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.hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, usually known as the Berne Convention, was an international assembly held in 1886 in the Swiss city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bern">Bern</a> by ten European countries with the goal of agreeing on a set of legal principles for the protection of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Originality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Originality">original work</a>. They drafted and adopted a multi-party <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contract?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Contract">contract</a> containing agreements for a uniform, border-crossing system that became known under the same name. Its rules have been updated many times since then.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty">treaty</a> provides authors, musicians, poets, painters, and other creators with the means to control how their works are used, by whom, and on what terms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In some jurisdictions these type of rights are referred to as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright">copyright</a>; on the European continent they are generally referred to as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Authors%27_rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Authors' rights">authors' rights</a> (from French: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_en_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Droit d'auteur en France">droits d'auteur</a>) or makerright (German: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright law of Germany">Urheberrecht</a>). <table class="infobox vevent"> <caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;"> Berne Convention </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above description" style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ededed">Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Berne_Convention_signatories.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Berne_Convention_signatories.svg/335px-Berne_Convention_signatories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="335" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Berne_Convention_signatories.svg/503px-Berne_Convention_signatories.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Berne_Convention_signatories.svg/670px-Berne_Convention_signatories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477"></a> <div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> <div class="legend">   Map of parties to the Convention </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th> <td class="infobox-data">9 September 1886</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th> <td class="infobox-data location"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bern">Bern</a>, Switzerland</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th> <td class="infobox-data">5 December 1887</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th> <td class="infobox-data">3 months after exchange of ratifications</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th> <td class="infobox-data plainlist">181</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depositary</th> <td class="infobox-data">Director General of the World Intellectual Property Organization</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th> <td class="infobox-data hlist">French (prevailing in case of differences in interpretation) and English, officially translated in Arabic, German, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikisource?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> As of November 2022, the Berne Convention has been ratified by 181 states out of 195 countries in the world, most of which are also parties to the Paris Act of 1971.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The Berne Convention introduced the concept that protection exists the moment a work is "fixed", that is, written or recorded on some physical medium, and its author is automatically entitled to all copyrights in the work and to any <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Derivative_work?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Derivative work">derivative works</a>, unless and until the author explicitly disclaims them or until the copyright expires. A creator need not <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright_registration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright registration">register</a> or "apply for" a copyright in countries adhering to the convention. It also enforces a requirement that countries recognize rights held by the citizens of all other parties to the convention. Foreign authors are given the same rights and privileges to copyrighted material as domestic authors in any country that ratified the convention. The countries to which the convention applies created a Union for the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works, known as the Berne Union. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Content">1 Content</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Applicability">1.1 Applicability</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Country_of_origin">1.2 Country of origin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Term_of_protection">1.3 Term of protection</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Minimum_standards">1.4 Minimum standards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Exceptions_and_limitations">1.5 Exceptions and limitations</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Adoption_and_implementation">2.1 Adoption and implementation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prospects_for_future_reform">3 Prospects for future reform</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#List_of_countries_and_regions_that_are_not_signatories_to_the_Berne_Convention">4 List of countries and regions that are not signatories to the Berne Convention</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Content">Content</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Content" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The Berne Convention requires its parties to recognize the protection of works of authors from other parties to the convention at least as well as those of its own nationals. For example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright_law_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright law of France">French authors' rights law</a> applies to anything published, distributed, performed, or in any other way accessible in France, regardless of where it was originally created, if the country of origin of that work is in the Berne Union. In addition to establishing a system of equal treatment that harmonised copyright amongst parties, the agreement also required member states to provide strong minimum standards for copyright law. Author's rights under the Berne Convention must be automatic; it is prohibited to require formal registration. However, when the United States joined the convention on 1 March 1989,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-usco38a-6">[6]</a> it continued to make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statutory_damages_for_copyright_infringement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statutory damages for copyright infringement">statutory damages</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attorney%27s_fees?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney's fees">attorney's fees</a> only available for registered works. However, Moberg v Leygues (a 2009 decision of a Delaware Federal District Court) held that the protections of the Berne Convention are supposed to essentially be "frictionless", meaning no registration requirements can be imposed on a work from a different Berne member country. This means Berne member countries can require works originating in their own country to be registered and/or deposited, but cannot require these formalities of works from other Berne member countries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Applicability">Applicability</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Applicability" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Under Article 3, the protection of the Convention applies to nationals and residents of countries that are party to the convention, and to works first published or simultaneously published (under Article 3(4), "simultaneously" is defined as "within 30 days")<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Article3-8">[8]</a> in a country that is party to the convention.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Article3-8">[8]</a> Under Article 4, it also applies to cinematic works by persons who have their headquarters or habitual residence in a party country, and to architectural works situated in a party country.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Country_of_origin">Country of origin</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Country of origin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Convention relies on the concept of "country of origin". Often determining the country of origin is straightforward: when a work is published in a party country and nowhere else, this is the country of origin. However, under Article 5(4), when a work is published "simultaneously" ("within 30 days")<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Article3-8">[8]</a> in several party countries,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Article3-8">[8]</a> the country with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rule_of_shorter_term?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of shorter term">shortest term</a> of protection is defined as the country of origin.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Article5-10">[10]</a> For works simultaneously published in a party country and one or more non-parties, the party country is the country of origin. For unpublished works or works first published in a non-party country (without publication within 30 days in a party country), the author's nationality usually provides the country of origin, if a national of a party country. (There are exceptions for cinematic and architectural works.)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Article5-10">[10]</a> In the Internet age, unrestricted publication online may be considered publication in every sufficiently internet-connected jurisdiction in the world. It is not clear what this may mean for determining "country of origin". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timbaland_plagiarism_controversy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timbaland plagiarism controversy">Kernel v. Mosley</a> (2011), a U.S. court "concluded that a work created outside of the United States, uploaded in Australia and owned by a company registered in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Finland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Finland">Finland</a> was nonetheless a U.S. work by virtue of its being published online". However other U.S. courts in similar situations have reached different conclusions, e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A5kan_Moberg_v._33T_LLC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Håkan Moberg v. 33T LLC">Håkan Moberg v. 33T LLC</a> (2009).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The matter of determining the country of origin for digital publication remains a topic of controversy among law academics as well.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Term_of_protection">Term of protection</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Term of protection" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Berne Convention states that all works except photographic and cinematographic shall be protected for at least 50 years after the author's death, but parties are free to provide longer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright_term?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright term">terms</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Article7-13">[13]</a> as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Union">European Union</a> did with the 1993 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright_Duration_Directive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright Duration Directive">Directive on harmonising the term of copyright protection</a>. For photography, the Berne Convention sets a minimum term of 25 years from the year the photograph was created, and for cinematography the minimum is 50 years after first showing, or 50 years after creation if it has not been shown within 50 years after the creation. Countries under the older revisions of the treaty may choose to provide their own protection terms, and certain types of works (such as phonorecords and motion pictures) may be provided shorter terms.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] If the author is unknown because for example the author was deliberately anonymous or worked under a pseudonym, the Convention provides for a term of 50 years after publication ("after the work has been lawfully made available to the public"). However, if the identity of the author becomes known, the copyright term for known authors (50 years after death) applies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Article7-13">[13]</a> Although the Berne Convention states that the legislation of the country where protective rights are claimed shall be applied, Article 7(8) states that "unless the legislation of that country otherwise provides, the term shall not exceed the term fixed in the country of origin of the work",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Article7-13">[13]</a> i.e., an author is normally not entitled a longer protection abroad than at home, even if the laws abroad give a longer term. This is commonly known as "the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rule_of_the_shorter_term?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rule of the shorter term">rule of the shorter term</a>". Not all countries have accepted this rule. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Minimum_standards">Minimum standards</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Minimum standards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As to works, protection must include "every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever the mode or form of its expression" (Article 2(1) of the convention). Subject to certain allowed reservations, limitations or exceptions, the following are among the rights that must be recognized as exclusive rights of authorization: <ul> <li>the right to translate,</li> <li>the right to make adaptations and arrangements of the work,</li> <li>the right to perform in public dramatic, dramatico-musical and musical works,</li> <li>the right to recite literary works in public,</li> <li>the right to communicate to the public the performance of such works,</li> <li>the right to broadcast (with the possibility that a Contracting State may provide for a mere right to equitable remuneration instead of a right of authorization),</li> <li>the right to make reproductions in any manner or form (with the possibility that a Contracting State may permit, in certain special cases, reproduction without authorization, provided that the reproduction does not conflict with the normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author; and the possibility that a Contracting State may provide, in the case of sound recordings of musical works, for a right to equitable remuneration),</li> <li>the right to use the work as a basis for an audiovisual work, and the right to reproduce, distribute, perform in public or communicate to the public that audiovisual work.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Exceptions_and_limitations">Exceptions and limitations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Exceptions and limitations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Berne Convention includes a number of specific exceptions, scattered in several provisions due to the historical reason of Berne negotiations.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For example, Article 10(2) permits Berne members to provide for a "teaching exception" within their copyright statutes. The exception is limited to a use for illustration of the subject matter taught and it must be related to teaching activities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In addition to specific exceptions, the Berne Convention establishes the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three-step_test?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-step test">three-step test</a>" in Article 9(2), which establishes a framework for member nations to develop their own national exceptions. The three-step test establishes three requirements: that the legislation be limited to certain (1) special cases; (2) that the exception does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work, and (3) that the exception does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author. The Berne Convention does not expressly reference doctrines such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_use?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fair use">fair use</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fair_dealing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a>, leading some critics of fair use to argue that fair use violates the Berne Convention.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-heinonline.org-15">[15]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> However, the United States and other fair use nations argue that flexible standards such as fair use include the factors of the three-step test, and are therefore compliant. The WTO Panel has ruled that the standards are not incompatible.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The Berne Convention does not include the modern concept of Internet safe harbors, simply because Internet was not known as a technology at that time. The Agreed Statement of the parties to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="WIPO Copyright Treaty">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a> of 1996 states that: "It is understood that the mere provision of physical facilities for enabling or making a communication does not in itself amount to communication within the meaning of this Treaty or the Berne Convention."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Travis-18">[18]</a> This language may mean that Internet service providers are not liable for the infringing communications of their users.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Travis-18">[18]</a> Since companies are using internet to publish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/User_generated_content?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="User generated content">user generated content</a>, critics have argued that the Berne Convention is weak in protecting users and consumers from overbroad or harsh infringement claims, with virtually no other exceptions or limitations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In fact, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marrakesh_VIP_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marrakesh VIP Treaty">Marrakesh Copyright Exceptions Treaty for the Blind and Print-Disabled</a> was the first international treaty centered around the rights of users. Treaties featuring exceptions for libraries and educational institutions are also being discussed.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg/350px-Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7780" data-file-height="5164"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 232px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg/350px-Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg" data-width="350" data-height="232" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg/525px-Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg/700px-Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler_-_The_Pirate_Publisher_-_Puck_Magazine_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Pirate Publisher—An International Burlesque that has the Longest Run on Record, from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puck_(magazine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a>, 1886, satirizes the ability of publishers to take works from one country and publish them in another without paying the original authors. </figcaption> </figure> The Berne Convention was developed at the instigation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor_Hugo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Association_Litt%C3%A9raire_et_Artistique_Internationale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale">Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Thus it was influenced by the French "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Authors%27_rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Authors' rights">rights of the author</a>" (droits d'auteur), which contrasts with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_Law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Law">Anglo-Saxon</a> concept of "copyright" which only dealt with economic concerns.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Before the Berne Convention, copyright legislation remained uncoordinated at an international level.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> So for example a work published in the United Kingdom by a British national would be covered by copyright there but could be copied and sold by anyone in France. Dutch publisher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albertus_Willem_Sijthoff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albertus Willem Sijthoff">Albertus Willem Sijthoff</a>, who rose to prominence in the trade of translated books, wrote to Queen <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Wilhelmina of the Netherlands</a> in 1899 in opposition to the convention over concerns that its international restrictions would stifle the Dutch print industry.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Publishers-Circular-1899-24">[24]</a> The Berne Convention followed in the footsteps of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Industrial_Property?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property">Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property</a> of 1883, which in the same way had created a framework for international integration of the other types of intellectual property: patents, trademarks and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrial_design?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrial design">industrial designs</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Like the Paris Convention, the Berne Convention set up a bureau to handle administrative tasks. In 1893 these two small bureaux merged and became the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_International_Bureaux_for_the_Protection_of_Intellectual_Property?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property">United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property</a> (best known by its French acronym BIRPI), situated in Berne.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a> In 1960, BIRPI moved to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geneva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, to be closer to the United Nations and other international organizations in that city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1967 it became the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO), and in 1974 became an organization within the United Nations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a> The Berne Convention was completed in Paris in 1886, revised in Berlin in 1908, completed in Berne in 1914, revised in Rome in 1928, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brussels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> in 1948, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockholm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> in 1967 and in Paris in 1971, and was amended in 1979.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="WIPO Copyright Treaty">World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty</a> was adopted in 1996 to address the issues raised by information technology and the Internet, which were not addressed by the Berne Convention.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Adoption_and_implementation">Adoption and implementation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Adoption and implementation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Berne_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parties to the Berne Convention">List of parties to the Berne Convention</a> </div> The first version of the Berne Convention treaty was signed on 9 September 1886, by Belgium, France, Germany, Haiti, Italy, Liberia, Spain, Switzerland, Tunisia, and the United Kingdom.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> They ratified it on 5 September 1887.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Contracting_parties-31">[31]</a> Although Britain ratified the convention in 1887, it did not implement large parts of it until 100 years later with the passage of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a>. The United States <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ratification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ratification">acceded</a> to the convention on 16 November 1988, and the convention entered into force for the United States on 1 March 1989.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Contracting_parties-31">[31]</a> The United States initially refused to become a party to the convention, since that would have required major changes in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_copyright_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States copyright law">its copyright law</a>, particularly with regard to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moral_rights_(copyright_law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral rights (copyright law)">moral rights</a>, removal of the general requirement for registration of copyright works and elimination of mandatory copyright notice. This led first to the U.S. ratifying the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buenos Aires Convention">Buenos Aires Convention</a> (BAC) in 1910, and later the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universal_Copyright_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universal Copyright Convention">Universal Copyright Convention</a> (UCC) in 1952 to accommodate the wishes of other countries. With the WIPO's Berne revision on Paris 1971,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-berna1971-33">[33]</a> many other countries joined the treaty, as expressed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brazil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> federal law of 1975.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-br1975-34">[34]</a> On 1 March 1989, the U.S. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988">Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988</a> was enacted, and the U.S. Senate advised and consented to ratification of the treaty, making the United States a party to the Berne Convention,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NYT1988-35">[35]</a> and making the Universal Copyright Convention nearly obsolete.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Except for extremely technical points not relevant, with the accession of Nicaragua in 2000, every nation that is a member of the Buenos Aires Convention is also a member of Berne, and so the BAC has also become nearly obsolete and is essentially <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deprecated?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Deprecated">deprecated</a> as well. Since almost all nations are members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Trade_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TRIPS Agreement">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a> (TRIPS) requires non-members to accept almost all of the conditions of the Berne Convention. As of October 2022, there are 181 states that are parties to the Berne Convention. This includes 178 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member states</a> plus the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cook_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_See?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Niue">Niue</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Prospects_for_future_reform">Prospects for future reform</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Prospects for future reform" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The Berne Convention was intended to be revised regularly in order to keep pace with social and technological developments. It was revised seven times between its first iteration (in 1886) and 1971, but has seen no substantive revision since then.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> That means its rules were decided before widespread adoption of digital technologies and the internet. In large part, this lengthy drought between revisions comes about because the Treaty gives each member state the right to veto any substantive change. The vast number of signatory countries, plus their very different development levels, makes it exceptionally difficult to update the convention to better reflect the realities of the digital world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In 2018, Professor Sam Ricketson argued that anyone who thought that further revision would ever be realistic was "dreaming".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Berne members also cannot easily create new copyright treaties to address the digital world's realities, because the Berne Convention also prohibits treaties that are inconsistent with its precepts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Legal academic Rebecca Giblin has argued that one reform avenue left to Berne members is to "take the front door out". The Berne Convention only requires member states to obey its rules for works published in other member states – not works published within its own borders. Thus member nations may lawfully introduce domestic copyright laws that have elements prohibited by Berne (such as registration formalities), so long as they only apply to their own authors. Giblin also argues that these should only be considered where the net benefit would be to benefit authors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="List_of_countries_and_regions_that_are_not_signatories_to_the_Berne_Convention">List of countries and regions that are not signatories to the Berne Convention</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: List of countries and regions that are not signatories to the Berne Convention" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-usco38a-6">[6]</a> <ul> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angola">Angola</a> (but joined <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a>)</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eritrea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethiopia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (but joined <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a> as observer)</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a> (but joined <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a> as observer)</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (but joined <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a> as observer)</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kosovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maldives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> (but joined <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a>)</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marshall_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Myanmar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (but joined <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a>)</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_of_Palestine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (but joined <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a>)</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seychelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (but joined <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a>)</li> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sierra_Leone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> (but joined <a 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data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (but joined <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a> as <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 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class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Timor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a> (but joined <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universal_Copyright_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universal Copyright Convention">Universal Copyright Convention</a> (Paris) as observer)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988">Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_three-step_test?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berne three-step test">Berne three-step test</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buenos Aires Convention">Buenos Aires Convention</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droit_de_suite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droit de suite">Droit de suite</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_parties_to_international_copyright_agreements?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of parties to international copyright agreements">List of parties to international copyright agreements</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copyright_of_official_texts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copyright of official texts">Copyright of official texts</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Post-colonial_copyright_crisis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Post-colonial copyright crisis">Post-colonial copyright crisis</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_domain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Performers,_Producers_of_Phonograms_and_Broadcasting_Organisations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations">Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universal_Copyright_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universal Copyright Convention">Universal Copyright Convention</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Dispute_160?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Trade Organization Dispute 160">World Trade Organization Dispute 160</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/">"WIPO - Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WIPO+-+Berne+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+Literary+and+Artistic+Works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Ftreaties%2Fen%2Fip%2Fberne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWEX_Definitions_Team" class="citation web cs1">WEX Definitions Team. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/berne_convention">"Berne Convention"</a>. Cornell Law School.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berne+Convention&rft.pub=Cornell+Law+School&rft.au=WEX+Definitions+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Fberne_convention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/summary_berne.html">"Summary of the Berne Convention"</a>. World Intellectual Property Organization.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+the+Berne+Convention&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Ftreaties%2Fen%2Fip%2Fberne%2Fsummary_berne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/treaties/textdetails/12800">"WIPO Lex"</a>. wipolex.wipo.int. Retrieved 1 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wipolex.wipo.int&rft.atitle=WIPO+Lex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwipolex.wipo.int%2Fen%2Ftreaties%2Ftextdetails%2F12800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/treaties/en/documents/pdf/berne.pdf">Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, Status October 1, 2020</a> (PDF). World Intellectual Property Organization. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berne+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+Literary+and+Artistic+Works%2C+Status+October+1%2C+2020&rft.pub=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fwww%2Ftreaties%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fpdf%2Fberne.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-usco38a-6">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-usco38a_6-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-usco38a_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://copyright.gov/circs/circ38a.pdf">Circular 38A: International Copyright Relations of the United States</a> (PDF). U.S. Copyright Office. 2014. p. 2. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circular+38A%3A+International+Copyright+Relations+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=U.S.+Copyright+Office&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcopyright.gov%2Fcircs%2Fcirc38a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.mediainstitute.org/2009/10/20/borderless-publications-the-berne-convention-and-u-s-copyright-formalities/">Borderless Publications, the Berne Convention, and U.S. Copyright Formalities</a>, Jane C. Ginsburg, The Media Institute, 20 October 2009. Retrieved 18 May 2018.</li> <li id="cite_note-Article3-8">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Article3_8-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Article3_8-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Article3_8-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Article3_8-3">d</a> Berne Convention <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id%3D283698%23P98_14701">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095521/http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id%3D283698%23P98_14701">Archived</a> 23 May 2018 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> Berne Convention <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id%3D283698%23P105_16290">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095521/http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id%3D283698%23P105_16290">Archived</a> 23 May 2018 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-Article5-10">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Article5_10-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Article5_10-1">b</a> Berne Convention <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id%3D283698%23P109_16834">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095521/http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id%3D283698%23P109_16834">Archived</a> 23 May 2018 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> Fitzgerald, Brian F., Shi, Sampsung Xiaoxiang, Foong, Cheryl, & Pappalardo, Kylie M. (2011), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://eprints.qut.edu.au/48050/">Country of Origin and Internet Publication : Applying the Berne Convention in the Digital Age</a>". Journal of Intellectual Property (NJIP) Maiden Edition, pp. 38–73.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> See for example the columns of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jane_Ginsburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Ginsburg">Jane Ginsburg</a>: <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mediainstitute.org/IPI/2009/102009_BorderlessPublications.php">Borderless Publications, the Berne Convention, and U.S. Copyright Formalities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mediainstitute.org/IPI/2011/062811.php">Internet Publication and U.S. Copyright Imperialism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mediainstitute.org/IPI/2011/082911.php">When a Work Debuts on the Internet, What Is its Country of Origin?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mediainstitute.org/IPI/2012/012312.php">Part II</a></li> </ul> And the article <ul> <li>Chris Dombkowski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D1571%26context%3Dchtlj">SIMULTANEOUS INTERNET PUBLICATION AND THE BERNE CONVENTION</a>, SANTA CLARA COMPUTER & HIGH TECH. L.J., vol. 29, pp. 643–674</li> </ul></li> <li id="cite_note-Article7-13">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Article7_13-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Article7_13-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Article7_13-2">c</a> Berne Convention <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://zvon.org/law/r/bern.html%23p~9">Article 7</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrierHugenholtz2016" class="citation book cs1">Drier, Thomas; Hugenholtz, P. Bernt (2016). Concise European Copyright Law (2 ed.). Wolters Kluwer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+European+Copyright+Law&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Drier&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Hugenholtz%2C+P.+Bernt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-heinonline.org-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-heinonline.org_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkediji" class="citation journal cs1">Okediji, Ruth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle%3Dhein.journals/cjtl39%26div%3D9%26id%3D%26page%3D">"Toward an International Fair Use Doctrine"</a>. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law. 39: 75. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journal+of+Transnational+Law&rft.atitle=Toward+an+International+Fair+Use+Doctrine&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=75&rft.aulast=Okediji&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fcjtl39%26div%3D9%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis2008" class="citation news cs1">Travis, Hannibal (2008). "Opting Out of the Internet in the United States and the European Union: Copyright, Safe Harbors, and International Law". Notre Dame Law Review, vol. 84, p. 383. President and Trustees of Notre Dame University in South Bend, Indiana. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id%3D1221642">1221642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notre+Dame+Law+Review%2C+vol.+84%2C+p.+383&rft.atitle=Opting+Out+of+the+Internet+in+the+United+States+and+the+European+Union%3A+Copyright%2C+Safe+Harbors%2C+and+International+Law&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1221642%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Hannibal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> See United States – Section 110(5) of the U.S. Copyright Act.</li> <li id="cite_note-Travis-18">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Travis_18-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Travis_18-1">b</a> Travis, p. 373.</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120227/03453017886/there-can-be-no-balance-entirely-unbalanced-system-copyright.shtml">There Can Be No 'Balance' In The Entirely Unbalanced System Of Copyright</a> – Techdirt, Mike Masnick, 1 March 2012</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://copyright.laws.com/international-copyright/berne/berne-convention-overview">"Quick Berne Convention Overview"</a>. Laws.com. 4 April 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laws.com&rft.atitle=Quick+Berne+Convention+Overview&rft.date=2015-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcopyright.laws.com%2Finternational-copyright%2Fberne%2Fberne-convention-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutfield2008" class="citation book cs1">Dutfield, Graham (2008). Global Intellectual Property Law. Edward Elger Pub. pp. 26–27. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-843769422?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-843769422"><bdi>978-1-843769422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Intellectual+Property+Law&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Edward+Elger+Pub&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-843769422&rft.aulast=Dutfield&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2016" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Peter (2016). The Copyright Wars: Three Centuries of Trans-Atlantic Battle. Princeton University Press. p. 15. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691169095?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691169095"><bdi>978-0-691169095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Copyright+Wars%3A+Three+Centuries+of+Trans-Atlantic+Battle&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-691169095&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iprightsoffice.org/copyright_history/">"A Brief History of Copyright"</a>. Intellectual Property Rights Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intellectual+Property+Rights+Office&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Copyright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iprightsoffice.org%2Fcopyright_history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Publishers-Circular-1899-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Publishers-Circular-1899_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DIGtNAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DAlbertus%2BWillem%2BSijthoff%26pg%3DPA597">"The Netherlands and the Berne Convention"</a>. The Publishers' circular and booksellers' record of British and foreign literature, Vol. 71. Sampson Low, Marston & Co. 1899. p. 597. Retrieved 29 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Publishers%27+circular+and+booksellers%27+record+of+British+and+foreign+literature%2C+Vol.+71&rft.atitle=The+Netherlands+and+the+Berne+Convention&rft.pages=597&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGtNAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DAlbertus%2BWillem%2BSijthoff%26pg%3DPA597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/summary_paris.html">"Summary of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883)"</a>. World Intellectual Property Organization. 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World Intellectual Property Organization. Retrieved 12 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.atitle=WIPO+-+A+Brief+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fabout-wipo%2Fen%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2002" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Curtis (2002). Patents, Profits & Power: How Intellectual Property Rules the Global Economy. Kogan Page. p. 63. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-749442729?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-749442729"><bdi>978-0-749442729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patents%2C+Profits+%26+Power%3A+How+Intellectual+Property+Rules+the+Global+Economy&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Kogan+Page&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-749442729&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523095521/http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id%3D283698">"Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works"</a>. World Intellectual Property Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id%3D283698">the original</a> on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.atitle=Berne+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+Literary+and+Artistic+Works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Ftreaties%2Fen%2Ftext.jsp%3Ffile_id%3D283698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id%3D295166%23P136_19843">"WIPO Copyright Treaty"</a>. World Intellectual Property Organization. Retrieved 12 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.atitle=WIPO+Copyright+Treaty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Ftreaties%2Fen%2Ftext.jsp%3Ffile_id%3D295166%23P136_19843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolberg1908" class="citation book cs1">Solberg, Thorvald (1908). Report of the Delegate of the United States to the International Conference for the Revision of the Berne Copyright Convention, Held at Berlin, Germany, 14 October to 14 November 1908. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Delegate+of+the+United+States+to+the+International+Conference+for+the+Revision+of+the+Berne+Copyright+Convention%2C+Held+at+Berlin%2C+Germany%2C+14+October+to+14+November+1908&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Solberg&rft.aufirst=Thorvald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Contracting_parties-31">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Contracting_parties_31-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Contracting_parties_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?lang%3Den%26treaty_id%3D15">"Contracting Parties > Berne Convention (Total Contracting Parties : 173)"</a>. WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization. WIPO. Retrieved 4 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO+-+World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.atitle=Contracting+Parties+%3E+Berne+Convention+%28Total+Contracting+Parties+%3A+173%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Ftreaties%2Fen%2FShowResults.jsp%3Flang%3Den%26treaty_id%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/264509.pdf">"Treaties in Force – A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on January 1, 2016"</a> (PDF). www.state.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.state.gov&rft.atitle=Treaties+in+Force+%E2%80%93+A+List+of+Treaties+and+Other+International+Agreements+of+the+United+States+in+Force+on+January+1%2C+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F264509.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-berna1971-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-berna1971_33-0">^</a> WIPO's "Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Paris Text 1971)", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://zvon.org/law/r/bern.html">http://zvon.org/law/r/bern.html</a></li> <li id="cite_note-br1975-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-br1975_34-0">^</a> Brazilian's Federal Decree No. 75699 6 May 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lexml.gov.br/urn/urn:lex:br:federal:decreto:1975-05-06;75699">urn:lex:br:federal:decreto:1975;75699</a></li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1988-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NYT1988_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolotsky1988" class="citation news cs1">Molotsky, Irvin (21 October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/21/arts/senate-approves-joining-copyright-convention.html">"Senate Approves Joining Copyright Convention"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Senate+Approves+Joining+Copyright+Convention&rft.date=1988-10-21&rft.aulast=Molotsky&rft.aufirst=Irvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F10%2F21%2Farts%2Fsenate-approves-joining-copyright-convention.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishman2011" class="citation book cs1">Fishman, Stephen (2011). The Copyright Handbook: What Every Writer Needs to Know. Nolo Press. p. 332. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4133-1617-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4133-1617-9"><bdi>978-1-4133-1617-9</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/707200393">707200393</a>. <q>The UCC is not nearly as important as it used to be. Indeed, it's close to becoming obsolete</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Copyright+Handbook%3A+What+Every+Writer+Needs+to+Know&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=Nolo+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F707200393&rft.isbn=978-1-4133-1617-9&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/text.jsp?file_id%3D283698">"Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works"</a>. World Intellectual Property Organisation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Intellectual+Property+Organisation&rft.atitle=Berne+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+Literary+and+Artistic+Works&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Ftreaties%2Fen%2Ftext.jsp%3Ffile_id%3D283698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicketson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ricketson, Sam (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225113854/https://lawandarts.org/article/the-international-framework-for-the-protection-of-authors-bendable-boundaries-and-immovable-obstacles/">"The International Framework for the Protection of Authors: Bendable Boundaries and Immovable Obstacles"</a>. Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts. 41: 341, 348–352. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lawandarts.org/article/the-international-framework-for-the-protection-of-authors-bendable-boundaries-and-immovable-obstacles/">the original</a> on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journal+of+Law+%26+the+Arts&rft.atitle=The+International+Framework+for+the+Protection+of+Authors%3A+Bendable+Boundaries+and+Immovable+Obstacles&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=341%2C+348-352&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ricketson&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawandarts.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-international-framework-for-the-protection-of-authors-bendable-boundaries-and-immovable-obstacles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicketson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ricketson, Sam (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225113854/https://lawandarts.org/article/the-international-framework-for-the-protection-of-authors-bendable-boundaries-and-immovable-obstacles/">"The International Framework for the Protection of Authors: Bendable Boundaries and Immovable Obstacles"</a>. Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts. 41: 341, 353 (2018) (citing iconic Australian film "The Castle"). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lawandarts.org/article/the-international-framework-for-the-protection-of-authors-bendable-boundaries-and-immovable-obstacles/">the original</a> on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journal+of+Law+%26+the+Arts&rft.atitle=The+International+Framework+for+the+Protection+of+Authors%3A+Bendable+Boundaries+and+Immovable+Obstacles&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=341%2C+353+%282018%29+%28citing+iconic+Australian+film+%22The+Castle%22%29&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ricketson&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawandarts.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-international-framework-for-the-protection-of-authors-bendable-boundaries-and-immovable-obstacles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> Berne Convention, Article 20.</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiblin2019" class="citation book cs1">Giblin, Rebecca (2019). A Future of International Copyright? Berne and the Front Door Out. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id%3D3351460">3351460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Future+of+International+Copyright%3F+Berne+and+the+Front+Door+Out&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3351460%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Giblin&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berne_Convention&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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style="margin-left: 10px;"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Berne_Convention" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Berne_Convention" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li>The full text of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/treaties/text.jsp?file_id%3D283698">Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (as amended on 28 September 1979)</a> (in English) in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WIPO_Lex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="WIPO Lex">WIPO Lex</a> database – official website of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WIPO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="WIPO">WIPO</a>.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/615/wipo_pub_615.pdf">"Guide to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Paris text, 1971)"</a> (PDF). WIPO. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization. 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIPO&rft.atitle=Guide+to+the+Berne+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+Literary+and+Artistic+Works+%28Paris+text%2C+1971%29&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Fpubdocs%2Fen%2Fcopyright%2F615%2Fwipo_pub_615.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerne+Convention" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/">WIPO-Administered Treaties</a> (in English) in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WIPO_Lex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="WIPO Lex">WIPO Lex</a> database – official website of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WIPO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="WIPO">WIPO</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://zvon.org/law/r/bern.html">The 1971 Berne Convention text</a> – fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents</li> <li>Texts of the various Berne Convention revisions: <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550015">1886 Berne Act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550016">1896 Paris Additional Act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550017">1908 Berlin Act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550018">1914 Additional Protocol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550019">1928 Rome Act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550020">1948 Brussels Act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550021">1967 Stockholm Act</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oup.com/uk/booksites/content/9780198259466/15550001">1971 Paris Text</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> <div 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শিল্প বিষয়ক কর্মের সুরক্ষার জন্য বার্ন কনভেনশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2585%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Бернска конвенция за закрила на литературните и художествените произведения – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бернска конвенция за закрила на литературните и художествените произведения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernska_konvencija_o_za%25C5%25A1titi_knji%25C5%25BEevnih_i_umjetni%25C4%258Dkih_djela" title="Bernska konvencija o zaštiti književnih i umjetničkih djela – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bernska konvencija o zaštiti književnih i umjetničkih djela" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%25C3%25B3_de_Berna_per_a_la_Protecci%25C3%25B3_d%2527Obres_Liter%25C3%25A0ries_i_Art%25C3%25ADstiques" title="Convenció de Berna per a la Protecció d'Obres Literàries i Artístiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Convenció de Berna per a la Protecció d'Obres Literàries i Artístiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernsk%25C3%25A1_%25C3%25BAmluva_o_ochran%25C4%259B_liter%25C3%25A1rn%25C3%25ADch_a_um%25C4%259Bleck%25C3%25BDch_d%25C4%259Bl" title="Bernská úmluva o ochraně literárních a uměleckých děl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bernská úmluva o ochraně literárních a uměleckých děl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernerkonventionen_(ophavsret)" title="Bernerkonventionen (ophavsret) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bernerkonventionen (ophavsret)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berner_%25C3%259Cbereinkunft_zum_Schutz_von_Werken_der_Literatur_und_Kunst" title="Berner Übereinkunft zum Schutz von Werken der Literatur und Kunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Berner Übereinkunft zum Schutz von Werken der Literatur und Kunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenio_de_Berna_para_la_Protecci%25C3%25B3n_de_las_Obras_Literarias_y_Art%25C3%25ADsticas" title="Convenio de Berna para la Protección de las Obras Literarias y Artísticas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Convenio de Berna para la Protección de las Obras Literarias y Artísticas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvencio_de_Berno" title="Konvencio de Berno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konvencio de Berno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B2_%25D8%25A2%25D8%25AB%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C_%25D9%2588_%25D9%2587%25D9%2586%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C" title="کنوانسیون برن برای حمایت از آثار ادبی و هنری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنوانسیون برن برای حمایت از آثار ادبی و هنری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_de_Berne_pour_la_protection_des_%25C5%2593uvres_litt%25C3%25A9raires_et_artistiques" title="Convention de Berne pour la protection des œuvres littéraires et artistiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Convention de Berne pour la protection des œuvres littéraires et artistiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenci%25C3%25B3n_de_Berna_para_a_protecci%25C3%25B3n_das_obras_literarias_e_art%25C3%25ADsticas" title="Convención de Berna para a protección das obras literarias e artísticas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Convención de Berna para a protección das obras literarias e artísticas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25B2%25A0%25EB%25A5%25B8_%25ED%2598%2591%25EC%2595%25BD" title="베른 협약 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베른 협약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B2%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BC%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AB_%25D5%25AF%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B6%25D5%25BE%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B6%25D6%2581%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1_(1886)" title="Բեռնի կոնվենցիա (1886) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեռնի կոնվենցիա (1886)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvensi_Bern_tentang_Perlindungan_Karya_Seni_dan_Sastra" title="Konvensi Bern tentang Perlindungan Karya Seni dan Sastra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konvensi Bern tentang Perlindungan Karya Seni dan Sastra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernars%25C3%25A1ttm%25C3%25A1li_til_verndar_b%25C3%25B3kmenntum_og_listaverkum" title="Bernarsáttmáli til verndar bókmenntum og listaverkum – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bernarsáttmáli til verndar bókmenntum og listaverkum" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenzione_di_Berna_per_la_protezione_delle_opere_letterarie_e_artistiche" title="Convenzione di Berna per la protezione delle opere letterarie e artistiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Convenzione di Berna per la protezione delle opere letterarie e artistiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%259E%25D7%25A0%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2591%25D7%25A8%25D7%259F_%25D7%259C%25D7%2594%25D7%2592%25D7%25A0%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2599%25D7%25A6%25D7%2599%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA_%25D7%25A1%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2595%25D7%2590%25D7%259E%25D7%25A0%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA" title="אמנת ברן להגנת יצירות ספרותיות ואמנותיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנת ברן להגנת יצירות ספרותיות ואמנותיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berno_konvencija" title="Berno konvencija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Berno konvencija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvensyen_Berne_bagi_Perlindungan_Karya_Sastera_dan_Seni" title="Konvensyen Berne bagi Perlindungan Karya Sastera dan Seni – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konvensyen Berne bagi Perlindungan Karya Sastera dan Seni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berner_Conventie_(1886)" title="Berner Conventie (1886) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Berner Conventie (1886)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%258F%258A%25E3%2581%25B3%25E7%25BE%258E%25E8%25A1%2593%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2591%2597%25E4%25BD%259C%25E7%2589%25A9%25E3%2581%25AE%25E4%25BF%259D%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E3%2581%25AB%25E9%2596%25A2%25E3%2581%2599%25E3%2582%258B%25E3%2583%2599%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%258C%25E6%259D%25A1%25E7%25B4%2584" title="文学的及び美術的著作物の保護に関するベルヌ条約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文学的及び美術的著作物の保護に関するベルヌ条約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernkonvensjonen_om_vern_av_litter%25C3%25A6re_og_kunstneriske_verk" title="Bernkonvensjonen om vern av litterære og kunstneriske verk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bernkonvensjonen om vern av litterære og kunstneriske verk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convencion_de_B%25C3%25A8rna_per_la_Proteccion_de_las_%25C3%2592bras_Liter%25C3%25A0rias_e_Artisticas" title="Convencion de Bèrna per la Proteccion de las Òbras Literàrias e Artisticas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Convencion de Bèrna per la Proteccion de las Òbras Literàrias e Artisticas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konwencja_berne%25C5%2584ska_o_ochronie_dzie%25C5%2582_literackich_i_artystycznych" title="Konwencja berneńska o ochronie dzieł literackich i artystycznych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konwencja berneńska o ochronie dzieł literackich i artystycznych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conven%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_de_Berna" title="Convenção de Berna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Convenção de Berna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1_%25D0%25BE%25D1%2585%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D1%2585_%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2585%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D1%2585_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9" title="Бернская конвенция об охране литературных и художественных произведений – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бернская конвенция об охране литературных и художественных произведений" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernsk%25C3%25A1_dohoda_o_ochrane_liter%25C3%25A1rnych_a_umeleck%25C3%25BDch_diel" title="Bernská dohoda o ochrane literárnych a umeleckých diel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bernská dohoda o ochrane literárnych a umeleckých diel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Бернска конвенција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бернска конвенција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernin_sopimus_(tekij%25C3%25A4noikeus)" title="Bernin sopimus (tekijänoikeus) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bernin sopimus (tekijänoikeus)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernkonventionen_f%25C3%25B6r_skydd_av_litter%25C3%25A4ra_och_konstn%25C3%25A4rliga_verk" title="Bernkonventionen för skydd av litterära och konstnärliga verk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bernkonventionen för skydd av litterära och konstnärliga verk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%258D%25E0%25B8%258D%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2593%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1" title="อนุสัญญากรุงเบิร์นว่าด้วยการคุ้มครองงานวรรณกรรมและศิลปกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อนุสัญญากรุงเบิร์นว่าด้วยการคุ้มครองงานวรรณกรรมและศิลปกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern_S%25C3%25B6zle%25C5%259Fmesi" title="Bern Sözleşmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bern Sözleşmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2591%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25BE%25D1%2585%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2583_%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2585_%25D1%2596_%25D1%2585%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B6%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%2585_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D0%25B2" title="Бернська конвенція про охорону літературних і художніх творів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бернська конвенція про охорону літературних і художніх творів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convension_de_Berna_par_%25C5%2582a_protesion_de_%25C5%2582e_%25C3%25B2pare_leter%25C3%25A0rie_e_art%25C3%25ACsteghe" title="Convension de Berna par ła protesion de łe òpare leteràrie e artìsteghe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Convension de Berna par ła protesion de łe òpare leteràrie e artìsteghe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%25C3%25B4ng_%25C6%25B0%25E1%25BB%259Bc_Bern" title="Công ước Bern – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công ước Bern" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link 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