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href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">دیباچہ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-تعارف" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#تعارف"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>تعارف</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-تعارف-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>تعارف کے ذیلی قطعہ پر جائیں</span> </button> <ul id="toc-تعارف-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-فلسفی" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#فلسفی"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>فلسفی</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-فلسفی-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-قدیم_یونانی_و_رومی_فلسفہ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#قدیم_یونانی_و_رومی_فلسفہ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>قدیم یونانی و رومی فلسفہ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-قدیم_یونانی_و_رومی_فلسفہ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>قدیم یونانی و رومی فلسفہ کے ذیلی قطعہ پر جائیں</span> </button> <ul id="toc-قدیم_یونانی_و_رومی_فلسفہ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-فلسفی_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#فلسفی_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>فلسفی</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-فلسفی_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ماقبل_سقراطی_فلسفی" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ماقبل_سقراطی_فلسفی"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>ماقبل سقراطی فلسفی</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ماقبل_سقراطی_فلسفی-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-قدیم_یونانی_فلسفی" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#قدیم_یونانی_فلسفی"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>قدیم یونانی فلسفی</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-قدیم_یونانی_فلسفی-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ہیلینیائی_فلسفی" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ہیلینیائی_فلسفی"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>ہیلینیائی فلسفی</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ہیلینیائی_فلسفی-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ہیلینیائی_مکتب_فکر" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ہیلینیائی_مکتب_فکر"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>ہیلینیائی مکتب فکر</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ہیلینیائی_مکتب_فکر-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Roman_and_Christian_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Roman_and_Christian_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early Roman and Christian philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Roman_and_Christian_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophers_during_Roman_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophers_during_Roman_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Philosophers during Roman times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophers_during_Roman_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Indian_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Indian_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ancient Indian philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_Indian_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ancient Indian philosophy کے ذیلی قطعہ پر جائیں</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Indian_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vedic_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedic_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vedic philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedic_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sramana_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sramana_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sramana philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sramana_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Indian_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Indian_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Classical Indian philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Indian_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Indian_philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Indian_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ancient Indian philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Indian_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1st_millennium_قبل_مسیح" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1st_millennium_قبل_مسیح"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>1st millennium قبل مسیح</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1st_millennium_قبل_مسیح-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophers_of_Vedic_Age_(2000–600_قبل_مسیح)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophers_of_Vedic_Age_(2000–600_قبل_مسیح)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Philosophers of Vedic Age (2000–600 قبل مسیح)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophers_of_Vedic_Age_(2000–600_قبل_مسیح)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophers_of_Axial_Age_(600–185_قبل_مسیح)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophers_of_Axial_Age_(600–185_قبل_مسیح)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Philosophers of Axial Age (600–185 قبل مسیح)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophers_of_Axial_Age_(600–185_قبل_مسیح)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophers_of_Golden_Age_(184_قبل_مسیح_–_600_عیسوی)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophers_of_Golden_Age_(184_قبل_مسیح_–_600_عیسوی)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Philosophers of Golden Age (184 قبل مسیح – 600 عیسوی)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophers_of_Golden_Age_(184_قبل_مسیح_–_600_عیسوی)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Iranian_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Iranian_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ancient Iranian philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_Iranian_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ancient Iranian philosophy کے ذیلی قطعہ پر جائیں</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Iranian_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools_of_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_of_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Schools of thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_of_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Manichaean_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Manichaean_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Pre-Manichaean thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Manichaean_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manichaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manichaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Manichaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manichaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mazdakism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mazdakism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Mazdakism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mazdakism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zurvanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zurvanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Zurvanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zurvanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_and_the_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_and_the_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Philosophy and the Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_and_the_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Jewish_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Jewish_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ancient Jewish philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_Jewish_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ancient Jewish philosophy کے ذیلی قطعہ پر جائیں</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Jewish_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Temple_(c._900_قبل_مسیح_to_587_قبل_مسیح)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Temple_(c._900_قبل_مسیح_to_587_قبل_مسیح)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First Temple (c. 900 قبل مسیح to 587 قبل مسیح)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Temple_(c._900_قبل_مسیح_to_587_قبل_مسیح)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyrian_exile_(587_قبل_مسیح_to_516_قبل_مسیح)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrian_exile_(587_قبل_مسیح_to_516_قبل_مسیح)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Assyrian exile (587 قبل مسیح to 516 قبل مسیح)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyrian_exile_(587_قبل_مسیح_to_516_قبل_مسیح)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Temple_(516_قبل_مسیح_to_70_عیسوی)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Temple_(516_قبل_مسیح_to_70_عیسوی)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Second Temple (516 قبل مسیح to 70 عیسوی)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Temple_(516_قبل_مسیح_to_70_عیسوی)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Roman_exile_(70_عیسوی_to_c._600_عیسوی)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Roman_exile_(70_عیسوی_to_c._600_عیسوی)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Early Roman exile (70 عیسوی to c. 600 عیسوی)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Roman_exile_(70_عیسوی_to_c._600_عیسوی)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-مزید_دیکھیے" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#مزید_دیکھیے"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>مزید دیکھیے</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-مزید_دیکھیے-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-حوالہ_جات" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#حوالہ_جات"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>حوالہ جات</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-حوالہ_جات-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-مزید_پڑھیے" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#مزید_پڑھیے"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>مزید پڑھیے</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-مزید_پڑھیے-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-بیرونی_روابط" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#بیرونی_روابط"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>بیرونی روابط</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-بیرونی_روابط-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مندرجات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="فہرست عناوین دیکھیں" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">فہرست عناوین دیکھیں</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">قدیم فلسفہ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 زبانیں</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="فلسفة قديمة – عربی" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة قديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فلسفه دوران باستان – فارسی" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلسفه دوران باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy – انگریزی" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ancient philosophy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انگریزی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antieke_filosofie" title="Antieke filosofie – افریقی" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antieke filosofie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریقی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_der_Antike" title="Philosophie der Antike – سوئس جرمن" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Philosophie der Antike" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="سوئس جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_f%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99" title="Antik fəlsəfə – آذربائیجانی" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antik fəlsəfə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="آذربائیجانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রাচীন দর্শন – بنگلہ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাচীন দর্শন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگلہ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%81%D3%99%D1%84%D3%99" title="Антик фәлсәфә – باشکیر" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Антик фәлсәфә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="باشکیر" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96" title="Філязофія антычнасьці – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Філязофія антычнасьці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антична философия – بلغاری" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антична философия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاری" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Antička filozofija – بوسنیائی" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antička filozofija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسنیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_antiga" title="Filosofia antiga – کیٹالان" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filosofia antiga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کیٹالان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starov%C4%9Bk%C3%A1_filozofie" title="Starověká filozofie – چیک" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Starověká filozofie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چیک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="بہترین مضمون"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_der_Antike" title="Philosophie der Antike – جرمن" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philosophie der Antike" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiikfilosoofia" title="Antiikfilosoofia – اسٹونین" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antiikfilosoofia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="اسٹونین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_antigua" title="Filosofía antigua – ہسپانوی" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filosofía antigua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ہسپانوی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinaroko_filosofia" title="Antzinaroko filosofia – باسکی" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinaroko filosofia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_antique" title="Philosophie antique – فرانسیسی" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philosophie antique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسیسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99" title="고대철학 – کوریائی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대철학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Դասական փիլիսոփայություն – آرمینیائی" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դասական փիլիսոփայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمینیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="منتخب مضمون"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Antička filozofija – کراتی" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antička filozofija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کراتی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat_kuno" title="Filsafat kuno – انڈونیثیائی" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filsafat kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انڈونیثیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornaldarheimspeki" title="Fornaldarheimspeki – آئس لینڈک" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fornaldarheimspeki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="آئس لینڈک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_antica" title="Filosofia antica – اطالوی" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filosofia antica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="اطالوی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антикалық философия – قزاخ" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антикалық философия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قزاخ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsefeya_Yewnan" title="Felsefeya Yewnan – کردش" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Felsefeya Yewnan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="کردش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_antiqua" title="Philosophia antiqua – لاطینی" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philosophia antiqua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاطینی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Античка филозофија – مقدونیائی" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Античка филозофија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدونیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antieke_filosofie" title="Antieke filosofie – ڈچ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antieke filosofie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ڈچ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古代哲学 – جاپانی" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代哲学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikkens_filosofi" title="Antikkens filosofi – نارویجین بوکمل" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antikkens filosofi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="نارویجین بوکمل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="قدیم فلسفہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قدیم فلسفہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="لرغونې فلسفه – پشتو" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لرغونې فلسفه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="پشتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_staro%C5%BCytna" title="Filozofia starożytna – پولش" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filozofia starożytna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_antiga" title="Filosofia antiga – پُرتگالی" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filosofia antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پُرتگالی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_antic%C4%83" title="Filozofia antică – رومینین" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filozofia antică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومینین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Античная философия – روسی" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Античная философия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filusuf%C3%ACa_antica" title="Filusufìa antica – سیسیلین" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Filusufìa antica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="سیسیلین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy – سنہالا" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Ancient philosophy" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سنہالا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ancient philosophy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starovek%C3%A1_filozofia" title="Staroveká filozofia – سلوواک" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Staroveká filozofia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Античка филозофија – سربین" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Античка филозофија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="منتخب مضمون"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Antička filozofija – سربو-کروئیشین" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antička filozofija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سربو-کروئیشین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiikin_filosofia" title="Antiikin filosofia – فینیش" lang="fi" 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href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_%C3%87a%C4%9F_felsefesi" title="Antik Çağ felsefesi – ترکی" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antik Çağ felsefesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Антична філософія – یوکرینیائی" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антична філософія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="یوکرینیائی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%E1%BA%BFt_h%E1%BB%8Dc_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="Triết học cổ đại – ویتنامی" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Triết học cổ đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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المعارف، ویکیپیڈیا سے</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ur" dir="rtl"><p>یہ صفحہ قدیم فلسفے کے کچھ روابط کی فہرست ہے۔ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="مغربی فلسفہ (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">مغربی فلسفے</a> میں، <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="رومی سلطنت">رومی سلطنت</a> میں <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مسیحیت">مسیحیت</a> کے پھیلاؤ نے <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ہیلینیائی فلسفہ (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">ہیلینیائی فلسفے</a> پر خاتمے کی مہر لگا دی اور <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="فلسفہ قرون وسطی (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">فلسفہ قرون وسطی</a> کا آغاز ہوا، جبکہ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="مشرقی فلسفہ (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">مشرقی فلسفے</a> میں، <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%BE%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="اسلام کا پھیلاؤ">اسلام کے پھیلاؤ</a> نے <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#قدیم_ایرانی_فلسفہ">قدیم ایرانی فلسفے</a> کا خاتمہ کر دیا اور <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ابتدائی اسلامی فلسفہ (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">ابتدائی اسلامی فلسفے</a> کا آغاز ہوا۔ </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تعارف"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.B9.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.81"></span>تعارف</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=1" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: تعارف"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>خالص فلسفیانہ سوچ، خلقی انفرادی بصیرت پر منحصر ہے، اس کا آغاز بہت سی ثقافتوں میں تقریباً اتفاقی طور پر ہوا۔ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="فلسفی"><span id=".D9.81.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.81.DB.8C"></span>فلسفی</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=2" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: فلسفی"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A4_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="تاؤ مت">تاؤ مت</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="لاؤزی">لاؤزی</a> (پانچویں–چوتھی صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhuangzi_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhuangzi (book) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Zhuangzi</a> (چوتھی صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Daoling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Daoling (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Zhang Daoling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Jue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Jue (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Zhang Jue</a> (وفات 184 عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge_Hong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge Hong (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Ge Hong</a> (283 – 343 عیسوی)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="کنفیوشس مت">کنفیوشس مت</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3" title="کنفیوشس">کنفیوشس</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="مین شیس">مین شیس</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xun_Zi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xun Zi (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Xun Zi</a> (c. 312 – 230 قبل مسیح)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Legalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Si&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Si (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Li Si</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Kui_(legalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Kui (legalist) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Li Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_Fei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Han Fei (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Han Fei</a></li> <li>Mi Su Yu</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_Yang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shang Yang (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Shang Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Buhai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shen Buhai (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Shen Buhai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Dao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shen Dao (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Shen Dao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مؤیت">مؤیت</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="موزی">موزی</a></li> <li>Song Xing</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Names&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Names (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Logicians</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Xi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deng Xi (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Deng Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hui_Shi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hui Shi (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Hui Shi</a> (380–305 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gongsun_Long&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gongsun Long (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Gongsun Long</a> (c. 325 – c. 250 قبل مسیح)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Agrarianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Agrarianism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Agrarianism</a> <ul><li>Xu Xing</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Naturalists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Naturalists (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zou_Yan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zou Yan (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Zou Yan</a> (305 – 240 قبل مسیح)</li></ul></li> <li>Neotaoism <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Bi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Bi (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Wang Bi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guo_Xiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guo Xiang (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Guo Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiang_Xiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiang Xiu (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Xiang Xiu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Diplomacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Diplomacy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">School of Diplomacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guiguzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guiguzi (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Guiguzi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Su_Qin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Su Qin (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Su Qin</a> (380 – 284 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Yi_(Warring_States_Period)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Yi (Warring States Period) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Zhang Yi</a> (bef. 329 – 309 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yue_Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yue Yi (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Yue Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Yiji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Yiji (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Li Yiji</a> (268 – 204 قبل مسیح)</li></ul></li> <li>School of the Military <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunzi (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Sunzi</a> (c. 500 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Bin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Bin (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Sun Bin</a> (وفات 316 قبل مسیح)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="قدیم_یونانی_و_رومی_فلسفہ"><span id=".D9.82.D8.AF.DB.8C.D9.85_.DB.8C.D9.88.D9.86.D8.A7.D9.86.DB.8C_.D9.88_.D8.B1.D9.88.D9.85.DB.8C_.D9.81.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.81.DB.81"></span>قدیم یونانی و رومی فلسفہ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=3" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: قدیم یونانی و رومی فلسفہ"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="overflow-x: unset;" class="rellink hlist"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Crystal128-kdict.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/20px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/30px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/40px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> تفصیلی مضمون کے لیے <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Greek philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Ancient Greek philosophy</a></b> ملاحظہ کریں۔</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Presocratic_graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Presocratic_graph.svg/250px-Presocratic_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Presocratic_graph.svg/375px-Presocratic_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Presocratic_graph.svg/500px-Presocratic_graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2177" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Graphical relationship among the various pre-socratic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosopher (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">philosopher</a>s and thinkers; red arrows indicate a relationship of opposition.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Raphael_School_of_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Raphael_School_of_Athens.jpg/250px-Raphael_School_of_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Raphael_School_of_Athens.jpg/375px-Raphael_School_of_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Raphael_School_of_Athens.jpg/500px-Raphael_School_of_Athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3697" data-file-height="2414" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84" title="رافیل">رافیل</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Athens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Athens (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">School of Athens</a>، depicting an array of ancient Greek philosophers engaged in discussion.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="فلسفی_2"><span id=".D9.81.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.81.DB.8C_2"></span>فلسفی</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=4" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: فلسفی"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ماقبل_سقراطی_فلسفی"><span id=".D9.85.D8.A7.D9.82.D8.A8.D9.84_.D8.B3.D9.82.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.B7.DB.8C_.D9.81.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.81.DB.8C"></span>ماقبل سقراطی فلسفی</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=5" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: ماقبل سقراطی فلسفی"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milesian_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milesian School (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Milesian School</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="تھالیز">تھالیز</a> (624 – c 546 قبل مسیح)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="اناکسی میندر">اناکسی میندر</a> (610 – 546 قبل مسیح)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="اناکسی مینس">اناکسی مینس</a> (c. 585 – c. 525 قبل مسیح)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="فیثا غورثیت (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">فیثا غورثی</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="فیثاغورث">فیثاغورث</a> (582 – 496 قبل مسیح)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="فلولاؤس (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">فلولاؤس</a> (470 – 380 قبل مسیح)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcmaeon_of_Croton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcmaeon of Croton (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Alcmaeon of Croton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="آرکیٹاس">آرکیٹاس</a> (428 – 347 قبل مسیح)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B7%D8%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ہیروکلیطس (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">ہیروکلیطس</a> (535 – 475 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleatic_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleatic School (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Eleatic School</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenophanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenophanes (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Xenophanes</a> (570 – 470 قبل مسیح)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="بارامانیاس">بارامانیاس</a> (510 – 440 قبل مسیح)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeno_of_Elea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeno of Elea (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Zeno of Elea</a> (490 – 430 قبل مسیح)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melissus_of_Samos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melissus of Samos (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Melissus of Samos</a> (c. 470 قبل مسیح – ?)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluralist_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluralist School (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Pluralists</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="امپی دوکلیز">امپی دوکلیز</a> (490 – 430 قبل مسیح)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="اناکسا غورث">اناکسا غورث</a> (500 – 428 قبل مسیح)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Atomists</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leucippus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Leucippus</a> (first half of پانچویں صدی قبل مسیح)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="دیموقراطیس">دیموقراطیس</a> (460 – 370 قبل مسیح)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrodorus_of_Chios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metrodorus of Chios (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Metrodorus of Chios</a> (چوتھی صدی قبل مسیح)</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pherecydes_of_Syros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pherecydes of Syros (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Pherecydes of Syros</a> (6th صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li>Sophists</li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB" title="پروتاغوراث">پروتاغوراث</a> (490 – 420 قبل مسیح)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorgias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorgias (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Gorgias</a> (487 – 376 قبل مسیح)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiphon_(person)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiphon (person) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Antiphon</a> (480 – 411 قبل مسیح)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prodicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prodicus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Prodicus</a> (465/450 – بعد از 399 قبل مسیح)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippias (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Hippias</a> (وسط پانچویں صدی قبل مسیح)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrasymachus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thrasymachus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Thrasymachus</a> (459 – 400 قبل مسیح)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Callicles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Callicles (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Callicles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Critias (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Critias</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lycophron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lycophron (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Lycophron</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diogenes_of_Apollonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diogenes of Apollonia (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Diogenes of Apollonia</a> (c. 460 قبل مسیح – ?)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="قدیم_یونانی_فلسفی"><span id=".D9.82.D8.AF.DB.8C.D9.85_.DB.8C.D9.88.D9.86.D8.A7.D9.86.DB.8C_.D9.81.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.81.DB.8C"></span>قدیم یونانی فلسفی</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=6" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: قدیم یونانی فلسفی"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="سقراط">سقراط</a></b> (469 – 399 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euclid_of_Megara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euclid of Megara (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Euclid of Megara</a> (450 – 380 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="اینٹی شینز">اینٹی شینز</a> (445 – 360 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ارسطیفوس">ارسطیفوس</a> (435 – 356 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="افلاطون">افلاطون</a></b> (428 – 347 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speusippus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speusippus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Speusippus</a> (407 – 339 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="دیو جانس کلبی">دیو جانس کلبی</a> (400 – 325 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenocrates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenocrates (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Xenocrates</a> (396 – 314 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="ارسطو">ارسطو</a></b> (384 – 322 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stilpo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stilpo (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Stilpo</a> (380 – 300 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theophrastus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theophrastus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Theophrastus</a> (370 – 288 قبل مسیح)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ہیلینیائی_فلسفی"><span id=".DB.81.DB.8C.D9.84.DB.8C.D9.86.DB.8C.D8.A7.D8.A6.DB.8C_.D9.81.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.81.DB.8C"></span>ہیلینیائی فلسفی</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=7" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: ہیلینیائی فلسفی"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrrho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrrho (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Pyrrho</a> (365 – 275 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epicurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epicurus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Epicurus</a> (341 – 270 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrodorus_of_Lampsacus_(the_younger)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger)</a> (331 – 278 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeno_of_Citium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeno of Citium (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Zeno of Citium</a> (333 – 263 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleanthes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cleanthes (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Cleanthes</a> (c. 330 – c. 230 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timon_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timon (philosopher) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Timon</a> (320 – 230 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arcesilaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcesilaus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Arcesilaus</a> (316 – 232 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menippus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menippus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Menippus</a> (3rd صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="ارشمیدس">ارشمیدس</a> (c. 287 – 212 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysippus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysippus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Chrysippus</a> (280 – 207 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carneades&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carneades (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Carneades</a> (214 – 129 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clitomachus_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clitomachus (philosopher) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Clitomachus</a> (187 – 109 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrodorus_of_Stratonicea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metrodorus of Stratonicea (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Metrodorus of Stratonicea</a> (late 2nd صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philo_of_Larissa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philo of Larissa (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Philo of Larissa</a> (160 – 80 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posidonius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posidonius (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Posidonius</a> (135 – 51 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochus_of_Ascalon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiochus of Ascalon (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Antiochus of Ascalon</a> (130 – 68 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aenesidemus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aenesidemus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Aenesidemus</a> (1st صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agrippa_the_Sceptic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agrippa the Sceptic (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Agrippa</a> (1st صدی عیسوی)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ہیلینیائی_مکتب_فکر"><span id=".DB.81.DB.8C.D9.84.DB.8C.D9.86.DB.8C.D8.A7.D8.A6.DB.8C_.D9.85.DA.A9.D8.AA.D8.A8_.D9.81.DA.A9.D8.B1"></span>ہیلینیائی مکتب فکر</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=8" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: ہیلینیائی مکتب فکر"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynicism_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cynicism (philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eclecticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eclecticism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Eclecticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ایپی قوریت">ایپی قوریت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Platonism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Platonism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="نو افلاطونیت">نو افلاطونیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neopythagoreanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neopythagoreanism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مشائیت">مشائیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrrhonism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrrhonism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="رواقیت">رواقیت</a></li> <li>Sophism</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Roman_and_Christian_philosophy">Early Roman and Christian philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=9" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Early Roman and Christian philosophy"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">مزید دیکھیے: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Christian philosophy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_the_Sextii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of the Sextii (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">School of the Sextii</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophers_during_Roman_times">Philosophers during Roman times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=10" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Philosophers during Roman times"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Plotinos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Plotinos.jpg/150px-Plotinos.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Plotinos.jpg/225px-Plotinos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Plotinos.jpg/300px-Plotinos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Plotinus</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88" title="سائیسیرو">سائیسیرو</a></b> (106 – 43 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucretius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucretius (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Lucretius</a> (94 – 55 قبل مسیح)</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seneca_the_Younger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seneca the Younger (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Seneca</a></b> (4 قبل مسیح – 65 عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musonius_Rufus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musonius Rufus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Musonius Rufus</a> (30 – 100 عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="پلو ٹارک">پلو ٹارک</a> (45 – 120 عیسوی)</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epictetus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epictetus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Epictetus</a></b> (55 – 135 عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus Aurelius (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Marcus Aurelius</a> (121 – 180 عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کلیمینس اسکندری">کلیمینس اسکندری</a> (150 – 215 عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcinous_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcinous (philosopher) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Alcinous (philosopher)</a> (2nd صدی عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sextus_Empiricus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sextus Empiricus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Sextus Empiricus</a> (3rd صدی عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_of_Aphrodisias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a> (3rd صدی عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonius_Saccas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ammonius Saccas (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Ammonius Saccas</a> (3rd صدی عیسوی)</li> <li><b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plotinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plotinus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Plotinus</a></b> (205 – 270 عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porphyry_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porphyry (philosopher) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Porphyry</a> (232 – 304 عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iamblichus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iamblichus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Iamblichus</a> (242 – 327 عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Themistius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Themistius (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Themistius</a> (317 – 388 عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="سینٹ آگسٹائن">سینٹ آگسٹائن</a> (354 – 430 عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proclus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Proclus</a> (411 – 485 عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damascius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damascius (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Damascius</a> (462 – 540 عیسوی)</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anicius_Manlius_Severinus_Boethius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Boethius</a></b> (472 – 524 عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simplicius_of_Cilicia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simplicius of Cilicia (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Simplicius of Cilicia</a> (490 – 560 عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Philoponus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Philoponus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">John Philoponus</a> (490 – 570 عیسوی)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Indian_philosophy">Ancient Indian philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=11" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Ancient Indian philosophy"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="overflow-x: unset;" class="rellink hlist"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Crystal128-kdict.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/20px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/30px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/40px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> تفصیلی مضمون کے لیے <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Indian philosophy</a></b> ملاحظہ کریں۔</div> <p>The ancient Indian philosophy is a fusion of two ancient traditions : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sramana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sramana (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Sramana</a> tradition and Vedic tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedic_philosophy">Vedic philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=12" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Vedic philosophy"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indian philosophy begins with the <i><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="وید">وید</a></i> where questions related to laws of nature, the origin of the universe and the place of man in it are asked. In the famous <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="رگ وید">رگ وید</a> <i> Hymn of Creation </i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasadiya_Sukta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasadiya Sukta (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Nasadiya Sukta</a>) the poet says: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%DA%88&wpDestFile=Sanjayas%27s_Foreknowledge.jpg" class="new" title="فائل:Sanjayas's Foreknowledge.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="250">فائل:Sanjayas's Foreknowledge.jpg</span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ویاس">ویاس</a>، at وسط picture</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>"Whence all creation had its origin,</dd> <dd>he, whether he fashioned it or whether he did not,</dd> <dd>he, who surveys it all from highest heaven,</dd> <dd>he knows—or maybe even he does not know."</dd></dl> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8" title="تاریخی ویدک مذہب">تاریخی ویدک مذہب</a> view, creation is ascribed to the self-consciousness of the primeval being (<i>Purusha</i>)۔ This leads to the inquiry into <i>the one being</i> that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things. Cosmic order is termed <i>rta</i> and causal law by <i>karma</i>۔ Nature (<i>prakriti</i>) is taken to have three qualities (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sattva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sattva (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">sattva</a></i>، <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajas (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">rajas</a></i>، and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamas_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamas (philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">tamas</a></i>)۔ </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="وید">وید</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="اپنیشد">اپنیشد</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hindu philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Hindu philosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sramana_philosophy">Sramana philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=13" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Sramana philosophy"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="overflow-x: unset;" class="rellink hlist"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Crystal128-kdict.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/20px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/30px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/40px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> تفصیلی مضامین کے لیے <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jain_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jain philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Jain philosophy</a></b>، <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhist philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Buddhist philosophy</a></b>  اور <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sramana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sramana (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Sramana</a></b> ملاحظہ کریں۔</div> <p><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="جین مت">جین مت</a> and <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="بدھ مت">بدھ مت</a> are continuation of the Sramana school of thought. The Sramanas cultivated a pessimistic worldview of the samsara as full of suffering and advocated renunciation and austerities. They laid stress on philosophical concepts like Ahimsa, Karma, Jnana, Samsara and Moksa. <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C4%81rv%C4%81ka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cārvāka (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Cārvāka</a> (Sanskrit: चार्वाक) (atheist) philosophy, also known as Lokāyata, it is a system of Hindu philosophy that assumes various forms of philosophical skepticism and religious indifference. It is named بعد از its founder, Cārvāka, author of the Bārhaspatya-sūtras. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Indian_philosophy">Classical Indian philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=14" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Classical Indian philosophy"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In classical times, these inquiries were systematized in six schools of philosophy. Some of the questions asked were: </p> <ul><li>What is the ontological nature of consciousness?</li> <li>How is cognition itself experienced?</li> <li>Is mind (<i>chit</i>) intentional or not?</li> <li>Does cognition have its own structure?</li></ul> <p>The Six schools of <a href="/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="ہندوستانی فلسفہ">ہندوستانی فلسفہ</a> are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyaya (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaisheshika (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samkhya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samkhya (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%81ja_yoga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rāja yoga (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Yoga</a></li> <li>Mimamsa (Purva Mimamsa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="ویدانت">ویدانت</a> (Uttara Mimamsa)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Indian_philosophers">Ancient Indian philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=15" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Ancient Indian philosophers"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="overflow-x: unset;" class="rellink hlist"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Crystal128-kdict.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/20px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/30px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/40px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> تفصیلی مضمون کے لیے <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Eastern_philosophers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of Eastern philosophers (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Timeline of Eastern philosophers#Indian philosophers</a></b> ملاحظہ کریں۔</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1st_millennium_قبل_مسیح"><span id="1st_millennium_.D9.82.D8.A8.D9.84_.D9.85.D8.B3.DB.8C.D8.AD"></span>1st millennium قبل مسیح</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=16" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: 1st millennium قبل مسیح"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parashara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parashara (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Parashara</a> — writer of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishnu Purana (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Viṣṇu Purāṇa</a></i>۔</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philosophers_of_Vedic_Age_(2000–600_قبل_مسیح)"><span id="Philosophers_of_Vedic_Age_.282000.E2.80.93600_.D9.82.D8.A8.D9.84_.D9.85.D8.B3.DB.8C.D8.AD.29"></span>Philosophers of Vedic Age (2000–600 قبل مسیح)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=17" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Philosophers of Vedic Age (2000–600 قبل مسیح)"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rishi Narayana — seer of the Purusha Sukta of the <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="رگ وید">رگ وید</a>۔<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="سات رشی">سات رشی</a> — Atri, Bharadwaja, Gautama, Jamadagni, Kasyapa, Vasishtha, Viswamitra.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="رشی">رشی</a> — Gritsamada, Sandilya, Kanva etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%BE_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="رشبھ ناتھ">رشبھ ناتھ</a> — <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="رشی">رشی</a> mentioned in <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="رگ وید">رگ وید</a> and later in several Puranas, and believed by Jains to be the first official religious <a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88" title="گرو">گرو</a> of <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="جین مت">جین مت</a>، as accredited by later followers.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yajnavalkya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yajnavalkya (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Yajnavalkya</a> — one of the <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="وید">وید</a> sages, greatly influenced <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="بدھ مت">بدھ مت</a> thought.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="انگیار">انگیار</a> — one of the seers of the <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اتھرو وید">اتھرو وید</a> and author of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundaka_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundaka Upanishad (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Mundaka Upanishad</a>۔</li> <li>Uddalaka Aruni — an Upanishadic sage who authored major portions of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C4%81ndogya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chāndogya Upaniṣad (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Chāndogya Upaniṣad</a>۔</li> <li>Ashvapati — a King in the <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%AF" title="مہا جن پد">مہا جن پد</a> who authored Vaishvanara Vidya of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C4%81ndogya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chāndogya Upaniṣad (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Chāndogya Upaniṣad</a>۔</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashtavakra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashtavakra (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Ashtavakra</a> — an Upanishadic Sage mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="مہا بھارت">مہا بھارت</a>، who authored <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashtavakra_Gita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashtavakra Gita (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Ashtavakra Gita</a>۔</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philosophers_of_Axial_Age_(600–185_قبل_مسیح)"><span id="Philosophers_of_Axial_Age_.28600.E2.80.93185_.D9.82.D8.A8.D9.84_.D9.85.D8.B3.DB.8C.D8.AD.29"></span>Philosophers of Axial Age (600–185 قبل مسیح)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=18" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Philosophers of Axial Age (600–185 قبل مسیح)"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanada_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanada (philosopher) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Kanada</a> (c. 600 قبل مسیح)، founded the philosophical school of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaisheshika (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Vaisheshika</a>، gave theory of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="مہاویر">مہاویر</a> (599–527 قبل مسیح) — heavily influenced <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="جین مت">جین مت</a>، the 2چوتھی <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="تیرتھنکر">تیرتھنکر</a> of <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="جین مت">جین مت</a>۔</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Sermon_in_the_Deer_Park_depicted_at_Wat_Chedi_Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sermon_in_the_Deer_Park_depicted_at_Wat_Chedi_Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg/150px-Sermon_in_the_Deer_Park_depicted_at_Wat_Chedi_Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sermon_in_the_Deer_Park_depicted_at_Wat_Chedi_Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg/225px-Sermon_in_the_Deer_Park_depicted_at_Wat_Chedi_Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sermon_in_the_Deer_Park_depicted_at_Wat_Chedi_Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg/300px-Sermon_in_the_Deer_Park_depicted_at_Wat_Chedi_Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Buddha.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پانینی">پانینی</a> (520–460 قبل مسیح)، grammarian, author of <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پانینی">پانینی</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%BE%D9%84" title="کپل">کپل</a> (c. 500 قبل مسیح)، proponent of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samkhya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samkhya (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Samkhya</a> system of philosophy.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badarayana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badarayana (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Badarayana</a> (lived between 500 قبل مسیح and 400 قبل مسیح) — Author of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brahma_Sutras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahma Sutras (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Brahma Sutras</a>۔</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pingala (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Pingala</a> (c. 500 قبل مسیح)، author of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandas_shastra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandas shastra (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Chandas shastra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="گوتم بدھ">گوتم بدھ</a> (c. 480 – c. 400 قبل مسیح)، founder of <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="بدھ مت">بدھ مت</a> school of thought</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%81" title="چانکیہ">چانکیہ</a> (c. 350 – c. 275 قبل مسیح)، author of <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ارتھ شاستر">ارتھ شاستر</a>، professor (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Acharya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acharya (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">acharya</a>) of political science at the <a href="/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ٹیکسلا">ٹیکسلا</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pata%C3%B1jali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patañjali (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Patañjali</a> (c. 200 قبل مسیح)، developed the philosophy of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raja_Yoga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raja Yoga (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Raja Yoga</a> in his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoga Sutra (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Yoga Sutra</a>s.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Shvetashvatara</a> — Author of earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="شیو مت">شیو مت</a>۔</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philosophers_of_Golden_Age_(184_قبل_مسیح_–_600_عیسوی)"><span id="Philosophers_of_Golden_Age_.28184_.D9.82.D8.A8.D9.84_.D9.85.D8.B3.DB.8C.D8.AD_.E2.80.93_600_.D8.B9.DB.8C.D8.B3.D9.88.DB.8C.29"></span>Philosophers of Golden Age (184 قبل مسیح – 600 عیسوی)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=19" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Philosophers of Golden Age (184 قبل مسیح – 600 عیسوی)"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gotama (c. 2nd–3rd صدی عیسوی)، wrote <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaimini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaimini (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Jaimini</a>، author of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Purva Mimamsa Sutras</a>۔</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dign%C4%81ga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dignāga (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Dignāga</a> (c. 500)، one of the founders of Buddhist school of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian logic (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Indian logic</a>۔</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asanga (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Asanga</a> (c. 300)، exponent of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yogacara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yogacara (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بھرتری ہری">بھرتری ہری</a> (c 450–510 عیسوی)، early figure in Indic linguistic theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%85" title="بودھی دھرم">بودھی دھرم</a> (c. 440–528 عیسوی)، founder of the <a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="زین بدھ">زین بدھ</a> school of <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="بدھ مت">بدھ مت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddhasen_Diwakar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siddhasen Diwakar (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Siddhasena Divākara</a> (پانچویں Century عیسوی)، Jain logician and author of important works in Sanskrit and Prakrit, such as, Nyāyāvatāra (on Logic) and Sanmatisūtra (dealing with the seven Jaina standpoints, knowledge and the objects of knowledge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%88" title="وسوبندھو">وسوبندھو</a> (c. 300 عیسوی)، one of the main founders of the Indian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yogacara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yogacara (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Yogacara</a> school.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundakunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kundakunda (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Kundakunda</a> (2nd Century عیسوی)، exponent of Jain mysticism and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anekantavada (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Jain nayas</a> dealing with the nature of the soul and its contamination by matter, author of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancastikayasara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pancastikayasara (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Pañcāstikāyasāra</a> (Essence of the Five Existents)، the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pravacanasara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pravacanasara (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Pravacanasāra</a> (Essence of the Scripture) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samayasara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samayasara (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Samayasāra</a> (Essence of the Doctrine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86" title="ناگ ارجن">ناگ ارجن</a> (c. 150 – 250 عیسوی)، the founder of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhyamaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhyamaka (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Madhyamaka</a> (Middle Path) school of <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%DB%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مہایان">مہایان</a>۔</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umasvati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umasvati (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Umāsvāti</a> or Umasvami (2nd Century عیسوی)، author of first Jain work in Sanskrit, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tattvartha_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tattvartha Sutra (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Tattvārthasūtra</a>، expounding the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jain_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jain philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Jain philosophy</a> in a most systematized form acceptable to all sects of Jainism.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Iranian_philosophy">Ancient Iranian philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=20" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Ancient Iranian philosophy"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Sanzio_01_Zoroaster_Ptolmey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sanzio_01_Zoroaster_Ptolmey.jpg/250px-Sanzio_01_Zoroaster_Ptolmey.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sanzio_01_Zoroaster_Ptolmey.jpg/375px-Sanzio_01_Zoroaster_Ptolmey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sanzio_01_Zoroaster_Ptolmey.jpg/500px-Sanzio_01_Zoroaster_Ptolmey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Zarathustra as depicted in <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84" title="رافیل">رافیل</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_School_of_Athens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The School of Athens (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">The School of Athens</a> beside Raphael who appears as the ancient painter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apelles_of_Kos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apelles of Kos (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Apelles of Kos</a>۔</figcaption></figure> <div style="overflow-x: unset;" class="rellink hlist"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:Crystal128-kdict.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/20px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/30px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Crystal128-kdict.svg/40px-Crystal128-kdict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> تفصیلی مضمون کے لیے <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranian philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Iranian philosophy</a></b> ملاحظہ کریں۔</div> <p>See also: <i><a href="/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ثنویت">ثنویت</a>، <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Dualism (philosophy of mind)</a></i> </p><p>While there are ancient relations between the Indian <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="وید">وید</a> and the Iranian <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="اوستا">اوستا</a>، the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view of man's role in the universe. The first charter of <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82" title="انسانی حقوق">انسانی حقوق</a> by <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85" title="کورش اعظم">کورش اعظم</a> as understood in the <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%82_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="اسطوانۂ کورش">اسطوانۂ کورش</a> is often seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%B4%D8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="زرطشت (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">زرطشت</a> and developed in <a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="زرتشتیت">زرتشتیت</a> schools of thought of the <a href="/wiki/%DB%81%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="ہخامنشی سلطنت">ہخامنشی سلطنت</a> of <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاریخ ایران">تاریخ ایران</a>۔<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools_of_thought">Schools of thought</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=21" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Schools of thought"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ideas and tenets of Zoroastrian schools of Early Persian philosophy are part of many works written in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Persian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Persian (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Middle Persian</a> and of the extant scriptures of the zoroastrian religion in <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اوستائی زبان">اوستائی زبان</a>۔ Among these are treatises such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shikand-gumanic_Vichar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shikand-gumanic Vichar (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Shikand-gumanic Vichar</a> by Mardan-Farrux Ohrmazddadan, selections of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denkard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denkard (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Denkard</a>، Wizidagīhā-ī Zātspram ("Selections of Zātspram") as well as older passages of the book Avesta, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gathas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gathas (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Gathas</a> which are attributed to Zarathustra himself and regarded as his "direct teachings"۔<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zoroastrianism"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranian philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Zoroastrianism</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=22" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Zoroastrianism"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%B4%D8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="زرطشت (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">زرطشت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamasp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamasp (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostanes (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Ostanes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shikand-gumanic_Vichar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shikand-gumanic Vichar (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Mardan-Farrux Ohrmazddadan</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denkard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denkard (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Adurfarnbag Farroxzadan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tafozzoli_&_Khromov_7-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-Tafozzoli_&_Khromov-7">[7]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denkard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denkard (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Adurbad Emedan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tafozzoli_&_Khromov_7-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-Tafozzoli_&_Khromov-7">[7]</a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="اوستا">اوستا</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gathas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gathas (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Gathas</a></i></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anacharsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anacharsis (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Anacharsis</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Manichaean_thought">Pre-Manichaean thought</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=23" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Pre-Manichaean thought"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bardesanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bardesanes (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Bardesanes</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manichaeism"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranian philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Manichaeism</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=24" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Manichaeism"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مانی">Mani</a> (c. 216 – 276 عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mar_Ammo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mar Ammo (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Ammo</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mazdakism"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranian Philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Mazdakism</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=25" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Mazdakism"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF%DA%A9" title="مزدک">مزدک</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="font-size: 75%;"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF%DA%A9" title="مزدک">مزدک</a> (وفات c. 524 or 528 عیسوی)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zurvanism"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurvanism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Zurvanism</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=26" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Zurvanism"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurvanism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Aesthetic Zurvanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurvanism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Materialist Zurvanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurvanism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Fatalistic Zurvanism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_and_the_Empire">Philosophy and the Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=27" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Philosophy and the Empire"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Political philosophy <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letter_of_Tansar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Letter of Tansar (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Tansar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="اکادمی جندیشاپور">اکادمی جندیشاپور</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burzoe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burzoe (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Borzouye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B9" title="بختیشوع">بختیشوع</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="خسرو اول">خسرو اول</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="خسرو اول">خسرو اول</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_the_Persian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul the Persian (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Paul the Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=28" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Literature"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پہلوی ادب (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">پہلوی ادب</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Jewish_philosophy">Ancient Jewish philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=29" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Ancient Jewish philosophy"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">مزید دیکھیے: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Jewish philosophy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Temple_(c._900_قبل_مسیح_to_587_قبل_مسیح)"><span id="First_Temple_.28c._900_.D9.82.D8.A8.D9.84_.D9.85.D8.B3.DB.8C.D8.AD_to_587_.D9.82.D8.A8.D9.84_.D9.85.D8.B3.DB.8C.D8.AD.29"></span>First Temple (c. 900 قبل مسیح to 587 قبل مسیح)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=30" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: First Temple (c. 900 قبل مسیح to 587 قبل مسیح)"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="یوایل">Joel</a> (9th–پانچویں صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="عاموس">Amos</a> (8th صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B9" title="ہوسیع">ہوسیع</a> (8th صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micah (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Micah</a> (8th صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81" title="کتاب یسعیاہ">کتاب یسعیاہ</a> (8th صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="حزقی ایل">حزقی ایل</a> (7th صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82" title="حبقوق">حبقوق</a> (7th صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ارمیاہ">ارمیاہ</a> (7th صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nahum (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Nahum</a> (7th صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zephaniah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zephaniah (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Zephaniah</a> (7th صدی قبل مسیح)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyrian_exile_(587_قبل_مسیح_to_516_قبل_مسیح)"><span id="Assyrian_exile_.28587_.D9.82.D8.A8.D9.84_.D9.85.D8.B3.DB.8C.D8.AD_to_516_.D9.82.D8.A8.D9.84_.D9.85.D8.B3.DB.8C.D8.AD.29"></span>Assyrian exile (587 قبل مسیح to 516 قبل مسیح)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=31" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Assyrian exile (587 قبل مسیح to 516 قبل مسیح)"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81" title="کتاب یسعیاہ">کتاب یسعیاہ</a> (6th صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="حجی">حجی</a> (6th صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81" title="عبدیاہ">عبدیاہ</a> (6th صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81" title="کتاب یسعیاہ">کتاب یسعیاہ</a> (6th صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زکریا بن برخیا">زکریا بن برخیا</a> (6th صدی قبل مسیح)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Temple_(516_قبل_مسیح_to_70_عیسوی)"><span id="Second_Temple_.28516_.D9.82.D8.A8.D9.84_.D9.85.D8.B3.DB.8C.D8.AD_to_70_.D8.B9.DB.8C.D8.B3.D9.88.DB.8C.29"></span>Second Temple (516 قبل مسیح to 70 عیسوی)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=32" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Second Temple (516 قبل مسیح to 70 عیسوی)"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ملاکی">ملاکی</a> (پانچویں صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8" title="کتاب واعظ">کتاب واعظ</a> (پانچویں – 2nd صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li>Shimon ben Yeshua ben Eliezer ben Sira (2nd صدی قبل مسیح)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DB%81%D9%84%D9%84" title="ہلل">ہلل</a> (c. 110 قبل مسیح – 10عیسوی)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88" title="فیلو">فیلو</a> (30 قبل مسیح – 45 عیسوی)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Roman_exile_(70_عیسوی_to_c._600_عیسوی)"><span id="Early_Roman_exile_.2870_.D8.B9.DB.8C.D8.B3.D9.88.DB.8C_to_c._600_.D8.B9.DB.8C.D8.B3.D9.88.DB.8C.29"></span>Early Roman exile (70 عیسوی to c. 600 عیسوی)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=33" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: Early Roman exile (70 عیسوی to c. 600 عیسوی)"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi_Akiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabbi Akiva (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Rabbi Akiva</a> (c. 40 – c. 137 عیسوی)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="مزید_دیکھیے"><span id=".D9.85.D8.B2.DB.8C.D8.AF_.D8.AF.DB.8C.DA.A9.DA.BE.DB.8C.DB.92"></span>مزید دیکھیے</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=34" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: مزید دیکھیے"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_of_ancient_philosophy_articles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index of ancient philosophy articles (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Index of ancient philosophy articles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="حوالہ_جات"><span id=".D8.AD.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.DB.81_.D8.AC.D8.A7.D8.AA"></span>حوالہ جات</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=35" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: حوالہ جات"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4721619">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The significance of Purusha Sukta in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swami-krishnananda.org/invoc/in_pur.html">Daily Invocations</a> by Swami Krishnananda</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 285 <i>Indian sociology through Ghurye, a dictionary</i> By S. Devadas Pillai</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip G. Kreyenbroek: "Morals and Society in Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy"۔ Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Boyce: "The Origins of Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy"۔ Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia. From Zoroaster to 'Umar Khayyam. S. H. Nasr & M. Aminrazavi. I. B. Tauris Publishers, London & New York, 2008. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6342468">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-right:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="بین الاقوامی معیاری عدد">آئی ایس بی این</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84/978-1845115418" title="خاص:کتابی وسائل/978-1845115418">978-1845115418</a>۔</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zurvan. A Zoroastrian Dilemma. Robert Charles Zaehner. Biblo and Tannen, 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="بین الاقوامی معیاری عدد">آئی ایس بی این</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84/0-8196-0280-9" title="خاص:کتابی وسائل/0-8196-0280-9">0-8196-0280-9</a>۔</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tafozzoli_&_Khromov-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tafozzoli_&_Khromov_7-0"><sup><b>ا</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tafozzoli_&_Khromov_7-1"><sup><b>ب</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Sasanian Iran – intellectual life. A. Tafazzoli and A. L. Khromov in: History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilization. B. A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guand-Da, R. Shabani Samghabadi. Unesco, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="بین الاقوامی معیاری عدد">آئی ایس بی این</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84/9231032119" title="خاص:کتابی وسائل/9231032119">9231032119</a>۔</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mansour Shaki. <i>Falsafa. Philosophy in the pre-Islamic period</i>۔ Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume IX. 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="بین الاقوامی معیاری عدد">آئی ایس بی این</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84/0-933273-35-5" title="خاص:کتابی وسائل/0-933273-35-5">0-933273-35-5</a>۔</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prods Oktor Skjaervo. <i>Bardesanes</i>۔ Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume III. Fasc. 7–8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="بین الاقوامی معیاری عدد">آئی ایس بی این</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84/0-7100-9121-4" title="خاص:کتابی وسائل/0-7100-9121-4">0-7100-9121-4</a>۔</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David A. Scott. <i>Manichaean Views of Buddhism</i> in: History of Religions. Vol. 25, No. 2, Nov. 1985. University of Chicago Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yarshater, Ehsan. 1983. The Cambridge history of Iran, volume 2. pp. 995–997</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="مزید_پڑھیے"><span id=".D9.85.D8.B2.DB.8C.D8.AF_.D9.BE.DA.91.DA.BE.DB.8C.DB.92"></span>مزید پڑھیے</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&section=36" title="تدوینِ قطعہ: مزید پڑھیے"><span>ترمیم</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Luchte, James, <i>Early Greek Thought: Before the Dawn</i>، in series, <i>Bloomsbury Studies in Ancient Philosophy</i>، Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6342468"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="بین الاقوامی معیاری عدد">آئی ایس بی این</a> <a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_sex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of sex (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_social_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of social science (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Social science</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of culture (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_and_economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy and economics (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%81" title="انصاف">انصاف</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of law (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_space_and_time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of space and time (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_sport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of sport (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of technology (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_computer_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of computer science (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of engineering (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_information&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of information (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Information</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_war&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of war (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="نظام_عقائد" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_philosophies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of philosophies (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">نظام عقائد</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81#تاریخی_جائزہ" title="فلسفہ">بلحاظ دور</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">قدیم</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaissance philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_modern_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early modern philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contemporary philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">قدیم</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="چینی فلسفہ (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">چینی</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculturalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculturalism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="کنفیوشس مت">کنفیوشس مت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Names&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Names (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مؤیت">مؤیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Naturalists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Naturalists (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuanxue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuanxue (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A4_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="تاؤ مت">تاؤ مت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yangism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Yangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="زین بدھ مت">زین بدھ مت</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="قدیم یونانی فلسفہ (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">یونانی</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenistic_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellenistic philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">رومی</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotelianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristotelianism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynicism_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cynicism (philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrenaics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrenaics (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleatics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleatics (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eretrian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eretrian school (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epicureanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epicureanism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تفسیریات">تفسیریات</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionian_School_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionian School (philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Ionian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephesian school (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Ephesian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milesian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milesian school (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Milesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megarian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megarian school (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="نو افلاطونیت">نو افلاطونیت</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مشائیت">مشائیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platonism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platonism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluralist_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluralist school (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Socratic_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Presocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrrhonism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrrhonism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="فیثاغورثیت">فیثاغورثیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="نو فیثاغورثیت (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">نو فیثاغورثیت</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="سوفسطائی">سوفسطائی</a>ic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="رواقیت">رواقیت</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="ہندوستانی فلسفہ">ہندوستانی</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samkhya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samkhya (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyaya (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaisheshika (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mīmāṃsā (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="آجیویکا">آجیویکا</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aj%C3%B1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajñana (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charvaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charvaka (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jain_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jain philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anekantavada (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anekantavada (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhist philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śūnyatā (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhyamaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhyamaka (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yogachara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yogachara (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sautr%C4%81ntika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sautrāntika (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svatantrika-Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ایرانی فلسفہ (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">فارسی</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazdak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazdak (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="زرتشتیت">زرتشتیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurvanism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">قرون وسطوی</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">یورپی</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اصول متکلمین">اصول متکلمین</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_humanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaissance humanism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">مشرقی ایشیائی</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean Confucianism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Korean Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edo_Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edo Neo-Confucianism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Edo Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-Confucianism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Neo-Confucianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">ہندوستانی</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="ویدانت">ویدانت</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achintya_Bheda_Abheda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ادویت">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhedabheda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhedabheda (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvaita_Vedanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvaita Vedanta (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvaitadvaita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvaitadvaita (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Dvaitadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuddhadvaita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuddhadvaita (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishishtadvaita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishishtadvaita (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navya-Ny%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navya-Nyāya (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="اسلامی فلسفہ">اسلامی</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="رشدیت">رشدیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avicenna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avicenna (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illuminationism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="علم کلام">علم کلام</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="صوفی فلسفہ (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">صوفی</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="یہودی فلسفہ">یہودی</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%92_(800%D8%A1%E2%80%931400%D8%A1)" title="یہودی اسلامی فلسفے (800ء–1400ء)">یہود اسلامی</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جدید فلسفہ (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">جدید</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">شخصیات</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartesianism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kantianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kantianism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Kantianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-Kantianism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegelianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hegelianism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marxist_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marxist philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">مارکسی</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinozism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinozism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Spinozism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="نراج">نراج</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical Realism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_liberalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical liberalism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collectivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collectivism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="قدامت پرستی">قدامت پرستی</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="جبریت">جبریت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind-body_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mind-body dualism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="تجربیت">تجربیت</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="موجودیت">موجودیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundationalism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="تاریخیت">تاریخیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="انسان دوستی">انسان دوستی</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idealism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolute_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolute idealism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British idealism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">British</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German idealism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">German</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Objective_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Objective idealism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjective_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjective idealism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Subjective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcendental idealism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Transcendental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Individualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Individualism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokugaku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokugaku (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مادیت">مادیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جدیدیت (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">جدیدیت</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="واحدیت">واحدیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalism_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naturalism (philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural law (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihilism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nihilism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Confucianism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Scholasticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-Scholasticism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="باعملیت">باعملیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phenomenology (philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مثبتیت">مثبتیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reductionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reductionism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rationalism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="معاہدہ عمرانی">معاہدہ عمرانی</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="اشتراکیت">اشتراکیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcendentalism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utilitarianism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="معاصر فلسفہ (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">معاصر</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="تجزیاتی فلسفہ (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">تجزیاتی</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Applied ethics (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Applied ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_feminism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytical feminism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Analytic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_Marxism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytical Marxism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communitarianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communitarianism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consequentialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consequentialism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critical_rationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Critical rationalism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experimental philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Experimental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falsifiability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Falsifiability (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Falsificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundationalism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Foundationalism</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coherentism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coherentism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generative_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Generative grammar (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Generative linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internalism_and_externalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internalism and externalism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Internalism and Externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logical_positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logical positivism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal positivism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normative_ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Normative ethics (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Normative ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meta-ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meta-ethics (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moral_realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moral realism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virtue ethics (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Neo-Aristotelian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalized_epistemology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naturalized epistemology (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Quinean naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordinary_language_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordinary language philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postanalytic_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postanalytic philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quietism_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quietism (philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Rawls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Rawls (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_epistemology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reformed epistemology (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systemics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systemics (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific realism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skeptical_movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skeptical movement (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utilitarianism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vienna_Circle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vienna Circle (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%84%DA%88%D9%88%DA%AF_%D9%88%D9%B9%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="لڈوگ وٹگنسٹائن">وٹگنسٹائن</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="براعظمی فلسفہ (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">براعظمی</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Critical_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Critical theory (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deconstruction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deconstruction (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="موجودیت">موجودیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminist philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurt_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankfurt School (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Historicism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Historicism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">New Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تفسیریات">تفسیریات</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Marxism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-Marxism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phenomenology (philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodern_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postmodern philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="پس ساختیات">پس ساختیات</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_constructionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social constructionism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ساختیات">ساختیات</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Marxism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Marxism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">دیگر</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyoto_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyoto School (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Kyoto School</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Objectivism_(Ayn_Rand)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Objectivism (Ayn Rand) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_cosmism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian cosmism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Russian cosmism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_philosophies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of philosophies (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">more.۔۔</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="نظریات" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">نظریات</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جمالیات">جمالیات</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formalism_(art)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formalism (art) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory of art (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Institutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetic_emotions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aesthetic emotions (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Aesthetic response</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="اخلاقیات">اخلاقیات</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consequentialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consequentialism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deontological_ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deontological ethics (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtue_ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virtue ethics (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A6_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%81" title="آزادئ ارادہ">آزادئ ارادہ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compatibilism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compatibilism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Compatibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="جبریت">جبریت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libertarianism_(metaphysics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ما بعد الطبیعیات">ما بعد الطبیعیات</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind-body_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mind-body dualism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="واحدیت">واحدیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysical_naturalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaphysical naturalism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Naturalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علمیات">علمیات</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructivist_epistemology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constructivist epistemology (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="تجربیت">تجربیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistemological_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epistemological idealism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistemological_particularism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epistemological particularism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fideism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fideism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rationalism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Rationalism</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reasonism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reasonism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Reasonism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_skepticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophical skepticism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solipsism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solipsism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Solipsism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_mind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of mind (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">عقل</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Behaviorism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Behaviorism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergentism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emergentism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eliminative_materialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eliminative materialism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Eliminativism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphenomenalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epiphenomenalism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Objectivity_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Objectivity (philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjectivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjectivism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Subjectivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norm_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norm (philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Normativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moral_absolutism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moral absolutism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moral_particularism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moral particularism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relativism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relativism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moral_nihilism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moral nihilism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moral_skepticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moral skepticism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moral_universalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moral universalism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="وجودیات">وجودیات</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_theory_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Action theory (philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Event_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Event (philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Process_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Process philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%AA" title="حقیقت">حقیقت</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-realism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conceptualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conceptualism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idealism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مادیت">مادیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalism_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naturalism (philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nominalism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physicalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physicalism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophical realism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="فلسفہ_بلحاظ_خطہفلسفہ_متعلقہ_فہرستیںمتفرق" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li>فلسفہ بلحاظ خطہ</li><li>فلسفہ متعلقہ فہرستیں</li><li>متفرق</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em">بلحاظ خطہ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">African</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethiopian philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aztec_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aztec philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_American_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indigenous American philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Native America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Czech philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="ہندوستانی فلسفہ">ہندوستانی فلسفہ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranian philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vietnamese philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاکستانی فلسفہ (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">پاکستانی</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">American</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australian philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">British</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danish philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">French</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">German</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Greek philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_philosophy_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of philosophy in Poland (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_philosophers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Russian philosophers (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Slovene_philosophers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Slovene philosophers (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em">فہرست</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_of_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index of philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_years_in_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of years in philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Years</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_unsolved_problems_in_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of unsolved problems in philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Problems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_philosophies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of philosophies (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glossary of philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_philosophers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lists of philosophers (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophical movement (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_important_publications_in_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of important publications in philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em">متفرق</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Women in philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sage_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sage (philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Sage (philosophy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8:%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="باب:فلسفہ">باب</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%81:%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="زمرہ:فلسفہ">زمرہ</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8:%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="کتاب:فلسفہ (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">کتاب</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6353502"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6313543"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4947704"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%81:%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="سانچہ:قدیم یونانی فلسفہ کے مکاتب فکر"><abbr title="سانچہ دیکھیں">د</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%82_%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%81:%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="تبادلۂ خیال سانچہ:قدیم یونانی فلسفہ کے مکاتب فکر (صفحہ موجود نہیں)"><abbr title="تبادلۂ خیال کریں">ب</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%DB%81/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%81:%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="خاص:ترمیم صفحہ/سانچہ:قدیم یونانی فلسفہ کے مکاتب فکر"><abbr title="ترمیم کریں">ت</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_schools_of_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Greek philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Ancient Greek schools of philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Socratic_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">قبل از سقراط</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">مکتب فکر</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleatics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleatics (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionian_School_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionian School (philosophy) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Ionian</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ephesian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ephesian school (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Ephesian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milesian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milesian school (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Milesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluralist_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluralist school (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="فیثاغورثیت">فیثاغورثیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Sophism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">فلسفی</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="اناکسا غورث">اناکسا غورث</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="اناکسی میندر">اناکسی میندر</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="اناکسی مینس">اناکسی مینس</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="دی مقراطیس">دی مقراطیس</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="امپی دوکلیز">امپی دوکلیز</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heraclitus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucippus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leucippus (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melissus_of_Samos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melissus of Samos (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Melissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="بارامانیاس">بارامانیاس</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB" title="پروتاغوراث">پروتاغوراث</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB" title="فیثاغورث">فیثاغورث</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="تھالیز">تھالیز</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeno_of_Elea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeno of Elea (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Zeno of Elea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="سقراط">سقراطی</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">مکتب فکر</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="کلبیت (فلسفہ) (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">کلبیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrenaics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrenaics (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eretrian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eretrian school (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megarian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megarian school (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مشائیت">مشائیت</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platonism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platonism (صفحہ موجود نہیں)">Platonism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">فلسفی</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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