin și la nord de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dun%C4%83re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunăre">Dunăre</a>, a rămas, astfel, în afara Imperiului Roman. Spre anul 100 d.Hr., pe când <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tacitus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> scria lucrarea sa <i>Germania</i>, triburi germanice s-au stabilit de-a lungul Rinului și Dunării (<i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limes">Limes</a> Germanicus</i>), ocupând mare parte din aria Germaniei moderne. În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul III">secolul III</a> s-au afirmat mai multe triburi vest-germanice: alamanii, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franci">francii</a>, chatii, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxoni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxoni">saxonii</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frizoni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frizoni">frizonii</a>, sicambrii și turingii. În jurul anului 260 d.Hr., multe triburi germanice au trecut de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limes">limes</a> și de frontiera de pe Dunăre, ajungând în teritorii controlate, pe atunci, de romani.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_ancient_history_26-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cambridge_ancient_history-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sfântul_Imperiu_Roman_(962-1806)"><span id="Sf.C3.A2ntul_Imperiu_Roman_.28962-1806.29"></span>Sfântul Imperiu Roman (962-1806)</h3> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Imperiu_Roman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sfântul Imperiu Roman">Sfântul Imperiu Roman</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_(169)pano.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano.jpg/170px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1280"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 214px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano.jpg/170px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="214" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano.jpg/255px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano.jpg/340px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wien_%28169%29pano.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Coroana Imperială a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Imperiu_Roman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sfântul Imperiu Roman">Sfântului Imperiu Roman</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carol_cel_Mare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carol cel Mare">Carol cel Mare</a> a fondat la 25 decembrie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/800?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="800">800</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperiul_Carolingian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperiul Carolingian">Imperiul Carolingian</a>, care avea să fie divizat în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/843?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="843">843</a>. Imperiul medieval (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Imperiu_Roman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sfântul Imperiu Roman">Sfântul Imperiu Roman</a>) s-a format din partea estică rezultată din această divizare, și a continuat să existe, sub diverse forme, din anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/962?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="962">962</a> până în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1806?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1806">1806</a>. Teritoriul său se întindea de la râul Eider la nord, până la coasta mediteraneană la sud. Numit, inițial, Sfântul Imperiu Roman, a fost redenumit, oficial, <i>Sacrum Romanum Imperium Nationis Germanicæ</i> (Sfântul Imperiu Roman al Națiunii Germane) începând cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1448?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1448">1448</a>, pentru ca titulatura să corespundă cu teritoriul ocupat, devenit, între timp, mai restrâns.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Lucas_Cranach_(I)_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_(Uffizi).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_%28Uffizi%29.jpg/130px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_%28Uffizi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="700"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 190px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_%28Uffizi%29.jpg/130px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_%28Uffizi%29.jpg" data-width="130" data-height="190" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_%28Uffizi%29.jpg/195px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_%28Uffizi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_%28Uffizi%29.jpg/260px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_%28Uffizi%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Luther?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (1483–1546) a inițiat <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reforma_Protestant%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reforma Protestantă">Reforma Protestantă</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Pe timpul dinastiei începute de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I">Otto I</a>, între anii <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/919?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="919">919</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1024?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1024">1024</a>, s-au consolidat ducatele Lorenei, Saxoniei, Franconiei, Șvabiei, Turingiei și Bavariei, iar regele german a fost numit Împărat romano-german al acestor regiuni în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/962?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="962">962</a>. Pe timpul domniei împăraților salici (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1024?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1024">1024</a>-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1125?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1125">1125</a>), Sfântul Imperiu Roman (Imperiul romano-german) a cucerit nordul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italia">Italiei</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundia">Burgundia</a>, dar împărații și-au pierdut din putere în urma unei controverse privind învestitura. Pe timpul împăraților Hohenstaufen (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1138?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1138">1138</a>-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1254?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1254">1254</a>), prinții germani au căutat să se extindă spre sud și est, ajungând să controleze teritorii locuite de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slavi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slavi">slavi</a> înainte ca germanii să trimită coloniști în aceste pământuri, și chiar mai la est (ceea ce s-a numit <i>Ostsiedlung</i>). Orașele din nordul Germaniei s-au dezvoltat, făcând parte din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liga_Hanseatic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liga Hanseatică">Liga Hanseatică</a>. Cu toate acestea, în urma Marii Foamete din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1315?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1315">1315</a> și Morții Negre din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1348?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1348">1348</a>-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1350?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1350">50</a>, populația Germaniei a scăzut considerabil.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Edictul Bulei de Aur din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1356?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1356">1356</a> a conferit imperiului o constituție a căror principii de bază aveau să dureze până la destrămarea imperiului. Aceasta codifica alegerea împăratului de către șapte <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principe_elector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principe elector">principi electori</a>, care controlau unele din cele mai puternice principate și arhiepiscopii. Începând cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_al_XV-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secolul al XV-lea">secolul al XV-lea</a>, împărații au fost aleși, aproape fără excepție, din cadrul dinastiei austriece de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a>.</p> <p>Călugărul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Luther?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> și-a publicat cele 95 de Teze în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1517?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1517">1517</a>, prin care ataca unele practici ale Bisericii Catolice, începând, astfel, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reforma_Protestant%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reforma Protestantă">Reforma Protestantă</a>. O confesiune distinctă, luterană, a devenit religie oficială în mai multe teritorii germane, după <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1530?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1530">1530</a>. Conflictul religios a dus la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_de_treizeci_de_ani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Războiul de treizeci de ani">Războiul de treizeci de ani</a> (1618-1648), care a devastat ținuturile germane, populația fiind redusă cu 30%<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacea_Westfalic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pacea Westfalică">Pacea Westfalică</a> din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1648?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1648">1648</a> a pus capăt războaielor religioase dintre statele germane, dar imperiul a fost împărțit <i>de facto</i> în numeroase principate independente. Din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1740?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1740">1740</a> monarhia austriacă de Habsburg și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regatul_Prusiei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regatul Prusiei">Regatul Prusiei</a> au dominat istoria germanilor. În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1806?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1806">1806</a> Imperiul a fost dizolvat, ca urmare a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C4%83zboaiele_Napoleoniene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Războaiele Napoleoniene">Războaielor Napoleoniene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-concise_h_30-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-concise_h-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Restaurație_și_revoluție_(1814-1871)"><span id="Restaura.C8.9Bie_.C8.99i_revolu.C8.9Bie_.281814-1871.29"></span>Restaurație și revoluție (1814-1871)</h3> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confedera%C8%9Bia_German%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confederația Germană">Confederația Germană</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg/220px-Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="2229"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg/220px-Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg/330px-Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg/440px-Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Parlamentul de la Frankfurt în 1848 </figcaption> </figure> <p>În urma căderii lui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, a fost organizat, în anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1814?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1814">1814</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congresul_de_la_Viena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Congresul de la Viena">Congresul de la Viena</a> și a fost fondată Confederația Germană (<i>Deutscher Bund</i>), o ligă formată din 39 de state. Dezacordul cu ideile politice ale restaurației a dus la întărirea mișcărilor <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberalism">liberale</a>, care cereau unitate și libertate. Aceste cereri, însă, au fost urmate de noi măsuri de represiune din partea omului de stat austriac <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metternich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Metternich">Metternich</a>. <i>Zollverein</i>, o uniune tarifară, a contribuit hotărâtor la unificarea economică a statelor germane. În această perioadă, mulți germani erau influențați de principiile <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_Francez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revoluția Franceză">Revoluției Franceze</a>, iar <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Na%C8%9Bionalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naționalism">naționalismul</a> era o forță în creștere, în special printre tinerii intelectuali. Pentru prima dată, culorile negru-roșu-galben au fost alese pentru a reprezenta mișcarea, aceste culori devenind, mai târziu, culorile drapelului german.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>În contextul unei serii de mișcări revoluționare în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europa</a>, care au avut drept rezultat proclamarea republicii în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franța">Franța</a>, intelectualii și oamenii de rând au adus <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_de_la_1848?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revoluția de la 1848">revoluția de la 1848</a> și în Confederația Germană. Speriați, monarhii au acceptat, în primă instanță, cererile revoluționarilor. În aceste împrejurări, regelui Frederic Wilhelm al IV-lea al Prusiei i s-a oferit titlul de împărat, dar, întrucât trebuia să renunțe la o parte din puterea politică deținută anterior, acesta a refuzat coroana și a respins constituția propusă, ceea ce, pe atunci, a fost un pas înapoi pentru mișcare. Conflictul dintre regele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_I_al_Prusiei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm I al Prusiei">Wilhelm I al Prusiei</a> și Parlament, care era din ce în ce mai influențat de ideile liberale, a izbucnit pe fondul discuțiilor privind reformele militare din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1862?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1862">1862</a>, iar regele l-a numit pe <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> nou prim-ministru al Prusiei. Bismarck a purtat, în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1864?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1864">1864</a>, un război împotriva <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danemarca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danemarca">Danemarcei</a>, ieșind victorios. Victoria prusacă în cadrul războiului austro-prusac din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1866?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1866">1866</a> i-a permis să creeze o Federație Nord-Germană (<i>Norddeutscher Bund</i>) și să împiedice <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a>, care înainte era cel mai puternic stat german, să se mai amestece în politica celorlalte state germane.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Imperiul_German_(1871-1918)"><span id="Imperiul_German_.281871-1918.29"></span>Imperiul German (1871-1918)</h3> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articole principale: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperiul_German?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperiul German">Imperiul German</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primul Război Mondial">Primul Război Mondial</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_(3._Fassung_1885).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/220px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1097"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/220px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/330px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/440px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Fondarea Germaniei moderne la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Versailles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franța">Franța</a>, 1871. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a> se află în centru, într-o uniformă albă. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Statul cunoscut cu numele <i>Germania</i> a fost <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unificarea_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unificarea Germaniei">unificat</a> ca stat-națiune modern în 1871, când <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperiul_German?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperiul German">Imperiul German</a> a fost înființat împreună cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regatul_Prusiei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regatul Prusiei">Regatul Prusiei</a>, ca element constitutiv. După înfrângerea francezilor în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_franco-prusac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Războiul franco-prusac">Războiul franco-prusac</a>, Imperiul German a fost proclamat la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palatul_Versailles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palatul Versailles">Versailles</a>, în 18 ianuarie 1871. Dinastia <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hohenzollern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a> a Prusiei a guvernat noul imperiu, al cărui capitală era <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Imperiul era o unificare a tuturor statelor dezmembrate ale Germaniei, cu excepția <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austriei</a> (<i>Kleindeutsche Lösung</i> sau „Germania de Jos”). Începând din 1884, Germania a început un proces de colonizare a câtorva state în afara <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europei</a>.</p> <p>În perioada <i>Gründerzeit</i>, după unificarea Germaniei, politica externă a împăratului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_I_al_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm I al Germaniei">Wilhelm I</a> asigura poziția Germaniei ca o mare națiune prin alianțe, izolând <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franța">Franța</a> prin mijloace diplomatice, precum și evitarea războiului. Cu toate acestea, sub conducerea lui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_al_II-lea_al_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm al II-lea al Germaniei">Wilhelm al II-lea</a>, Germania, ca toate puterile europene, a avut un curs imperialist care a dus la neînțelegeri cu țările vecine. Majoritatea alianțelor din care făcea parte și Germania nu au fost reînnoite, iar noile alianțe au exclus-o. În mod specific, Franța a stabilit relații noi prin semnarea tratatului numit <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antanta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antanta">Antanta</a> cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regatul_Unit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatul Unit">Regatul Unit</a> și asigurarea legăturilor cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperiul_Rus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperiul Rus">Imperiul Rus</a>. În afară de relațiile sale cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austro-Ungaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austro-Ungaria">Austro-Ungaria</a>, Germania a devenit din ce în ce mai izolată.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Map-DR-Prussia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map-DR-Prussia.svg/220px-Map-DR-Prussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2621" data-file-height="2224"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 187px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map-DR-Prussia.svg/220px-Map-DR-Prussia.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="187" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map-DR-Prussia.svg/330px-Map-DR-Prussia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map-DR-Prussia.svg/440px-Map-DR-Prussia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Germania Imperială (1871–1918), cu dominantul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regatul_Prusiei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regatul Prusiei">Regat al Prusiei</a> în albastru </figcaption> </figure> <p>Imperialismul Germaniei s-a extins până în afara granițelor statului și s-a alăturat celorlalte puteri europene, cerând partea lor din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Africa">Africa</a>. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conferin%C8%9Ba_de_la_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conferința de la Berlin">Conferința Congoului de la Berlin</a> (1884-1885), mediată de Bismarck, a împărțit Africa între puterile europene. Profitând de o situație politică favorabilă (prietenie cu Austro-Ungaria, Italia și Rusia, înțelegere cu Franța), Germania a întemeiat următoarele protectorate: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Africa_German%C4%83_de_Sud-Vest&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Africa Germană de Sud-Vest — pagină inexistentă">Africa Germană de Sud-Vest</a> (1884), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Togo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Togo">Togo</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camerun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camerun">Camerun</a> (1884), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Africa_German%C4%83_de_Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Germană de Est">Africa Germană de Est</a> (1885), inclusiv coloniile germane din Mările Sudului: Kaiser Wilhelmland (achiziționată, în 1880, de la Noua Guinee), Arhipelagul Bismarck, Insula Marshall. Cearta între puterile imperialiste pentru dominația Africii și altor teritorii a provocat continue tensiuni între <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mare_putere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mare putere">Marile Puteri</a>, care, prin acumulare, au fost una dintre cauzele care au contribuit la declanșarea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primul Război Mondial">Primului Război Mondial</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asasinarea_arhiducelui_Franz_Ferdinand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asasinarea arhiducelui Franz Ferdinand">Asasinarea</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arhiducele_Franz_Ferdinand_al_Austriei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arhiducele Franz Ferdinand al Austriei">arhiducelui Franz Ferdinand al Austriei</a>, la data de 28 iunie 1914, a constituit pretextul pentru declanșarea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primul Război Mondial">Primului Război Mondial</a>. Ca stat inițiator și principala forță a Triplei Alianțe (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puterile_Centrale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puterile Centrale">Puterile Centrale</a>), Germania a dus greul războiului contra <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alia%C8%9Bii_din_primul_r%C4%83zboi_mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliații din primul război mondial">Puterilor Aliate</a> (Antantei) și a suferit pierderi grele într-unul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bilan%C8%9Bul_r%C4%83zboiului" title="Primul Război Mondial">dintre cele mai sângeroase</a> conflicte ale tuturor timpurilor, numărând aproximativ 5.989.758 de victime germane (1.773.700 morți și 4.216.058 răniți).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>În toamna anului 1918, situația grea de pe front și mișcările revoluționare interne l-au determinat pe împăratul Wilhelm al II-lea să abdice și să plece în exil, în Țările de Jos. Socialiștii au preluat puterea și au proclamat republica. Pentru a împiedica invadarea țării, aceștia au semnat, la 11 noiembrie, armistițiul cu Puterile Aliate, care a pus capăt războiului iar, ulterior, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tratatul_de_la_Versailles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tratatul de la Versailles">Tratatul de la Versailles</a>, în iunie 1919, atrăgându-și ostilitatea naționaliștilor care refuzau să recunoască înfrângerea din Primul Război Mondial. Tratatul a fost perceput în Germania ca o continuare umilitoare a războiului prin alte mijloace, iar asprimea sa este, de obicei, considerată ca având un rol important în nașterea și creșterea ulterioară a curentului revanșist și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazism">nazismului</a> în țară.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_h_33-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lee_h-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Republica_de_la_Weimar_(1919–1933)"><span id="Republica_de_la_Weimar_.281919.E2.80.931933.29"></span>Republica de la Weimar (1919–1933)</h3> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republica_de_la_Weimar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republica de la Weimar">Republica de la Weimar</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <p>La începutul revoluției germane, Germania a fost proclamată <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republică">republică</a>, iar monarhia abolită. Cu toate acestea, lupta pentru putere a continuat, comuniștii radicaliști de stânga ajungând la putere în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, dar eșuând să preia controlul din întreaga Germanie. Revoluția s-a sfârșit în august 1919, când <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republica_de_la_Weimar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republica de la Weimar">Republica de la Weimar</a> a fost înființată oficial. La 11 august 1919, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Constitu%C8%9Bia_Weimar&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Constituția Weimar — pagină inexistentă">Constituția Weimar</a> a intrat în vigoare odată cu semnarea acesteia de către președintele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a>.</p> <p>Suferind din cauza <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_criz%C4%83_economic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea criză economică">crizei economice</a>, a condițiilor aspre de pace dictate de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tratatul_de_la_Versailles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tratatul de la Versailles">Tratatul de la Versailles</a>, precum și a succesiunii unor guverne mai mult sau mai puțin stabile, poporul Germaniei s-au lipsit din ce în ce mai mult de identificarea cu sistemul lor politic și cu „Înființarea Partidelor” în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sistem_parlamentar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sistem parlamentar">parlamentul</a> lor democratic. Acest lucru a fost agravat pe scară largă de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extrema_dreapt%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Extrema dreaptă">extrema dreaptă</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarhism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarhism">monarhism</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mi%C8%99carea_V%C3%B6lkisch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mișcarea Völkisch">völkisch</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazism">nazism</a>) <i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Legenda_%C3%AEnjunghiatului_%C3%AEn_spate&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Legenda înjunghiatului în spate — pagină inexistentă">Dolchstoßlegende</a></i>, care promova ideea că Germania a pierdut Primul Război Mondial datorită eforturilor și influenței celor care doreau să răstoarne guvernul. Cea mai mare acuzație adusă guvernului de la Weimar a fost trădarea națiunii germane, prin semnarea Tratatului de la Versailles, în timp ce <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comunism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comunism">comuniștii</a> radicaliști de stânga, precum <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liga_Spartakist%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga Spartakistă">Liga Spartakistă</a> (Grupul Spartakist), doreau o revoluție având drept țintă principală abolirea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitalism">capitalismului</a> în favoarea unui <i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A4terepublik&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Räterepublik — pagină inexistentă">Räterepublik</a></i>.</p> <p>Cu toate acestea, nemulțumirea față de noul guvern de la Weimar a provocat creșterea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partidul_Comunist_din_Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Partidul Comunist din Germania">Partidul Comunist din Germania</a>. Mulți conservatori au fost atrași de revoluționarea în spirit revanșard a dreptei politice, în special Partidul Muncitoresc German Național-Socialist - <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partidul_nazist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Partidul nazist">Partidul nazist</a>. Până în 1932, aceste două partide au controlat majoritatea parlamentului, (296 de scaune parlamentare până în iulie 1932). După câteva serii de cabinete de scurtă durată, președintele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> a luat o decizie crucială: având puține alternative și presat de consilierii de dreapta, la 30 ianuarie 1933, von Hindenburg l-a numit pe <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adolf_Hitler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> cancelar al Germaniei, îndeplinind cererea lui Hitler.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Al_Treilea_Reich_(1933–1945)"><span id="Al_Treilea_Reich_.281933.E2.80.931945.29"></span>Al Treilea Reich (1933–1945)</h3> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania_Nazist%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germania Nazistă">Germania Nazistă</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Deutschesreich1939.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Deutschesreich1939.png/250px-Deutschesreich1939.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="810"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 196px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Deutschesreich1939.png/250px-Deutschesreich1939.png" data-width="250" data-height="196" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Deutschesreich1939.png/375px-Deutschesreich1939.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Deutschesreich1939.png/500px-Deutschesreich1939.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Harta celui de-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperiul_German_1933-1945?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperiul German 1933-1945">al Treilea Reich</a> în 1939 </figcaption> </figure> <p>În aproape toată această perioadă statul german a purtat denumirea oficială <i>Deutsches Reich</i> (Imperiul German); denumirea colocvială a fost <i>Drittes Reich</i> (Al Treilea Reich) sau și <i>Nazi-Deutschland</i> (Germania nazistă).</p> <p>La 27 februarie 1933, sediul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reichstag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Reichstag">Reichstagului</a> (parlamentului german de pe atunci), aflat în clădirea numită și până astăzi <i>Reichstag</i>, a fost incendiat, aceasta constituind pretextul pentru decretele de urgență ce au abrogat drepturile cetățenești de bază.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O hotărâre a parlamentului i-a dat lui Hitler putere legislativă nerestricționată. Doar Partidul Social Democrat <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SPD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SPD">SPD</a> a votat împotriva acesteia, în timp ce membrii comuniști ai parlamentului au fost încarcerați. Folosindu-și puterea de a distruge orice rezistență actuală sau potențială, în decurs de câteva luni, Hitler a pus bazele unui stat centralizat totalitarist. Industria a fost revitalizată prin producția masivă de armament, de fapt, interzisă Germaniei după pierderea Primului Război Mondial. În 1935 Germania a redobândit controlul asupra ținutului istoric <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saar">Saar</a>, iar în 1936 controlul militar al ținutului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rin">Rin</a>, amândouă fiind pierdute în urma <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tratatul_de_la_Versailles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tratatul de la Versailles">Tratatului de la Versailles</a>. Susținând, în paralel, campania agresivă a dezvoltării masive a producției de armament, politica externă a Germaniei a devenit mai agresivă și expansionistă, împingând, voit, omenirea spre <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">Al Doilea Război Mondial</a>. În 1938 și 1939, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cehoslovacia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cehoslovacia">Cehoslovacia</a> au fost aduse sub controlul Germaniei și a fost pregătită invazia Poloniei (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pactul_Hitler-Stalin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pactul Hitler-Stalin">Pactul Hitler-Stalin</a>, Operațiunea Himmler). La 1 septembrie 1939 armata Germaniei a lansat războiul „fulger” (<i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blitzkrieg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a></i>) asupra Poloniei, care a fost rapid ocupată de trupele Germaniei și de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armata_Ro%C8%99ie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armata Roșie">Armata Roșie</a> Sovietică, marcând începutul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial în Europa. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regatul_Unit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatul Unit">Regatul Unit</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franța">Franța</a> au declarat război Germaniei și, întrucât războiul s-a extins, Germania și aliații săi au căpătat controlul asupra unei mari părți din Europa continentală.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Second_world_war_europe_1941-1942_map_de.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Second_world_war_europe_1941-1942_map_de.png/250px-Second_world_war_europe_1941-1942_map_de.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 229px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Second_world_war_europe_1941-1942_map_de.png/250px-Second_world_war_europe_1941-1942_map_de.png" data-width="250" data-height="229" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Second_world_war_europe_1941-1942_map_de.png/375px-Second_world_war_europe_1941-1942_map_de.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Second_world_war_europe_1941-1942_map_de.png/500px-Second_world_war_europe_1941-1942_map_de.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Cuceririle naziste în Europa pe durata celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial </figcaption> </figure> <p>La 22 iunie 1941, Germania a încălcat <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pactul_Hitler-Stalin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pactul Hitler-Stalin">Pactul Hitler-Stalin</a> și a invadat <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_Sovietic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniunea Sovietică">Uniunea Sovietică</a>. În același an, Japonia a atacat baza americană de la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pearl_Harbor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oceanul_Pacific?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oceanul Pacific">Oceanul Pacific</a>, iar Germania, în calitate de aliat al Japoniei, a declarat război și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SUA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SUA">Statelor Unite</a>. Deși armata germană a avansat în Uniunea Sovietică destul de rapid, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Stalingrad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bătălia de la Stalingrad">Bătălia de la Stalingrad</a> a marcat punctul de turnură al acestui război. În consecință, armata germană a început să se retragă de pe Frontul de Est. În septembrie 1943, Italia, aliata Germaniei, a capitulat, obligând forțele Wehrmact-ului să deschidă un alt front pentru păstrarea acestei regiuni nord-mediteraneene în sistemul de apărare german. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opera%C8%9Biunea_Neptun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operațiunea Neptun">Operațiunea Neptun</a> a marcat un alt punct de turnură în acest război, deschizând frontul vestic. La 6 iunie 1944, Forțele aliate anglo-americane au debarcat pe Coasta <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Normandia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Normandia">Normandiei</a> din Franța ocupată și s-au îndreptat spre teritoriul german, astfel că foarte curând, la 8 mai 1945, după ce Armata Roșie a cucerit Berlinul, iar Hitler s-a sinucis în bunkerul său, Germania nazistă a fost silită să capituleze necondiționat. În timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial au murit aproximativ 7 milioane de civili și soldați germani (inclusiv etnicii germani din Europa de est).</p> <p>În timpul celui de-al Treilea Reich, guvernul german nazist a aplicat politici împotriva minorităților și multor dizidenți, ceea ce, mai târziu, avea să fie cunoscut sub denumirea de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holocaust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. În timpul acestuia au fost uciși aproximativ 17 milioane de oameni, inclusiv circa 6 milioane de evrei și un număr important de țigani, polonezi și alți slavi, prizonieri de război sovietici, bolnavi mintali, homosexuali și membri ai opoziției politice. Cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genocid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genocid">genocidul</a> nazist au fost responsabili pentru mai mult de 40 de milioane de morți în Europa. După încheierea celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, s-au desfășurat, la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nürnberg">Nürnberg</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Procesele_de_la_N%C3%BCrnberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Procesele de la Nürnberg">procesele</a> criminalilor de război germani.<sup id="cite_ref-Historia_2023-11-08_35-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Historia_2023-11-08-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Istoria_modernă"><span id="Istoria_modern.C4.83"></span>Istoria modernă</h3> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istoria_Germaniei_postbelice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istoria Germaniei postbelice">Istoria Germaniei postbelice</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg/250px-Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1273"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 296px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg/250px-Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg.png" data-width="250" data-height="296" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg/375px-Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg/500px-Deutschland_Besatzungszonen_8_Jun_1947_-_22_Apr_1949.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Zonele de ocupație din Germania (1947) </figcaption> </figure> <p>Comunitatea și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba germană">limba germană</a> au apărut cu mii de ani în urmă, însă, ca stat, Germania a apărut abia în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1871?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1871">1871</a>, când, sub conducerea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cancelar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cancelar">cancelarului</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, s-a format <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperiul_German?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperiul German">Imperiul German</a>, înglobând partea de nord a Germaniei actuale - <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confedera%C8%9Bia_German%C4%83_de_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confederația Germană de Nord">Confederația Germană de Nord</a> (dominată de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prusia">Prusia</a>, în germană: <i>Preußen</i>), apoi <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (în germană: <i>Bayern</i>) precum și diferite alte regiuni, excluzând, însă, părțile vorbitoare de germană din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a>. Acesta a fost cel de al doilea <i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Reich">Reich</a></i> german, tradus de obicei ca „imperiu”. Primul <i>Reich</i> — cunoscut timp de multe secole sub denumirea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Imperiu_Roman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sfântul Imperiu Roman">Sfântul Imperiu Roman de Națiune Germană</a> — provenea din divizarea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Francii">Imperiului Franc</a> în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/843?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="843">843</a>, existând sub diverse forme până în anul 1806. Cel de-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_Treilea_Reich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Treilea Reich">al Treilea Reich</a> (și ultimul) a fost cel al <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazism">naziștilor</a>; el a durat doar 12 ani (din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1933?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1933">1933</a> până în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1945?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1945">1945</a>).</p> <p>Germania, devenită una dintre marile puteri europene, s-a implicat în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primul Război Mondial">Primul Război Mondial</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1914?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1914">1914</a> - 1918) alături de aliatul ei, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austro-Ungaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austro-Ungaria">Austro-Ungaria</a>. La începutul conflagrației, Germania a invadat Belgia și a pătruns în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franța">Franța</a>, până aproape de Paris, nereușind, însă, să obțină o victorie hotărâtoare, deoarece războiul a devenit unul de uzură, care i-a secat resursele materiale și umane. Războiul s-a încheiat în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1918?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1918">1918</a> și, drept urmare, împăratul Germaniei a fost forțat să abdice. În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tratatul_de_la_Versailles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tratatul de la Versailles">Tratatul de la Versailles</a>, încheiat după război, Germania a fost considerată responsabilă pentru provocarea conflagrației.</p> <p>Unii politicieni consideră condițiile grele impuse Germaniei prin <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tratatul_de_la_Versailles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tratatul de la Versailles">Tratatul de la Versailles</a> din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1919?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1919">1919</a>, precum și problemele economice datorate crizei economice mondiale începute în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1929?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1929">1929</a> ca fiind factori care au permis partidului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazism">nazist</a> al lui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hitler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NSDAP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NSDAP">NSDAP</a>) să obțină un procentaj mare din sufragii și, în cele din urmă, să formeze, la 30 ianuarie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1933?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1933">1933</a>, un nou guvern cu Adolf Hitler în funcția de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cancelar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cancelar">cancelar</a>. Istoricii, fără a respinge implicarea certă a factorilor de natură conjuncturală (precum obligația de a despăgubi statele agresate de către Germania în Primul Război Mondial pentru imensele pierderi provocate, sau criza mondială cu punct de plecare în crahul bursier din SUA) subliniază importanța istoriei recente a țării (perioada din timpul și după unificarea Germaniei, când tendința liberală a fost brutal marginalizată sau doar cooptată de tendințele politice naționaliste) în ascensiunea nazismului; în primul volum al trilogiei sale dedicate fenomenului, istoricul britanic Richard J. Evans, de exemplu, găsește originea derivei naziste în caracteristicile evidente ale societății germane, precum: militarismul, prevalența valorilor și instituțiilor aristocratice (în contrast cu valorile liberale și democratice care se răspândiseră cu mai mult succes în țări precum Franța sau Marea Britanie), precum și moștenirea conservatorismului politic al "cancelarului de fier" Otto von Bismarck și influența durabilă a acestuia asupra mentalului colectiv (anume dorul intens pentru un leader puternic care să conducă națiunea ca un părinte sever, dar inspirat). Plecând de la faptul că rădăcinile derivei naziste sunt adânc înfipte în istoria țării, cel puțin cât să ajungă până la jumătatea secolului XIX, alți istorici (precum francezul Georges Bensoussan<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) subliniază și ei faptul plin de semnificații că națiunea germană a fost strânsă laolaltă în 1871 de niște politicieni, și așa s-a întâmplat, de altfel, întotdeauna în istoria laxelor forme statale federalizatoare pe teritoriile germanofone, neexistând așa, cum s-a întâmplat în Franța, de exemplu, un moment de simbolism național unificator și egalizator, precum revoluția: națiunea n-are ce celebra ca moment în care s-a unificat "de jos" (cum e 14 iulie 1790 în Franța, cu "la Fête de la Fédération"), căci ea a fost unificată "de sus." <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De aceea, în Germania secolului al XIX-lea, referința-far este un politician, birocrat și chiar militar aristocrat, precum von Bismarck, nu cum se întâmpla în Franța aceluiași secol, unde referința-far a fost un scriitor popular (prin naștere, dar și dedicare), anume Victor Hugo.<sup id="cite_ref-Philosophie_Magazine_Hors-Série_2012_p._8_38-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Philosophie_Magazine_Hors-S%C3%A9rie_2012_p._8-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faptul că unificarea a trebuit să fie câștigată prin război contra străinilor (francezi, de exemplu) și aceasta i-a făcut pe germani naționaliști, marcați profund și durabil de mentalitatea asediatului)) și ținând cont de valorile pe care Franța le încarna pe continent la acel moment, ostilitatea străinilor la unificarea națiunii i-a făcut pe nemți și antilberali, de unde una dintre explicațiile eșecului liberalilor în timpul revoluției de la 1848 pe teritoriile germanofone și, mai ales, la Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-Philosophie_Magazine_Hors-Série_2012_p._8_38-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Philosophie_Magazine_Hors-S%C3%A9rie_2012_p._8-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>În 1934 Hitler a preluat tot controlul, devenind șeful statului și scăpând de opoziție prin violență. În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1935?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1935">1935</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antisemitism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antisemitism">antisemitismul</a> a devenit o politică oficială de stat în Germania, justificată, formal, prin <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legile_de_la_N%C3%BCrnberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legile de la Nürnberg">Legile de la Nürnberg</a> (<i>Nürnberger Gesetze</i>). Un moment important în istoria Germaniei îl reprezintă unirea cu Austria. Evenimentul, cunoscut sub numele de <i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anschluss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i> („alipire”), s-a petrecut la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_martie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 martie">12 martie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1938?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1938">1938</a> și reprezintă unul din pașii importanți ai regimului nazist din Germania spre război. Germania făcut, apoi, o alianță cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italia">Italia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japonia">Japonia</a>, numită <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puterile_Axei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puterile Axei">Axa Berlin-Roma-Tokio</a>.</p> <p>La 23 august 1939 Hitler a încheiat chiar și cu Stalin un tratat de neagresiune, cu urmări importante asupra lumii și României, numit <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pactul_Ribbentrop-Molotov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pactul Ribbentrop-Molotov">Pactul Ribbentrop-Molotov</a>. În virtutea acestui pact, politica lui Hitler de a anexa țările vecine a culminat, la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1_septembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1 septembrie">1 septembrie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1939?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1939">1939</a>, prin cotropirea Poloniei și izbucnirea celui de-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">al Doilea Război Mondial</a>.</p> <p>În prima parte a războiului, Germania a avut succese militare fulgerătoare, câștigând controlul asupra principalelor teritorii din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europa</a>, unei mari părți a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/URSS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">URSS</a> și a nordului Africii. În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1941?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1941">1941</a> naziștii au pus în aplicare <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holocaust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holocaust">Holocaustul</a> ca politică de stat, bazată pe argumente și pretexte rasiste, de exterminare în masă a milioane de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evrei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evrei">evrei</a> și alte naționalități. Între <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1942?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1942">1942</a>-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1943?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1943">1943</a>, balanța în război s-a schimbat, succesele trecând de partea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alia%C8%9Bii_din_cel_de-al_doilea_r%C4%83zboi_mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliații din cel de-al doilea război mondial">Aliaților</a> împotriva Germaniei, printre care <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/URSS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">URSS</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_Britanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea Britanie">Marea Britanie</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">Statele Unite ale Americii</a>. La finele lunii aprilie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1945?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1945">1945</a>, Hitler și-a recunoscut eșecul total și s-a sinucis. La <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8 mai">8 mai</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1945?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1945">1945</a>, Germania a capitulat necondiționat.</p> <p>În urma cererilor făcute de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stalin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> la conferințele de la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ialta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ialta">Ialta</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potsdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, provinciile germane de până atunci situate la est de râurile <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Odra">Odra</a> (<i>Oder</i>) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neisse_(r%C3%A2u)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neisse (râu)">Neisse</a> (<i>Neiße</i>) - <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pomerania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silezia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silezia">Silezia</a>, orașul hanseatic <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danzig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> (astăzi <i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gdansk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gdansk">Gdansk</a></i> în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia">Polonia</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusia_R%C4%83s%C4%83ritean%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prusia Răsăriteană">Prusia Răsăriteană</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusia_Apusean%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prusia Apuseană">Prusia Apuseană</a> și Țara Sudeților (<i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sudetenland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></i>) - au fost alipite la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia">Polonia</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/URSS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">URSS</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cehoslovacia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cehoslovacia">Cehoslovacia</a>. Începând cu ofensiva Armatei Roșii de la 12 ianuarie 1945 și până în 1948, cei mai mulți locuitori germani ai acestor regiuni, aproximativ 12 milioane înainte de război, au fost expulzați spre vest sau și spre Siberia, în condiții brutale.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În jur de 2 milioane dintre aceștia și-au pierdut viața în război și în cadrul procesului de expulzare (<i>„Vertreibung”</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>În urma războiului, teritoriul Germaniei de azi a fost împărțit în patru „zone de ocupație”, controlate de puterile aliate <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franța">Franța</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/URSS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">URSS</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regatul_Unit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatul Unit">Regatul Unit</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statele_Unite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Statele Unite">Statele Unite</a>. Berlinul a fost, de asemenea, divizat în patru sectoare controlate de aceste puteri. Scindarea a culminat prin constituirea, în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1949?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1949">1949</a>, pe teritoriul Germaniei de azi a două state germane: partea de apus s-a numit <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republica_Federal%C4%83_Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica Federală Germania">Republica Federală Germania</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RFG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RFG">RFG</a> sau <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania_de_Vest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germania de Vest">Germania de Vest</a> (germană: <i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundesrepublik_Deutschland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrepublik Deutschland">Bundesrepublik Deutschland</a></i>), iar partea de răsărit, orientată spre <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/URSS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">URSS</a>, s-a numit <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republica_Democrat%C4%83_German%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republica Democrată Germană">Republica Democrată Germană</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RDG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RDG">RDG</a>, Germania de Est sau de Răsărit (germană: <i>Deutsche Demokratische Republik</i> sau <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DDR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="DDR">DDR</a>). Germania de Vest și-a recuperat rapid nivelul de dinaintea războiului, devenind o putere economică importantă a Europei.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Germania_unificată_și_integrarea_în_UE_(1990–prezent)"><span id="Germania_unificat.C4.83_.C8.99i_integrarea_.C3.AEn_UE_.281990.E2.80.93prezent.29"></span>Germania unificată și integrarea în UE (1990–prezent)</h3> </div> <p>Vezi și articolele: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istoria_Germaniei_postbelice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istoria Germaniei postbelice">Istoria Germaniei postbelice</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zonele_aliate_de_ocupa%C8%9Bie_din_Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zonele aliate de ocupație din Germania">Zonele aliate de ocupație din Germania</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Expulzarea_germanilor_dup%C4%83_al_doilea_r%C4%83zboi_mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulzarea germanilor după al doilea război mondial">Expulzarea germanilor după al doilea război mondial</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Euro_banknotes.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Euro_banknotes.png/220px-Euro_banknotes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="366"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Euro_banknotes.png/220px-Euro_banknotes.png" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Euro_banknotes.png/330px-Euro_banknotes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Euro_banknotes.png/440px-Euro_banknotes.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> În 1999 Germania a adoptat moneda <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">euro</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1990?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1990">1990</a>, după căderea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comunism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comunism">comunismului</a> în Europa, cele două state germane s-au <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reunificarea_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reunificarea Germaniei">reunificat</a>, prin aceea că în fosta RDG au fost înființate <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land">landuri</a> (așa cum existau deja în RFG), landuri care, ceva mai târziu, au aderat oficial la RFG, adoptând și constituția RFG numită <i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grundgesetz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundgesetz">Grundgesetz</a></i>. Tratatul care a definit această reunificare se numește <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tratatul_doi_plus_patru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tratatul doi plus patru">Tratatul doi plus patru</a> (a fost încheiat de către cele două state germane și cele patru puteri care dețineau suveranitatea asupra întregii Germanii: SUA, Regatul Unit, Franța și URSS). Prin semnarea acestor acte, Republica Democrată Germană a încetat să mai existe.</p> <p>Conform Actului Bonn-Berlin, adoptat de Parlament la data de 10 martie 1994, Berlin a devenit, încă o dată, capitala Germaniei Întregite, în timp ce Bonn a obținut statutul unic de <i>Bundesstadt</i> (oraș federal), păstrând câteva ministere federale.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remutarea guvernului a fost finalizată în 1999.</p> <p>După reunificare, Germania a luat un rol tot mai activ în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunea Europeană</a> și NATO. Germania a trimis forțe de menținere a păcii pentru a asigura stabilitatea din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opera%C8%9Biunea_For%C8%9Bele_Aliate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operațiunea Forțele Aliate">Balcani</a> și a trimis o forță militară<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundeswehr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundeswehr">germană</a> în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afganistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a>, ca parte din efortul NATO pentru a stabili securitatea în această țară după eliminarea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taliban?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taliban">talibanilor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ARM_43-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ARM-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aceste desfășurări au fost controversate, deoarece, după război, Germania a fost obligată să trimită trupe cu scopuri de apărare. Evenimentele din teritoriile străine au fost percepute ca fiind acoperite fără asigurare defensivă; cu toate acestea, votul parlamentului în această problemă a legalizat, în mod efectiv, participarea într-un context de menținere a păcii.</p> <p>Statul german reunit este acum una dintre cele mai importante țări din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunea Europeană</a> și din lume.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Evenimente_politice_recente,_prezentate_sumar"><span id="Evenimente_politice_recente.2C_prezentate_sumar"></span>Evenimente politice recente, prezentate sumar</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg/220px-BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="1663"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 327px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg/220px-BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="327" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg/330px-BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg/440px-BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zidul_Berlinului?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zidul Berlinului">Zidul Berlinului</a>, asaltat de mulțime (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/10_noiembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="10 noiembrie">10 noiembrie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1989?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1989">1989</a>) </figcaption> </figure> <p>Din 1998 și până în iulie 2005 cancelar federal a fost <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> (SPD), în fruntea unui cabinet de coaliție între social-democrați (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SPD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SPD">SPD</a>) și verzi (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_90_/_Die_Gr%C3%BCnen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen">Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen</a>). La 21 iulie 2005 președintele federal <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a> a dizolvat Bundestagul, ca urmare a votului de neîncredere pe care l-a primit cancelarul Schröder.</p> <p>La 18 septembrie 2005 au avut loc alegeri federale anticipate, în urma cărora a venit la putere marea coaliție, între fracțiunile parlamentare <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CDU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CDU">CDU</a>/<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CSU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CSU">CSU</a> (așa-numita „Uniune Creștină”) și SPD, cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angela_Merkel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (CDU) drept cancelar.</p> <p>La <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alegerile_federale_germane,_2009?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alegerile federale germane, 2009">alegerile federale din 2009</a> social-democrații au scăzut în preferința electoratului, așa încât creștin-democrații au format o coaliție cu liberalii (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FDP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="FDP">FDP</a>), coaliție supranumită „negru-galben”. Al 17-lea Bundestag al Germaniei s-a constituit la 28 octombrie 2009. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norbert_Lammert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norbert Lammert">Norbert Lammert</a> (CDU) a fost reales președinte al Bundestagului. Angela Merkel și-a numit apoi noul cabinet, format din 16 persoane (de la CDU, CSU și FDP), cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guido Westerwelle">Guido Westerwelle</a> (FDP) vicecancelar și ministru de externe.</p> <p>La alegerile prezidențiale din 30 iunie 2010, Adunarea Federală (<i>Bundesversammlung</i>) l-a ales în al 3-lea scrutin pe <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_Wulff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a> (CDU) drept nou președinte al Germaniei, pentru o perioadă de 5 ani. Acesta a fost învestit în funcție la 2 iulie 2010. La 17 februarie 2012 Wulff a fost nevoit să demisioneze, după ce procuratura din Saxonia Inferioară l-a învinuit că ar fi primit foloase necuvenite în perioada cât a fost prim-ministru al landului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxonia_Inferioar%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxonia Inferioară">Saxonia Inferioară</a>.</p> <p>La 18 martie 2012 Adunarea Federală (<i>Bundesversammlung</i>) l-a ales pe fostul disident anticomunist <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joachim_Gauck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a> (independent), din primul tur de scrutin, drept președinte al Germaniei.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Geografie">Geografie</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografia Germaniei">Geografia Germaniei</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Deutschland_topo.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/170px-Deutschland_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2011" data-file-height="2654"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 224px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/170px-Deutschland_topo.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="224" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/255px-Deutschland_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/340px-Deutschland_topo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Hartă topografică </figcaption> </figure> <p>Teritoriul Germaniei acoperă 357,021 km², dintre care 349223 km² sunt terenuri, relieful fiind preponderent muntos, iar 7798 km² sunt ape. Se plasează, după suprafață, pe locul șapte în Europa și pe locul 63 la nivel global. Altitudinea variază de la altitudinile Munților <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alpi">Alpi</a> (cel mai înalt punct: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zugspitze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zugspitze">Zugspitze</a> la 2962 metri) în sud, până la țărmurile <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_Nordului?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea Nordului">Mării Nordului</a> (Nordsee), în nord-vest și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea Baltică">Marea Baltică</a> (Ostsee), în nord-est. Între acestea se află zonele de munte împădurite din Germania Centrală și terenurile joase din nord (cel mai jos punct: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wilstermarsch&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wilstermarsch — pagină inexistentă">Wilstermarsch</a> la 3.54 metri sub nivelul mării), traversate de câteva fluvii ale Europei, precum <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rin">Rinul</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dun%C4%83re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunăre">Dunărea</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elba">Elba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_44-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Germania are cele mai multe granițe cu țările europene, decât oricare alt stat din Europa. Se învecinează în nord cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danemarca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danemarca">Danemarca</a>, în est cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia">Polonia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republica_Ceh%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica Cehă">Republica Cehă</a>, în sud cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elve%C8%9Bia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elveția">Elveția</a>, în sud-vest cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franța">Franța</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgia">Belgia</a> iar în nord-vest cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C8%9A%C4%83rile_de_Jos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Țările de Jos">Țările de Jos</a>. Capitala Germaniei este <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Climă"><span id="Clim.C4.83"></span>Climă</h3> </div> <p>Germania are o climă temperată, cu o temperatură medie anuală de 9 °C. Temperatura medie în ianuarie variază de la -6 °C până la +1 °C (în funcție de localitate și altitudinea ei), în timp ce temperatura medie a lunii iulie variază între 16 și 20 °C. Precipitațiile sunt mai mari în sud, unde se înregistrează 1.980 mm pe an, majoritatea sub formă de zăpadă.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Hintersee.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hintersee.jpg/220px-Hintersee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="1531"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hintersee.jpg/220px-Hintersee.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hintersee.jpg/330px-Hintersee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hintersee.jpg/440px-Hintersee.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Peisaj <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alpi">alpin</a> în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Majoritatea Germaniei are o <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zon%C4%83_temperat%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zonă temperată">climă temperată</a>, în care predomină vânturile vestice umede. Clima este moderată de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Curentul_Atlanticului_de_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Curentul Atlanticului de Nord">Curentul Atlanticului de Nord</a>, care este extinderea nordică a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Curentul_Golfului?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Curentul Golfului">Curentului Golfului</a>. Această apă caldă afectează zonele riverane Mării Nordului, inclusiv zona de-a lungul Rinului, care se varsă în Marea Nordului. În consecință, în partea de nord și nord-vest, clima este oceanică; <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Precipita%C8%9Bie_(meteorologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Precipitație (meteorologie)">ploile</a> cad pe parcursul întregului an, cu un maxim în timpul verii.</p> <p>Iernile sunt blânde, iar verile tind să se răcească, deși temperaturile pot depăși 30° <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celsius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celsius">C</a> (86° <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fahrenheit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fahrenheit">F</a>) pentru perioade prelungite. În zonele estice, clima este mai mult continentală; iernile pot fi foarte reci, verile pot fi foarte calde, iar adesea sunt consemnate perioade de secetă. Germania centrală și de sud sunt regiuni de tranziție, care variază de la o temperatură moderat oceanică la continentală, iar temperaturi pot depăși 30 °C (86 °F) pe timp de vară.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Biodiversitate">Biodiversitate</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cervus_elaphus_11.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cervus_elaphus_11.jpg/220px-Cervus_elaphus_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cervus_elaphus_11.jpg/220px-Cervus_elaphus_11.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cervus_elaphus_11.jpg/330px-Cervus_elaphus_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cervus_elaphus_11.jpg/440px-Cervus_elaphus_11.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Cerbul roșu este o specie răspândită larg în sălbăticie. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Din punct de vedere fitogeografic, Germania este partajată între provinciile Atlanticului European și Europei Centrale a Regiunii Circumboreale în cadrul Regatului Boreal. Teritoriul Germaniei poate fi subdivizat în două ecoregiuni: pădurile montane mixte ale Mediteranei europene și reciful marin ale Atlanticului nord-estic.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Majoritatea Germaniei este acoperită fie din teren arabil (33%), fie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silvicultur%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silvicultură">silvicultură</a> și regiune păduroasă (31%). Numai 15% este acoperit de pășuni constante.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Th%C3%BCringerwald.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Th%C3%BCringerwald.JPG/220px-Th%C3%BCringerwald.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Th%C3%BCringerwald.JPG/220px-Th%C3%BCringerwald.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Th%C3%BCringerwald.JPG/330px-Th%C3%BCringerwald.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Th%C3%BCringerwald.JPG/440px-Th%C3%BCringerwald.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Aproximativ o treime din teritoriul Germaniei este acoperit de păduri: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_P%C4%83durea_Turingiei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munții Pădurea Turingiei">Munții Pădurea Turingiei</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Plantele și animalele sunt, în general, comune celor din perioada medievală. Fagi, stejari, și alte esențe de foioase constituie o treime din păduri; pădurile de conifere sunt în creștere ca urmare a reîmpăduririlor. Molidul și bradul predomină în munții de sus, în timp ce pinul și laricele se găsesc în sol nisipos. Există multe specii de ferigi, flori, ciuperci, și mușchi. Peștii abundă în râuri și în Marea Nordului. Printre animalele sălbatice, se găsesc cerbul, mistrețul, muflonul, vulpea, bursucul, iepurele, și un număr mic de castori. Diverse păsări migratoare străbat Germania primăvara și toamna.</p> <p><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lista_parcurilor_na%C8%9Bionale_ale_Germaniei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lista parcurilor naționale ale Germaniei — pagină inexistentă">Parcurile naționale ale Germaniei</a> includ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Parcurile_na%C8%9Bionale_Wattenmeer&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Parcurile naționale Wattenmeer — pagină inexistentă">Parcurile naționale Wattenmeer</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Parcul_na%C8%9Bional_Jasmund&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Parcul național Jasmund — pagină inexistentă">Parcul național Jasmund</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Parcul_na%C8%9Bional_Vorpommersche_Boddenlandschaft&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Parcul național Vorpommersche Boddenlandschaft — pagină inexistentă">Parcul național Vorpommersche Boddenlandschaft</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parcul_na%C8%9Bional_M%C3%BCritz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parcul național Müritz">Parcul național Müritz</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Parcul_na%C8%9Bional_Unteres_Odertal&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Parcul național Unteres Odertal — pagină inexistentă">Parcul național Unteres Odertal</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Parcul_na%C8%9Bional_Harz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Parcul național Harz — pagină inexistentă">Parcul național Harz</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parcul_na%C8%9Bional_S%C3%A4chsische_Schweiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parcul național Sächsische Schweiz">Parcul național Sächsische Schweiz</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bayerischer_Wald?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bayerischer Wald">Bayerischer Wald</a>.</p> <p>Germania este cunoscută pentru numeroasele sale grădini zoologice, parcurile faunei sălbatice, acvarii, și parcuri de păsări,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mai mult de 400 de grădini zoologice și parcuri de animale sunt administrate în această țară, număr care o plasează pe primul loc în lume<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gradin%C4%83_zoologic%C4%83_de_la_Berlin&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gradină zoologică de la Berlin — pagină inexistentă">Gradină zoologică de la Berlin</a> este cea mai veche grădină zoologică din Germania și deține cea mai numeroasă colecție de specii din lume.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mediul_încojurător"><span id="Mediul_.C3.AEncojur.C4.83tor"></span>Mediul încojurător</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Windgermany.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Windgermany.JPG/220px-Windgermany.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="1184"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Windgermany.JPG/220px-Windgermany.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Windgermany.JPG/330px-Windgermany.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Windgermany.JPG/440px-Windgermany.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Turbinele eoliene din Wehrda (Marburg) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg/220px-Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg/220px-Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg/330px-Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg/440px-Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pajur%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pajură">Pajura</a> este o pasăre de pradă protejată și simbol heraldic național. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Cea mai mare fermă eoliană și a capacității de energie solară din lume este instalată în Germania.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germania este cunoscută pentru conștiința propriului mediu înconjurător.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mulți germani consideră cauzele antropice a fi un factor semnificativ la încălzirea globală.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germania participă, în cadrul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protocolul_de_la_Kyoto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protocolul de la Kyoto">Protocolului de la Kyoto</a> și în alte tratate de promovare a biodiversității, aplicând riguros standardele de emisii scăzute, programele de reciclare și utilizare a energiei regenerabile și sprijinind dezvoltarea durabilă la nivel global.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Guvernul german a inițiat numeroase activități pentru reducerea emisiilor iar totalul emisiilor țării sunt în descreștere.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cu toate acestea, emisiile de dioxid de carbon pe cap de locuitor din Germania sunt printre cele mai ridicate din UE, deși ele sunt semnificativ mai mici decât cele din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabia_Saudit%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabia Saudită">Arabia Saudită</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statele_Unite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Statele Unite">Statele Unite</a>. Emisiile provenite din industrie și utilitățile de ardere a cărbunelui contribuie la poluarea aerului. Ploile acide care rezultă din emisiile de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dioxid_de_sulf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dioxid de sulf">dioxid de sulf</a> devastează <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C4%83dure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pădure">pădurile</a>. Poluarea din Marea Baltică a apelor reziduale și a reziduurilor industriale de la râuri din fosta Germanie de Est au fost reduse. Guvernul cancelarului Schröder a anunțat intenția de a pune capăt utilizării energiei nucleare pentru producerea energiei electrice. Germania lucrează pentru respectarea angajamentelor UE pentru a identifica zonele de conservare a naturii, în conformitate cu Directiva de Habitat a Uniunii Europene privind flora și fauna. Ca urmare a încălzirii globale, ultimii ghețari din regiunea alpină a Germania se topesc. Pericole naturale sunt inundațiile de primăvară și vijeliile furtunoase care au loc în toate regiunile.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Guvernul_și_politica_de_stat"><span id="Guvernul_.C8.99i_politica_de_stat"></span>Guvernul și politica de stat</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politica_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politica Germaniei">Politica Germaniei</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg/220px-Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg/220px-Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg/330px-Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg/440px-Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cl%C4%83direa_Parlamentului_German?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Clădirea Parlamentului German">Reichstagul</a> din Berlin este sediul parlamentului german. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Din punct de vedere constituțional, Germania este o <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democra%C8%9Bie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democrație">democrație</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republică">republicană</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federa%C8%9Bie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federație">federală</a> reprezentativă.</p> <p>Forma de guvernământ este parlamentară, în care șeful guvernului (cancelarul) este ales de către parlament, numit <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundestag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundestag">bundestag</a>, și confirmat de către președintele statului. Deși cancelarul deține cele mai puternice competențe politice din stat, în ierarhia protocolară el se află abia pe locul 3, după președintele statului și președintele Bundestagului.</p> <p><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cancelar_federal_al_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cancelar federal al Germaniei">Cancelarul</a>, actualmente <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olaf_Scholz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a>, este șeful guvernului și exercită puterea executivă, similar cu rolul de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prim-ministru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prim-ministru">prim-ministru</a>, în alte <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sistem_parlamentar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sistem parlamentar">democrații parlamentare</a>. Cancelarul este ales cu majoritate absolută de către parlament (Bundestag) pe o perioadă de 4 ani și are dreptul de a numi și elibera din funcție pe miniștri, precum și dreptul numit „competența liniilor directoare” (<i>Richtlinienkompetenz</i>), prin care formulează, în linii mari, sarcinile fiecărui ministru din cabinet (guvern). Puterea federală legislativă este învestită în parlament, compus din <i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundestag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></i> (Parlamentul Federal) și <i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundesrat_(Germania)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundesrat (Germania)">Bundesrat</a></i> (Consiliul Federal), care, împreună, formează un tip unic de corp legislativ. Bundestagul este ales, prin alegeri directe, prin reprezentare proporțională. Membrii Bundesrat reprezintă guvernele celor <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landurile_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landurile Germaniei">șaisprezece landuri</a> și sunt membri ai cabinetelor de stat. Guvernele respective de stat au dreptul de a numi și de a-și elimina reprezentanții în orice moment.</p> <p>Guvernul federal al Germaniei (<i>Bundesregierung</i>) constă din cancelar (prim-ministru) și miniștri. Actualul cabinet, numit cabinetul Scholz I, a fost format în urma <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alegeri_legislative_%C3%AEn_Germania,_2021?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alegeri legislative în Germania, 2021">alegerilor federale din 2021</a> și este format din politicieni ai partidelor <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SPD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SPD">SPD</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_90/Die_Gr%C3%BCnen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bündnis 90/Die Grünen">Alianța 90/Verzii</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FDP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="FDP">FDP</a>.</p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r13393782/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center{text-align:center;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:256px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_(cropped)_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29_2.jpg/187px-Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1749" data-file-height="2398"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 187px;height: 256px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29_2.jpg/187px-Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29_2.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="187" data-height="256" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29_2.jpg/281px-Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29_2.jpg/374px-Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_-_2018_%28cropped%29_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:256px;overflow:hidden"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Olaf_Scholz_2024.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Olaf_Scholz_2024.jpg/197px-Olaf_Scholz_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="2140"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 197px;height: 257px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Olaf_Scholz_2024.jpg/197px-Olaf_Scholz_2024.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="197" data-height="257" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Olaf_Scholz_2024.jpg/296px-Olaf_Scholz_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Olaf_Scholz_2024.jpg/394px-Olaf_Scholz_2024.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="background-color:transparent;color:var(--color-base, #000)"> Președintele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a>; și cancelarul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olaf_Scholz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pre%C8%99edinte_al_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Președinte al Germaniei">Președintele</a> este șeful statului împuternicit, în primul rând, cu responsabilitățile și competențele reprezentative. El este ales de către <i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bundesversammlung&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bundesversammlung — pagină inexistentă">Bundesversammlung</a></i> (Adunarea Federală), o instituție formată din membri ai Bundestagului și un număr egal de delegați de stat. A doua funcție importantă în ordinea de prioritate germană este <i>Bundestagspräsident</i> (Președintele <i>Bundestagului</i>), care este ales de Bundestag și responsabil pentru supravegherea sesiuni de zi cu zi a corpului. Cea de a treia funcție importantă și șef al guvernului este cea de cancelar, care este numit de către <i>Bundespräsident,</i> după ce a fost ales de către <i>Bundestag</i>. Cancelarul poate fi îndepărtat printr-o mișcare constructivă de neîncredere de către Bundestag, în cazul în care implică constructiv faptul că Bundestagul alege, simultan, un succesor.</p> <p>Din 1949, sistemul de partide a fost dominat de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_Cre%C8%99tin-Democrat%C4%83_(Germania)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Creștin-Democrată (Germania)">Uniunea Creștin-Democrată</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partidul_Social_Democrat_al_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Partidul Social Democrat al Germaniei">Partidul Social Democrat</a> din Germania, toți cancelarii, până în prezent, fiind membri ai unuia dintre cele două partide. Cu toate acestea, Partidul Liberal Democrat (care are membri în <i>Bundestag</i> încă din 1949) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verzii_(partid_german)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Verzii (partid german)">Bündnis 90/Die Grünen</a> (care erau cei mai numeroși în Parlament după 1983) au jucat, de asemenea, un rol important,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deoarece acestea sunt, de regulă, parteneri mai mici ai unui guvern de coaliție.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Componența_actuală_a_guvernului"><span id="Componen.C8.9Ba_actual.C4.83_a_guvernului"></span>Componența actuală a guvernului</h3> </div> <p>Din 25 aprilie 2022:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Resort</th> <th>Titular</th> <th>Partid</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Cancelar federal (<i>Bundeskanzler</i>)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olaf_Scholz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a></td> <td>SPD</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vicecancelar și ministru de economie și protecție a climei</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Robert_Habeck&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Robert Habeck — pagină inexistentă">Robert Habeck</a></td> <td>Alianța 90/Verzii</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Finanțe</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_Lindner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian Lindner">Christian Lindner</a></td> <td>FDP</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Externe</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annalena_Baerbock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annalena Baerbock">Annalena Baerbock</a></td> <td>Alianța 90/Verzii</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Interne</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nancy_Faeser&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nancy Faeser — pagină inexistentă">Nancy Faeser</a></td> <td>SPD</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Politici de locuire, dezvoltare urbană și construcții</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Klara_Geywitz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Klara Geywitz — pagină inexistentă">Klara Geywitz</a></td> <td>SPD</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Justiție</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Marco_Buschmann&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Marco Buschmann — pagină inexistentă">Marco Buschmann</a></td> <td>FDP</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Muncă și probleme sociale</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hubertus_Heil&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hubertus Heil — pagină inexistentă">Hubertus Heil</a></td> <td>SPD</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Apărare</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christine_Lambrecht&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Christine Lambrecht — pagină inexistentă">Christine Lambrecht</a></td> <td>SPD</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alimentație și agricultură</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cem_%C3%96zdemir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cem Özdemir">Cem Özdemir</a></td> <td>Alianța 90/Verzii</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Familie, persoane vârstnice, femei și tineret</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lisa_Paus&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lisa Paus — pagină inexistentă">Lisa Paus</a></td> <td>Alianța 90/Verzii</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sănătate</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Karl_Lauterbach&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Karl Lauterbach — pagină inexistentă">Karl Lauterbach</a></td> <td>SPD</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Dezvoltare digitale și transporturi</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Volker_Wissing&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Volker Wissing — pagină inexistentă">Volker Wissing</a></td> <td>FDP</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mediu, protecția naturii, securitatea nucleară și protecția consumatorilor</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Steffi_Lemke&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Steffi Lemke — pagină inexistentă">Steffi Lemke</a></td> <td>Alianța 90/Verzii</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Educație și cercetare</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bettina_Stark-Watzinger&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bettina Stark-Watzinger — pagină inexistentă">Bettina Stark-Watzinger</a></td> <td>FDP</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cooperare economică și dezvoltare</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Svenja_Schulze&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Svenja Schulze — pagină inexistentă">Svenja Schulze</a></td> <td>SPD</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Misiuni speciale (șeful cancelariei)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wolfgang Schmidt — pagină inexistentă">Wolfgang Schmidt</a></td> <td>SPD</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Parlament">Parlament</h3> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Reichstag_mit_Wiese2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reichstag_mit_Wiese2.jpg/280px-Reichstag_mit_Wiese2.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="1555"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 170px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reichstag_mit_Wiese2.jpg/280px-Reichstag_mit_Wiese2.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="170" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reichstag_mit_Wiese2.jpg/420px-Reichstag_mit_Wiese2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reichstag_mit_Wiese2.jpg/560px-Reichstag_mit_Wiese2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cl%C4%83direa_parlamentului_german?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Clădirea parlamentului german">Reichstagul</a> Germaniei </figcaption> </figure> <p>Membrii parlamentului sunt aleși de către cetățeni la fiecare patru ani printr-un vot proporțional personalizat. La acest sistem de vot, alegătorii dispun de 2 voturi, care pot fi date și la partide diferite. Cu primul vot se hotărăște după un sistem majoritar care anume candidat să reprezinte circumscripția electorală respectivă în parlament (candidat ales direct); cu al doilea vot se alege, după un sistem proporțional, partidul dorit în parlament.</p> <p>Un candidat ales direct capătă, în orice caz, un loc în parlament (mandat); acest fapt poate duce la depășirea numărului de locuri care s-ar cuveni unui partid conform numai votului al doilea. Situația se numește <i>Überhangmandat</i> (mandat suplimentar). Această situație a avut loc la fiecare alegere federală din 1949 încoace. Totuși, în 2008, Curtea Constituțională Federală, <i>Bundesverfassungsgericht</i>, a decis că acest procedeu contravine constituției federale (<i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grundgesetz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundgesetz">Grundgesetz</a></i>), deoarece așa se poate încălca reprezentarea proporțională democratică necesară, și i-a impus <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legislativ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legislativ">legislativului</a> să corecteze legea alegerilor până cel târziu în 2011.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Alte_organe_ale_statului_german">Alte organe ale statului german</h3> </div> <p>Un alt organ constituțional german important (legislativ) se numește „<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundesrat_(Germania)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundesrat (Germania)">Bundesrat</a>” (Consiliul Federal) și este format din membrii guvernelor celor 16 <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land">landuri</a> (țări constituente ale federației). Pe câteva domenii de activitate (de exemplu, învățământ, poliție), Bundestag-ul trebuie să coopereze cu Bundesratul.</p> <p>Puterea judiciară are ca organ superior Curtea Constituțională Federală (<i>Bundesverfassungsgericht</i>), care poate să declare un act legislativ sau de administrație drept anticonstituțional, caz în care actul trebuie revizuit.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Organizarea_politico-administrativă"><span id="Organizarea_politico-administrativ.C4.83"></span>Organizarea politico-administrativă</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landurile_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landurile Germaniei">Landurile Germaniei</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <p>În constituția germană, numită <i>Grundgesetz</i> (lege fundamentală), Germania (<i>Deutschland</i>) este definită ca fiind o republică federală (<i>Bundesrepublik</i>) formată din următoarele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landurile_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landurile Germaniei">landuri</a> (țări ale federației):</p> <div style="position: relative; float:right; font-size:90%; border:3px; max-width:480px; width:50%;;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg/300px-Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="406" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 406px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg/300px-Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="406" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg/450px-Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg/600px-Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <div style="font-size:85%"> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:48px; top: 110px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="680"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 17px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="17" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxonia_Inferioar%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxonia Inferioară">Saxonia Inferioară</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:73px; top: 84px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bremen_Wappen(Mittel).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg/15px-Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="417"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg/15px-Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="22" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg/23px-Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg/30px-Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bremen_(land)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bremen (land)">Bremen</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:108px; top: 62px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="315"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="21" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/23px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <b> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:191px; top: 44px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_(great).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="548"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="17" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turingia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turingia">Turingia</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:77px; top: 222px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img 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top: 162px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="532"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 17px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="17" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 18px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="18" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renania-Palatinat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renania-Palatinat">Renania-<br> Palatinat</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:166px; top: 306px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bayern_Wappen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bayern_Wappen.svg/15px-Bayern_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="684"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 20px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bayern_Wappen.svg/15px-Bayern_Wappen.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="20" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bayern_Wappen.svg/23px-Bayern_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bayern_Wappen.svg/30px-Bayern_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:59px; top: 327px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/15px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="590"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/15px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="21" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-<br> Württemberg</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:19px; top: 287px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/15px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="630"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 18px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/15px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="18" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/23px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/30px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saarland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:98px; top: 9px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="617"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 18px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="18" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> <b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-<br> Holstein</a></b> </div> </div> </div> <div style="text-align:center"> <table cellspacing="2px"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"> <tbody> <tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"> <th width="140px"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landurile_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landurile Germaniei">Land</a></th> <th width="85px"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitală">Capitală</a></th> <th width="115px"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suprafa%C8%9B%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suprafață">Suprafață</a> (km²)</th> <th width="85px"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Popula%C8%9Bie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Populație">Locuitori</a> (2011)</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stuttgart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">35.752</td> <td style="text-align:right">10.789.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="München">München</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">70.549</td> <td style="text-align:right">12.595.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">892</td> <td style="text-align:right">3.500.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potsdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">29.477</td> <td style="text-align:right">2.497.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brema?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brema">Brema</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bremen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">404</td> <td style="text-align:right">661.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">755</td> <td style="text-align:right">1.800.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hessa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hessa">Hessa</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wiesbaden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">21.115</td> <td style="text-align:right">6.093.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mecklenburg_-_Pomerania_Inferioar%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mecklenburg - Pomerania Inferioară">Mecklenburg - Pomerania Inferioară</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schwerin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">23.174</td> <td style="text-align:right">1.636.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxonia_Inferioar%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxonia Inferioară">Saxonia Inferioară</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanovra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanovra">Hanovra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">47.618</td> <td style="text-align:right">7.915.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renania_de_Nord_-_Westfalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Renania de Nord - Westfalia">Renania de Nord - Westfalia</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">34.043</td> <td style="text-align:right">17.845.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renania-Palatinat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renania-Palatinat">Renania-Palatinat</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">19.847</td> <td style="text-align:right">4.000.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saarland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2.569</td> <td style="text-align:right">1.014.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxonia">Saxonia</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dresda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dresda">Dresda</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">18.416</td> <td style="text-align:right">4.139.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxonia-Anhalt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxonia-Anhalt">Saxonia-Anhalt</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magdeburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">20.445</td> <td style="text-align:right">2.315.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kiel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">15.799</td> <td style="text-align:right">2.838.000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turingia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turingia">Turingia</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erfurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">16.172</td> <td style="text-align:right">2.223.000</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ierarhia_administrativă_(reprezentare_simplificată)"><span id="Ierarhia_administrativ.C4.83_.28reprezentare_simplificat.C4.83.29"></span>Ierarhia administrativă (reprezentare simplificată)</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fi%C8%99ier:Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg&lang=de&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg/langde-600px-Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="519"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 600px;height: 300px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg/langde-600px-Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg.png" data-width="600" data-height="300" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg/langde-900px-Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg/langde-1200px-Administrative_divisions_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Schema structurii unităților administrative din Germania </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li>Pe treapta administrativă cea mai înaltă se află <i>Bund</i> (Federația germană, Germania)</li> <li>Pe a doua treaptă de sus se află <i>Bundesländer</i> ( <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landurile_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landurile Germaniei">landurile Germaniei</a>), grupate în 2 categorii: <ul> <li><i>Flächenländer</i> (13 landuri „cu suprafață”);</li> <li><i>Stadtstaaten</i> (3 <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ora%C8%99-stat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oraș-stat">orașe-stat:</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brema?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brema">Brema</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>); deci, în total, 16 landuri.</li> </ul></li> <li>Sub landurile cu suprafață stă scris <i>(<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regierungsbezirk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirke</a>)</i> (ceea ce semnifică faptul că unele din aceste landuri dispun de o treaptă intermediară de regiuni administrative de tip <i>Regierungsbezirk)</i>.</li> <li>Landurile cu suprafață, indiferent dacă dispun sau nu de <i>Regierungsbezirke</i>, sunt subîmpărțite în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/District_rural?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="District rural">districte rurale</a> (numite <i>Landkreis</i> sau <i>Kreis,</i> în funcție de land) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/District_urban?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="District urban">districte urbane</a>, numite <i>kreisfreie Stadt</i> (orașe care nu țin de vreun district rural).</li> <li>Districtele rurale sunt și ele subîmpărțite și mai fin, în diverse moduri, în funcție de landul în care se află. Unele districte rurale se subîmpart în subunități numite <i>Amt</i>. În sfârșit, districtele, și acolo unde există și subunitățile <i>Amt</i>, se subîmpart, mai departe, în subunități numite <i>Gemeinde</i> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comun%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comună">comune</a>). În unele landuri există și unitățile de tip <i>Verbandsgemeinde</i>, o grupare de comune.</li> </ul> <p>După cum se vede, subdivizarea administrativă a Germaniei nu este foarte unitară, datorită diversității de tradiții istorice din regiunile țării.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Legislație"><span id="Legisla.C8.9Bie"></span>Legislație</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sistemul_judiciar_al_Germaniei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sistemul judiciar al Germaniei — pagină inexistentă">Sistemul judiciar al Germaniei</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg/220px-Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2133" data-file-height="1506"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg/220px-Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg/330px-Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg/440px-Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Curtea_Constitu%C8%9Bional%C4%83_Federal%C4%83_a_Germaniei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Curtea Constituțională Federală a Germaniei — pagină inexistentă">Curtea Constituțională Federală a Germaniei</a> din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karlsruhe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Sistemul judiciar al Germaniei este autonom față de ramura executivă și cea legislativă. Germania are un statut civil sau sistem de lege care se bazează pe <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drept_roman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drept roman">dreptul roman</a>, cu unele referiri la legislația germană. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Curtea_Constitu%C8%9Bional%C4%83_Federal%C4%83_a_Germaniei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Curtea Constituțională Federală a Germaniei — pagină inexistentă">Bundesverfassungsgericht</a> (Curtea Constituțională Federală), cu sediul în Karlsruhe. În Germania, Curtea Supremă este responsabilă pentru probleme constituționale, cu o putere de control jurisdicțional.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aceasta acționează ca cea mai înaltă autoritate legală și se asigură că practica legislativă și judecătorească este conformă cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitu%C8%9Bia_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constituția Germaniei">Legea fundamentală pentru Republica Federală Germania</a> (Legea de bază). Aceasta acționează în mod independent de alte organe de stat, dar nu poate acționa în numele său propriu.</p> <p>Sistemul Curții Supreme a Germaniei, numit <i>Oberste Gerichtshöfe des Bundes</i>, este specializat. Pentru cazurile civile și penale, cea mai înaltă instanță de recurs este <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Curtea_Federal%C4%83_de_Justi%C8%9Bie_a_Germaniei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Curtea Federală de Justiție a Germaniei — pagină inexistentă">Curtea Federală de Justiție</a>, situată în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karlsruhe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leipzig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. Stilul sălii de ședință este inchizitorial. Alte tribunale federale sunt Curtea Federală a Muncii din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erfurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, Curtea Federală Socială din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kassel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, Curtea Federală a Finanțelor din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="München">München</a> și Curtea Federală Administrativă de la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leipzig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>.</p> <p><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drept_penal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drept penal">Dreptul penal</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drept_privat&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Drept privat — pagină inexistentă">dreptul privat</a> sunt codificate la nivel național în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Strafgesetzbuch&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Strafgesetzbuch — pagină inexistentă">Strafgesetzbuch</a> și, respectiv, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch — pagină inexistentă">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a>. Obiectivul Sistemului Penal German este reabilitarea criminalului; al doilea este protecția publicului.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pentru a realiza acest din urmă obiectiv, un criminal condamnat poate fi închis preventiv (Sicherungsverwahrung), în cazul în care este considerat a fi o amenințare la adresa publicului. Völkerstrafgesetzbuch reglementează consecințele de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crime_%C3%AEmpotriva_umanit%C4%83%C8%9Bii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crime împotriva umanității">crime împotriva umanității</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genocid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genocid">genocid</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crim%C4%83_de_r%C4%83zboi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crimă de război">crime de război</a>. Acesta oferă instanțelor germane competență universală în cazul urmăririi penale de către o instanță din țara în care infracțiunea a fost comisă, sau nu este posibilă de către o instanță internațională.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Legislația"><span id="Legisla.C8.9Bia"></span>Legislația</h3> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Poli%C8%9Bia_German%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Poliția Germană — pagină inexistentă">Poliția Germană</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg/170px-HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg/170px-HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg/255px-HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg/340px-HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Polițist în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Puterea legislativă este împărțită între federație și stat (land). Legea fundamentală presupune că toată puterea legislativă rămâne la nivel de stat, cu excepția dacă este desemnată de către însăși Legea fundamentală.</p> <p>Orice lege federală are prioritate față de dreptul de stat, în cazul în care puterea legislativă se află la nivel federal. Un exemplu celebru este cazul oferit de prevederea din legislația landului Hessa privind pedeapsa cu moartea, care, nefiind în conformitate cu Legea fundamentală, a fost infirmată. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundesrat_(Germania)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundesrat (Germania)">Bundesratul</a> este organul federal prin care landurile participă în legislația națională. Participarea landurilor la legislația federală este necesară în cazul în care legea intră în zona de putere legislativă concurentă, cerând landurilor să administreze regulamentele federale, astfel cum sunt ele desemnate de Legea fundamentală. Fiecare land are propria curte constituțională. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Amtsgerichte&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Amtsgerichte — pagină inexistentă">Amtsgerichte</a>, Landgerichte și Oberlandesgerichte sunt instanțe de stat cu competență generală. Ele sunt competente dacă acțiunea este bazată pe legea federală sau de stat.</p> <p>Multe dintre problemele fundamentale de drept administrativ rămân în jurisdicția statelor, deși majoritatea landurilor își pun bazele pe propriile reglementări din acea zonă, conform <i>Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz</i> din 1976 (Legea contenciosului administrativ), acoperind puncte importante de drept administrativ. Oberverwaltungsgerichte sunt cel mai înalt nivel administrativ de competență privind administrațiile de stat, cu excepția cazului în care problema se referă la dreptul legislației federale sau dreptul de stat identic cu legea federală. În astfel de cazuri, este posibil recursul final la Curtea Federală de administrație.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Particularități_ale_regulilor_de_circulație"><span id="Particularit.C4.83.C8.9Bi_ale_regulilor_de_circula.C8.9Bie"></span>Particularități ale regulilor de circulație</h3> </div> <p>În cazul unui blocaj pe autostradă, autovehiculele se deplasează spre stânga și spre dreapta pentru a facilita trecerea. Vehiculele mai lente sunt obligate să dea posibilitatea vehiculelor din spate să le depășească. Au prioritate autobuzele care pleacă din stație și, uneori, tramvaiele. Lumina verde a semafoarelor este precedată de galben. În estul Germaniei mai există semafoare care arată două culori odată: galben și verde înseamnă "liber", galben și roșu semnifică "stop". Luminile de ceață pot fi folosite numai dacă este ceață sau ninsoare cu vizibilitate sub 50 m. Iarna, vehiculul trebuie să fie dotat cu pneuri corespunzătoare - universale sau de iarnă, cu adâncimea striațiilor de cel puțin 4 mm, iar spălătorul de parbriz trebuie să conțină un amestec antigel. Vehiculele parcate pe drumurile publice în afara zonelor construite trebuie să fie luminate în față și în spate. Noaptea, remorcile parcate trebuie să fie întotdeauna luminate. Este valabil certificatul de invalid gradul III (însoțitor), împreună cu pictograma căruciorului pe fond albastru. În rulotă sau în automobilul locuibil este permisă înnoptarea la marginea drumurilor doar în cazuri inevitabile și doar în refugii. În aceste cazuri, trebuie respectate regulile locale.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Relații_externe"><span id="Rela.C8.9Bii_externe"></span>Relații externe</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rela%C8%9Biile_externe_ale_Germaniei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Relațiile externe ale Germaniei — pagină inexistentă">Relațiile externe ale Germaniei</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:33rdG8Leaders.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/33rdG8Leaders.jpg/220px-33rdG8Leaders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="322"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/33rdG8Leaders.jpg/220px-33rdG8Leaders.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/33rdG8Leaders.jpg/330px-33rdG8Leaders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/33rdG8Leaders.jpg/440px-33rdG8Leaders.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Cancelarul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angela_Merkel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> găzduind summit-ul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="G8">G8</a> la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heiligendamm&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Heiligendamm — pagină inexistentă">Heiligendamm</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Germania a jucat un rol important în Uniunea Europeană încă de la începuturile sale și a menținut o <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rela%C8%9Biile_franco-germane&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Relațiile franco-germane — pagină inexistentă">alianță puternică cu Franța</a> de la sfârșitul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial. Alianța a fost foarte apropiată spre sfârșitul anilor 1980 și începutul anilor 1990, sub conducerea lui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helmut_Kohl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a>, președintele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_Cre%C8%99tin-Democrat%C4%83_(Germania)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Creștin-Democrată (Germania)">Uniunii Creștin-Democrate</a>, și a lui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>, președintele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partidul_Socialist_(Fran%C8%9Ba)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Partidul Socialist (Franța)">Partidului Socialist</a>. Germania se află în fruntea statelor europene care doresc să avanseze crearea unor sisteme politice defensive și de securitate mult mai unite ale UE.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timp de câteva decenii după sfârșitul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial, Republica Federală Germania a avut o putere redusă în relațiile internaționale, datorită istoriei recente și a ocupației acesteia de către puterile externe.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>În perioada <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_rece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Războiul rece">Războiului Rece</a>, divizarea Germaniei de către <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cortina_de_Fier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortina de Fier">Cortina de Fier</a> a făcut-o un simbol al tensiunilor dintre occident și orient, și un câmp de luptă politic în Europa. Cu toate acestea, conceptul de Ostpolitik, înființat de Willy Brandt, a fost un factor cheie de destindere în anii 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În 1999, pentru prima dată după Al Doilea Război Mondial, guvernul cancelarului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> a definit o nouă bază pentru politica externă germană, fiind de acord să participe la r<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opera%C8%9Biunea_For%C8%9Bele_Aliate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operațiunea Forțele Aliate">ăzboiul NATO împotriva Iugoslaviei</a> și să trimită acolo trupe germane combatante <sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Guvernele din Germania și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statele_Unite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Statele Unite">Statele Unite</a> sunt aliate politice apropiate.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planul_Marshall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planul Marshall">Planul Marshall</a>, inițiat în 1948, prin care SUA au sprijinit masiv procesul de reconstrucție a Republicii Federale a Germaniei după Al Doilea Război Mondial, precum și legăturile culturale puternice au creat o legătură puternică între cele două țări, deși opoziția lui Schröder în problema <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_din_Irak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Războiul din Irak">Războiului din Irak</a> a sugerat încheierea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atlantism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atlantism">Atlantismului</a> și o ușoară răcire a relațiilor germano-americane.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De asemenea, din punct de vedere economic, cele două țări sunt interdependente: 8,8% din exporturile germane au legătură către SUA, și 6,6% din importurile germane provin din SUA.<sup id="cite_ref-econ_factsheet_may2006_69-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-econ_factsheet_may2006-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viceversa, SUA exportă 8,8% din producția sa de nave către Germania și 9.8% din importurile americane provin din Germania.<sup id="cite_ref-econ_factsheet_may2006_69-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-econ_factsheet_may2006-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alte dovezi ale legăturilor strânse între cele două țări includ continuitatea pozițiilor de vârf deținute în toate domeniile de americanii de origine germană - cel mai mare grup etnic din SUA<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și existența pe teritoriul Germaniei a celei mai mari comunități militare americane din străinătate - <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ramstein_Air_Base?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramstein Air Base">Ramstein Air Base</a> (aproape de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaiserslautern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ajutor_pentru_dezvoltare">Ajutor pentru dezvoltare</h3> </div> <p>Politica de dezvoltare a Republicii Federale Germania este o zonă independentă de politica externă germană. Aceasta este formulată de către Ministerul Federal pentru Cooperare și Dezvoltare Economică (BMZ) și este pusă în aplicare de către organizațiile și instituțiile specifice. Guvernul german consideră politica de dezvoltare ca o responsabilitate comună a comunității internaționale.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Ajutoarele umanitare și pentru dezvoltare oferite de Germania în anul 2007 s-au ridicat la 8,96 miliarde de euro (12,26 miliarde de dolari), o creștere cu 5,9 la sută față de 2006. Astfel, Germania a devenit al doilea mare donator de ajutoare după Statele Unite.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germania a cheltuit 0,37 la sută din produsul său intern brut (PIB) pe dezvoltare, care se situează sub obiectivul guvernului de creștere a ajutorului la 0,51 la sută din PIB până în 2010. Nici obiectivul internațional de 0,7% din PNB nu a fost atins.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Armata">Armata</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundeswehr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg/220px-Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg/220px-Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg/330px-Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg/440px-Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <i>Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</i> participând într-o operațiune <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=For%C8%9Bele_Interimare_ale_Na%C8%9Biunilor_Unite_%C3%AEn_Liban&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Forțele Interimare ale Națiunilor Unite în Liban — pagină inexistentă">UNIFIL II</a> în largul coastei <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liban?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liban">Libanului</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p><i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundeswehr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a></i>, armata Germaniei, este o forță militară alcătuită <i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heer&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Heer — pagină inexistentă">Heer</a></i> (Armată), <i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine">Marine</a></i> (Forțele navale), <i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luftwaffe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i> (Forțele Aeriene), <i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Zentraler_Sanit%C3%A4tsdienst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Zentraler Sanitätsdienst — pagină inexistentă">Zentraler Sanitätsdienst</a></i> (Centrul de Servicii Medicale) și <i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Streitkr%C3%A4ftebasis&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Streitkräftebasis — pagină inexistentă">Streitkräftebasis</a></i> (Serviciul Comun de Sprijin). Începând cu 1 iulie 2011, serviciul militar obligatoriu a fost suspendat (fără să se modifice constituția) și înlocuit cu un serviciu voluntar. Înainte de această dată, refuzul unui tânăr de a se înrola era, în anumite cazuri, acceptat, de exemplu, pe motive de convingeri pacifiste, în care caz serviciul militar era înlocuit cu o perioadă de serviciu prestat în domenii sociale (fără armă). Și acest domeniu a fost înlocuit de un serviciu social voluntar. Există, însă, temeri că pe bază de voluntariat nu se va întruni un număr suficient de persoane pentru a acoperi nevoile și a atinge scopurile Bundeswehr-ului. Conform statisticilor din 2003, cheltuielile militare constituie 1,5% din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PIB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PIB">PIB</a> al țării.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_44-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pe timp de pace, Bundeswehr-ul este comandat de Ministrul Apărării, actualmente <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a>. Însă dacă Germania intră în război, care conform constituției îi este permis numai pentru scopuri de apărare, comandatul suprem al Bundeswehr-ului este cancelarul.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <span> <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Eurofighter_9803.ogv/220px--Eurofighter_9803.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="107" data-mwtitle="Eurofighter_9803.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Eurofighter_9803.ogv"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Eurofighter_9803.ogv/Eurofighter_9803.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="368" data-height="208"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Eurofighter_9803.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="368" data-height="208"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Eurofighter_9803.ogv/Eurofighter_9803.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="368" data-height="208"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/66/Eurofighter_9803.ogv/Eurofighter_9803.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="254" data-height="144"> </video></span> <figcaption> Demonstrație de zbor <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Bundeswehr-ul are 200500 de soldați profesioniști, 55000 de recrutați pentru serviciul militar având vârste între 18-25 de ani care servesc pentru cel puțin nouă luni, în conformitate cu normele actuale, și 2500 de rezerviști activi la un moment dat. Aproximativ 300000 de rezerviști sunt disponibili pentru forțele armate și de a participa la exerciții de apărare, precum și dislocări în străinătate. Din 2001, femeile pot servi în toate funcțiile de serviciu, fără restricții, dar acestea nu sunt supuse serviciului militar obligatoriu. În prezent, există aproximativ 14500 de femei și un număr de rezerviști de sex feminin care iau parte la toate obligațiile, inclusiv misiunile de menținere a păcii și alte operațiuni. Până în prezent, doi ofițeri medici de sex feminin au fost promovați la rangul de general.</p> <p>Începând din noiembrie 2009, armata germană avea în jur de 8300 de militari încadrați în trupele staționate peste hotare, ca parte a diferitelor forțe internaționale de menținere a păcii, inclusiv cei 2470 de militari ai Bundeswehr-ului în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kosovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, 4520 de trupe germane în cadrul forței <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=For%C8%9Ba_Interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_de_Asisten%C8%9B%C4%83_de_Securitate&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Forța Internațională de Asistență de Securitate — pagină inexistentă">ISAF</a> conduse de NATO în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afganistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uzbekistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> și 450 de militari sub drapel <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=For%C8%9Ba_Interimar%C4%83_a_Na%C8%9Biunilor_Unite_%C3%AEn_Liban&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Forța Interimară a Națiunilor Unite în Liban — pagină inexistentă">UNIFIL</a> în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liban?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liban">Liban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bundeswehr1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bundeswehr1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>În 2009, ministrul apărării, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl-Theodor_zu_Guttenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg">Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg</a> a afirmat că, în Afganistan, condițiile au fost „ca un război”, în timp ce, în prealabil, au fost menționate ca „stabilizare și reconstrucție civilă”, evitând cuvântul „război”.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Demografie">Demografie</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articole principale: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germani">Germani</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demografia_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demografia Germaniei">Demografia Germaniei</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG/220px-Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="604"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG/220px-Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG/330px-Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG/440px-Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Populația teritoriilor germane 1800–2000 și populația imigrantă între 1975–2000 </figcaption> </figure> <p>Cu o populație de 82 de milioane de locuitori, Germania este cea mai populată țară din Uniunea Europeană. Rata fertilității este una din cele mai scăzute din Europa, cu doar 1,41 de copii pentru fiecare femeie.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_44-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germania are numeroase orașe mari, cele mai populate fiind <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="München">München</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%B6ln?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Köln">Köln</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankfurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stuttgart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>. Cea mai mare conurbație este regiunea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rhein-Ruhr&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Rhein-Ruhr — pagină inexistentă">Rhein-Ruhr</a> (12 milioane), inclusiv <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> (capitala <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renania_de_Nord-Westfalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renania de Nord-Westfalia">Renaniei de Nord-Westfalia</a>) și orașele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%B6ln?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Köln">Köln</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Essen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Essen">Essen</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dortmund?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duisburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bochum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bochum">Bochum</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg/220px-Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg/220px-Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg/330px-Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg/440px-Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> este cel mai mare oraș, cu o populație de 3,2 milioane de locuitori. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Ca suprafață Republica Federală Germană este cu puțin mai mare ca suprafață decât <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia">Polonia</a>, însă, după numărul populației, o depășește de aprox. 2,1 ori. La <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1_noiembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1 noiembrie">1 noiembrie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2011">2011</a>, în Germania locuiau 81.859.000 locuitori. Ca și în multe state dezvoltate, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natalitate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natalitate">natalitatea</a> Germaniei este mai scăzută decât <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mortalitate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mortalitate">mortalitatea</a>. În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2011">2011</a> la 1000 de locuitori au revenit 8,0 nașteri și 10,4 decese. Numărul populației rurale constituie 9%, și relativ 91% populație urbană.</p> <p>După A<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_doilea_r%C4%83zboi_mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al doilea război mondial">l Doilea Război Mondial</a>, 15 milioane de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germani">etnici germani</a> au fost expulzați sau s-au refugiat din teritorii din est ale Germaniei, teritorii care fac parte, astăzi, din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia">Polonia</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cehia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cehia">Cehia</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lituania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lituania">Lituania</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>. Într-un număr mai mic au fost strămutate sau s-au refugiat în timpul războiului și imediat după terminarea lui etnici germani din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iugoslavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iugoslavia">Iugoslavia</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ungaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ungaria">Ungaria</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="România">România</a>. Această populație strămutată a fost integrată în cele două state germane înființate în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1949?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1949">1949</a>, RFG și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republica_Democrat%C4%83_German%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republica Democrată Germană">RDG</a>.</p> <p>În deceniile ulterioare din țările <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_de_Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa de Est">est-europene</a> au mai imigrat valuri de etnici germani, cele mai importante fiind din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/URSS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">URSS</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia">Polonia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="România">România</a>. Astfel, începând cu din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1960?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1960">1960</a>, etnicii germani din Polonia și URSS (în special din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kazahstan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kazahstan">Kazahstan</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uzbekistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ucraina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ucraina">Ucraina</a>) s-au strămutat în Germania Occidentală. Nu puțini, pentru a-și ușura emigrarea, se mutau din republicile central asiatice în republici situate în vest, între care <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RSS_Moldoveneasc%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Moldovenească">RSS Moldovenească</a>. Începând din decembrie 2004, aproximativ șapte milioane de cetățeni străini au fost înregistrați în Germania și, astfel, 19% din locuitorii țării au origini străine. În această situație, tinerii au, mult mai probabil, origini străine decât bătrânii. 30% dintre germani au o vârstă de 15 ani iar cei sub această vârstă au cel puțin un părinte născut în străinătate. În orașele mari, 60% din copii au o vârstă de peste 5 ani, iar cei sub 5 ani au cel puțin un părinte născut în străinătate.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Conform statisticilor din 2007, cel mai mare grup (2,7 milioane) este din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turcia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turcia">Turcia</a>, precum și o majoritate din rest sunt din state europene, cum ar fi <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italia">Italia</a> (761000) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia">Polonia</a> (638000).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fondul_ONU_pentru_Popula%C8%9Bie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Fondul ONU pentru Populație — pagină inexistentă">Fondul ONU pentru Populație</a> a listat Germania ca gazdă deținând <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lista_statelor_dup%C4%83_popula%C8%9Bia_imigrant%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lista statelor după populația imigrantă — pagină inexistentă">cel de-al treilea mare număr de imigranți la nivel mondial</a>, adică 5% sau 10 milioane din totalul de 191 de milioane de imigranți sau aproximativ 12% din populația Germaniei.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ca o consecință a restricțiilor impuse legilor azilului și imigrării din Germania (odinioară, aproape fără restricții), numărul imigranților care caută azil, afirmându-și etnicitatea germană (majoritatea din fosta Uniune Sovietică) a scăzut permanent, începând cu anul 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Numeroase persoane care au origini <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germani">germane</a> se găsesc în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statele_Unite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Statele Unite">Statele Unite</a> (50 de milioane),<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brazilia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brazilia">Brazilia</a> (5 milioane)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canada">Canada</a> (3 milioane).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aproximativ 3 milioane de „aussiedler” (refugiați germani, în special din Europa de Est și fosta Uniune Sovietică) s-au restabilit în Germania din 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Religie">Religie</h3> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Religia_%C3%AEn_Germania&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Religia în Germania — pagină inexistentă">Religia în Germania</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Colognecathedralatnight.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Colognecathedralatnight.JPG/170px-Colognecathedralatnight.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="2648"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 201px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Colognecathedralatnight.JPG/170px-Colognecathedralatnight.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="201" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Colognecathedralatnight.JPG/255px-Colognecathedralatnight.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Colognecathedralatnight.JPG/340px-Colognecathedralatnight.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domul_din_K%C3%B6ln?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domul din Köln">Domul din Köln</a> pe malul râului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rin">Rin</a> este unul din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Locuri_din_patrimoniul_mondial_UNESCO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Locuri din patrimoniul mondial UNESCO">patrimoniul mondial UNESCO</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Creștinism">Creștinismul</a> este cea mai numeroasă confesiune religioasă din Germania, cu 52 de milioane de practicanți (64%).<sup id="cite_ref-ekd_86-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ekd-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 26,5 de milioane sunt <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantism">protestanți</a> (32,3%) iar 25,5 de milioane sunt <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catolicism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catolicism">catolici</a> (31,0%).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A doua religie numeroasă este <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islamul</a> cu 4,3 milioane de adepți (5%)<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> urmată de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budism">Budism</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iudaism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iudaism">Iudaism</a>, amândouă având aproximativ 200.000 de credincioși (c. 0,25%). <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hinduism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hinduism">Hinduismul</a> are 90.000 de credincioși (0,1%) iar <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sikism&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sikism — pagină inexistentă">Sikismul</a> 75.000 (0,09%). Celelalte comunități religioase din Germania au mai puțin de 50.000 (sau mai puțin de 0,05%) de practicanți. Aproximativ 24,4 de milioane de germani (29,6%) nu și-au declarat religia.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Frauenkirche_interior_2008_001-Frauenkirche_interior_2008_009.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Frauenkirche_interior_2008_001-Frauenkirche_interior_2008_009.jpg/220px-Frauenkirche_interior_2008_001-Frauenkirche_interior_2008_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="2400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Frauenkirche_interior_2008_001-Frauenkirche_interior_2008_009.jpg/220px-Frauenkirche_interior_2008_001-Frauenkirche_interior_2008_009.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Frauenkirche_interior_2008_001-Frauenkirche_interior_2008_009.jpg/330px-Frauenkirche_interior_2008_001-Frauenkirche_interior_2008_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Frauenkirche_interior_2008_001-Frauenkirche_interior_2008_009.jpg/440px-Frauenkirche_interior_2008_001-Frauenkirche_interior_2008_009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Interiorul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biserica_Frauenkirche_din_Dresda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Biserica Frauenkirche din Dresda">Frauenkirche din Dresden</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantism">Protestantismul</a> este concentrat în nord și est, iar <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biserica_Romano-Catolic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biserica Romano-Catolică">Romano-Catolicismul</a> în sud și vest. Papa emerit <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papa_Benedict_al_XVI-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papa Benedict al XVI-lea">Benedict al XVI-lea</a>, care a renunțat la funcție în data de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/28_februarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="28 februarie">28 februarie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2013?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2013">2013</a>, s-a născut în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. Persoanele non-religioase, inclusiv <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ateism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ateism">ateii</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agnosticism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agnosticism">agnosticii</a>, alcătuiesc 29,6% din populație, din care numeroși sunt, în special, din fosta <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania_de_Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germania de Est">Germanie de Est</a> și zone metropolitane majore.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Din cei 4,3 milioane de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musulmani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Musulmani">musulmani</a>, majoritatea sunt <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunnism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">sunniți</a> și aleviți din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turcia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turcia">Turcia</a>, dar există și un număr restrâns de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C8%98ii%C8%9Bi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Șiiți">șiiți</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1,7% din populația totală a țării se declară <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biserica_Ortodox%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biserica Ortodoxă">creștini ortodocși</a>; <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A2rbi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sârbi">sârbii</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greci">grecii</a> fiind cei mai numeroși.<sup id="cite_ref-ekd_86-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ekd-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germania este a treia țară din Europa, cu cea mai numeroasă <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Istoria_evreilor_%C3%AEn_Germania&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Istoria evreilor în Germania — pagină inexistentă">populație evreiască</a> (după <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franța">Franța</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regatul_Unit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatul Unit">Regatul Unit</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> În 2004, mulți evrei din fostele republici sovietice s-au stabilit în Germania (de două ori mai mulți ca în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Israel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israel">Israel</a>), totalul populației evreiești ajungând la mai mult de 200.000, în comparație cu 30.000 înainte de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reunificarea_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reunificarea Germaniei">reunificarea Germaniei</a>. Orașele mari cu importante populații evreiești includ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankfurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="München">München</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aproximativ 250.000 de budiști locuiesc în Germania, 50% dintre ei sunt imigranți din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Conform sondajului Eurobarometru 2005, 47% din cetățenii germani sunt de acord cu afirmația „Cred că există un Dumnezeu”, unde 25% sunt de acord cu afirmația „Cred că există un fel de spirit sau forță de viață” iar 25% susținea „Nu cred că există nici un fel de spirit, Dumnezeu, sau forță de viață”.<sup id="cite_ref-EUROBAROMETER_95-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Papi_germani">Papi germani</h3> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Benedykt_XVI_(2010-10-17)_4.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_4.jpg/200px-Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="289" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 289px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_4.jpg/200px-Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_4.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="289" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_4.jpg/300px-Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_4.jpg/400px-Benedykt_XVI_%282010-10-17%29_4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Germanul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papa_Benedict_al_XVI-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papa Benedict al XVI-lea">Joseph Alois Ratzinger</a>, Papă între 2005 - 2013 </figcaption> </figure> <p>În total, au existat opt papi germani:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grigore_al_V-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigore al V-lea">Grigore al V-lea</a> (996-999) (numele laic: Bruno von Kärnten);</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clement_al_II-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement al II-lea">Clement al II-lea</a> (1046-1047) (Suidger, Graf von Morsleben und Hornburg). Este îngropat în Domul din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bamberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a>;</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Damasus_al_II-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Damasus al II-lea">Damasus al II-lea</a> (1048) (Poppo von Brixen);</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leon_al_IX-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon al IX-lea">Leon al IX-lea</a> (1049-1054) (Bruno Graf von Egisheim-Dagsburg). A contribuit la declanșarea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_Schism%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea Schismă">Marei Schisme</a> din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1054?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1054">1054</a>;</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor_al_II-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor al II-lea">Victor al II-lea</a> (1055-1057) (Gebhard Graf von Dollnstein-Hirschberg);</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C8%98tefan_al_IX-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ștefan al IX-lea">Ștefan al IX-lea</a> (1057-1058) (Friedrich Herzog von Lothringen);</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adrian_al_VI-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian al VI-lea">Adrian al VI-lea</a> (1522-1523) (Adriaan Florisz Boeyens);</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benedict_al_XVI-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict al XVI-lea">Benedict al XVI-lea</a> (2005-2013) (Joseph Alois Ratzinger).</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Limbi">Limbi</h3> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Limbile_Germaniei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Limbile Germaniei — pagină inexistentă">Limbile Germaniei</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Knowledge_German_EU_map.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Knowledge_German_EU_map.png/220px-Knowledge_German_EU_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="1245"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Knowledge_German_EU_map.png/220px-Knowledge_German_EU_map.png" data-width="220" data-height="225" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Knowledge_German_EU_map.png/330px-Knowledge_German_EU_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Knowledge_German_EU_map.png/440px-Knowledge_German_EU_map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Cunoștințe de limba germană în țările UE </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba germană">Germana</a> este limba oficială și predominant vorbită în Germania.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurobarometer_Languages_96-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Este una din cele 23 de limbi oficiale ale Uniunii Europene, precum și una din cele trei limbi de lucru ale <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comisia_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comisia Europeană">Comisiei Europene</a>, alături de engleză și franceză. Limbile native minoritare recunoscute sunt <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_danez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba daneză">daneza</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbi_sorabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limbi sorabe">sorabele</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_romani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba romani">romani</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbile_frizone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbile frizone">frizonele</a>. Acestea sunt protejate oficial de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Carta_European%C4%83_a_Limbilor_Minoritare_sau_Regionale&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Carta Europeană a Limbilor Minoritare sau Regionale — pagină inexistentă">Carta Europeană a Limbilor Minoritare sau Regionale</a>. Cele mai utilizate limbi de imigranți sunt <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_turc%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba turcă">turca</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba poloneză">polona</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbile_balcanice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbile balcanice">limbile balcanice</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_rus%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba rusă">rusa</a>.</p> <p>Fondul principal de cuvinte (standardul german) este un <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Limbajul_germanic_de_vest&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Limbajul germanic de vest — pagină inexistentă">limbaj vest-germanic</a> și este strâns legat și clasificat alături de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_neerlandez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba neerlandeză">neerlandeză</a>, precum și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbile_frizone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbile frizone">limbile frizone</a>. Într-o măsură mai mică, este, de asemenea, legat de cel <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Limbajul_germanic_de_est&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Limbajul germanic de est — pagină inexistentă">estic</a> (dispărut) și de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbi_scandinave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limbi scandinave">limbile scandinave</a>. Mare parte din vocabularul german provine din ramura germanică (aparținând familiei de limbi indo-europene).<sup id="cite_ref-Many_tongues,_one_family_97-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Many_tongues,_one_family-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minorități semnificative de cuvinte sunt derivate din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba latină">latină</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba greacă">greacă</a>, cu o cantitate mai mică din limba franceză și, cel mai recent, din limba engleză (cunoscut sub numele de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Denglisch&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Denglisch — pagină inexistentă">Denglisch</a>). Germana se scrie folosind alfabetul latin. În plus, față de cele 26 de litere standard, germana are trei vocalele cu treme, și anume ä, ö, și ü, precum și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Es%C8%9Bet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Esțet">esțet</a> sau <i>scharfes S</i> (s ascuțit) care este scris „ß”.</p> <p><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dialect">Dialectele</a> germane se deosebesc de limba germană standard. Dialectele germane sunt limbile tradiționale locale și provin de la diferite triburi germane. Multe dintre ele nu sunt ușor de înțeles de cineva care cunoaște doar standardul german, deoarece, adesea, acestea diferă - din punct de vedere lexical, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fonologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fonologie">fonologic</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sintax%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sintaxă">sintactic</a> - de standardul german .</p> <p>La nivel mondial, limba germană este vorbită de aproximativ 100 de milioane de vorbitori nativi și, de asemenea, aproximativ 80 milioane nu sunt vorbitori nativi.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo2006_98-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-natgeo2006-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germana este limba principală a aproximativ 90 de milioane de oameni (18%) din UE. 67% dintre cetățenii germani pretind a fi capabili să comunice în cel puțin o limbă străină, 27% în cel puțin două alte limbi decât ale lor.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurobarometer_Languages_96-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Orașe"><span id="Ora.C8.99e"></span>Orașe</h3> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_ora%C8%99elor_din_Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista orașelor din Germania">Lista orașelor din Germania</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Economie">Economie</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economia_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economia Germaniei">Economia Germaniei</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Windgermany.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Windgermany.JPG/250px-Windgermany.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="1184"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 183px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Windgermany.JPG/250px-Windgermany.JPG" data-width="250" data-height="183" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Windgermany.JPG/375px-Windgermany.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Windgermany.JPG/500px-Windgermany.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Centrală eoliană în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wehrda&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wehrda — pagină inexistentă">Wehrda</a>, Germania este cel mai mare producător de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energie_eolian%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energie eoliană">energie eoliană</a> din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunea Europeană</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:SLS_AMG_Roadster.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/SLS_AMG_Roadster.jpg/220px-SLS_AMG_Roadster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1996"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/SLS_AMG_Roadster.jpg/220px-SLS_AMG_Roadster.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/SLS_AMG_Roadster.jpg/330px-SLS_AMG_Roadster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/SLS_AMG_Roadster.jpg/440px-SLS_AMG_Roadster.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Germania a fost exportatorul mondial nr. 1 de mărfuri în 2007. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Germania are cea mai mare economie națională din Europa, a patra din lume ca <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PIB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PIB">PIB</a> nominal, și a cincea din lume în funcție de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paritatea_puterii_de_cump%C4%83rare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paritatea puterii de cumpărare">paritatea puterii de cumpărare</a>, conform datelor din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2008?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2008">2008</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De la începuturile erei industriale, Germania a fost un lider, inovator și beneficiar al unei economii din ce în ce mai <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Globalizare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Globalizare">globalizate</a>. Germania este lider mondial în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Export?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Export">exporturi</a>, exportând bunuri în valoare de 1,133 trilioane de dolari în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2006?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2006">2006</a> (incluzând țările din zona Euro), și generează un surplus comercial de 165 de miliarde<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Succesul economiei germane este cu atât mai meritoriu, dacă ținem cont de faptul că aceste rezultate pozitive se obțin în condițiile în care doar în Europa există șase economii mai performante decât cea germană, în timp ce muncitorii germani - care nu excelează în termeni de productivitatea muncii când îi compari cu alți muncitori ai lumii dezvoltate (OCDE) - muncesc cel mai puțin când îi compari cu muncitorii celorlalte economii ale OCDE-ului (mai puțin Țările de Jos), în timp ce copiii germani petrec mai puțin timp la școală decât copiii celor mai mulți dintre vecini. În opinia unor analiști, succesul recent al Germaniei stă în moneda comună, euro, care a făcut produsele germane mai ieftine decât erau înainte de adoptarea monedei comune europene.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sectorul servicii contribuie cu aproximativ 70 % la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PIB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PIB">PIBul</a> total, sectorul industrie cu 29,1 % și sectorul agricultură cu 0,9 %. Majoritatea produselor sunt din domeniul ingineriei, în special: automobile, instalații mecanice, metalurgice și produse ale industriei chimice<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_44-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CIA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Germania este cel mai mare producător de turbine eoliene și de tehnologi de exploatare a energiei solare din lume. Cele mai mari târguri și congrese internaționale de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comer%C8%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comerț">comerț</a> din fiecare an au loc în orașe germane, cum ar fi <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanovra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanovra">Hanovra</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankfurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Skyline_Frankfurt_am_Main.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Skyline_Frankfurt_am_Main.jpg/220px-Skyline_Frankfurt_am_Main.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Skyline_Frankfurt_am_Main.jpg/220px-Skyline_Frankfurt_am_Main.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Skyline_Frankfurt_am_Main.jpg/330px-Skyline_Frankfurt_am_Main.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Skyline_Frankfurt_am_Main.jpg/440px-Skyline_Frankfurt_am_Main.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankfurt_pe_Main?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankfurt pe Main">Frankfurt</a> este un centru financiar major, sediul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banca_Central%C4%83_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banca Centrală Europeană">Băncii Centrale Europene</a>, și un centru de transport aerian la nivel mondial. </figcaption> </figure> <p>În topul celor mai mari 500 de companii din lume listate la bursă, top organizat în funcție de veniturile companiilor, există 37 de companii cu sediul în Germania. În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2007?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2007">2007</a> cele mai mari dintre acestea erau <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daimler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Daimler">Daimler</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volkswagen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allianz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allianz">Allianz</a> (compania cea mai profitabilă), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siemens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutsche_Bank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> (a doua companie ca rentabilitate), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E.ON?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="E.ON">E.ON</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutsche_Post?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutsche Post">Deutsche Post</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metro_AG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metro AG">Metri Cash & Carry</a>, și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BASF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BASF">BASF</a> <sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Printre companiile cu cei mai mulți angajați se numără Deutsche Post, Robert Bosch GmbH și Edeka <sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Companii și, în același timp, mărci de produse germane renumite pe tot globul sunt <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adidas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adidas">Adidas</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Audi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Audi">Audi</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BMW?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BMW">BMW</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercedes_Benz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes Benz">Mercedes Benz</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nivea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Nivea">Nivea</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porsche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porsche">Porsche</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SAP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP">SAP</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volkswagen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> și multe altele <sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Germania este o susținătoare a integrării economice și politice europene, iar politicile ei comerciale sunt, din ce în ce mai mult, determinate de acordurile dintre membrii <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunii Europene</a> și de legislația europeană privind piața comună. Germania a adoptat moneda europeană unică <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">euro</a>, iar politica ei monetară este stabilită de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banca_Central%C4%83_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banca Centrală Europeană">Banca Centrală Europeană</a>, cu sediul la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankfurt_pe_Main?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankfurt pe Main">Frankfurt pe Main</a>. După <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reunificarea_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reunificarea Germaniei">reunificarea Germaniei din 1990</a>, nivelul de trai și veniturile anuale au rămas sensibil mai mari în fosta Germanie de Vest<sup id="cite_ref-FR_106-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FR-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Modernizarea și integrarea economiei din estul Germaniei de azi continuă să fie un proces de lungă durată și se prevede că acesta va dura până în 2019, transferurile anuale de la vest la est fiind până acum de aproximativ 80 de miliarde de dolari, în total. Rata <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C8%98omaj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Șomaj">șomajului</a> a scăzut începând cu 2005, ajungând la una foarte scăzută: 3,8 % în iulie 2011<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Acest procentaj diferă, însă, între fosta Germanie de Vest și fosta Germanie de Est. Guvernul cancelarului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> a inițiat, la începutul anilor 2000, o serie de reforme privind piața forței de muncă și instituțiile legate de bunăstarea publică, în timp ce guvernele următoare (negru-roșu și negru-galben) au adoptat o politică fiscală restrictivă și au redus numărul de locuri de muncă din sectorul public. În septembrie 2023, peste 46.000.000 de milioane de rezidenți aveau un loc de muncă.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>În intervalul 1990 – 2009, Germania a primit Investiții străine directe (ISD) de 700 de miliarde de dolari<sup id="cite_ref-wisd2010-08-23_110-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wisd2010-08-23-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. În anul 2009 investițiile străine directe în Germania au fost de 36 miliarde dolari<sup id="cite_ref-wisd2010-08-23_110-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wisd2010-08-23-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Totodată, Germania a generat ISD pentru alte state în valoare de 62,7 miliarde de dolari în 2009<sup id="cite_ref-wisd2010-08-23_110-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wisd2010-08-23-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <table class="toccolours" id="date_economice" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:150%;"><b>Date economice 2009</b></th> </tr> <tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Indicator economic</th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Valoare</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Creștere <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PIB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PIB">PIB</a></td> <td>1,7 %</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Compoziție <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PIB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PIB">PIB</a> pe ramuri</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agricultur%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agricultură">agricultură</a>: 1 %, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrie">industrie</a>: 31 %, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Servicii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Servicii">servicii</a>: 68 %</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rata_infla%C8%9Biei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Rata inflației — pagină inexistentă">Rata inflației</a></td> <td>1,6 % pe an</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/For%C8%9B%C4%83_de_munc%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forță de muncă">Forța de muncă</a></td> <td>42,63 milioane</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Forța de muncă distribuită pe sectoare</td> <td>agricultură: 2,8 %, industrie: 33,4 %, servicii: 63,8 %</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rata_%C8%99omajului&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Rata șomajului — pagină inexistentă">Rata șomajului</a></td> <td>8,4 %</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C8%98omaj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Șomaj">Șomaj</a></td> <td>peste 3 milioane de cetățeni</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Buget_de_stat&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Buget de stat — pagină inexistentă">Buget de stat</a></td> <td>1.200 miliarde <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">euro</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cheltuieli_de_stat&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cheltuieli de stat — pagină inexistentă">Cheltuieli de stat</a></td> <td>1.300 miliarde <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">euro</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deficit_bugetar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deficit bugetar">Deficit bugetar</a></td> <td>80 miliarde <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">euro</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datorie_public%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Datorie publică">Datorie publică</a></td> <td>65,8 % din PIB</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Infrastructură"><span id="Infrastructur.C4.83"></span>Infrastructură</h3> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Transportul_%C3%AEn_Germania&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Transportul în Germania — pagină inexistentă">Transportul în Germania</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg/220px-Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1002"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg/220px-Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg/330px-Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg/440px-Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Portul de la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> este al doilea mai mare port din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europa</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Germania este un punct central de transport important, datorită poziției sale centrale. Acest lucru poate fi observat în rețelele numeroase și moderne de transport. Rețeaua extinsă de autostrăzi (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autostrad%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autostradă">Autostradă</a>) care se plasează pe locul trei la nivel mondial după lungimea totală și este caracterizată prin lipsa de limită a vitezei pe majoritatea drumurilor.<sup id="cite_ref-adac_111-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-adac-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Germania a construit o rețea policentrică a trenurilor de mare viteză. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/InterCityExpress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="InterCityExpress">InterCityExpress</a> sau <i>ICE</i> este categoria cea mai avansată de servicii <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a> și operează în orașele germane majore, precum și în destinații spre țările vecine. Viteza maximă a trenului variază între 160 km/h și 300 km/h. Conexiunile sunt oferite la fiecare 30 de minute sau la intervale de două ore.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:ICE_3M_KRM.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ICE_3M_KRM.jpg/220px-ICE_3M_KRM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ICE_3M_KRM.jpg/220px-ICE_3M_KRM.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ICE_3M_KRM.jpg/330px-ICE_3M_KRM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ICE_3M_KRM.jpg/440px-ICE_3M_KRM.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Trenul ICE 3 </figcaption> </figure> <p>Germania este al cincilea mare consumator de energie, iar două treimi din energia primară a fost importată în 2002. În același an, Germania a fost cel mai mare consumator de electricitate din Europa, în valoare totală de 512.9 terawatt-ore. Politica guvernului promovează conservarea energiei și dezvoltarea surselor de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energie_regenerabil%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energie regenerabilă">energie regenerabilă</a>, precum energia <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energie_solar%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energie solară">solară</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energie_eolian%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energie eoliană">eoliană</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biomas%C4%83_(ecologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biomasă (ecologie)">biomasă</a>, hidroelectrică, precum și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energie_geotermic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energie geotermică">geotermică</a>. Ca urmare a măsurilor de economisire a energiei, eficiența energetică a fost îmbunătățită de la începutul anilor 1970. Guvernul a stabilit obiectivul de a obține din surse regenerabile, până în 2050, jumătate din cererile de energie ale țării.</p> <p>În anul 2000, guvernul și industria nucleară germană au fost de acord să elimine, până în 2021, progresiv, toate centralele nucleare.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energia regenerabilă încă joacă un rol tot mai modest în consumul de energie. În 2006, consumul de energie a fost îndeplinit de către următoarele surse: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petrol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petrol">petrol</a> (35,7%); <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C4%83rbune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cărbune">cărbune</a>, inclusiv <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lignit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lignit">lignit</a> (23,9%); <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaze_naturale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaze naturale">gaze naturale</a> (22,8%); nucleare (12,6%); hidroelectrică și eoliană (1,3%); și altele (3,7%). Cu toate acestea, ponderea energiei regenerabile în furnizarea de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energie_electric%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energie electrică">energie electrică</a> a crescut rapid, atingând 14% în 2007. Guvernul german a stabilit un nou obiectiv de a crește, până în 2020, acest procent la 27% .</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Cultură"><span id="Cultur.C4.83"></span>Cultură</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <p>Contribuțiile germane la cultura mondială sunt numeroase. Germania a fost locul de naștere al unor renumiți compozitori, precum <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johannes_Brahms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Wagner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>; poeți precum <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>; filosofi ca <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Immanuel_Kant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georg_Hegel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Hegel">Georg Hegel</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> sau <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>.</p> <p>O mică selecție de aspecte culturale specifice:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Muzica_Germaniei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Muzica Germaniei — pagină inexistentă">Muzica Germaniei</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundesliga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a></i> - liga întâia de fotbal a Germaniei</li> <li><i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oktoberfest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></i></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Știință"><span id=".C8.98tiin.C8.9B.C4.83"></span>Știință</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C8%98tiin%C8%9B%C4%83_%C8%99i_tehnologie_%C3%AEn_Germania&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Știință și tehnologie în Germania — pagină inexistentă">Știință și tehnologie în Germania</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <p>Germania este una din țările cu cei mai cunoscuți cercetători în diverse domenii științifice.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premiul_Nobel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premiul Nobel">Premiul Nobel</a> a fost înmânat celor 103 <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laurea%C8%9Bi_ai_Premiului_Nobel_dup%C4%83_%C8%9Bar%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laureați ai Premiului Nobel după țară">laureați germani</a>. Munca lui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Einstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Planck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> a fost decisivă pentru fondarea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fizic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fizică">fizicii</a> moderne, pe care <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Born?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> au dezvoltat-o ulterior.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aceștia au fost precedați de fizicieni precum <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph von Fraunhofer">Joseph von Fraunhofer</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gabriel_Daniel_Fahrenheit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit">Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit</a>. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> a descoperit <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radiație X">razele X</a>, care sunt denumite în limba germană <i>Röntgenstrahlen</i> (Razele Röntgen). Această realizare l-a făcut primul câștigător al <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premiul_Nobel_pentru_Fizic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiul Nobel pentru Fizică">Premiului Nobel pentru Fizică</a> în 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Inginerul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> a construit prima <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rachet%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rachetă">rachetă</a> spațială iar, mai târziu, a fost un membru remarcabil în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NASA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NASA">NASA</a>, construind racheta lunară <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saturn_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a>, care a pavat calea spre succes a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Programul_Apollo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Programul Apollo">programului american Apollo</a>. Lucrarea lui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Rudolf Hertz">Heinrich Rudolf Hertz</a> în domeniul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_electromagnetic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radiație electromagnetică">Radiației electromagnetice</a> a fost importantă pentru dezvoltarea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telecomunica%C8%9Bie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telecomunicație">telecomunicației</a> moderne.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Datorită construirii primului său laborator de la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitatea_din_Leipzig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitatea din Leipzig">Universitatea din Leipzig</a>, în 1879, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a> a fost creditat cu fondarea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psihologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psihologie">psihologiei</a> ca știință empirică independentă.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucrarea lui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, ca om de știință și explorator, a fost fundamentală în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biogeografie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biogeografie">biogeografie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Cleanroom1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cleanroom1.jpg/220px-Cleanroom1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="566"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cleanroom1.jpg/220px-Cleanroom1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cleanroom1.jpg/330px-Cleanroom1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cleanroom1.jpg/440px-Cleanroom1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Cameră de curățătorie pentru fabricarea de microelectronice în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stuttgart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Numeroși <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matematician?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matematician">matematicieni</a> celebri s-au născut în Germania, dintre care: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Hilbert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernhard Riemann">Bernhard Riemann</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Weyl&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hermann Weyl — pagină inexistentă">Hermann Weyl</a>. Germania are mulți inventatori și ingineri faimoși, precum sunt: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>, care este acreditat pentru inventarea imprimantei de tip portabil în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europa</a>; <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_Geiger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a>, creatorul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contor_Geiger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Contor Geiger">contorului Geiger</a>; și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konrad_Zuse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a>, care a construit primul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calculator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calculator">calculator</a> complet digital.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inventatori, ingineri și fabricanți germani, precum <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conte">Contele</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand von Zeppelin">Ferdinand von Zeppelin</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Junkers&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hugo Junkers — pagină inexistentă">Hugo Junkers</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Benz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Benz">Karl Benz</a> au ajutat la dezvoltarea tehnologiei moderne de transporturi auto și aeriene.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Instituții importante de cercetare din Germania sunt <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Societatea_Max_Planck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Societatea Max Planck">Societatea Max Planck</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft — pagină inexistentă">Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Societatea_Fraunhofer&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Societatea Fraunhofer — pagină inexistentă">Societatea Fraunhofer</a>. Acestea sunt conectate, în mod independent sau extern, la sistemul universitar și ajută, într-o măsură considerabilă, la randamentul științific. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Premiul_Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Premiul Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz — pagină inexistentă">Premiul Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> este acordat la zece oameni de știință și academicieni în fiecare an. Cu un maxim de 2,5 milioane € pe premiu, este una dintre cele mai înalte distincții de cercetare din lume.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg/220px-Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3101" data-file-height="1611"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 114px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg/220px-Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="114" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg/330px-Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg/440px-Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Echipa națională de fotbal a Germaniei, după ce a câștigat Campionatul Mondial pentru a patra oară în 2014. </figcaption> </figure> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sportul_%C3%AEn_Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sportul în Germania">Sportul în Germania</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16785627"> <p>Peste 27 milioane de persoane fac parte dintr-un club sportiv.<sup id="cite_ref-sports_123-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sports-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fotbalul este cel mai important și practicat sport.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sărbători_publice"><span id="S.C4.83rb.C4.83tori_publice"></span>Sărbători publice</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <table class="toccolours" id="sarbatori" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#ccccff; font-size:150%;"><b>Sărbători publice</b></th> </tr> <tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Dată</th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Nume în română</th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Nume local</th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Note</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1_ianuarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1 ianuarie">1 ianuarie</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anul_Nou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anul Nou">Anul Nou</a></td> <td><i>Neujahr</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_ianuarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 ianuarie">6 ianuarie</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magii_de_la_r%C4%83s%C4%83rit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magii de la răsărit">Cei Trei Crai de la Răsărit (Boboteaza)</a></td> <td><i>Heilige Drei Könige</i></td> <td>în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxonia-Anhalt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxonia-Anhalt">Saxonia-Anhalt</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%83rb%C4%83tori_variabile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sărbători variabile">variabil</a></i></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vinerea_Mare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vinerea Mare">Vinerea Mare</a></td> <td><i>Karfreitag</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%83rb%C4%83tori_variabile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sărbători variabile">variabil</a></i></td> <td>Lunea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pa%C8%99ti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paști">Paștilor</a></td> <td><i>Ostermontag</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1 mai">1 mai</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ziua_Muncii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ziua Muncii">Ziua Muncii</a></td> <td><i>Tag der Arbeit</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%83rb%C4%83tori_variabile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sărbători variabile">variabil</a></i></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8En%C4%83l%C8%9Barea_Domnului?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Înălțarea Domnului">Înălțarea Domnului</a></td> <td><i>Christi Himmelfahrt</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%83rb%C4%83tori_variabile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sărbători variabile">50 zile de la Paști</a></i></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusaliile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusaliile">Rusaliile</a></td> <td><i>Pfingsten</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%83rb%C4%83tori_variabile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sărbători variabile">variabil</a></i></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(religie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (religie)">Corpus Christi</a></td> <td><i>Fronleichnam</i></td> <td>în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hessa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hessa">Hessa</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renania_de_Nord_-_Westfalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Renania de Nord - Westfalia">Renania de Nord - Westfalia</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renania-Palatinat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renania-Palatinat">Renania-Palatinat</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saarland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> și în unele comunități din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxonia">Saxonia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turingia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turingia">Turingia</a>.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15_august?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15 august">15 august</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ridicarea_la_cer_a_Mariei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ridicarea la cer a Mariei — pagină inexistentă">Ridicarea la cer a Mariei</a></td> <td><i>Mariä Himmelfahrt</i></td> <td>în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saarland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> și în comunitățiile din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> cu populație majoritar <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catolicism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catolicism">catolică</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3_octombrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3 octombrie">3 octombrie</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ziua_Unific%C4%83rii_Germane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziua Unificării Germane">Ziua Unificării Germanei</a></td> <td><i>Tag der Deutschen Einheit</i></td> <td>sărbătoarea reunificării Germaniei, din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1990?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1990">1990</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/31_octombrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="31 octombrie">31 octombrie</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ziua_Reformei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ziua Reformei">Ziua Reformei</a></td> <td><i>Reformationstag</i></td> <td>în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mecklenburg_-_Pomerania_Inferioar%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mecklenburg - Pomerania Inferioară">Mecklenburg - Pomerania Inferioară</a> și în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1_noiembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1 noiembrie">1 noiembrie</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%83rb%C4%83toarea_Tuturor_Sfin%C8%9Bilor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sărbătoarea Tuturor Sfinților">Sărbătoarea Tuturor Sfinților</a></td> <td><i>Allerheiligen</i></td> <td>în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renania_de_Nord_-_Westfalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Renania de Nord - Westfalia">Renania de Nord - Westfalia</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renania-Palatinat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renania-Palatinat">Renania-Palatinat</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saarland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/24_decembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="24 decembrie">24 decembrie</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cr%C4%83ciunul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Crăciunul">Ajunul Crăciunului</a></td> <td><i>Heiligabend</i></td> <td>Conform legislației muncii, ziua de 24 decembrie este zi lucrătoare.</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_decembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 decembrie">25 decembrie</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cr%C4%83ciunul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Crăciunul">Prima zi de Crăciun</a></td> <td><i>Erster Weihnachtstag</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/26_decembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26 decembrie">26 decembrie</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cr%C4%83ciunul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Crăciunul">A doua zi de Crăciun</a></td> <td><i>Zweiter Weihnachtstag</i></td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/31_decembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="31 decembrie">31 decembrie</a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papa_Silvestru_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papa Silvestru I">Sfântul Silvestru</a> (ultima zi a anului, revelionul)</td> <td><i>Silvester</i></td> <td>Conform legislației muncii, ziua de 31 decembrie este zi lucrătoare.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Note">Note</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://dexonline.ro/definitie/german">„„Definiție: german<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>”</a>. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DEX_online?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="DEX online">DEX online</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-03-28">28 martie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E2%80%9EDefini%C8%9Bie%3A+german%E2%80%9D&rft.pub=DEX+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdexonline.ro%2Fdefinitie%2Fgerman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.destatis.de/DE/PresseService/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2011/09/PD11_355_122.html">Ein Fünftel der Bevölkerung in Deutschland hatte 2010 einen Migrationshintergrund</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-3">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-imf2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-imf2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-imf2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-imf2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report?c%3D134,%26s%3DNGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,%26sy%3D2019%26ey%3D2026%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1">„World Economic Outlook database: April 2021”</a>. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. aprilie 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+database%3A+April+2021&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2021%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D134%2C%26s%3DNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2019%26ey%3D2026%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-eurogini-4"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-eurogini_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang%3Den">„Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income”</a>. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurostat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2020-12-15">15 decembrie 2020</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+coefficient+of+equivalised+disposable+income&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftessi190%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-5"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UNHDR_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/latest-human-development-index-ranking">„Human Development Report 2020”</a>. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Development_Programme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="United Nations Development Programme — pagină inexistentă">United Nations Development Programme</a>. <time datetime="2020-12-15">15 decembrie 2020</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2020-12-15">15 decembrie 2020</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2020&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Flatest-human-development-index-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-951e8f61424dc8ce177bfe85c569ed50-6"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-951e8f61424dc8ce177bfe85c569ed50_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.holstein-tourismus.de/de/unsere-region/detailansicht/detail/tiefste-landstelle-deutschlands.html">https://www.holstein-tourismus.de/de/unsere-region/detailansicht/detail/tiefste-landstelle-deutschlands.html</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2023-07-01">1 iulie 2023</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holstein-tourismus.de%2Fde%2Funsere-region%2Fdetailansicht%2Fdetail%2Ftiefste-landstelle-deutschlands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Lipsește sau este vid: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a 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lang="de">Focus Online</span> (German news website)|]]</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2023-05-08">8 mai 2023</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutschlands+h%C3%B6chster+Berg&rft.pub=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22de%22%3EFocus+Online%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cabbr+title%3D%27Articolul+%C3%AEnc%C4%83+nu+exist%C4%83+%C3%AEn+acest+wiki%27%3E%5B%2A%5D%3C%2Fabbr%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Anone%22%3E%26%238203%3B%3C%2Fspan%3ECategorie%3AArticole+cu+leg%C4%83turi+c%C4%83tre+elemente+f%C4%83r%C4%83+etichet%C4%83+%C3%AEn+limba+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.focus.de%2Fwissen%2Fvideos%2Fdie-zugspitze-deutschlands-hoechster-berg_id_5831678.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-114c088fc5b76ec8256ae785a5c07a9b-8"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-114c088fc5b76ec8256ae785a5c07a9b_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.suedkurier.de/ueberregional/rundblick/das-sind-die-zehn-hoechsten-berge-in-deutschland-in-der-uebersicht-hoehe-lage-erstbesteigung;art1373253,11583753"><i>Das sind die 10 höchsten Berge in Deutschland</i></a> (în germană), <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q885282" class="extiw" title="d:Q885282">Südkurier</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCdkurier_(German_regional_daily_newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" 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id="cite_note-07d8ac3887edc4a64e0fa0d201dc42d6-10"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-07d8ac3887edc4a64e0fa0d201dc42d6_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/zensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit-2022.html">https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/zensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit-2022.html</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2024-03-22">22 martie 2024</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FThemen%2FGesellschaft-Umwelt%2FBevoelkerung%2FBevoelkerungsstand%2FTabellen%2Fzensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit-2022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Lipsește sau este vid: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#citation_missing_title" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-0f821f27d366ac7ff2261f700a2715b5-11"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-0f821f27d366ac7ff2261f700a2715b5_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a 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href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39f66ebd5cdedcf6e9db8ff4e9be5be1_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/textarchiv/2017/kw06-bundesversammlung-492496"><i>Frank-Walter Steinmeier zum neuen Bundespräsidenten gewählt</i></a> (în germană), <time datetime="2017-02-12">12 februarie 2017</time><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2024-06-02">2 iunie 2024</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank-Walter+Steinmeier+zum+neuen+Bundespr%C3%A4sidenten+gew%C3%A4hlt&rft.date=2017-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundestag.de%2Fdokumente%2Ftextarchiv%2F2017%2Fkw06-bundesversammlung-492496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-e89dd2816cf56c46d08f601352793010-13"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-e89dd2816cf56c46d08f601352793010_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation">, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19601671" class="extiw" title="d:Q19601671"><span lang="de">Lebendiges virtuelles Museum Online</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">Lebendiges virtuelles Museum Online</span> (website about German history)|]]</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hdg.de/lemo/biografie/frank-walter-steinmeier.html">https://www.hdg.de/lemo/biografie/frank-walter-steinmeier.html</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2024-06-02">2 iunie 2024</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22de%22%3ELebendiges+virtuelles+Museum+Online%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cabbr+title%3D%27Articolul+%C3%AEnc%C4%83+nu+exist%C4%83+%C3%AEn+acest+wiki%27%3E%5B%2A%5D%3C%2Fabbr%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Anone%22%3E%26%238203%3B%3C%2Fspan%3ECategorie%3AArticole+cu+leg%C4%83turi+c%C4%83tre+elemente+f%C4%83r%C4%83+etichet%C4%83+%C3%AEn+limba+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdg.de%2Flemo%2Fbiografie%2Ffrank-walter-steinmeier.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Lipsește sau este vid: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#citation_missing_title" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-0240453ce5f2ebce05e02b1b4ffcbb85-14"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-0240453ce5f2ebce05e02b1b4ffcbb85_14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.workwithdata.com/place/germany">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/germany</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2025-01-19">19 ianuarie 2025</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.workwithdata.com%2Fplace%2Fgermany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Lipsește sau este vid: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#citation_missing_title" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7d8ce059f641d53a087f1cf1d51b06a4-15"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7d8ce059f641d53a087f1cf1d51b06a4_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208235458/https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/scholz-ernennung-bundeskanzler-101.html"><i>Olaf Scholz ist Bundeskanzler</i></a> (în germană), <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1409067" class="extiw" title="d:Q1409067"><span lang="de">tagesschau.de</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="de">tagesschau.de</span> (website)|]]</span>, <time datetime="2021-12-08">8 decembrie 2021</time>, arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/scholz-ernennung-bundeskanzler-101.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2021-12-08">8 decembrie 2021</time><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2023-06-24">24 iunie 2023</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Olaf+Scholz+ist+Bundeskanzler&rft.pub=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22de%22%3Etagesschau.de%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cabbr+title%3D%27Articolul+%C3%AEnc%C4%83+nu+exist%C4%83+%C3%AEn+acest+wiki%27%3E%5B%2A%5D%3C%2Fabbr%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Anone%22%3E%26%238203%3B%3C%2Fspan%3ECategorie%3AArticole+cu+leg%C4%83turi+c%C4%83tre+elemente+f%C4%83r%C4%83+etichet%C4%83+%C3%AEn+limba+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rft.date=2021-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesschau.de%2Finland%2Fscholz-ernennung-bundeskanzler-101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-c47a88cb6172153a5fa0d94243e1ac73-16"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-c47a88cb6172153a5fa0d94243e1ac73_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bundeskanzler.de/bk-de/kanzleramt/bundeskanzler-seit-1949/olaf-scholz">https://www.bundeskanzler.de/bk-de/kanzleramt/bundeskanzler-seit-1949/olaf-scholz</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2023-06-24">24 iunie 2023</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeskanzler.de%2Fbk-de%2Fkanzleramt%2Fbundeskanzler-seit-1949%2Folaf-scholz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Lipsește sau este vid: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#citation_missing_title" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5dff556dedbfca865438dae3f70f78cd-17"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5dff556dedbfca865438dae3f70f78cd_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worlddata.info/countrycodes.php">https://www.worlddata.info/countrycodes.php</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2024-03-22">22 martie 2024</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worlddata.info%2Fcountrycodes.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Lipsește sau este vid: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#citation_missing_title" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-282c34b469cabaf977fda53de26564e3-18"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-282c34b469cabaf977fda53de26564e3_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><i><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28796597" class="extiw" title="d:Q28796597"><span lang="en">Olympic.org athletes database</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Olympic.org athletes database</span> (former athlete database of the International Olympic Committee at Olympic.org)|]]</span></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%26%238203%3B%5D%5D%3C%2Fspan%3E%5B%5BCategorie%3AArticole+cu+leg%C4%83turi+c%C4%83tre+elemente+f%C4%83r%C4%83+etichet%C4%83+%C3%AEn+limba+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Verificați valoarea <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|titlelink=</code> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#bad_paramlink" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span>; </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code> necesită <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#accessdate_missing_url" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-50e28f3016cf7095caf8e2168b42319f-19"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50e28f3016cf7095caf8e2168b42319f_19-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.laenderdaten.de/kuerzel/olympia.aspx">https://www.laenderdaten.de/kuerzel/olympia.aspx</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2024-03-22">22 martie 2024</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laenderdaten.de%2Fkuerzel%2Folympia.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Lipsește sau este vid: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#citation_missing_title" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Denumirea oficială a țării în limba română conform <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://berlin.mae.ro/">https://berlin.mae.ro/</a> — AMBASADA ROMÂNIEI în Republica Federală Germania.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Duden6-21"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Duden6_21-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Max Mangold (ed.), ed. (<time datetime="1995">1995</time>). <i>Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch (Duden Pronunciation Dictionary)</i> (în germană) (ed. 6). Mannheim: Dudenverlag (Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus AG. pp. 271, 53f. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3-411-04066-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/3-411-04066-1">3-411-04066-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duden%2C+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch+%28Duden+Pronunciation+Dictionary%29&rft.place=Mannheim&rft.pages=271%2C+53f&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Dudenverlag+%28Bibliographisches+Institut+%26+F.A.+Brockhaus+AG&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=3-411-04066-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Text în plus: lista editorilor (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Text_%C3%AEn_plus:_lista_editorilor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Text în plus: lista editorilor">link</a>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">The Latin name <i>Sacrum Imperium</i> (Holy Empire) is documented as far back as 1157. The Latin name <i>Sacrum Romanum Imperium</i> (Holy Roman Empire) was first documented in 1254. The full name "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" (<i>Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation</i>) dates back to the 15th century.<br><cite class="citation book">Zippelius, Reinhold (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>) [1994]. <i>Kleine deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: vom frühen Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart</i> [<i>Brief German Constitutional History: from the Early Middle Ages to the Present</i>] (în German) (ed. 7th). Beck. p. 25. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-3-406-47638-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-3-406-47638-9">978-3-406-47638-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kleine+deutsche+Verfassungsgeschichte%3A+vom+fr%C3%BChen+Mittelalter+bis+zur+Gegenwart&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Beck&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-406-47638-9&rft.aulast=Zippelius&rft.aufirst=Reinhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Limb%C4%83_nerecunoscut%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută">link</a>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/04/04/europe/poll.php">„The leader of Europe? Answers an ocean apart”</a> (în engleză). <time datetime="2008-04-04">4 aprilie 2008</time>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404235732/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/04/04/europe/poll.php">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2008-04-04">4 aprilie 2008</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-06">6 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+leader+of+Europe%3F+Answers+an+ocean+apart&rft.date=2008-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F04%2F04%2Feurope%2Fpoll.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105055439/http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/informationstechnologie/bericht-109339.html">„Confidently into the Future with Reliable Technology”</a> (în engleză). <time datetime="2008-05-06">6 mai 2008</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/informationstechnologie/bericht-109339.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2013-11-05">5 noiembrie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-06">6 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confidently+into+the+Future+with+Reliable+Technology&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.innovations-report.de%2Fhtml%2Fberichte%2Finformationstechnologie%2Fbericht-109339.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schulze, Hagen. <i>Germany: A New History</i> (în engleză). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.aulast=Schulze&rft.aufirst=Hagen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_ancient_history-26"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cambridge_ancient_history_26-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 12, p. 442. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0521301998?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-30199-8</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/black_death.html">The Great Famine (1315-1317) and the Black Death (1346-1351)</a>. Lynn Harry Nelson. The University of Kansas.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/30yearswar.html">The Thirty-Years-War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/19991009072232/http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/30yearswar.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="1999-10-09">9 octombrie 1999</time>, la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Gerhard Rempel, Western New England College.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm%2330YrW">The Thirty Years War (1618–48)</a>, Alan McFarlane, The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap (2003)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-concise_h-30"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-concise_h_30-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook, Mary: <i>A Concise History of Germany</i>, Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 97. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0521540712?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-54071-2</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Norman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fotw.info/flags/de1848.html">German Confederation 1815–1866 (Germany)</a> Flags of the World. 5 octombrie 2000. Retrieved 2006, 12-07.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">David Crossland (<time datetime="2008-01-22">22 ianuarie 2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,530319,00.html">„Last German World War I Veteran Believed to Have Died”</a> (în engleză)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-13">13 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Last+German+World+War+I+Veteran+Believed+to+Have+Died&rft.date=2008-01-22&rft.au=David+Crossland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2F0%2C1518%2C530319%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-lee_h-33"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lee_h_33-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lee, Stephen J. (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <i>Europe 1890–1945</i> (în engleză). 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://historia.ro/sectiune/general/nazismul-in-fata-justitiei-procesele-de-la-577219.html">„Nazismul în fața justiției: procesele de la Nürnberg”</a>, <i>Historia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, accesat în <time datetime="2023-11-08">8 noiembrie 2023</time></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia&rft.atitle=Nazismul+%C3%AEn+fa%C8%9Ba+justi%C8%9Biei%3A+procesele+de+la+N%C3%BCrnberg&rft.au=Andreea+Lup%C8%99or&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoria.ro%2Fsectiune%2Fgeneral%2Fnazismul-in-fata-justitiei-procesele-de-la-577219.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFContributeurs_aux_projets_Wikimedia2021" class="citation">Contributeurs aux projets Wikimedia (<time datetime="2021-11-29">29 noiembrie 2021</time>), <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bensoussan_(historien)"><i>Georges Bensoussan (historien)</i></a> (în franceză), Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georges+Bensoussan+%28historien%29&rft.pub=Wikimedia+Foundation%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft.au=Contributeurs+aux+projets+Wikimedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeorges_Bensoussan_%28historien%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> 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id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wdr.de/themen/politik/nrw03/bonn_berlin/060914.jhtml?rubrikenstyle%3Dpolitik">„Landtag einstimmig gegen Komplettumzug”</a> (în germană). WDR. <time datetime="2006-09-14">14 septembrie 2006</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-20">20 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landtag+einstimmig+gegen+Komplettumzug&rft.pub=WDR&rft.date=2006-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdr.de%2Fthemen%2Fpolitik%2Fnrw03%2Fbonn_berlin%2F060914.jhtml%3Frubrikenstyle%3Dpolitik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wdr.de/themen/politik/deutschland/bonn_berlin/060619.jhtml?rubrikenstyle%3Dpolitik">„Deutschlands heimliche Hauptstadt”</a> (în germană). WDR. <time datetime="2009-06-20">20 iunie 2009</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-20">20 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutschlands+heimliche+Hauptstadt&rft.pub=WDR&rft.date=2009-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdr.de%2Fthemen%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Fbonn_berlin%2F060619.jhtml%3Frubrikenstyle%3Dpolitik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ARM-43"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ARM_43-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dempsey, Judy (<time datetime="2006-10-31">31 octombrie 2006</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/31/world/europe/31iht-germany.3343963.html?_r%3D1">„Germany is planning a Bosnia withdrawal”</a> (în engleză). The New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-14">14 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+is+planning+a+Bosnia+withdrawal&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times&rft.date=2006-10-31&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F10%2F31%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F31iht-germany.3343963.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-44">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIA_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIA_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIA_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CIA_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195034/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">„Rank Order - GDP (purchasing power parity)”</a> (în engleză). CIA Factbook 2005. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-06-04">4 iunie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-11">11 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rank+Order+-+GDP+%28purchasing+power+parity%29&rft.pub=CIA+Factbook+2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2001rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Olson, Donald (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123223026/http://www.dummies.com/WileyCDA/DummiesArticle/id-5361.html"><i>Germany For Dummies, 3rd Edition</i></a> (în engleză). Wiley. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-470-08956-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-470-08956-9">978-0-470-08956-9</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dummies.com/WileyCDA/DummiesArticle/id-5361.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2007-11-23">23 noiembrie 2007</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-01-11">11 ianuarie 2014</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+For+Dummies%2C+3rd+Edition&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-08956-9&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dummies.com%2FWileyCDA%2FDummiesArticle%2Fid-5361.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wordtravels.com/Travelguide/Countries/Germany/Climate/">„German Climate and Weather”</a> (în engleză). Word Travels<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-20">20 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+Climate+and+Weather&rft.pub=Word+Travels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordtravels.com%2FTravelguide%2FCountries%2FGermany%2FClimate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413043055/http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/ecoregion_list/">„List of Ecoregions: Terrestrial Ecoregions”</a> (în engleză). WWF. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/ecoregion_list/">original</a> la <time datetime="2009-04-13">13 aprilie 2009</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-21">21 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Ecoregions%3A+Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.pub=WWF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panda.org%2Fabout_our_earth%2Fecoregions%2Fecoregion_list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.eupedia.com/europe/zoological_gardens_europe.shtml">„List of famous Zoological gardens in European countries”</a> (în engleză). Europe Guide<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-21">21 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+famous+Zoological+gardens+in+European+countries&rft.pub=Europe+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eupedia.com%2Feurope%2Fzoological_gardens_europe.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20031007010357/http://www.americanzoos.info/Zoofacts.html">„Some interesting zoo facts”</a> (în engleză). Zoofacts. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.americanzoos.info/Zoofacts.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2003-10-07">7 octombrie 2003</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-21">21 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+interesting+zoo+facts&rft.pub=Zoofacts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanzoos.info%2FZoofacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609204353/http://www.zoo-berlin.de/en/understand/zahlen-fakten.html">„Tierstatistik 2008”</a> (în germană). Zoo Berlin. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.zoo-berlin.de/en/understand/zahlen-fakten.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2010-06-09">9 iunie 2010</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-21">21 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tierstatistik+2008&rft.pub=Zoo+Berlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoo-berlin.de%2Fen%2Funderstand%2Fzahlen-fakten.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id%3D10961890">„German lessons”</a> (în engleză). The Economist<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-21">21 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+lessons&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D10961890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://209.85.135.104/search?q%3Dcache:zXGikuS_5GIJ:www.dzforum.de/downloads/020101311.pdf%2Bgermany%2B%2522environmental%2Bconsciousness%2522%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26cd%3D3%26client%3Dnews">„Starting points and focus of environmental communication”</a> (în engleză). German Federal Environmental Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-21">21 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Starting+points+and+focus+of+environmental+communication&rft.pub=German+Federal+Environmental+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F209.85.135.104%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dcache%3AzXGikuS_5GIJ%3Awww.dzforum.de%2Fdownloads%2F020101311.pdf%2Bgermany%2B%2522environmental%2Bconsciousness%2522%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26cd%3D3%26client%3Dnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup>[<i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">PIPA (<time datetime="2007-09-24">24 septembrie 2007</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216014941/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/sep07/BBCClimate_Sep07_rpt.pdf">„All Countries Need to Take Major Steps on Climate Change: Global Poll”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>BBC World service Poll, carried out by Globescan</i> (în engleză). Program on International Policy Attitudes at the University of Maryland, College Park. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/sep07/BBCClimate_Sep07_rpt.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> la <time datetime="2008-02-16">16 februarie 2008</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-21">21 noiembrie 2009</time></span>. <q>Eighty-seven percent of German respondents agree that human activity is a significant cause of climate change and 95 percent think it is necessary to take measures to deal with the problem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+World+service+Poll%2C+carried+out+by+Globescan&rft.atitle=All+Countries+Need+to+Take+Major+Steps+on+Climate+Change%3A+Global+Poll&rft.date=2007-09-24&rft.au=PIPA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldpublicopinion.org%2Fpipa%2Fpdf%2Fsep07%2FBBCClimate_Sep07_rpt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070620072640/http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/uba-info-presse-e/2004/pe04-056.htm">„Reinforcing Germany's environmental protection industry”</a> (în engleză). Umweltbundesamt. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/uba-info-presse-e/2004/pe04-056.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2007-06-20">20 iunie 2007</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-21">21 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reinforcing+Germany%27s+environmental+protection+industry&rft.pub=Umweltbundesamt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umweltbundesamt.de%2Fuba-info-presse-e%2F2004%2Fpe04-056.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Earth/Germany_greenest_country_in_the_world/articleshow/3151766.cms">„Germany greenest country in the world”</a> (în engleză). Times of India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-21">21 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+greenest+country+in+the+world&rft.pub=Times+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FEarth%2FGermany_greenest_country_in_the_world%2Farticleshow%2F3151766.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://countrystudies.us/germany/159.htm">„Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union”</a> (în engleză). U.S. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-21">21 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+Democratic+Union%2FChristian+Social+Union&rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fgermany%2F159.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/blob/215342/779c7364114f5aad02f5a2583c7747a9/rumaenisch-data.pdf">RUMÄNISCH</a>, Ministerul Federal al Afacerilor Externe, 6 ianuarie 2022</span></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba germană">de</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/bundesregierung/bundeskabinett">Das Bundeskabinett</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba germană">de</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Termine/DE/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/2022/04/220425-Entlassung-Spiegel-Ernennung-Paus.html?nn%3D9042544">Aushändigung der Entlassungsurkunde an Bundesministerin Anne Spiegel und Überreichung der Ernennungsurkunde an Elisabeth Paus</a>, bundespraesident.de, 25 aprilie 2022</span></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429005142/http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/en/index.html">„Federal Constitutional Court”</a> (în engleză). Bundesverfassungsgericht.de. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/en/index.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-04-29">29 aprilie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bundesministerium der Justiz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-22">22 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A7+2+Strafvollzugsgesetz&rft.pub=Bundesministerium+der+Justiz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fstvollzg%2F__2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Atlas Rutier. Europa</i>. Reader's Digest. Bucuresti, 2009. Sectiunea "Calatorind fara griji", subsectiunea "Calatorind prin Europa", p. 50.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025215249/http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html">„Declaration by the Franco-German Defence and Security Council”</a> (în engleză). Elysee.fr. <time datetime="2004-05-13">13 mai 2004</time>. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-29">29 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaration+by+the+Franco-German+Defence+and+Security+Council&rft.pub=Elysee.fr&rft.date=2004-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elysee.fr%2Felysee%2Fanglais%2Fspeeches_and_documents%2F2004%2Fdeclaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Manuela Glaab (<time datetime="2003">2003</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121072523/http://en.internationalepolitik.de/archiv/2003/spring2003/german-foreign-policy.html">„German Foreign Policy”</a> (în engleză). Internationale Politik. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://en.internationalepolitik.de/archiv/2003/spring2003/german-foreign-policy.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2007-11-21">21 noiembrie 2007</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-11-29">29 noiembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Internationale+Politik&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Manuela+Glaab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.internationalepolitik.de%2Farchiv%2F2003%2Fspring2003%2Fgerman-foreign-policy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108170102/http://www.ghi-dc.org/files/publications/bu_supp/supp1/supp-01_005.pdf">„The Berlin Wall, Ostpolitik and Détente”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (în engleză). German Historical Institute. <time datetime="2003">2003</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ghi-dc.org/files/publications/bu_supp/supp1/supp-01_005.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> la <time datetime="2012-01-08">8 ianuarie 2012</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Deutsche Welle. <time datetime="2005-10-14">14 octombrie 2005</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Economist. <time datetime="2006-07-06">6 iulie 2006</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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U.S. Military. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://benefits.military.com/misc/installations/Base_Content.jsp?id%3D1675">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-12-18">18 decembrie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-02">2 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaiserslautern%2C+Germany+Overview&rft.pub=U.S.+Military&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbenefits.military.com%2Fmisc%2Finstallations%2FBase_Content.jsp%3Fid%3D1675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310120541/http://www.bmz.de/en/index.html">„Aims of German development policy”</a> (în engleză). Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bmz.de/en/index.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-03-10">10 martie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-03">3 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aims+of+German+development+policy&rft.pub=Federal+Ministry+for+Economic+Cooperation+and+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmz.de%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.young-germany.de/news-verwaltung/news-singleview/article/7fbf309b04/germany-is-a-leader-in-development-funding.html">„Germany is a leader in development funding”</a> (în engleză). Young Germany. <time datetime="2008-04-16">16 aprilie 2008</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-03">3 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+is+a+leader+in+development+funding&rft.pub=Young+Germany&rft.date=2008-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.young-germany.de%2Fnews-verwaltung%2Fnews-singleview%2Farticle%2F7fbf309b04%2Fgermany-is-a-leader-in-development-funding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><sup>[<i><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826160221/http://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/rechtsgrundlagen/grundgesetz/gg_10a.html">„Xa. Verteidigungsfall”</a> (în germană). Deutscher Bundestag. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/rechtsgrundlagen/grundgesetz/gg_10a.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2012-08-26">26 august 2012</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-04">4 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xa.+Verteidigungsfall&rft.pub=Deutscher+Bundestag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundestag.de%2Fdokumente%2Frechtsgrundlagen%2Fgrundgesetz%2Fgg_10a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bundeswehr1-75"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bundeswehr1_75-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/einsaetze/einsatzzahlen?yw_contentURL%3D/C1256EF4002AED30/W264VFT2439INFODE/content.jsp">„Einsatzzahlen – Die Stärke der deutschen Einsatzkontingente”</a> (în germană). <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundeswehr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-05">5 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einsatzzahlen+%E2%80%93+Die+St%C3%A4rke+der+deutschen+Einsatzkontingente&rft.pub=Bundeswehr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeswehr.de%2Fportal%2Fa%2Fbwde%2Feinsaetze%2Feinsatzzahlen%3Fyw_contentURL%3D%2FC1256EF4002AED30%2FW264VFT2439INFODE%2Fcontent.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Derek Scally (<time datetime="2009-11-04">4 noiembrie 2009</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218122627/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2009/1104/1224258027039.html">„Taboo broken as minister says German troops at war”</a> (în engleză). IRISHTIMES. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2009/1104/1224258027039.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-02-18">18 februarie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-05">5 decembrie 2009</time></span>. <q>'Certain traditional choices of words do not really work in the current situation. In parts of Afghanistan, there are, without question, conditions that are like a war,' said Mr zu Guttenberg yesterday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taboo+broken+as+minister+says+German+troops+at+war&rft.pub=IRISHTIMES&rft.date=2009-11-04&rft.au=Derek+Scally&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fworld%2F2009%2F1104%2F1224258027039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301181851/http://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/DE/Interview/2009/11/2009-11-03-interview-guttenberg-bild.html">„zu Guttenberg: Kriegsähnliche Zustände in Teilen Afghanistan (verbatim)”</a>. <i>Regierung online (Government Online)</i> (în germană). Guvernul Germaniei. <time datetime="2009-11-03">3 noiembrie 2009</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/DE/Interview/2009/11/2009-11-03-interview-guttenberg-bild.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-03-01">1 martie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-05">5 decembrie 2009</time></span>. <q>zu Guttenberg: Ich will ganz offen sein. In Teilen Afghanistans gibt es fraglos kriegsähnliche Zustände (zu Guttenberg: I will be quite frank. In parts of Afghanistan, there are, without question, conditions like a war)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regierung+online+%28Government+Online%29&rft.atitle=zu+Guttenberg%3A+Kriegs%C3%A4hnliche+Zust%C3%A4nde+in+Teilen+Afghanistan+%28verbatim%29&rft.date=2009-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesregierung.de%2FContent%2FDE%2FInterview%2F2009%2F11%2F2009-11-03-interview-guttenberg-bild.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.good-practice.de/zielgruppen_beitrag3533.php">„Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund – neue Definition, alte Probleme”</a> (în germană). BiBB<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-07">7 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Menschen+mit+Migrationshintergrund+%E2%80%93+neue+Definition%2C+alte+Probleme&rft.pub=BiBB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.good-practice.de%2Fzielgruppen_beitrag3533.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Statistiken/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/Migrationshintergrund/Tabellen/Content100/MigrationshintergrundStaatsangehoerigkeit,templateId%3DrenderPrint.psml">„Bevölkerung nach Migrationshintergrund”</a> (în germană). German Federal Statistical Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-08">8 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+Migrationshintergrund&rft.pub=German+Federal+Statistical+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2Fjetspeed%2Fportal%2Fcms%2FSites%2Fdestatis%2FInternet%2FDE%2FContent%2FStatistiken%2FBevoelkerung%2FMigrationIntegration%2FMigrationshintergrund%2FTabellen%2FContent100%2FMigrationshintergrundStaatsangehoerigkeit%2CtemplateId%3DrenderPrint.psml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.unfpa.org/publications/detail.cfm?ID%3D294%26filterListType%3D">„State of World Population 2006”</a> (în engleză). United Nations Population Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-07">7 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+of+World+Population+2006&rft.pub=United+Nations+Population+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fpublications%2Fdetail.cfm%3FID%3D294%26filterListType%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.destatis.de/presse/deutsch/pm2006/p2690025.htm">„Erstmals seit 1990 weniger als 600 000 Ausländer zugezogen”</a> (în engleză). Statistiches Bundesamt Deutschland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-08">8 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erstmals+seit+1990+weniger+als+600+000+Ausl%C3%A4nder+zugezogen&rft.pub=Statistiches+Bundesamt+Deutschland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2Fpresse%2Fdeutsch%2Fpm2006%2Fp2690025.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403034514/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm%3Dy%26-reg%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:535%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR%26-ds_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_%26-TABLE_NAMEX%3D%26-ci_type%3DA%26-redoLog%3Dfalse%26-charIterations%3D047%26-geo_id%3D01000US%26-format%3D%26-_lang%3Den">„U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 American Community Survey”</a> (în engleză). Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm%3Dy%26-reg%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:535%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR%26-ds_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_%26-TABLE_NAMEX%3D%26-ci_type%3DA%26-redoLog%3Dfalse%26-charIterations%3D047%26-geo_id%3D01000US%26-format%3D%26-_lang%3Den">original</a> la <time datetime="2009-04-03">3 aprilie 2009</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-08">8 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau%2C+2005+American+Community+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FIPTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-reg%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201%3A535%3BACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR%3A535%3BACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T%3A535%3BACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR%3A535%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR%26-ds_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_%26-TABLE_NAMEX%3D%26-ci_type%3DA%26-redoLog%3Dfalse%26-charIterations%3D047%26-geo_id%3D01000US%26-format%3D%26-_lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> Recensământul din 1990 prezintă 57.9 milioane sau 23,3% din populația SUA.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715050625/http://www.passeiweb.com/na_ponta_lingua/sala_de_aula/geografia/geografia_do_brasil/demografia_imigracoes/brasil_imigracoes_alemanha">„A Imigração Alemã no Brasil Deutsche Welle”</a> (în portugheză). Passeiweb. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.passeiweb.com/na_ponta_lingua/sala_de_aula/geografia/geografia_do_brasil/demografia_imigracoes/brasil_imigracoes_alemanha">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-07-15">15 iulie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-08">8 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Alem%C3%A3+no+Brasil+Deutsche+Welle&rft.pub=Passeiweb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.passeiweb.com%2Fna_ponta_lingua%2Fsala_de_aula%2Fgeografia%2Fgeografia_do_brasil%2Fdemografia_imigracoes%2Fbrasil_imigracoes_alemanha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409060848/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?Lang%3DE%26T%3D501%26GV%3D1%26GID%3D0">„2001 Canadian Census”</a> (în engleză). Ethno-Cultural Portrait of Canada, Table 1. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?Lang%3DE%26T%3D501%26GV%3D1%26GID%3D0">original</a> la <time datetime="2013-04-09">9 aprilie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-08">8 decembrie 2009</time></span>. <q>2001 Canadian Census gives 2.742.765 total respondents stating their <i>ethnic origin</i> as partly German, with 705,600 stating "single-ancestry"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001+Canadian+Census&rft.pub=Ethno-Cultural+Portrait+of+Canada%2C+Table+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus01%2Fproducts%2Fhighlight%2FETO%2FTable1.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26T%3D501%26GV%3D1%26GID%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID%3D201">„Fewer Ethnic Germans Immigrating to Ancestral Homeland”</a> (în engleză). Migration Information Source<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-08">8 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fewer+Ethnic+Germans+Immigrating+to+Ancestral+Homeland&rft.pub=Migration+Information+Source&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationinformation.org%2FFeature%2Fdisplay.cfm%3FID%3D201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ekd-86">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ekd_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ekd_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ekd.de/statistik/mitglieder.html">„EKD-Statistik: Christen in Deutschland 2007”</a> (în engleză). Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-09">9 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EKD-Statistik%3A+Christen+in+Deutschland+2007&rft.pub=Evangelische+Kirche+in+Deutschland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekd.de%2Fstatistik%2Fmitglieder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ekd.de/statistik/mitglieder.html">„Christen in Deutschland 2005”</a> (în germană). Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-09">9 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christen+in+Deutschland+2005&rft.pub=Evangelische+Kirche+in+Deutschland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekd.de%2Fstatistik%2Fmitglieder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423033806/http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm">„Religionen in Deutschland: Mitgliederzahlen”</a> (în germană). Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm/">original</a> la <time datetime="2008-04-23">23 aprilie 2008</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-09">9 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religionen+in+Deutschland%3A+Mitgliederzahlen&rft.pub=Religionswissenschaftlicher+Medien-+und+Informationsdienst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.remid.de%2Fremid_info_zahlen.htm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,632290,00.html">„Germany Has 1 Million More Muslims than Previously Thought”</a> (în engleză). Spiegel Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-09">9 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+Has+1+Million+More+Muslims+than+Previously+Thought&rft.pub=Spiegel+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2F0%2C1518%2C632290%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528204944/http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm">„Religionen in Deutschland: Mitgliederzahlen”</a> (în germană). Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst; date=31 octombrie 2009. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2014-05-28">28 mai 2014</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-09">9 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religionen+in+Deutschland%3A+Mitgliederzahlen&rft.pub=Religionswissenschaftlicher+Medien-+und+Informationsdienst%3B+date%3D31+octombrie+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.remid.de%2Fremid_info_zahlen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Pipe lipsă (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Pipe_lips%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Pipe lipsă">link</a>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.euro-islam.info/country-profiles/germany/">„Islam in Germany”</a> (în engleză). Euro-Islam.info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-04-03">3 aprilie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Germany&rft.pub=Euro-Islam.info.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euro-islam.info%2Fcountry-profiles%2Fgermany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mariah, Blake (<time datetime="2006-11-10">10 noiembrie 2006</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1110/p25s02-woeu.html">„In Nazi cradle, Germany marks Jewish renaissance”</a> (în engleză). Christian Science Monitor<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-09">9 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Nazi+cradle%2C+Germany+marks+Jewish+renaissance&rft.pub=Christian+Science+Monitor.&rft.date=2006-11-10&rft.aulast=Mariah&rft.aufirst=Blake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2006%2F1110%2Fp25s02-woeu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article%3D81">„The Jewish Community of Germany”</a> (în engleză). European Jewish Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-09">9 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Community+of+Germany&rft.pub=European+Jewish+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurojewcong.org%2Fejc%2Fnews.php%3Fid_article%3D81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-94"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Die_Zeit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a> 12/07, pagina 13</span></li> <li id="cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-95"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EUROBAROMETER_95-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">„Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. p. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-09">9 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurobarometer+on+Social+Values%2C+Science+and+technology+2005&rft.pages=11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_225_report_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-96">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_Languages_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_Languages_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comisia_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comisia Europeană">Comisia Europeană</a> (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf">„Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Survey)”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Europa (web portal)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-11">11 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Eurobarometer+243%3A+Europeans+and+their+Languages+%28Survey%29&rft.pub=Europa+%28web+portal%29&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Comisia+European%C4%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_243_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"><br><cite class="citation web"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comisia_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comisia Europeană">Comisia Europeană</a> (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_en.pdf">„Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive Summary)”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Europa (web portal)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accesat 28 noiembrie 2006.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113203/http://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/arbeitslosenzahlen10.html">Arbeitslosenzahl unter 3,2 Millionen gesunken</a>(germană) Tagesschau, Accesat 1 iulie 2008.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ejobs.ro/locuri-de-munca/germania">„Locuri de muncă în Germania”</a>. <i>ejobs.ro</i>. <time datetime="2021-08-15">15 august 2021</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.adac.de/images/SP_Tempolimit_V%25201%252E0_tcm8-199598.pdf">original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> la <time datetime="2008-11-16">16 noiembrie 2008</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-14">14 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gesch%C3%A4ftsbericht+2006+der+Deutschen+Bahn+AG&rft.pub=Deutsche+Bahn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.db.de%2Fsite%2Fbahn%2Fde%2Funternehmen%2Finvestor__relations%2Ffinanzberichte%2Fgeschaeftsbericht%2Fgeschaeftsbericht__2006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: URL impropriu (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_URL_impropriu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: URL impropriu">link</a>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-113">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4295389.stm">„Germany split over green energy”</a> (în engleză). <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-14">14 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+split+over+green+energy&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4295389.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-114"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-114">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310172535/http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/learning-germany">„Learning From Germany”</a> (în engleză). Atlantic Council. <time datetime="2009-11-17">17 noiembrie 2009</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.acus.org/new_atlanticist/learning-germany">original</a> la <time datetime="2013-03-10">10 martie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-03-28">28 martie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learning+From+Germany&rft.pub=Atlantic+Council&rft.date=2009-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acus.org%2Fnew_atlanticist%2Flearning-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-115">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Roberts, J. M. (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). <i>The New Penguin History of the World</i> (în engleză). Penguin History. p. 1014. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-14-100723-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-14-100723-0">0-14-100723-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Penguin+History+of+the+World&rft.pages=1014&rft.pub=Penguin+History&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-14-100723-0&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-116"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-116">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804175044/http://www.student-consolidation.net/nobel-prize-winners/roentgen/roentgen.htm">„W.C. Roentgen (1845-1923) from Germany was the first Nobel Prize Winner in Physics”</a> (în engleză). STUDENT LOAN CONSOLIDATION. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.student-consolidation.net/nobel-prize-winners/roentgen/roentgen.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2016-08-04">4 august 2016</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-03-28">28 martie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=W.C.+Roentgen+%281845-1923%29+from+Germany+was+the+first+Nobel+Prize+Winner+in+Physics&rft.pub=STUDENT+LOAN+CONSOLIDATION&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.student-consolidation.net%2Fnobel-prize-winners%2Froentgen%2Froentgen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-117"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-117">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615025002/http://www.itu.int/en/history/overview/Pages/figures.aspx">„Historical Figures in Telecommunications”</a> (în engleză). International Telecommunication Union. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.itu.int/en/history/overview/Pages/figures.aspx">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-06-15">15 iunie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-03-31">31 martie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Figures+in+Telecommunications&rft.pub=International+Telecommunication+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Foverview%2FPages%2Ffigures.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-118"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-118">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wilhelm-wundt/">„Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt”</a> (în engleză). Standord Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <time datetime="2006-06-16">16 iunie 2006</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Humboldt Field Research Institute. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.eaglehill.us/ahumb.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2007-08-07">7 august 2007</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-03-31">31 martie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+Legacy+ofAlexander+von+Humboldt+%281769+to+1859%29&rft.pub=Humboldt+Field+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eaglehill.us%2Fahumb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-120"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-120">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Zuse, Horst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418164050/http://www.epemag.com/zuse/">„The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse”</a> (în engleză). EPEMag Online. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.epemag.com/zuse/">original</a> la <time datetime="2010-04-18">18 aprilie 2010</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-04-03">3 aprilie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Work+of+Konrad+Zuse&rft.pub=EPEMag+Online&rft.aulast=Zuse&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epemag.com%2Fzuse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-121"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-121">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501132157/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/zeppelin/LTA8.htm">„The Zeppelin”</a> (în engleză). U.S. Centennial of Flight Comission. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/zeppelin/LTA8.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-05-01">1 mai 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-04-03">3 aprilie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Zeppelin&rft.pub=U.S.+Centennial+of+Flight+Comission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centennialofflight.gov%2Fessay%2FLighter_than_air%2Fzeppelin%2FLTA8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-122"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-122">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111155612/http://www.dfg.de/en/service/press/press_releases/2009/pressemitteilung_nr_65/index.html">„Leibniz Prize 2010: Ten Winners Receive Honour, Prize Money and "Idyllic Freedom<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>”</a> (în engleză). DFG. <time datetime="2009-11-18">18 noiembrie 2009</time>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dfg.de/en/service/press/press_releases/2009/pressemitteilung_nr_65/index.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2014-01-11">11 ianuarie 2014</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-04-04">4 aprilie 2010</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leibniz+Prize+2010%3A+Ten+Winners+Receive+Honour%2C+Prize+Money+and+%22Idyllic+Freedom%22&rft.pub=DFG&rft.date=2009-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfg.de%2Fen%2Fservice%2Fpress%2Fpress_releases%2F2009%2Fpressemitteilung_nr_65%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> <li id="cite_note-sports-123"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sports_123-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430172943/http://www.germany.info/relaunch/culture/life/sports.html">„Germany Info: Culture & Life: Sports”</a>. Germany Embassy in Washington, D.C. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.germany.info/relaunch/culture/life/sports.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-04-30">30 aprilie 2011</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-03-28">28 martie 2011</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+Info%3A+Culture+%26+Life%3A+Sports&rft.pub=Germany+Embassy+in+Washington%2C+D.C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germany.info%2Frelaunch%2Fculture%2Flife%2Fsports.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Locuri_din_patrimoniul_mondial_UNESCO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Locuri din patrimoniul mondial UNESCO">Locuri din patrimoniul mondial UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba germană">Limba germană</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Str%C4%83mutarea_germanilor_dup%C4%83_al_doilea_r%C4%83zboi_mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Strămutarea germanilor după al doilea război mondial">Strămutarea germanilor după al doilea război mondial</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evacuarea_Prusiei_R%C4%83s%C4%83ritene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evacuarea Prusiei Răsăritene">Evacuarea Prusiei Răsăritene</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deportarea_germanilor_din_Rom%C3%A2nia_%C3%AEn_Uniunea_Sovietic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deportarea germanilor din România în Uniunea Sovietică">Deportarea germanilor din România în Uniunea Sovietică</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pre%C8%99edin%C8%9Bii_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Președinții Germaniei">Președinții Germaniei</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cancelar_federal_al_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cancelar federal al Germaniei">Cancelar federal al Germaniei</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic%C4%83_federal%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republică federală">Republică federală</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f9f9f9); color:inherit; font-size:85%; line-height:110%; max-width:175px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Nuvola_German_flag.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nuvola_German_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_German_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nuvola_German_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_German_flag.svg.png" data-alt="Portal icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nuvola_German_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_German_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nuvola_German_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_German_flag.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Germania">Portal Germania </a></b></td> </tr> <tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Nuvola_Europe_flag.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_Europe_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_Europe_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_Europe_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_Europe_flag.svg.png" data-alt="Portal icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_Europe_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_Europe_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_Europe_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_Europe_flag.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold"><b><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Uniunea Europeană">Portal Uniunea Europeană </a></b></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa; color:var(--color-base, #000);"> <tbody> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;margin:auto;text-align:center;">Puteți găsi mai multe informații despre <b>Germania</b> prin căutarea în proiectele similare ale Wikipediei, grupate sub denumirea generică de <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sister_projects" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Sister projects">„proiecte surori”</a>:</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germania" title="Search Wiktionary"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 25px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="25" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germania" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Germania">Definiții și traduceri</a> în Wikționar</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germania" title="Search Commons"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 25px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="25" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germania" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Germania">Imagini și media</a> la Commons</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germania" title="Search Wikiquote"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 25px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="25" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germania" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Germania">Citate</a> la Wikicitat</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germania" title="Search Wikisource"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 25px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="24" data-height="25" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germania" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Germania">Texte sursă</a> la Wikisursă</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germania" title="Search Wikibooks"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 25px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="25" data-height="25" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germania" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Germania">Manuale</a> la Wikimanuale</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germania" title="Search Wikiversity"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="25" data-height="23" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germania" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Germania">Resurse de studiu</a> la Wikiversitate</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <ul> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba germană">de</span> <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba spaniolă">es</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.deutschland.de">www.deutschland.de</a> - portal actual și multilingv despre Germania</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba germană">de</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de">Informații despre Germania</a> (de la Ministerul de Afaceri Externe al Germaniei)</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba engleză">en</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cometogermany.com">Informații turistice referitoare la Germania</a> (de la Oficiul Național German de Turism)</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba germană">de</span> <span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bukarest.diplo.de">Ambasada Germaniei la București</a></li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba română">ro</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://e4de.info/arhiva-informatii/">Români in Germania</a></li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16786155"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16786155"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16786155"><!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7c665bb58b‐qg5rp Cached time: 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.064 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DGermania%26oldid%3D16840474">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germania&oldid=16840474</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germania&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Valentin JJ." data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1740082811"> <span>Ultima modificare pe 20 februarie 2025, la 22:20</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Limbi</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0" title="Германиа – abhază" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Германиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abhază" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeureuman" title="Jeureuman – aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Jeureuman" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5" title="Германие – adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Германие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258C%2580%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%258A%2595" title="ጀርመን – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርመን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259Eeodscland" title="Þeodscland – engleză veche" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þeodscland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="engleză veche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameni" title="Jameni – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Jameni" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A3%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="ألمانيا – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%2593%25DC%25AA%25DC%25A1%25DC%25A2" title="ܓܪܡܢ – aramaică" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܪܡܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A3%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="ألمانيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="المانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%2580" title="জাৰ্মানী – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাৰ্মানী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – avară" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana" title="Germana – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Germana" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alima%25C3%25B1a" title="Alimaña – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Alimaña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="آلمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Deitschland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuok%25C4%25ABt%25C4%2597j%25C4%2597" title="Vuokītėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuokītėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Германія – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Германія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%258F%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D1%2587%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Нямеччына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямеччына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A8tslan" title="Dètslan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Dètslan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemani" title="Jemani – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jemani" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%25AE" title="ဂျာမနီခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဂျာမနီခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alima%25C9%25B2i" title="Alimaɲi – bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Alimaɲi" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="জার্মানি – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A0%25E0%25BD%2587%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BC%258D" title="འཇར་མན། – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇར་མན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="জার্মানি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamagn" title="Alamagn – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alamagn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%25C4%258Dka" title="Njemačka – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25A8%258D%25E1%25A8%2599%25E1%25A8%2591%25E1%25A8%2586%25E1%25A8%258A" title="ᨍᨙᨑᨆᨊ – bugineză" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨍᨙᨑᨆᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="bugineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8" title="Германи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Германи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A1ik-gu%25C3%25B3k" title="Dáik-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dáik-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D0%25BE%25D1%258C%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2585%25D0%25BA" title="Лоьмсойн мохк – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лоьмсойн мохк" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña – chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258E%25A0%25E1%258F%259B%25E1%258F%25A5" title="ᎠᏛᏥ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏛᏥ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%2527ev%25C3%25A9%2527ho%2527%25C3%25A9no" title="Ma'evé'ho'éno – cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'evé'ho'éno" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%2595%25DA%25B5%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="ئەڵمانیا – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەڵمانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya – turcă crimeeană" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Almaniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="turcă crimeeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C4%259Bmecko" title="Německo – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemieck%25C3%25B4" title="Niemieckô – cașubiană" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Niemieckô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="cașubiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%25A3%25D0%25BC%25D1%258C%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Нѣмьци – slavonă" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Нѣмьци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slavonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8" title="Германи – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Германи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Almaen" title="Yr Almaen – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Almaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimska" title="Nimska – sorabă de jos" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nimska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="sorabă de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2596%25DE%25A6%25DE%2583%25DE%25AA%25DE%2589%25DE%25A6%25DE%2582%25DE%25AA%25DE%2588%25DE%25A8%25DE%258D%25DE%25A7%25DE%258C%25DE%25B0" title="ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2587%25E0%25BD%25B1%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BD%25B2" title="ཇཱར་མ་ནི – dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཇཱར་མ་ནི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzamanya" title="Dzamanya – ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Dzamanya" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2593%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Γερμανία – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%25C3%25A2gna" title="Germâgna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Germâgna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksamaa" title="Saksamaa – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksamaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="آلمان – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaanya" title="Almaanya – fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Almaanya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="articol recomandat"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%2527aksamaa" title="S'aksamaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="S'aksamaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamani" title="Jamani – fijiană" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Jamani" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25BDskland" title="Týskland – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Týskland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemagnes" title="Alemagnes – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alemagnes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%25C3%25BCschl%25C3%25B6nj" title="Tjüschlönj – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tjüschlönj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermanie" title="Gjermanie – friulană" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gjermanie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BAtsl%25C3%25A2n" title="Dútslân – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%25C3%25A1in" title="An Ghearmáin – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghearmáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – găgăuză" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="găgăuză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259C%258B" title="德國 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanlmangn" title="Lanlmangn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanlmangn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%2527_Ghearmailt" title="A' Ghearmailt – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Ghearmailt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="آلمان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%25C3%25A1%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemáña – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alemáña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%2590%258C%25B8%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258C%25BF%25F0%2590%258C%25B3%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258D%2583%25F0%2590%258C%25BA%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BB%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BD%25F0%2590%258C%25B3" title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – gotică" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%259C%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25AE%25E0%25AA%25A8%25E0%25AB%2580" title="જર્મની – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જર્મની" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghermaan" title="Yn Ghermaan – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ghermaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamus" title="Jamus – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jamus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet-koet" title="Tet-koet – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tet-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelem%25C4%2581nia" title="Kelemānia – hawaiiană" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kelemānia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%259E%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%2594" title="גרמניה – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%25C4%258Dka" title="Njemačka – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C4%259Bmska" title="Němska – sorabă de sus" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Němska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="sorabă de sus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almay" title="Almay – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Almay" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25A9metorsz%25C3%25A1g" title="Németország – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Németország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B3%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Գերմանիա – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B3%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Գերմանիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գերմանիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jereman" title="Jereman – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jereman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C3%25A9man%25E1%25BB%258B" title="Jémanị – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Jémanị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuitchilan" title="Tuitchilan – inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tuitchilan" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2585%25D0%25BA" title="Немций мохк – ingușă" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Немций мохк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingușă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259E%25C3%25BDskaland" title="Þýskaland – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýskaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2594%25AE%25E1%2592%25AA%25E1%2593%2582" title="ᔮᒪᓂ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᔮᒪᓂ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%2584" title="ドイツ – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joermani" title="Joermani – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joermani" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dotygu%2527e" title="dotygu'e – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dotygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="გერმანია – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lalman" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B6%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD" title="Джэрмэн – kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Джэрмэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caama" title="Caama – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caama" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%25CC%25B1ni" title="Jami̱ni – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Jami̱ni" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanyi" title="Alemanyi – congoleză" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Alemanyi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="congoleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%25C4%25A9r%25C4%25A9mani" title="Njĩrĩmani – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Njĩrĩmani" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%25A2%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259E%25BA%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259F%2589%25E1%259E%2584%25E1%259F%258B" title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់ – khmeră" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%258F%2585%25EC%259D%25BC" title="독일 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583" title="Немечму – komi-permiak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Немечму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – karaceai-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karaceai-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%258E%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%258E%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جَرمَنی – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جَرمَنی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BCtschland" title="Dütschland – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dütschland" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almayn" title="Almayn – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Almayn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almania" title="Almania – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Almania" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A4itschland" title="Däitschland – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitschland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutxland" title="Deutxland – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Deutxland" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girimane" title="Girimane – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Girimane" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – lombardă" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%25C3%25A9mani" title="Alémani – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Alémani" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259B%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%25A2%25E0%25BA%258D%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25A1%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2599" title="ປະເທດເຢຍລະມັນ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເຢຍລະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietija" title="Vokietija – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoceja" title="Vuoceja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Vuoceja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C4%2581cija" title="Vācija – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C3%25A8rman" title="Jèrman – madureză" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Jèrman" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madureză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D1%2587%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Дойчмастор – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Дойчмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaina" title="Alemaina – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alemaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D1%2587_%25D0%25AD%25D0%25BB" title="Немыч Эл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Немыч Эл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamana" title="Tiamana – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tiamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Германија – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%25BF" title="ജർമ്മനി – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജർമ്മനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Герман – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Герман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2596%25EA%25AF%2594%25EA%25AF%2583%25EA%25AF%2585%25EA%25AF%25A4" title="ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25A0ermanja" title="Ġermanja – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġermanja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanha" title="Almanha – mirandeză" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Almanha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B6" title="ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Германия Мастор – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Германия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="آلمان – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – napolitană" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BC%25C3%25BCtschland" title="Düütschland – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütschland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutslaand" title="Duutslaand – saxona de jos" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Duutslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="saxona de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DF%258A%25DF%259F%25DF%258F%25DF%25A1%25DF%258A%25DF%25B2%25DF%2598%25DF%258E%25DF%25AF" title="ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ – n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemangne" title="Allemangne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Allemangne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremane" title="Jeremane – sotho de nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Jeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho de nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25A9%25C3%25A9sh_Bich%25CA%25BCahii_Bik%25C3%25A9yah" title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germuanii" title="Germuanii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Germuanii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmanii" title="Jarmanii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jarmanii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%259C%25E0%25AC%25B0%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%25AE%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%25A8%25E0%25AD%2580" title="ଜର୍ମାନୀ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜର୍ମାନୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Герман – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Герман" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%259C%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25A8%25E0%25A9%2580" title="ਜਰਮਨੀ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanne" title="Alemanne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alemanne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Deitschland" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemcy" title="Niemcy – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niemcy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagna" title="Almagna – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Almagna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جرمنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2593%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Γερμανία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%258A" title="جرمني – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جرمني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimanya" title="Alimanya – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alimanya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – romanșă" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanșă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaniya" title="Jermaniya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jermaniya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudagi" title="Ubudagi – kirundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubudagi" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="kirundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghermanii" title="Ghermanii – aromână" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ghermanii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromână" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanie" title="Germanie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Germanie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2597%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE" title="Нїмецько – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нїмецько" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudage" title="Ubudage – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubudage" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%2583" title="शर्मण्यदेशः – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शर्मण्यदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25A1%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%25A2%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25B1%25E1%25B1%25A4" title="ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%25C3%25A0nia" title="Germània – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Germània" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girmania" title="Girmania – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Girmania" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%258A" title="جرمني – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جرمني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiska" title="Duiska – sami de nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Duiska" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami de nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%25C4%258Dka" title="Njemačka – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lalman" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2581%25B5%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2582%2583%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2581%25BC%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2582%2587" title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမၼီႇ – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမၼီႇ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25A2%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25B8%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="ජර්මනිය – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජර්මනිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemecko" title="Nemecko – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemecko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جرمنی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%25C4%258Dija" title="Nemčija – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemčija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani – samoană" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Siamani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa – sami inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Saksa" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerumani" title="Jerumani – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Jerumani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmalka" title="Jarmalka – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jarmalka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermania" title="Gjermania – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjermania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%258A%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2587%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Њемачка – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Њемачка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doysrikondre" title="Doysrikondre – sranan tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Doysrikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimane" title="IJalimane – swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IJalimane" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremane" title="Jeremane – sesotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Jeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sesotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BC%25C3%25BCtsklound" title="Düütsklound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Düütsklound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C3%25A9rman" title="Jérman – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jérman" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujerumani" title="Ujerumani – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjymcy" title="Mjymcy – sileziană" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjymcy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="sileziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%259C%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25BF" title="ஜெர்மனி – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜெர்மனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25A5%259B%25E1%25A5%25AB%25E1%25A5%2592%25E1%25A5%25B0_%25E1%25A5%2590%25E1%25A5%25A6%25E1%25A5%25B1_%25E1%25A5%259B%25E1%25A5%25A3%25E1%25A5%25B1_%25E1%25A5%2598%25E1%25A5%25A4%25E1%25A5%25B1" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥱ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥱ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%259C%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B0%25A8%25E0%25B1%2580" title="జర్మనీ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జర్మనీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Олмон – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Олмон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B5" title="ประเทศเยอรมนี – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเยอรมนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258C%2580%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%258A%2595" title="ጀርመን – tigrină" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ጀርመን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani%25C3%25BDa" title="Germaniýa – turkmenă" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Germaniýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanij%25C9%2599" title="Almanijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Almanijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamane" title="Siamane – tongană" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Siamane" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Siamani" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarimani" title="Jarimani – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Jarimani" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heremani" title="Heremani – tahitiană" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Heremani" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="tahitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – tuvană" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25DB%2590%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2589%25D9%258A%25DB%2595" title="گېرمانىيە – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گېرمانىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D1%2587%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Німеччина – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німеччина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جرمنی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerm%25C3%25A0nia" title="Zermània – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zermània" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksanma" title="Saksanma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saksanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%2590%25E1%25BB%25A9c" title="Đức – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsland" title="Duutsland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Duutsland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deut%25C3%25A4n" title="Deutän – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Deutän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagne" title="Almagne – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Almagne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaa%25C3%25B1" title="Almaañ – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Almaañ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259B%25BD" title="德国 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D3%2599%25D1%2582%25D3%2599_%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%2588%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%259E%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD" title="Ниицәтә Немшин Орн – calmucă" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ниицәтә Немшин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmucă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJamani" title="IJamani – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IJamani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="გერმანია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2593%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2593" title="דייטשלאנד – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דייטשלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2581m%25C3%25A1n%25C3%25AC" title="Jẹ́mánì – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jẹ́mánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwzgoz" title="Dwzgoz – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dwzgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsland" title="Duutsland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Duutsland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%258D%25E2%25B5%2589%25E2%25B5%258E%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%258F" title="ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ – tamazight standard marocană" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight standard marocană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259B%25BD" title="德国 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259C%258B" title="德國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-kok" title="Tek-kok – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259C%258B" title="德國 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimani" title="IJalimani – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IJalimani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 20 februarie 2025, ora 22:20.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Conținutul este disponibil sub <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, exceptând cazurile în care se specifică altfel.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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