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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>First successful scuba equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_successful_scuba_equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First successful scuba equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_successful_scuba_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Open_circuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_circuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Open circuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_circuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closed_circuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closed_circuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Closed circuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closed_circuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_WWII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_WWII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Post WWII</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post_WWII-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post WWII subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post_WWII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dive_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dive_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dive computers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dive_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Industry growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scuba_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scuba_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scuba training</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scuba_training-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scuba training subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scuba_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional_scuba_training_and_certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_scuba_training_and_certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Professional scuba training and certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_scuba_training_and_certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational_scuba_training_and_certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational_scuba_training_and_certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Recreational scuba training and certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational_scuba_training_and_certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_into_scuba_diver_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_into_scuba_diver_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Research into scuba diver safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_into_scuba_diver_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_specific_fields_of_application_for_scuba_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_specific_fields_of_application_for_scuba_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History of specific fields of application for scuba diving</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_specific_fields_of_application_for_scuba_diving-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of specific fields of application for scuba diving subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_specific_fields_of_application_for_scuba_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Military diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Scientific diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Recreational diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solo_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solo_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Solo diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solo_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cave_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cave_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Cave diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cave_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UK_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>UK history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>US history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diving_on_shipwrecks_and_other_sunken_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving_on_shipwrecks_and_other_sunken_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Diving on shipwrecks and other sunken structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diving_on_shipwrecks_and_other_sunken_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_in_salvage_and_archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_in_salvage_and_archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.1</span> <span>Origins in salvage and archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_salvage_and_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_into_a_recreational_activity_by_scuba_divers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_into_a_recreational_activity_by_scuba_divers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.2</span> <span>Development into a recreational activity by scuba divers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_into_a_recreational_activity_by_scuba_divers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebreather_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebreather_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Rebreather diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebreather_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_underwater_diving" title="History of underwater diving">History of underwater diving</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odd_Henrik_Johnsen_Scuba_Diving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Odd_Henrik_Johnsen_Scuba_Diving.jpg/220px-Odd_Henrik_Johnsen_Scuba_Diving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Odd_Henrik_Johnsen_Scuba_Diving.jpg/330px-Odd_Henrik_Johnsen_Scuba_Diving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Odd_Henrik_Johnsen_Scuba_Diving.jpg/440px-Odd_Henrik_Johnsen_Scuba_Diving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Scuba diver of the late 1960s</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of scuba diving</b> is closely linked with the history of the <a href="/wiki/Equipment" title="Equipment">equipment</a>. By the turn of the twentieth century, two basic architectures for underwater breathing apparatus had been pioneered; open-circuit surface supplied equipment where the diver's exhaled gas is vented directly into the water, and closed-circuit breathing apparatus where the diver's carbon dioxide is filtered from the exhaled breathing gas, which is then recirculated, and more gas added to replenish the oxygen content. Closed circuit equipment was more easily adapted to scuba in the absence of reliable, portable, and economical high pressure gas storage vessels. By the mid-twentieth century, high pressure cylinders were available and two systems for scuba had emerged: <a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">open-circuit scuba</a> where the diver's exhaled breath is vented directly into the water, and <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">closed-circuit scuba</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> is removed from the diver's exhaled breath which has oxygen added and is recirculated. Oxygen rebreathers are severely depth limited due to oxygen toxicity risk, which increases with depth, and the available systems for mixed gas rebreathers were fairly bulky and designed for use with diving helmets.<sup id="cite_ref-Draegerwerk1899_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draegerwerk1899-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first commercially practical scuba rebreather was designed and built by the diving engineer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fleuss" title="Henry Fleuss">Henry Fleuss</a> in 1878, while working for <a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-davis1955_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis1955-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Self_contained_breathing_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Self contained breathing apparatus">self contained breathing apparatus</a> consisted of a rubber mask connected to a breathing bag, with an estimated 50–60% oxygen supplied from a copper tank and carbon dioxide scrubbed by passing it through a bundle of rope yarn soaked in a solution of caustic potash.<sup id="cite_ref-davis1955_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis1955-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quick_1970_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quick_1970-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1930s and all through <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the British, Italians and Germans developed and extensively used oxygen rebreathers to equip the first <a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">frogmen</a>. In the U.S. Major <a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a> invented a free-swimming <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen rebreather">oxygen rebreather</a>. In 1952 he patented a modification of his apparatus, this time named SCUBA, an acronym for "self-contained underwater breathing apparatus,"<sup id="cite_ref-patent_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brubakk_2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brubakk_2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vann_2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vann_2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler_2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler_2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became the generic English word for autonomous breathing equipment for diving, and later for the activity using the equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, military frogmen continued to use rebreathers since they do not make bubbles which would give away the presence of the divers. The high percentage of oxygen used by these early rebreather systems limited the depth at which they could be used due to the risk of convulsions caused by acute <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">oxygen toxicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usn_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–11">: 1–11 </span></sup> </p><p>Although a working demand regulator system had been invented in 1864 by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Denayrouze" title="Auguste Denayrouze">Auguste Denayrouze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Rouquayrol" title="Benoît Rouquayrol">Benoît Rouquayrol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Denayrouze_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denayrouze-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first open-circuit scuba system developed in 1925 by <a href="/wiki/Yves_Le_Prieur" title="Yves Le Prieur">Yves Le Prieur</a> in France was a manually adjusted free-flow system with a low endurance, which limited the practical usefulness of the system.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Prieur_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Prieur-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, during the German occupation of France, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Yves_Cousteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Yves Cousteau">Jacques-Yves Cousteau</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Émile Gagnan</a> designed the first successful and safe open-circuit scuba, a twin hose system known as the <a href="/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a>. Their system combined an improved demand regulator with high-pressure air tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-Cousteau_1953_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cousteau_1953-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was patented in 1945. To sell his regulator in English-speaking countries Cousteau registered the Aqua-Lung trademark, which was first licensed to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Divers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Divers">U.S. Divers</a> company,<sup id="cite_ref-Grima_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grima-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1948 to Siebe Gorman of England.<sup id="cite_ref-Tadpole_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tadpole-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early scuba sets were usually provided with a plain harness of shoulder straps and waist belt. Many harnesses did not have a backplate, and the cylinders rested directly against the diver's back.<sup id="cite_ref-Basic_Scuba_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basic_Scuba-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early scuba divers dived without a buoyancy aid.<sup id="cite_ref-Silent_World_b_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silent_World_b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an emergency they had to jettison their weights. In the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Adjustable_buoyancy_life_jacket" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjustable buoyancy life jacket">adjustable buoyancy life jackets</a> (ABLJ) became available, which can be used to compensate for loss of buoyancy at depth due to compression of the <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> <a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">wetsuit</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/Lifejacket" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifejacket">lifejacket</a> that will hold an unconscious diver face-upwards at the surface. The first versions were inflated from a small disposable carbon dioxide cylinder, later with a small direct coupled air cylinder. A low-pressure feed from the regulator first-stage to an inflation/deflation valve unit an oral inflation valve and a dump valve lets the volume of the ABLJ be controlled as a buoyancy aid. In 1971 the <a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_jacket" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilizer jacket">stabilizer jacket</a> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/ScubaPro" class="mw-redirect" title="ScubaPro">ScubaPro</a>. This class of buoyancy aid is known as a buoyancy control device or buoyancy compensator.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanauer_1994_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanauer_1994-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krestovnikov_and_Halls_2008_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krestovnikov_and_Halls_2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A backplate and wing is an alternative configuration of scuba harness with a buoyancy compensation bladder known as a "wing" mounted behind the diver, sandwiched between the backplate and the cylinder or cylinders. This arrangement became popular with cave divers making long or deep dives, who needed to carry several extra cylinders, as it clears the front and sides of the diver for other equipment to be attached in the region where it is easily accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mount_2008b_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount_2008b-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sidemount is a scuba diving equipment configuration which has basic <a href="/wiki/Scuba_sets" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba sets">scuba sets</a>, each comprising a single cylinder with a dedicated regulator and pressure gauge, mounted alongside the diver, clipped to the harness below the shoulders and along the hips, instead of on the back of the diver. It originated as a configuration for advanced <a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">cave diving</a>, as it facilitates penetration of tight sections of cave, as sets can be easily removed and remounted when necessary. Sidemount diving has grown in popularity within the <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">technical diving</a> community for general <a href="/wiki/Decompression_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression diving">decompression diving</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-diverwire_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diverwire-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has become a popular specialty for recreational diving.<sup id="cite_ref-Alert_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alert-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-divernet_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divernet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-x-ray1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x-ray1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> (USN) documented procedures for military use of what is now called nitrox,<sup id="cite_ref-usn_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1970, <a href="/wiki/John_Morgan_Wells" title="John Morgan Wells">Morgan Wells</a>, of NOAA, began instituting diving procedures for oxygen-enriched air. In 1979 NOAA published procedures for the scientific use of nitrox in the NOAA Diving Manual.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_4th_Ed_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_4th_Ed-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dan_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985 IAND (International Association of Nitrox Divers) began teaching nitrox use for recreational diving. After initial resistance by some agencies, the use of a single nitrox mixture has become part of recreational diving, and multiple gas mixtures are common in technical diving to reduce overall decompression time.<sup id="cite_ref-CMASISA_TxManual_2006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMASISA_TxManual_2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a> limits the depth when breathing nitrox mixtures. In 1924 the U.S. Navy started to investigate the possibility of using helium and after animal experiments, human subjects breathing heliox 20/80 (20% oxygen, 80% helium) were successfully decompressed from deep dives,<sup id="cite_ref-Kane1998_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kane1998-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cave divers started using trimix to allow deeper dives and it was used extensively in the 1987 <a href="/wiki/Wakulla_Springs" title="Wakulla Springs">Wakulla Springs</a> Project and spread to the north-east American wreck diving community.<sup id="cite_ref-Warwick2015_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warwick2015-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The challenges of deeper dives and longer penetrations and the large amounts of breathing gas necessary for these dive profiles and ready availability of oxygen sensing cells beginning in the late 1980s led to a resurgence of interest in rebreather diving. By accurately measuring the partial pressure of oxygen, it became possible to maintain and accurately monitor a breathable gas mixture in the loop at any depth.<sup id="cite_ref-Menduno_2012_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menduno_2012-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid 1990s semi-closed circuit rebreathers became available for the recreational scuba market, followed by closed circuit rebreathers around the turn of the millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_and_Doolette_2013_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_and_Doolette_2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rebreathers are currently (2018) manufactured for the military, technical and recreational scuba markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Menduno_2012_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menduno_2012-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A scuba set is characterized by full independence from the surface during use, by providing <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a> carried by the diver. Early attempts to reach this autonomy were made in the 18th century by the <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">Englishman</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Lethbridge" title="John Lethbridge">John Lethbridge</a>, who invented and successfully built his own underwater diving machine in 1715, but though the air supply was carried in the diving apparatus, it relied on surface tenders to deploy and move around under the water, and was effectively an atmospheric pressure <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">diving bell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ratcliffe_2011_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ratcliffe_2011-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early diving dress using a compressed air reservoir was designed and built in 1771 by <i>Sieur</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fréminet from <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. He conceived an autonomous breathing machine equipped with a reservoir, dragged behind the diver or mounted on his back.<sup id="cite_ref-scaphandre_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scaphandre-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perrier_2008_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perrier_2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fréminet called his invention <i>machine hydrostatergatique</i> and used it successfully for more than ten years in the harbors of <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, as stated in the explanatory text of a 1784 painting.<sup id="cite_ref-Silent_World_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silent_World-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freminet_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freminet-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Condert_diving_suit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Condert_diving_suit.png/220px-Condert_diving_suit.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Condert_diving_suit.png/330px-Condert_diving_suit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Condert_diving_suit.png/440px-Condert_diving_suit.png 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the diving suit invented by Charles Condert of Brooklyn, N.Y. <br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>a. Glass viewport</li><li>b. Copper pipe bent into arc with closed ends to hold air</li><li>c. Slings to support air tank</li><li>d. Valve to let air out as needed</li><li>e. Pipe to supply air into the suit</li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Frenchman Paul Lemaire d'Augerville built and used autonomous <a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">diving equipment</a> in 1824,<sup id="cite_ref-David_2008_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did the British William H. James in 1825. James' helmet was made of "thin copper or sole of leather" with a plate window, and the air was supplied from an iron reservoir.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1955-563_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1955-563-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar system was used in 1831 by the American Charles Condert, who died in 1832 while testing his invention in the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> at only 20 feet (6 m) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_inst_1835_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin_inst_1835-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen rebreather">oxygen rebreather</a> was patented on June 17, 1808, by <i>Sieur</i> Touboulic from <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanic" title="Mechanic">mechanic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s Imperial Navy, but there is no evidence of any prototype having been manufactured. This early rebreather design worked with an oxygen reservoir, the oxygen being delivered progressively by the diver himself and circulating in a closed circuit through a <a href="/wiki/Sponge_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponge (material)">sponge</a> soaked in <a href="/wiki/Limewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Limewater">limewater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-plongeesout.com_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plongeesout.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plongeesout_2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plongeesout_2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After having travelled to England and discovered William James' invention, the French <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> Manuel Théodore Guillaumet, from <a href="/wiki/Argentan" title="Argentan">Argentan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>), patented in 1838 the oldest known regulator mechanism. Guillaumet's invention was <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">air-supplied from the surface</a> and was never <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> due to problems with safety. The oldest practical rebreather relates to the 1849 patent from the Frenchman Pierre Aimable De Saint Simon Sicard.<sup id="cite_ref-Siccard_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siccard-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_successful_scuba_equipment">First successful scuba equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First successful scuba equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These early inventions were mostly based on a <a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator#Constant_flow" title="Diving regulator">constant-flow</a> supply of the air, and could produce the high pressures needed to supply compressed air to the diver. The compression and storage technology was not advanced enough to allow compressed air to be stored in containers at sufficiently high pressures to allow useful dive times. </p><p>By the turn of the twentieth century, two basic templates for a scuba had emerged; <a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">open-circuit scuba</a> where the diver's exhaled gas is vented directly into the water, and <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">closed-circuit scuba</a> where the diver's <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> is filtered from unused oxygen, which is then recirculated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_circuit">Open circuit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Open circuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba set</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dykeri,_fig_6,_Nordisk_familjebok.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dykeri%2C_fig_6%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/220px-Dykeri%2C_fig_6%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dykeri%2C_fig_6%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/330px-Dykeri%2C_fig_6%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dykeri%2C_fig_6%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/440px-Dykeri%2C_fig_6%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1523" /></a><figcaption>The Rouquayrol-Denayrouze apparatus was the first regulator to be <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> (from 1865 to 1965). In this picture the air reservoir presents its surface-supplied configuration.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first systems that became widely popular with recreational divers were open circuit demand scuba. They were safer than early rebreather systems, less expensive to operate, and allowed dives to greater depths. </p><p>An important step for the development of open circuit scuba technology was the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Demand_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Demand regulator">demand regulator</a>, a mechanism that conserves breathing gas supply by providing flow only when the outlet pressure is reduced when the diver inhales. In 1864, the French engineers <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Denayrouze" title="Auguste Denayrouze">Auguste Denayrouze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Rouquayrol" title="Benoît Rouquayrol">Benoît Rouquayrol</a> designed and patented their "Rouquayrol-Denayrouze diving suit" after adapting a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">pressure regulator</a> and developing it for underwater use. This would be the first diving suit that could automatically supply air to the diver on demand by adjusting the flow of air from the tank to meet the diver's breathing and pressure requirements. The system still had to use surface supply to provide useful endurance, as the pressure cylinder provided was only a low capacity accumulator.<sup id="cite_ref-Denayrouze_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denayrouze-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first open-circuit scuba system was devised in 1925 by <a href="/wiki/Yves_Le_Prieur" title="Yves Le Prieur">Yves Le Prieur</a> in France. Inspired by the simple ambient pressure supply valve apparatus of <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fernez" title="Maurice Fernez">Maurice Fernez</a> and the freedom it allowed the diver, he made it independent of surface supply by using three litre Michelin cylinders containing air compressed to 150 kilograms per square centimetre (2,100 psi; 150 bar). The "Fernez-Le Prieur" diving apparatus was demonstrated at the swimming pool of Tourelles in Paris in 1926. The unit consisted of a cylinder of compressed air carried on the back of the diver, connected to a pressure regulator designed by Le Prieur which was adjusted manually by the diver, with two gauges, one for tank pressure and one for output (supply) pressure. Air was supplied continuously through the mouthpiece and exhausted through a short tube fitted with a non-return exhaust valve as in the Fernez design. The continuous flow of air and the consequent low endurance of the apparatus limited the practical use of LePrieur's device.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Prieur_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Prieur-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fernez had previously invented a <a href="/wiki/Noseclip" title="Noseclip">noseclip</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mouthpiece_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouthpiece (scuba)">mouthpiece</a> fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Check_valve" title="Check valve">one-way valve</a> for exhalation and diving <a href="/wiki/Goggles" title="Goggles">goggles</a>, and Le Prieur just added a manually-controlled regulator and a compressed air cylinder to those elements. Fernez's goggles did not cover the nose, which allows the diver to equalise the internal pressure by letting air flow into the goggles through the nose, so they did not allow a dive deeper than ten metres due to "<a href="/wiki/Mask_squeeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Mask squeeze">mask squeeze</a>". In 1933, Le Prieur replaced the goggles, noseclip and valve by a <a href="/wiki/Full_face_diving_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full face diving mask">full face mask</a>, directly supplied with constant flow air from the cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Prieur_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Prieur-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le Prieur's design was the first autonomous breathing device used by the first scuba diving clubs in history – <i>Racleurs de fond</i> founded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glenn_Orr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glenn Orr (page does not exist)">Glenn Orr</a> in California in 1933, and <i>Club des sous-l'eau</i> founded by Le Prieur himself in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-Zurcher_2002_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zurcher_2002-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, during the German occupation of France, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Yves_Cousteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Yves Cousteau">Jacques-Yves Cousteau</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Émile Gagnan</a> designed the first reliable and commercially successful open-circuit scuba, known as the <a href="/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a>. Their system combined an improved demand regulator with high-pressure air tanks. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Émile Gagnan</a>, an engineer employed by the <a href="/wiki/Air_Liquide" title="Air Liquide">Air Liquide</a> company, miniaturized and adapted the regulator manufactured for use with <a href="/wiki/Gas_generator" title="Gas generator">gas generators</a> in response to the constant fuel shortage that was a consequence of German requisitioning. Gagnan's boss, Henri Melchior, knew that his son-in-law Jacques-Yves Cousteau was looking for an automatic demand regulator to increase the useful endurance of the underwater breathing apparatus invented by Le Prieur,<sup id="cite_ref-Cousteau_1953_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cousteau_1953-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so he introduced Cousteau to Gagnan in December 1942. On Cousteau's initiative, Gagnan's regulator was adapted to diving, and the new Cousteau-Gagnan patent was registered some weeks later in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Scaphandre_2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scaphandre_2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closed_circuit">Closed circuit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Closed circuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">Rebreather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Albert_Fleuss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Henry_Albert_Fleuss.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fleuss" title="Henry Fleuss">Henry Fleuss</a> (1851–1932) improved the <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a> technology.</figcaption></figure> <p>The alternative concept, developed in roughly the same time frame was closed-circuit scuba. The body normally consumes and metabolises only a small fraction of inhaled <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> – the situation is even more wasteful of oxygen when the breathing gas is <a href="/wiki/Boyle%27s_law" title="Boyle's law">compressed</a> as it is in ambient pressure breathing systems underwater. The rebreather recycles the exhaled breathing gas, while constantly replenishing it from an oxygen-rich supply so that the oxygen level is not depleted. The apparatus also has to remove the exhaled carbon dioxide, as a buildup of CO<sub>2</sub> levels would result in respiratory distress and <a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">hypercapnia</a>. </p><p>The first commercially practical scuba rebreather was designed and built by the diving engineer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fleuss" title="Henry Fleuss">Henry Fleuss</a> in 1878, while working for <a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a> in London.<sup id="cite_ref-davis1955_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis1955-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Self_contained_breathing_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Self contained breathing apparatus">self contained breathing apparatus</a> consisted of a rubber mask connected to a breathing bag, with an estimated 50–60% oxygen supplied from a copper tank and carbon dioxide scrubbed by passing it through a bundle of rope yarn soaked in a solution of <a href="/wiki/Caustic_potash" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic potash">caustic potash</a>, the system giving a dive duration of up to about three hours. Fleuss tested his device in 1879 by spending an hour submerged in a water tank, then one week later by diving to a depth of 5.5 metres (18 ft) in open water, on which occasion he was slightly injured when his assistants abruptly pulled him to the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-davis1955_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis1955-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quick_1970_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quick_1970-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This apparatus was first used under operational conditions in 1880 by Alexander Lambert, the lead diver on the <a href="/wiki/Severn_Tunnel" title="Severn Tunnel">Severn Tunnel</a> construction project, who was able to travel 1,000 feet (300 m) in the darkness to close several submerged <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">sluice</a> doors in the tunnel; this had defeated the best efforts of <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">standard divers</a> due to extremely long distance, along which their air supply hoses became fouled on submerged debris, and the strong water currents in the workings.<sup id="cite_ref-davis1955_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis1955-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bjorkman_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bjorkman-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fleuss continually improved his apparatus, adding a demand regulator and tanks capable of holding greater amounts of oxygen at higher pressure. Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Davis_(inventor)" title="Robert Davis (inventor)">Robert Davis</a>, head of Siebe Gorman, improved the oxygen rebreather in 1910<sup id="cite_ref-davis1955_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis1955-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quick_1970_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quick_1970-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with his invention of the <a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a>, the first rebreather to be made in quantity. While intended primarily as an emergency escape apparatus for <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> crews, it was soon also used for <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">diving</a>, being a handy shallow water diving apparatus with a thirty-minute endurance, and as an <a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">industrial breathing set</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quick_1970_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quick_1970-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Davis_Breathing_Apparatus_Tested_at_the_Submarine_Escape_Test_Tank_at_HMS_Dolphin_Gosport,_14_December_1942_A13873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/New_Davis_Breathing_Apparatus_Tested_at_the_Submarine_Escape_Test_Tank_at_HMS_Dolphin_Gosport%2C_14_December_1942_A13873.jpg/220px-New_Davis_Breathing_Apparatus_Tested_at_the_Submarine_Escape_Test_Tank_at_HMS_Dolphin_Gosport%2C_14_December_1942_A13873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/New_Davis_Breathing_Apparatus_Tested_at_the_Submarine_Escape_Test_Tank_at_HMS_Dolphin_Gosport%2C_14_December_1942_A13873.jpg/330px-New_Davis_Breathing_Apparatus_Tested_at_the_Submarine_Escape_Test_Tank_at_HMS_Dolphin_Gosport%2C_14_December_1942_A13873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/New_Davis_Breathing_Apparatus_Tested_at_the_Submarine_Escape_Test_Tank_at_HMS_Dolphin_Gosport%2C_14_December_1942_A13873.jpg/440px-New_Davis_Breathing_Apparatus_Tested_at_the_Submarine_Escape_Test_Tank_at_HMS_Dolphin_Gosport%2C_14_December_1942_A13873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a> being tested at the submarine escape test tank at <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dolphin_(shore_establishment)" title="HMS Dolphin (shore establishment)">HMS Dolphin, Gosport</a>, 14 December 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>The rig comprised a rubber breathing/buoyancy bag containing a canister of <a href="/wiki/Barium_hydroxide" title="Barium hydroxide">barium hydroxide</a> to absorb exhaled carbon dioxide and, in a pocket at the lower end of the bag, a steel pressure cylinder holding approximately 56 litres (2.0 cu ft) of oxygen at a pressure of 120 bars (1,700 psi) which was equipped with a control valve and connected to the <a href="/wiki/Breathing_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing bag">breathing bag</a>. Opening the cylinder's valve admitted oxygen to the bag at ambient pressure. The rig also included an emergency buoyancy bag on its front to help keep the wearer afloat. After further development by Davis in 1927 the DSEA was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kemp_1990_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemp_1990-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911 Dräger of Lübeck tested a self-contained rebreather system for standard diving equipment, which used an injector system to circulate the breathing gas through the breathing loop and scrubber. This was put into service soon thereafter and was available in two versions, an oxygen rebreather DM20 for depths shallower than 20 m, and a nitrox rebreather DM40 for depths up to 40 m.<sup id="cite_ref-Draegerwerk1899_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draegerwerk1899-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1930s and all through <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the British, Italians and Germans developed and extensively used oxygen rebreathers to equip the first <a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">frogmen</a>. The British adapted the Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus and the Germans adapted the <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4gerwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drägerwerk">Dräger</a> submarine escape rebreathers, for their frogmen during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Diving_Heritage_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diving_Heritage-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italians developed similar rebreathers for the combat swimmers of the <a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a>, especially the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirelli_ARO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirelli ARO (page does not exist)">Pirelli ARO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pirelli_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pirelli-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S. Major <a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a> invented an underwater free-swimming <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen rebreather">oxygen rebreather</a> in 1939, which was accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapiro_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952 he patented a modification of his apparatus, this time named SCUBA,(an acronym for "self-contained underwater breathing apparatus"),<sup id="cite_ref-patent_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brubakk_2003_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brubakk_2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vann_2004_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vann_2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler_2004_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler_2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which later became the generic English word for autonomous breathing equipment for diving, and later for the activity using the equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, military frogmen continued to use rebreathers since they do not make bubbles which would give away the presence of the divers. The high percentage of oxygen used by these early rebreather systems limited the depth at which they could be used due to the risk of convulsions caused by acute <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">oxygen toxicity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post_WWII">Post WWII</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post WWII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aqualung_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Aqualung_%28PSF%29.png/220px-Aqualung_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Aqualung_%28PSF%29.png/330px-Aqualung_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Aqualung_%28PSF%29.png/440px-Aqualung_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1615" data-file-height="2768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mistral_(regulator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mistral (regulator) (page does not exist)">Mistral</a> twin-hose regulator mounted on a <a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">diving cylinder</a>. The regulator comprises the <a href="/wiki/Mouthpiece_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouthpiece (scuba)">mouthpiece</a> and the regulator body, connected by the supply and exhaust hoses. The regulator is connected to the outlet valve of the high-pressure cylinder. <div><ol style="list-style-type:decimal"><li>Hose</li><li>Mouthpiece</li><li>Valve</li><li>Harness</li><li>Backplate</li><li>Cylinder</li></ol></div> </figcaption></figure> <p>Air Liquide started selling the Cousteau-Gagnan regulator commercially in 1946 under the name of <i>scaphandre Cousteau-Gagnan</i> or CG45 ("C" for Cousteau, "G" for Gagnan and 45 for the 1945 patent). The same year Air Liquide created a division called <i><a href="/wiki/La_Spirotechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="La Spirotechnique">La Spirotechnique</a></i>, to develop and sell regulators and other diving equipment. To sell his regulator in English-speaking countries Cousteau registered the <a href="/wiki/Aqua-lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqua-lung">Aqua-Lung</a> trademark, which was first licensed to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Divers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Divers">U.S. Divers</a> company.(the American division of Air Liquide) and later sold with La Spirotechnique and U.S. Divers to finally become the name of the company, Aqua-Lung/La Spirotechnique, currently located in <a href="/wiki/Carros" title="Carros">Carros</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grima_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grima-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948 the Cousteau-Gagnan patent was also licensed to <a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a> of England,<sup id="cite_ref-Tadpole_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tadpole-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siebe Gorman was allowed to sell in Commonwealth countries, but had difficulty in meeting the demand and the U.S. patent prevented others from making the product. This patent was circumvented by Ted Eldred of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia, who had been developing a rebreather called the Porpoise. When a demonstration of this rebreather resulted in a diver passing out, he developed the single-hose open-circuit scuba system, which separates the first stage and demand valve of the pressure regulator by a low-pressure hose, puts the demand valve at the diver's mouth, and releases exhaled gas through the demand valve casing. Eldred sold the first <a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(make_of_scuba_gear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porpoise (make of scuba gear)">Porpoise</a> Model CA single hose scuba early in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-Byron_2014_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byron_2014-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early scuba sets were usually provided with a plain harness of shoulder straps and waist belt. The waist belt buckles were usually quick-release, and shoulder straps sometimes had adjustable or quick release buckles. Many harnesses did not have a backplate, and the cylinders rested directly against the diver's back.<sup id="cite_ref-Basic_Scuba_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basic_Scuba-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early scuba divers dived without a buoyancy aid.<sup id="cite_ref-Silent_World_b_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silent_World_b-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an emergency they had to jettison their weights. In the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Adjustable_buoyancy_life_jacket" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjustable buoyancy life jacket">adjustable buoyancy life jackets</a> (ABLJ) became available, which can be used to compensate for loss of buoyancy at depth due to compression of the <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> <a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">wetsuit</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/Lifejacket" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifejacket">lifejacket</a> that will hold an unconscious diver face-upwards at the surface, and that can be quickly inflated. The first versions were inflated from a small disposable carbon dioxide cylinder, later with a small direct coupled air cylinder. A low-pressure feed from the regulator first-stage to an inflation/deflation valve unit lets the volume of the ABLJ be controlled as a buoyancy aid. In 1971 the <a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_jacket" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilizer jacket">stabilizer jacket</a> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/ScubaPro" class="mw-redirect" title="ScubaPro">ScubaPro</a>. This class of buoyancy aid is known as a buoyancy control device or buoyancy compensator.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanauer_1994_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanauer_1994-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krestovnikov_and_Halls_2008_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krestovnikov_and_Halls_2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A backplate and wing is an alternative configuration of scuba harness with a buoyancy compensation bladder known as a "wing" mounted behind the diver, sandwiched between the backplate and the cylinder or cylinders. Unlike stabilizer jackets, the backplate and wing is a modular system, in that it consists of separable components. This arrangement became popular with cave divers making long or deep dives, who needed to carry several extra cylinders, as it clears the front and sides of the diver for other equipment to be attached in the region where it is easily accessible. This additional equipment is usually suspended from the harness or carried in pockets on the exposure suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mount_2008b_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount_2008b-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911 <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_(company)" title="Dräger (company)">Dräger</a> of Germany tested an injector operated rebreather backpack for a <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving">standard diving</a> suit. This concept was produced and marketed as the DM20 oxygen rebreather system and the DM40 nitrox rebreather system, in which air from one cylinder and oxygen from a second cylinder were mixed during injection through a nozzle which circulated the breathing gas through the scrubber and the rest of the loop. The DM40 was rated for depths up to 40m.<sup id="cite_ref-Draegerwerk1899_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draegerwerk1899-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> (USN) documented enriched oxygen gas procedures for military use of what we today call nitrox, in the USN Diving Manual,<sup id="cite_ref-usn_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1970, <a href="/wiki/John_Morgan_Wells" title="John Morgan Wells">Morgan Wells</a>, who was the first director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanographic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA) Diving Center, began instituting diving procedures for oxygen-enriched air. In 1979 NOAA published Wells' procedures for the scientific use of nitrox in the NOAA Diving Manual.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_4th_Ed_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_4th_Ed-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dan_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985 <a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a>, a former NOAA <a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">diving safety officer</a>, formed IAND (International Association of Nitrox Divers) and began teaching nitrox use for recreational diving. This was considered dangerous by some, and met with heavy skepticism by the diving community.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang2006_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in 1992 <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">NAUI</a> became the first existing major recreational diver training agency to sanction nitrox,<sup id="cite_ref-NAUIhx_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAUIhx-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually, in 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI) announced full educational support for nitrox.<sup id="cite_ref-padi_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padi-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of a single nitrox mixture has become part of recreational diving, and multiple gas mixtures are common in technical diving to reduce overall decompression time.<sup id="cite_ref-CMASISA_TxManual_2006_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMASISA_TxManual_2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TechDiving_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TechDiving_NOAA.jpg/220px-TechDiving_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TechDiving_NOAA.jpg/330px-TechDiving_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TechDiving_NOAA.jpg/440px-TechDiving_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Technical diver during a decompression stop</figcaption></figure> <p>Technical diving is recreational scuba diving that exceeds the generally accepted recreational limits, and may expose the diver to hazards beyond those normally associated with recreational diving, and to greater risks of serious injury or death. These risks may be reduced by appropriate skills, knowledge and experience, and by using suitable equipment and procedures. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">technical diving</a></i> has been credited to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Menduno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Menduno (page does not exist)">Michael Menduno</a>, who was editor of the (now defunct) diving magazine <i>aquaCorps Journal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilliam_1995_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilliam_1995-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept and term are both relatively recent advents, although divers had already been engaging in what is now commonly referred to as technical diving for decades. In his 1989 book, <i>Advanced Wreck Diving</i>, author and leading technical diver, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Gentile" title="Gary Gentile">Gary Gentile</a>, commented that there was no accepted term for divers who dived beyond agency-specified recreational limits for non-professional purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Gentile_1988_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gentile_1988-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revised editions use the term technical diving, and Gentile published a further book in 1999 entitled <i>The Technical Diving Handbook</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gentile_1999_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gentile_1999-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some professional disagreement as to what exactly technical diving encompasses.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorman92_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorman92-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gorman95_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorman95-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton96_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton96-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nitrox diving and rebreather diving were originally considered technical, but this is no longer universally the case as several certification agencies now offer recreational nitrox and recreational rebreather training and certification.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossier_2000_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossier_2000-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_2011_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas_2011-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GUE_2016_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUE_2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Menduno_2014_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menduno_2014-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PADI_Rebreather_diver_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PADI_Rebreather_diver-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even those who agree on the broad definitions of technical diving may disagree on the precise boundaries between technical and recreational diving. One reasonably widely held definition is that any dive in which at some point of the planned profile it is not physically possible or physiologically acceptable to make a direct and uninterrupted vertical ascent to surface air is a technical dive.<sup id="cite_ref-Menduno_2012_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menduno_2012-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The equipment often involves breathing gases other than air or standard <a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">nitrox</a> mixtures, multiple gas sources, and different equipment configurations.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, some equipment and techniques developed for technical diving have become more widely accepted for recreational diving.<sup id="cite_ref-Menduno_2012_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menduno_2012-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a> limits the depth reachable by underwater divers when breathing nitrox mixtures. In 1924 the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a> started to investigate the possibility of using helium and after animal experiments, human subjects breathing heliox 20/80 (20% oxygen, 80% helium) were successfully decompressed from deep dives,<sup id="cite_ref-Kane1998_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kane1998-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by salvage diver <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Nohl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Nohl (page does not exist)">Max Nohl</a>'s dive to 127 meters in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-Nohl1937_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nohl1937-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1939 US Navy salvage of <a href="/wiki/USS_Sailfish_(SS-192)" title="USS Sailfish (SS-192)">USS <i>Squalus</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dive_hx_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dive_hx-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963 saturation dives using trimix were made during <a href="/wiki/George_F._Bond#Project_Genesis" title="George F. Bond">Project Genesis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bond1964_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bond1964-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1979 a research team at the Duke University Medical Center Hyperbaric Laboratory started work which identified the use of trimix to prevent High Pressure Nervous Syndrome symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-CamporesiDAN_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamporesiDAN-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cave divers started using trimix to allow deeper dives and it was used extensively in the 1987 <a href="/wiki/Wakulla_Springs" title="Wakulla Springs">Wakulla Springs</a> Project and spread to the north-east American wreck diving community, and by 1994 <a href="/wiki/John_Chatterton" title="John Chatterton">John Chatterton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Gentile" title="Gary Gentile">Gary Gentile</a>, dived on the <i><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS Lusitania</a></i> expedition to a depth of 100 meters using trimix.<sup id="cite_ref-Warwick2015_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warwick2015-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trevor_Jackson_returns_from_SS_Kyogle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Trevor_Jackson_returns_from_SS_Kyogle.jpg/220px-Trevor_Jackson_returns_from_SS_Kyogle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Trevor_Jackson_returns_from_SS_Kyogle.jpg/330px-Trevor_Jackson_returns_from_SS_Kyogle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Trevor_Jackson_returns_from_SS_Kyogle.jpg/440px-Trevor_Jackson_returns_from_SS_Kyogle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Rebreather diver returning from a 600 ft (183 m) dive</figcaption></figure> <p>The challenges of deeper dives and longer penetrations and the large amounts of breathing gas necessary for these dive profiles reawakened interest in rebreathers. The ready availability of oxygen sensing cells beginning in the late 1980s led to a resurgence of interest in rebreather diving. By accurately measuring the partial pressure of oxygen, it became possible to maintain and accurately monitor a breathable gas mixture in the loop at any depth.<sup id="cite_ref-Menduno_2012_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menduno_2012-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid 1990s semi-closed circuit rebreathers became available for the recreational scuba market, followed by closed circuit rebreathers around the turn of the millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_and_Doolette_2013_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_and_Doolette_2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rebreathers are currently (2018) manufactured for the military, technical and recreational scuba markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Menduno_2012_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menduno_2012-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidemount_032_Photo_by_Pete_Nawrocky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sidemount_032_Photo_by_Pete_Nawrocky.jpg/220px-Sidemount_032_Photo_by_Pete_Nawrocky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sidemount_032_Photo_by_Pete_Nawrocky.jpg/330px-Sidemount_032_Photo_by_Pete_Nawrocky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sidemount_032_Photo_by_Pete_Nawrocky.jpg/440px-Sidemount_032_Photo_by_Pete_Nawrocky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Sidemount diver pushing a cylinder in front</figcaption></figure> <p>Sidemount is a scuba diving equipment configuration which has basic <a href="/wiki/Scuba_sets" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba sets">scuba sets</a>, each comprising a single cylinder with a dedicated regulator and pressure gauge, mounted alongside the diver, clipped to the harness below the shoulders and along the hips, instead of on the back of the diver. It originated as a configuration for advanced <a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">cave diving</a>, as it facilitates penetration of tight sections of cave, as sets can be easily removed and remounted when necessary. The configuration allows easy access to cylinder valves, and provides easy and reliable gas redundancy. These benefits for operating in confined spaces were also recognized by divers who made <a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">wreck diving</a> penetrations. Sidemount diving is now growing in popularity within the <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">technical diving</a> community for general <a href="/wiki/Decompression_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression diving">decompression diving</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-diverwire_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diverwire-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has become a popular specialty for recreational diving, with several <a href="/wiki/Diver_certification_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver certification agencies">diver certification agencies</a> offering recreational and technical level sidemount training programs.<sup id="cite_ref-Alert_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alert-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-divernet_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divernet-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-x-ray1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x-ray1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dive_computers">Dive computers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dive computers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dive_computer#History" title="Dive computer">Dive computer § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dive_computer_logbook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Dive_computer_logbook.jpg/220px-Dive_computer_logbook.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Dive_computer_logbook.jpg/330px-Dive_computer_logbook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Dive_computer_logbook.jpg/440px-Dive_computer_logbook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uwatec" class="mw-redirect" title="Uwatec">Uwatec</a> Aladin Pro dive computer showing the log of a previous dive</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shearwater_Perdix_and_Ratio_iX3M_GPS_in_compass_mode_P9070460.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Shearwater_Perdix_and_Ratio_iX3M_GPS_in_compass_mode_P9070460.jpg/220px-Shearwater_Perdix_and_Ratio_iX3M_GPS_in_compass_mode_P9070460.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Shearwater_Perdix_and_Ratio_iX3M_GPS_in_compass_mode_P9070460.jpg/330px-Shearwater_Perdix_and_Ratio_iX3M_GPS_in_compass_mode_P9070460.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Shearwater_Perdix_and_Ratio_iX3M_GPS_in_compass_mode_P9070460.jpg/440px-Shearwater_Perdix_and_Ratio_iX3M_GPS_in_compass_mode_P9070460.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Shearwater Perdix and Ratio iX3M GPS dive computers in compass mode</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Submersible_pressure_transducer_for_remote_display_P8160016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Submersible_pressure_transducer_for_remote_display_P8160016.jpg/220px-Submersible_pressure_transducer_for_remote_display_P8160016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Submersible_pressure_transducer_for_remote_display_P8160016.jpg/330px-Submersible_pressure_transducer_for_remote_display_P8160016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Submersible_pressure_transducer_for_remote_display_P8160016.jpg/440px-Submersible_pressure_transducer_for_remote_display_P8160016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Submersible wireless pressure transducer for remote dive computer display</figcaption></figure> <p>Scuba decompression planning originally based on printed decompression tables developed for surface supplied air diving. This was inefficient for multi-level dives, and the custom of multilevel diving using tables was not supported by formal experimental testing, but seemed to work reasonably well in practice in accordance with the theoretical models. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a> funded a project with the <a href="/wiki/Scripps_Institute_of_Oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripps Institute of Oceanography">Scripps Institute of Oceanography</a> for the theoretical design of a prototype decompression <a href="/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">analog computer</a>. The Foxboro Decomputer, Mark I was manufactured by the Foxboro Company and evaluated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Experimental_Diving_Unit" title="United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit">US Navy Experimental Diving Unit</a> in 1957. It was not successful.<sup id="cite_ref-Searle_1957_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Searle_1957-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">recreational</a> mechanical <a href="/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">analogue dive computer</a>, the "decompression meter" was designed by the Italians De Sanctis & Alinari in 1959 and built in their factory named SOS, which also made depth gauges. The device functioned so poorly that it was eventually nicknamed "bendomatic".<sup id="cite_ref-RRR10177_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRR10177-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, Stubbs and Kidd applied their decompression model to a pneumatic analogue decompression computer.<sup id="cite_ref-Stubbs_and_Kidd_1965_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stubbs_and_Kidd_1965-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stubbs_and_Kidd_1965b_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stubbs_and_Kidd_1965b-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several analogue decompression meters were subsequently made, some with several bladders for illustrating the effect on various body tissues, but they were sidelined with the arrival on the scene of electronic computers. </p><p>In 1983,<sup id="cite_ref-Seveke_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seveke-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a>-<i>DecoBrain</i>, designed by Divetronic AG a <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> start-up, became the first digital electronic diving computer, capable of displaying the information that became the industry basic standard. The DecoBrain was based on <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BChlmann" title="Bühlmann">Bühlmann</a>'s 16 compartment (ZHL-12) tissue model<sup id="cite_ref-RRR9434_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRR9434-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984 development of the US Navy diving computer which was based on a 9 tissue mixed gas model used for the US Navy tables for the MK-15 rebreather was completed by <i>Divetronic AG</i> by adapting the Deco Brain under an R&D contract. </p><p>The 1984 Orca EDGE was produced.<sup id="cite_ref-RRR9434_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRR9434-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EDGE displayed the ceiling or the so-called "safe-ascent-depth". A drawback was that divers faced by a ceiling did not know how long they would have to decompress, but the display featuring the saturation level of 12 tissue bars permitted experienced users to make a reasonable estimate of their decompression obligation. Orca Industries continued to refine their technology with the release of the Skinny-dipper in 1987 to do calculations for repetitive diving.<sup id="cite_ref-RRR10185_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRR10185-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They later released the Delphi computer in 1989 that included calculations for diving at altitude as well as profile recording.<sup id="cite_ref-RRR10185_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRR10185-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even by the late 1980s, dive computers were not widely accepted. There was a general mistrust of relying on electronics that your life might depend upon underwater, and objections ranging from dive resorts felt that the increased bottom time would upset their schedules, to that some divers felt that the increased bottom time would result in many more cases of <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A workshop held under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Underwater_Sciences" title="American Academy of Underwater Sciences">American Academy of Underwater Sciences</a> brought together a diverse group that included most of the dive computer designers and manufacturers, some of the best known hyperbaric medicine theorists and practitioners, representatives from the recreational diving agencies, the cave diving community and the scientific diving community."<sup id="cite_ref-AAUS_Dive_computer_workshop_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUS_Dive_computer_workshop-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This workshop produced a set of consensus recommendations for the design and safe use of dive computers that was generally accepted by the scuba diving community, and consequently the opposition to dive computers dissipated, numerous new models were introduced, the technology dramatically improved and dive computers became the standard scuba diving decompression monitoring equipment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2001, the US Navy approved the use of Cochran NAVY decompression computer with the VVAL 18 <a href="/wiki/Thalmann_algorithm" title="Thalmann algorithm">Thalmann algorithm</a> for Special Warfare operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler_and_Southerland_2001_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler_and_Southerland_2001-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_Digital_Interface&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underwater Digital Interface (page does not exist)">Underwater Digital Interface</a> (UDI) was released to the market. This dive computer, based on the RGBM model, includes an underwater communication system that enables divers to transmit text messages, also featuring SOS and homing capabilities, and digital 3D compass.<sup id="cite_ref-utc_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utc-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Training agencies have introduced the use of dive computers as part of standard training Wireless gas pressure displays and consumption rate calculations have been incorporated into some dive computers, which can estimate the remaining bottom time to provide easier gas management. This reduces the risk of out of gas emergencies for single mix no-stop dives. Later developments include multiple wireless transducers which can be set to the specific gas mixture in the associated cylinder, and adjust the decompression algorithm accordingly. Various other <a href="/wiki/Dive_computer#Additional_functionality_and_features" title="Dive computer">software and hardware features</a> may be available depending on the model. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_growth">Industry growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Industry growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></div> <p>The recreational scuba diving industry diving experienced major growth at the end of the 20th century. The number of new divers per year has stabilised since then. Estimated 1 million new divers were certified in 2012.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Scuba diving remains a dynamic recreation – there is continuous development of equipment and practices. </p><p>Many recreational divers trained every year, but most do not appear to dive very often. Large dropout rate after initial and advanced training. </p><p>Industry sectors: </p> <ul><li>Diver training – commercialisation of training, breaking training down into smaller components for diver convenience and industry profit</li> <li>Equipment sales – wide range of equipment, catering for fashion and personal preferences as well as technical necessity, safety and effectiveness</li> <li>Consumables sales and equipment maintenance – supporting the established diver as well as the novice and occasional diver.</li> <li>Dive charters, guided dives – targeting vacationers and travellers to exotic destinations.</li></ul> <p>Professional scuba industry has much lower numbers, but higher levels of training, and a lower dropout rate. Diver motivation is greater as it is part of a job. Professional scuba numbers may be insignificant to the industry as a whole. Slightly different equipment is used. Military scuba supports some manufacturers of specialised equipment. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scuba_training">Scuba training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scuba training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scuba training of professional and recreational divers has been separate from the earliest days, but has developed in parallel as the equipment and many of the procedures are common regardless of application. The main factor separating the two applications is occupational health and safety, which applies to professional diving, but generally not to recreational diving. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_scuba_training_and_certification">Professional scuba training and certification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Professional scuba training and certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professional diving is done as a part of the work the diver is employed to do, and as such is generally subject to occupational health and safety regulation. This extends to training, certification and the associated training standards.<sup id="cite_ref-Diving_at_Work_Regulations_1997_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diving_at_Work_Regulations_1997-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29_CFR_scope_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29_CFR_scope-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial diver training is often regulated by national or state government, so details and standards tend to vary internationally, but there are systems in place for recognition of minimum standards between jurisdictions, allowing some international portability of commercial diver certification. In some jurisdictions a distinction is made between industrial commercial diving and professional diving as part of scientific or public safety occupations, where a variety of regulatory exemptions may apply. In situations where exemptions apply, the training and certification through recreational agencies may be recognised for professional diving activities where this is not permitted for industrial commercial diving. Military diving is frequently independent of commercial diving regulation, and military diver training is usually controlled by the armed forces which employ the divers. In some cases there is recognition of military diver qualifications for work in the civilian industry, in other cases not.<sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Underwater_Sciences" title="American Academy of Underwater Sciences">American Academy of Underwater Sciences</a> (AAUS) is a group of scientific organizations and individual members who conduct scientific and educational activities underwater. It was organized in 1977 and incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="State of California">State of California</a> in 1983. The purpose of the AAUS is to facilitate the development of safe and productive <a href="/wiki/Professional_diving#Scientific_diving" title="Professional diving">scientific divers</a> and scientific diving procedures through education, research, advocacy, and the advancement of the AAUS Standards for Scientific Diving Certification and Operation of Scientific Diving Programs. These are the consensual guidelines for scientific diving programs in the US, and are recognized by <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> as the "Standard" for scientific diving. These standards are followed by all AAUS Organizational Members allowing for <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(international_relations)" title="Reciprocity (international relations)">reciprocity</a> between institutions. Each institution is responsible for upholding the standards within its program and among its divers. The AAUS <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer reviews</a> the standards on a regular basis, so they represent the consensus of the scientific diving community and state-of-the-art technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-AAUS_Standards_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUS_Standards-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAUS_Exemption_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAUS_Exemption-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharkey_and_Austin_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharkey_and_Austin-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques#Scientific_Committee" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">CMAS Scientific committee</a> compiled and edited the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> Code of Practice for Scientific diving between 1977 and the publication of the document as <i>Unesco technical papers in marine science 53</i> in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Flemming_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flemming-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Schools_Association" title="International Diving Schools Association">International Diving Schools Association</a> (IDSA) was formed in 1982 with the primary purpose of developing common international standards for commercial diver training.<sup id="cite_ref-IDSA_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDSA-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Association has published basic tables for international comparison of training standards for commercial divers and some specialist non-diving qualifications such as diving supervisors, diving medical technicians and life support technicians based on consensus of members.<sup id="cite_ref-IDSA_standards_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDSA_standards-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Regulators_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="International Diving Regulators Forum">International Diving Regulators Forum</a> (IDRF) confirmed its principles and purpose at their meeting in London in September 2009. The statement of principles and purpose states "The forum has agreed to work together towards mutual recognition to identify and implement best practice in diver training and assessment with the objective of harmonising cross-border diver training outside Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-EDTC_2010_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDTC_2010-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organisation has since changed its name to <a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Regulators_and_Certifiers_Forum" title="International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum">International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum</a> (IDRCF)<sup id="cite_ref-bell_diver_2017_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bell_diver_2017-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the IDRF include <a href="/wiki/Australian_Diver_Accreditation_Scheme" title="Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme">ADAS</a> (Australia), DCBC (Canada), HSE (UK), PSA (Norway), and the Secretariat General to the Sea Progress Committee (France).<sup id="cite_ref-EDTC_2010_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDTC_2010-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: <ul><li>UK HSE Diving at work regulations<sup id="cite_ref-Diving_at_Work_Regulations_1997_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diving_at_Work_Regulations_1997-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Diver_Accreditation_Scheme" title="Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme">Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme</a> (ADAS) and Australian scientific diving CoP</li> <li>South African Diving Regulations – 2001, 2009, previous to 2001, 2018, CoP for commercial diver training<sup id="cite_ref-DR_2001_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR_2001-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Training_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Training-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Various Canadian standards and regulations</li> <li>Other systems. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreational_scuba_training_and_certification">Recreational scuba training and certification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recreational scuba training and certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a></div> <p>The need for formalised training was recognised due to the high number of recreational scuba accidents. This started with informal training and led to the creation of training and certification agencies. BS-AC was formed in 1953,<sup id="cite_ref-BSAChxBook_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSAChxBook-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CMAS in 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-aboutcmas_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutcmas-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NAUI in 1960<sup id="cite_ref-Flamar_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flamar-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and PADI in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-cronin_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cronin-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sport of scuba diving had its roots among the multitude of small enthusiastic snorkelling and spearfishing clubs in the decades just before and after the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Dugan_1965_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dugan_1965-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch.12">: ch.12 </span></sup> After the invention of the "aqualung" by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Cousteau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gagnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gagnan">Gagnan</a>, the first commercially marketed underwater breathing apparatus became available for sale for sporting purposes in the late 1940s. In 1951, Jim Auxie Jr and Chuck Blakeslee started a magazine called <i>The Skin Diver</i> (later renamed <i>Skin Diver Magazine</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Skin_Diver_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skin_Diver-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neal Earl Hess, who had been teaching divers for two years, contributed to its column "The Instructors Corner", to inform readers about scuba.<sup id="cite_ref-Flamar_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flamar-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He soon established a column called "The National Diving Patrol" as a section to name new skin and scuba diving "instructors".<sup id="cite_ref-Midwest_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Midwest-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, no official training and certifying agency existed, except for the training and resources provided by the military (Underwater Demolition Teams) and dive clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-Midwest_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Midwest-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graduate students <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Limbaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conrad Limbaugh (page does not exist)">Conrad Limbaugh</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_B._Rechnitzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas B. Rechnitzer (page does not exist)">Andy Rechnitzer</a> used two of the first aqualungs brought to the US in 1948 on the California coast and enrolled at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1950, where they informally tutored some of their colleagues. After a student diver at another university died in a scuba accident in 1952, Scripps administration got Limbaugh to produce the first formal scuba training manual and course in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylske_2012_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylske_2012-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Training and emergency procedures such as the <a href="/wiki/Buddy_system" title="Buddy system">buddy system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddy_breathing" title="Buddy breathing">buddy breathing</a>, and scuba ditch and recovery were introduced and developed by Limbaugh and Rechnitzer. They workshopped possible emergencies and developed workable responses, which became standard practice for professional and recreational scuba diving. Ditching scuba equipment and recovering it from the bottom were done as psychological preparation for emergencies. Stress training by subjecting the trainee to emergencies by knocking off masks and mouthpieces underwater and closing off air supplies were used as a way to assess reaction to stress and accustom the diver to responding promptly and usefully to an emergency. The buddy system was established as a useful way to help manage an emergency by having a competent person to assist. Rechnitzer claims to have suggested the buddy system to Hanauer, and they followed up by developing a workable buddy breathing system for the twin-hose regulator. Some of these practices were later modified or dropped from training when equipment changed, or they were seen as obstacles to expanding the recreational diving industry. Others remained, or were retained by some training organisations as they were considered to produce a more resilient diver.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanauer_2003_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanauer_2003-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, Al Tillman, the director of sports for the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation" title="Los Angeles County Department of Parks and Recreation">Los Angeles County Department of Parks and Recreation</a>, wrote a letter<sup id="cite_ref-LA_County_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_County-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Parks and Recreation director Paul Gruendyke stating that: "A new sport—skin diving—is becoming popular in the area. Recently while diving in <a href="/wiki/Palos_Verdes" class="mw-redirect" title="Palos Verdes">Palos Verdes</a>, I ran into several divers in the water with me who didn't know what they were doing. One had one of the new underwater breathing units that allows divers to stay under for long periods of time... I propose that my department get involved in this sport and provide training classes. I believe that diving will grow in the future and we have an obligation to make the sport as safe as possible."<sup id="cite_ref-Midwest_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Midwest-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAUI_history_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAUI_history-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Club_history_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Club_history-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 October 1953, the <a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC) was founded by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gugen" title="Oscar Gugen">Oscar Gugen</a>, Peter Small, Mary Small, and <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hampton" title="Trevor Hampton">Trevor Hampton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BSAChxBook_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSAChxBook-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BSAChxWeb_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSAChxWeb-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Los Angeles County Department of Parks and Recreation sent three representatives—Al Tillman, Bev Morgan and Ramsey Parks—to take Limbaugh's course in 1954. They subsequently started training recreational scuba divers, making this the first scuba instructor training in America.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylske_2012_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylske_2012-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, Tillman and L.A. County lifeguard Bev Morgan created the L.A. County Parks and Recreational Underwater Instructor Certification Course (1UICC) in an effort to respond to the growing number of diver requests.<sup id="cite_ref-Lifeguard_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lifeguard-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the world's first civilian training program to certify recreational divers, and soon began granting Provisional Certification to instructors across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Midwest_101-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Midwest-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hollows_and_Bell_2012_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollows_and_Bell_2012-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ProQuest_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProQuest-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the new sport of scuba diving rapidly expanded through the 1950s, several sporting organisations – notably the <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a> – began programmes to train swimming enthusiasts in this new aquatic pastime and began to codify what were believed to be the proper practices needed for this expanding amateur sport.<sup id="cite_ref-Dugan_1965_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dugan_1965-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 292–295">: 292–295 </span></sup> The YMCA formed a committee to produce a training manual—"The New Science of Skin and Scuba Diving", which was first published in 1957, and in 1959 conducted the first national instructor training program.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylske_2012_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylske_2012-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960 May issue of <i>Skin Diver Magazine</i>, The National Diving Patrol was announced as an official, national organization. Its purpose and function was "to insure competent underwater instruction and to reduce diving accidents through education."<sup id="cite_ref-Icorn_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icorn-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, its name changed to the National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI).<sup id="cite_ref-Midwest_101-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Midwest-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1961, NAUI was incorporated in the State of California as a non-profit educational organization, with Al Tillman as the President and Neal Hess as the Executive Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-Midwest_101-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Midwest-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966 Ralph Ericson and John Cronin formed the Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) in response to a perception that the existing system was not sufficiently responsive to the needs of inland diving instructors. A further split occurred in 1967 with the creation of the National Association of Scuba Diving Schools (NASDS) by John Gaffney and a group of diving equipment retailers, followed by a split from NASDS led by Bob Clark to form Scuba Schools International (SSI) in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylske_2012_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylske_2012-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Florida Skin Divers Association was formed from a group of local scuba diving clubs in 1952. In 1976 their scuba training committee split from FSDA to form the International Diving Educators Association (IDEA).<sup id="cite_ref-Brylske_2012_102-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylske_2012-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early scuba training included a large component of theory provided by classroom instruction, which could include more than 30 hours of physics, equipment mechanics and other theoretical aspects of diving knowledge. The skills training included fitness, watermanship skills and stress-management training, where staff would put the trainee through in-water situations simulating the most likely emergency situations, so that the divers would be more likely to manage real-life emergencies with composure. Much of this training was, and still is, part of commercial and military diver training. This training required the diver to show competence at both routine procedures and managing reasonably foreseeable emergencies—much the same requirement that persists for certification of professional divers. This approach could be justified by the unsophisticated equipment in use, which could be, and often was, serviced by the diver, and was more prone to malfunctions than later generation equipment. Current standard equipment such as submersible pressure gauges, buoyancy compensators and decompression computers were not available, and the recreational diver was obliged to avoid decompression illness by planning the dive and monitoring the planned dive using a diving watch, simple depth gauge, and decompression tables, sometimes shared with a companion. In the event of an equipment malfunction, the diver was unsupported except by a diving companion. This required a level of competence and discipline that is no longer considered essential for recreational diving by most certification agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylske_2012_102-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylske_2012-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1960s equipment was becoming more reliable, and the recreational diver was less likely to experience malfunctions, but the training remained much the same. An increased interest in diving among the general public, and the commercial drive to sell more equipment and training began to change the content and methods of training to a more widely marketable model in the mid 1970s. This included expanding the training to include open-water experience, which was previously not a universal requirement. By the 1970s a second open-water checkout was standard, and more were subsequently added in recognition that training in the actual environment where the skills will be used is important to develop competence. By the 1980s the current minimum requirement for open water diving of four training dives was well established.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylske_2012_102-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylske_2012-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, classroom and confined water instruction changed to adapt to the changes on equipment, and to de-emphasise fundamental theory in favour of practical applications more likely to be useful in the expected range of experience for a recreational diver. The general acceptance of the buoyancy compensator, submersible pressure gauge, and alternate air supply in the form of a secondary demand valve as standard equipment changed the preferred emergency procedures for handling out-of-air emergencies, which were simpler to learn as well as reducing the risk. The buoyancy compensator also allowed training to focus on better buoyancy control and alternative methods of establishing appropriate buoyancy. Stress management was de-emphasised, and skills training concentrated on learning the standardised skill set known to be effective most of the time. These changes helped to allow a wider range of potential divers to enter the market.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylske_2012_102-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylske_2012-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The buddy system had been thought to be a useful corollary to the "never swim alone" edicts of the YMCA swimming and lifesaving programmes. Cousteau himself independently implemented a buddy system from the earliest days of exploratory diving after a number of diving incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanna_2006_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanna_2006-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The buddy system did indeed have some very useful aspects: the cross checking of equipment before dives, the facilitating of assistance for possible entanglement problems or equipment failures, and the enhancement of the social nature of diving. The YMCA continued as a major force in the development of <a href="/wiki/Diver_certification" title="Diver certification">diver certification</a> during the first 50 years of this new sport. When these programmes were adopted by the emerging scuba certification agencies such as BS-AC, NAUI and PADI, the practice of buddy diving led to one of the two main mantras of recreational scuba: "never hold your breath" and "never dive alone".<sup id="cite_ref-Brennan_1970_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennan_1970-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brylske_1994_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylske_1994-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An international congress of fifteen diving federations representing all underwater disciplines met in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> on 28 September 1958. National delegates attended from <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, Federal Republic of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. Following a decision at that congress, a meeting was held in <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> on 9–11 January 1959, which officially established the <a href="/wiki/World_Underwater_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Underwater Federation">World Underwater Federation</a>, with an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> <i>CMAS</i> based on its French title <i>Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutcmas_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutcmas-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferraro_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferraro-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI) is a <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">recreational diving</a> membership and <a href="/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">diver training organization</a> founded in 1966 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cronin_(diver)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Cronin (diver) (page does not exist)">John Cronin</a> and Ralph Erickson.<sup id="cite_ref-cronin_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cronin-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cronin was originally a <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">NAUI</a> instructor who decided to form his own organization with Erickson, and to break <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">diver training</a> down into several modular courses instead of the single universal course then prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilman_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilman-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diving_Science_and_Technology" title="Diving Science and Technology">Diving Science and Technology</a> Corporation (DSAT), the development arm for the <a href="/wiki/Recreational_Dive_Planner" title="Recreational Dive Planner">Recreational Dive Planner</a> and PADI's Tec-Rec program, was founded in November 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_et_al_1994_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_et_al_1994-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a>, previously a dive supervisor for the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA), formed the International Association of Nitrox Divers (IAND) in 1985 to teach the use of <a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">nitrox</a>, which had been pioneered by NOAA, to recreational divers. In 1992 the name was changed to the International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD).<sup id="cite_ref-about_iantd_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about_iantd-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Technical_Diving_International" title="Technical Diving International">Technical Diving International</a> (TDI) was founded in 1994 by <a href="/wiki/Bret_Gilliam" title="Bret Gilliam">Bret Gilliam</a>, and others after a split from IANTD in 1993<sup id="cite_ref-Our_story_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Our_story-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-liquidedge_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liquidedge-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boan_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boan-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to provide training for specialized diving situations. TDI courses include open circuit Nitrox,<sup id="cite_ref-Nitrox_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nitrox-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trimix and <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">Rebreather</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rebreather_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rebreather-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> courses, and training for overhead environments like caves and wrecks.<sup id="cite_ref-DeeperBlue_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeeperBlue-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, International Training started a sister organization to TDI known as <a href="/wiki/Scuba_Diving_International" title="Scuba Diving International">Scuba Diving International</a> (SDI) focusing on <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">recreational scuba</a><sup id="cite_ref-DISRC_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DISRC-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2000, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Response_Diving_International" title="Emergency Response Diving International">Emergency Response Diving International</a> (ERDI) to teach <a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diving" title="Public safety diving">public safety diving</a>. </p><p>Following the recognition that solo diving does occur, is acceptably safe to many divers, and is a relatively common practice, Scuba Diving International (SDI) started Solo diving training and certification in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-SDI_solo_launch_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDI_solo_launch-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006 BSAC was the first recreational diving agency to introduce <a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">Nitrox</a> diving as part of core training.<sup id="cite_ref-BSAChxWeb_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSAChxWeb-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BSACnitrox_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSACnitrox-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internationally recognised minimum training standards for recreational divers have been published by: RSTC, WRSTC, CMAS, ISO etc.( Rebreather training council?) </p><p>The US <a href="/wiki/Recreational_Scuba_Training_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational Scuba Training Council">Recreational Scuba Training Council</a> (RSTC) was created in 1986 as a permanent body to sustain a relationship between various recreational diving training organisations. In 1991, it replaced the Diving Equipment Manufacturers Association (DEMA) (renamed as the Diving Equipment and Marketing Association in 1998) as the secretariat for the then <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI) committee for underwater safety (also known as the Z86 Committee). The Z86 committee was subsequently replaced by the committee for Diving Instructional Standards and Safety (also known as the Z375 committee).<sup id="cite_ref-Brylske_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylske-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 it retained its appointment as the ANSI Accredited Standards Developer (ASD) for the Z375 committee.<sup id="cite_ref-ANSI_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US RSTC has been responsible for the development of a standard medical statement (in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Undersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society" title="Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society">Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society</a>) and minimum training standards for <a href="/wiki/Diver_communications#Hand_signals" title="Diver communications">diving hand signals</a> and the following recreational diver grades—Introductory Scuba Experience, Supervised Diver, <a href="/wiki/Open_Water_Diver" title="Open Water Diver">Open Water Diver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">Enriched Air Nitrox Certification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rescue_Diver" title="Rescue Diver">Entry level Rescue Diver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Dive Supervisor</a>, Assistant Instructor, <a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Scuba Instructor</a> and Scuba Instructor Trainer for member agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_2000_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson_2000-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WRSTC_standards_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRSTC_standards-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Recreational_Scuba_Training_Council" title="World Recreational Scuba Training Council">World Recreational Scuba Training Council</a> (WRSTC) was founded in 1999 to create minimum <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">recreational diving</a> training standards for the various <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a> certification agencies across the world which are members. The WRSTC restricts its membership to national or regional councils. These councils consist of individual training organizations who collectively represent at least 50% of the annual diver certifications in the member council's country or region.<sup id="cite_ref-WRSTC_mission_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRSTC_mission-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A national council is referred to as a RSTC (Recreational Scuba Training Council). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) published minimum standards in 2007 (superseded by 2014 revisions) for: </p> <ul><li>ISO 24801-1:2014 Recreational diving services – Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers – Part 1: Level 1 – Supervised diver,<sup id="cite_ref-ISO24801-1_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO24801-1-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ISO 24801-2:2014 Recreational diving services – Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers – Part 2: Level 2 – Autonomous diver,<sup id="cite_ref-ISO24801-2_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO24801-2-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ISO 11107 – 'Nitrox diving'</li> <li>ISO 24801-3:2014 Recreational diving services – Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers – Part 3: Level 3 – Dive leader,<sup id="cite_ref-ISO24801-3_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO24801-3-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ISO 24802-1:2014 Recreational diving services – Requirements for the training of scuba instructors – Part 1: Level 1, and ISO 24802-2:2014 Recreational diving services – Requirements for the training of scuba instructors – Part 2: Level 2<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_24802_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_24802-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_into_scuba_diver_safety">Research into scuba diver safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Research into scuba diver safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving fatalities</a></div> <p>The non-profit <a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a> (DAN) was founded at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> in 1980 to promote safe diving.<sup id="cite_ref-BennettBook_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BennettBook-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DANhx_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DANhx-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has expanded into a global group of not-for-profit organisations providing safety and insurance services to members and maintaining databases on diving accidents. They publish research results and collaborate with other organizations on projects of common interest, mostly regarding scuba diving safety.<sup id="cite_ref-DAN_E_projects_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAN_E_projects-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Project Stickybeak was a privately run collation of data on diving fatalities in the Asia Pacific region run by Douglas Walker for several years, with annual reports on fatality statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_2006_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_2006-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 Project Stickybeak was incorporated into the DAN Asia-Pacific data collection and dive accident reporting project.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippman_2007_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippman_2007-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British Sub-Aqua Club publishes an annual report of diving incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrod_and_Gossling_2008_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrod_and_Gossling_2008-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_specific_fields_of_application_for_scuba_diving">History of specific fields of application for scuba diving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History of specific fields of application for scuba diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_diving">Military diving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Military diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Frogman#History" title="Frogman">Frogman § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22_10_-_ITALY_-_Gamma-della-X.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%22_10_-_ITALY_-_Gamma-della-X.gif/220px-%22_10_-_ITALY_-_Gamma-della-X.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/%22_10_-_ITALY_-_Gamma-della-X.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Italian <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> frogman of "Gruppo Gamma"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_navy_frogman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/British_navy_frogman.jpg/220px-British_navy_frogman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="506" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/British_navy_frogman.jpg/330px-British_navy_frogman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/British_navy_frogman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A 1945 British navy frogman with complete gear, including the <a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis apparatus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a> originally conceived in 1910 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Davis_(inventor)" title="Robert Davis (inventor)">Robert Davis</a> as an emergency submarine escape set.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_050505-N-3093M-001_A_member_of_SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle_Team_Two_(SDVT-2)_climbs_aboard_one_of_the_team%27s_SEAL_Delivery_Vehicles_(SDV)_before_launching_from_the_back_of_the_Los_Angeles-class_attack_submarine_USS_Philadelph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/US_Navy_050505-N-3093M-001_A_member_of_SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle_Team_Two_%28SDVT-2%29_climbs_aboard_one_of_the_team%27s_SEAL_Delivery_Vehicles_%28SDV%29_before_launching_from_the_back_of_the_Los_Angeles-class_attack_submarine_USS_Philadelph.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/US_Navy_050505-N-3093M-001_A_member_of_SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle_Team_Two_%28SDVT-2%29_climbs_aboard_one_of_the_team%27s_SEAL_Delivery_Vehicles_%28SDV%29_before_launching_from_the_back_of_the_Los_Angeles-class_attack_submarine_USS_Philadelph.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/US_Navy_050505-N-3093M-001_A_member_of_SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle_Team_Two_%28SDVT-2%29_climbs_aboard_one_of_the_team%27s_SEAL_Delivery_Vehicles_%28SDV%29_before_launching_from_the_back_of_the_Los_Angeles-class_attack_submarine_USS_Philadelph.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2758" /></a><figcaption>A SEAL Delivery Team member climbs aboard a delivery vehicle before launching from the back of the submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Philadelphia_(SSN-690)" title="USS Philadelphia (SSN-690)">USS <i>Philadelphia</i></a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first modern military scuba divers were the World War II <a href="/wiki/Italian_commando_frogmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian commando frogmen">Italian commando frogmen</a>, of <i><a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></i> (now "ComSubIn": <a href="/wiki/Comando_Raggruppamento_Subacquei_e_Incursori_Teseo_Tesei" title="Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei">Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei</a>) which formed in 1938 and was first in action in 1940. Originally these divers were called "<i>Uomini Gamma</i>" because they were members of the top secret special unit called "<i>Gruppo Gamma</i>", which originated from the kind of <a href="/wiki/Pirelli" title="Pirelli">Pirelli</a> rubber skin-suit<sup id="cite_ref-Rebreathersite_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rebreathersite-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nicknamed <i>muta gamma</i> used by these divers. Later they were nicknamed "<i>Uomini Rana</i>", Italian for "frog men"<sup id="cite_ref-Marcante_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcante-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This special corps used an early oxygen <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a> scuba set, the <i>Auto Respiratore ad Ossigeno</i> (A.R.O), a development of the <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4gerwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drägerwerk">Dräger</a> oxygen <a href="/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus" title="Self-contained breathing apparatus">self-contained breathing apparatus</a> designed for the mining industry and of the <a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a> made by Siebe, Gorman & Co and by Bergomi, designed for escaping from sunken submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-Mari_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mari-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mari_2_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mari_2-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_flyer_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_flyer-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian frogmen trained in <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">swimfins</a>, rubber <a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">dry suit</a>, and the new A.R.O. scuba unit.<sup id="cite_ref-Bianchi_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bianchi-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II#Italy_enters_the_war:_June_1940" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy declared war</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></i> (<i>Xª MAS</i>) attempted several attacks on British naval bases in the Mediterranean between June 1940 and July 1941, but none was successful, because of equipment failure or early detection by British forces. On September 10, 1941, eight <i>Xª MAS</i> frogmen were inserted by submarine close to the British harbour at <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, where using <a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">human torpedoes</a> to penetrate the defences, sank three merchant ships with <a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">limpet mines</a> before escaping through neutral Spain. An even more successful attack, the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria</a>, was mounted on 19 December on the harbour at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, again using human torpedoes. The raid resulted in disabling the <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_(1913)" title="HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)">HMS <i>Queen Elizabeth</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Valiant_(1914)" title="HMS Valiant (1914)">HMS <i>Valiant</i></a> together with a <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tanker</a>, but all six frogmen were captured.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Hara_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Hara-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> had captured an Italian human torpedo during a failed attack on Malta; they developed a copy called the <a href="/wiki/Chariot_manned_torpedo" title="Chariot manned torpedo">Chariot</a> and formed a unit called the <a href="/wiki/British_commando_frogmen" title="British commando frogmen">Experimental Submarine Flotilla</a>, which later merged with the <a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a>. A number of Chariot operations were attempted, most notably <a href="/wiki/Operation_Title" title="Operation Title">Operation Title</a> in October 1942, an attack on the <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz" title="German battleship Tirpitz">German battleship <i>Tirpitz</i></a>, which had to be abandoned when a storm hit the fishing boat which was towing the Chariots into position.<sup id="cite_ref-Tirpitz_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tirpitz-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last and most successful British operation resulted in sinking two <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">liners</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phuket" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket">Phuket</a> harbour in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> in October 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Hood_2007_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hood_2007-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An oxygen rebreather set called the Lambertsen Amphibious Respirator Unit (LARU) was invented in the United States 1939 by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lambertsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Lambertsen">Christian Lambertsen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shapiro2011_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro2011-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was patented in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-Lambertson_patent_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambertson_patent-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lambertsen later renamed it the Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus, which, contracted to SCUBA, eventually became the generic term for both open circuit and rebreather autonomous underwater breathing equipment. Lambertson demonstrated it to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS) after being rejected by the U.S. Navy<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OSS not only bought into the concept, they hired Dr. Lambertsen to lead the program and build-up the dive element of their maritime unit.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OSS was the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> and the maritime element still exists inside their <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Activities Division">Special Activities Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a> commandos of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Navy" title="Israeli Navy">Israeli Navy</a> have carried out a number of underwater raids on harbors. They were initially trained by veterans of <i>Xª MAS</i> and used Italian equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Isseroff_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isseroff-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Raviv" title="Operation Raviv">Operation Raviv</a> in 1969, eight frogmen used two human torpedoes to enter Ras Sadat naval base near <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>, where they destroyed two <a href="/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat" title="Motor torpedo boat">motor torpedo boats</a> with mines.<sup id="cite_ref-Gawrych_2000_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gawrych_2000-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Servicio_de_Inteligencia_Naval_(Argentina)" title="Servicio de Inteligencia Naval (Argentina)">Argentinian Naval Intelligence Service</a> planned an attack on British warships at Gibraltar. Code named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Algeciras" title="Operation Algeciras">Operation Algeciras</a>, three frogmen, recruited from a former anti-government insurgent group, were to plant mines on the ships' hulls. The operation was abandoned when the divers were arrested by Spanish police and deported.<sup id="cite_ref-Algeciras_2011_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Algeciras_2011-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Moruroa#French_nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Moruroa">French nuclear weapons tests</a> at <a href="/wiki/Moruroa" title="Moruroa">Moruroa</a> in the Pacific Ocean was being contested by environmental protesters led by the <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> campaign ship, <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Warrior_(1955)" title="Rainbow Warrior (1955)"><i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a>. The <a href="/wiki/Action_Division" title="Action Division">Action Division</a> of the French <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">Directorate-General for External Security</a> devised a plan to <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">sink the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a> while it was berthed in harbor at <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. Two divers from the Division posed as tourists and attached two limpet mines to the ship's hull; the resulting explosion sank the ship and killed a Netherlands citizen on board. Two agents from the team, but not the divers, were arrested by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Police" title="New Zealand Police">New Zealand Police</a> and later convicted of <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a>. The French government finally admitted responsibility two months later.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_1986_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_1986-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Just_Cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Just Cause">U.S. invasion of Panama</a>, a team of four <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">U.S. Navy SEALs</a> using <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreathers</a> conducted a combat swimmer attack on the <i>Presidente Porras</i>, a gunboat and yacht belonging to <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Noriega" title="Manuel Noriega">Manuel Noriega</a>. The commandos attached explosives to the vessel as it was tied to a pier in the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, escaping only after being attacked with grenades.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoyt2011_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoyt2011-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Restore_Hope" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Restore Hope">Operation Restore Hope</a>, members of SEAL Team One swam to shore in Somalia to measure beach composition, water depth, and shore gradient ahead of a Marine landing.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann2014_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann2014-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_diving">Scientific diving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Scientific diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving#History" title="Scientific diving">Scientific diving § History</a></div> <p>Before the development of scuba, scientists were making underwater observations of the marine environment using snorkels, freediving, and surface-supplied diving equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Scripps_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scripps-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of the 20th century scientific diving was being done around the U.S. in surface supplied <a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow water helmet">shallow water helmets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">standard diving dress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwark_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwark-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During WWII <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Dumas" title="Frédéric Dumas">Frédéric Dumas</a> used the <a href="/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a> for underwater archaeology to excavate a large mound of amphorae near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Conglou%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Congloué (page does not exist)">Grand Congloué</a>, an island near Marseilles.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwark_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwark-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conrad_Limbaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conrad Limbaugh (page does not exist)">Conrad Limbaugh</a> introduced scientific scuba diving at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. While a doctoral student in 1954 he became Scripps' first <a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">diving safety officer</a>, his research diving course was the first civilian diver training programme in the U.S. and he wrote the first scientific diving manual.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwark_163-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwark-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limbaugh and researcher <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Rechnitzer" title="Andreas Rechnitzer">Andreas Rechnitzer</a> purchased an Aqua-lung when they became available, and taught themselves to use it, as no formal training was available. They introduced the equipment to Scripps researchers in 1950, and it was found suitable for making direct observations and to conduct experiments underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-Scripps_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scripps-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951, after the death of two of their scientific divers, Scripps decided that there was a need for formalized scientific diver training, and in 1954 instituted the first formal scientific diving program in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwark_163-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwark-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the request of the University of California Office of the President, the divers at Scripps developed the first "University Guide for Diving Safety," which was initially published in March 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Scripps_162-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scripps-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s through 1970s scientific diving in the U.S. was conducted by various organizations using similar but informal self-regulated standards.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwark_163-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwark-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975 the <a href="/wiki/United_Brotherhood_of_Carpenters_and_Joiners_of_America" title="United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America">United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America</a> petitioned for an emergency temporary standard be issued with respect to occupational diving operations. The ETS issued on June 15, 1976, was to be effective from July 15 but was challenged in the U.S. Court of Appeals by several diving contractors, and was withdrawn in November 1976. A permanent standard for commercial diving became effective on 20 October 1977, but it did not consider the needs of scientific diving. The scientific diving community was unable to operate as previously, and in 1977 united to form the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Underwater_Sciences" title="American Academy of Underwater Sciences">American Academy of Underwater Sciences</a> (AAUS)<sup id="cite_ref-Schwark_163-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwark-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After extensive negotiation and congressional hearings, a partial exemption to the commercial diving standards was issued in 1982, and was re-examined in 1984, leading to the final guidelines for the exemption which became effective in 1985 (Federal Register, Vol. 50, No. 6, p. 1046)<sup id="cite_ref-Schwark_163-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwark-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dr <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pyle" title="Richard Pyle">Richard Pyle</a> has pioneered US development of diving standards for scientific projects at greater depths since the 1990s, using closed circuit rebreathers, which has opened up learning about an extended range of ecological zones and their biota.<sup id="cite_ref-Kur_and_Mioduchowska_2018_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kur_and_Mioduchowska_2018-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreational_diving">Recreational diving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Recreational diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving#History" title="Recreational diving">Recreational diving § History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving#Origins" title="Technical diving">Technical diving § Origins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving#History" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Espalion_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Scaphandre_(22).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Espalion_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Scaphandre_%2822%29.jpg/220px-Espalion_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Scaphandre_%2822%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Espalion_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Scaphandre_%2822%29.jpg/330px-Espalion_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Scaphandre_%2822%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Espalion_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Scaphandre_%2822%29.jpg/440px-Espalion_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Scaphandre_%2822%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="2439" /></a><figcaption>The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Aqua-lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqua-lung">aqua-lung</a> in 1943 led to modern recreational diving</figcaption></figure> <p>Recreational scuba diving grew out of related activities such as <a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">snorkeling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">underwater hunting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-richardson1999_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardson1999-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a long time, recreational <a href="/wiki/Underwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater">underwater</a> excursions were limited by breath-hold time. The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Aqua-lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqua-lung">aqualung</a> in 1943 by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Émile Gagnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Yves_Cousteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Yves Cousteau">Jacques-Yves Cousteau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">wetsuit</a> in 1952 by <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> physicist, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a><sup id="cite_ref-sfc_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its development over subsequent years led to a revolution in recreational diving.<sup id="cite_ref-richardson1999_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardson1999-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, for much of the 1950s and early 1960s, recreational scuba diving was a sport limited to those who were able to afford or make their own kit, and prepared to undergo relatively intensive training to use it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As the sport became more popular, manufacturers became aware of the potential market, and equipment began to appear that was easier to use, more affordable and more reliable. Continued advances in scuba technology, such as <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">buoyancy compensators</a>, improved <a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">diving regulators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">wetsuits</a> and improved <a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">dry suits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">dive computers</a>, increased the safety, comfort and convenience of the equipment, and less intensive training programmes encouraged more people to learn to use it. </p><p>Until the early 1950s, navies and other organizations performing <a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">professional diving</a> were the only providers of diver training, and only for their own personnel and only using their own types of equipment. There were no formal training courses available to civilians who bought the early scuba equipment. The first recreational scuba diving school was opened in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> to train the owners of the <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Cousteau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emile_Gagnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Gagnan">Gagnan</a> designed twin-hose scuba.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first school to teach single hose scuba was started in 1953, in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne, Australia</a>, at the Melbourne City Baths. Royal Australian Navy Commander Batterham organized the school to assist the inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">single hose regulator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Eldred" title="Ted Eldred">Ted Eldred</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, neither of these schools was international in nature. </p><p>Some of the first civilian training started in 1952 at the <a href="/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography">Scripps Institution of Oceanography</a> where Andy Rechnitzer, Bob Dill and Connie Limbaugh taught the first scuba courses in the United States,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> then in 1953 <a href="/wiki/Captain_Trevor_Hampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Trevor Hampton">Trevor Hampton</a> started the first British diving school,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the <a href="/wiki/British_Underwater_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="British Underwater Centre">British Underwater Centre</a> and in 1954 when <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles County">Los Angeles County</a><sup id="cite_ref-LA_County_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_County-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created an Underwater Instructor Certification Course based on the training that they received from the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">scientific divers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Scripps_Institution_of_Oceanography" title="Scripps Institution of Oceanography">Scripps Institution of Oceanography</a>. Early instruction developed in the format of amateur teaching within a club environment, as exemplified by organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Scottish Sub Aqua Club">Scottish Sub Aqua Club</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Sub_Aqua_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="British Sub Aqua Club">British Sub Aqua Club</a> from 1953, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles County</a> from 1954 and the <a href="/wiki/YMCA_SCUBA_Program" title="YMCA SCUBA Program">YMCA</a> from 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-YMCA_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YMCA-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professional instruction started in 1959 when the non-profit <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">NAUI</a> was formed,<sup id="cite_ref-NAUI_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAUI-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which later effectively was split,<sup id="cite_ref-Divinghistory_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Divinghistory-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to form the for-profit <a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">PADI</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-PADI_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PADI-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Association of Scuba Diving Schools (NASDS) started with their dive center based training programs in 1962 followed by <a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">SSI</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-SSI_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSI-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional Diving Instructors College was formed in 1965, changing its name in 1984 to Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (<a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">PDIC</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-PDIC_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDIC-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009 PADI alone issued approximately 950,000 diving certifications.<sup id="cite_ref-PADIstats_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PADIstats-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 550,000 of these certifications were "entry level" certifications and the remainder were more advanced certifications. </p><p>Scuba-diving has become a popular leisure activity, and many diving destinations have some form of dive shop presence that can offer air fills, equipment sale, rental and repair, and training. In <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">sub-tropical</a> parts of the world, there is a large market for 'holiday divers'; people who train and dive while on holiday, but rarely dive close to home.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreathers</a> are increasing, particularly in areas of the world where deeper <a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">wreck diving</a> is the main underwater attraction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Generally, recreational diving depths are limited by the training agencies to a maximum of between 30 and 40 meters (100 and 130 feet), beyond which a variety of safety issues such as <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">oxygen toxicity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">nitrogen narcosis</a> significantly increase the risk of diving using recreational diving equipment and practices, and specialized skills and equipment for <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">technical diving</a> are needed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solo_diving">Solo diving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Solo diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Solo_diving#History" title="Solo diving">Solo diving § History</a></div> <p>The history of solo diving stands in stark contrast to the relatively new concept of buddy diving that was developed for scientific and recreational diving in the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Booth2007_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth2007-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artifacts dating back some 4,500 years provide evidence of solo diving for food and commerce by the ancient people of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dive_Training_Magazine_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dive_Training_Magazine-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freedivers traditionally dive alone or with an attendant on the surface to assist with the harvest; many of the early <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">diving bells</a> were only large enough for a single occupant. When surface supplied diving was first developed, it was common to have only one diver unless the work required more. Those early traditions continue and customarily now include a standby diver, and a working diver who is in constant communication with the surface control crew.<sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sport of scuba diving is rooted in a multitude of small enthusiastic snorkeling and spearfishing clubs that date back to the decades just before and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dugan_1965_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dugan_1965-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ch.12">: ch.12 </span></sup> In the late 1940s, after the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Aqua-lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqua-lung">Aqua-lung</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Yves_Cousteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Yves Cousteau">Cousteau</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Gagnan</a>, the first retail underwater breathing apparatus for sport was commercially marketed. As the sport expanded through the 1950s, several sporting organisations – notably the Young Men's Christian Association (<a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a>) – began scuba training programmes for swimming enthusiasts, thus began the codification of what was believed to be proper practices for the expanding amateur sport of scuba diving.<sup id="cite_ref-Dugan_1965_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dugan_1965-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 292–295">: 292–295 </span></sup> The buddy system was thought to be a useful corollary to the "never swim alone" edicts of the YMCA swimming and lifesaving programmes. Cousteau independently implemented a buddy system after a number of harrowing diving incidents that date back to the earliest days of exploratory scuba diving.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanna_2006_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanna_2006-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The buddy system's useful aspects have long been established, including the cross-checking of equipment before dives, the facilitating of assistance for possible entanglement problems or equipment failures, and enhancement of the social nature of diving. The YMCA was a substantial influence in the development of <a href="/wiki/Diver_certification" title="Diver certification">diver certification</a> during the first 50 years of the sport. As various scuba programmes were adopted by emerging scuba certification agencies, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI), <a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI), and <a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC), the practise of buddy diving inspired one of the two main mantras of recreational scuba: "never hold your breath" and "never dive alone".<sup id="cite_ref-Brennan_1970_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brennan_1970-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brylske_1994_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylske_1994-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early to mid-1990s, solo divers became more visible and increasingly open about their alternative dive safety philosophy, despite the recreational industry's established adherence to the buddy system.<sup id="cite_ref-Brylske_1994_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brylske_1994-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It wasn't until 2001 that <a href="/wiki/Scuba_Diving_International" title="Scuba Diving International">Scuba Diving International</a> (SDI) initiated formal certification training specifically for solo diving.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_2001_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2001-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other agencies eventually followed suit with certificates titled Self-reliant Diver and variations of that theme; all with the intention of improving diver competence without necessarily going solo, and recognising that the buddy system does not always comply with the ideal.<sup id="cite_ref-cmas_self-rescue_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmas_self-rescue-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PADI_SRD_2016_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PADI_SRD_2016-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IANTD_SRD_2010_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IANTD_SRD_2010-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 2012 "Rebreather Forum 3", a significant minority of attendees were of the opinion that, in some circumstances, it would be acceptable to dive solo on rebreathers.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_2012b_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_2012b-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cave_diving">Cave diving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cave diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cave_diving#History" title="Cave diving">Cave diving § History</a></div> <p>The exploration of underwater parts of caves was started using surface supplied equipment before scuba became available. <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Yves_Cousteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Yves Cousteau">Jacques-Yves Cousteau</a>, co-inventor of the first commercially successful open circuit <a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">scuba equipment</a>, is claimed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to have been the world's first open circuit scuba cave diver.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>The first self-contained cave divers were Graham Balcombe and Jack Shepherd, two founding members of Britain's Cave Diving Group (CDG) which is the oldest remaining diving organization in the world. They made the dive in 1936, using an oxygen cylinder and a respirator assembled with bicycle parts.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two regions have had particular influence on cave diving techniques and equipment due to their very different cave diving environments. These are the United Kingdom, and USA, mainly Florida. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UK_history">UK history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: UK history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of sites where <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">standard diving dress</a> could be used is limited and there was little progress before the outbreak of World War II reduced the caving community considerably. The development of underwater warfare made a lot of surplus <a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">equipment</a> available after the war. The <a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> re-formed in 1946 and progress was rapid. Typical equipment at this time was a <a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">frogman</a> rubber <a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">diving suit</a> for insulation (water temperature in the UK is typically 4 °C), a closed circuit oxygen <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a> and an "Apparatus For Laying Out Line And Underwater Navigation", developed between 1946 and 1949.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The "AFLOLAUN" consisted of battery powered lights, <a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">line-reel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a>, depth gauge, notebook (for the survey), and occasionally other equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Farr_2017_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farr_2017-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Progress was typically by "bottom walking", as this was considered less dangerous than swimming in the absence of buoyancy control. The use of oxygen put a depth limit on the dives. This was the normal procedure until approximately 1960 when new techniques using wetsuits and open-circuit scuba sets were introduced. The development of side mounting cylinders, helmet-mounted lights and free-swimming with fins increased accessibility, and the increasing capacity and pressure rating of air cylinders extended dive durations.<sup id="cite_ref-Farr_1991_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farr_1991-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conception of inflation in dry suits added the buoyancy control to make "bottom walking" obsolete. By 1990, use of mixed nitrox gas further increased acceptable bottom times. A decade later underwater devices like long range scooters were developed, allowing divers to explore caves further than before.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="US_history">US history</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: US history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, cave diving greatly increased in popularity among divers in the United States. However, there were very few experienced cave divers and almost no formal classes to handle the surge in interest. The result was a large number of divers trying to cave dive without any formal training. This resulted in more than 100 fatalities over the course of the decade. The state of Florida came close to banning SCUBA diving around the cave entrances. The cave diving organizations responded to the problem by creating training programs and certifying instructors, in addition to other measures to try to prevent these fatalities. This included posting signs, adding no-lights rules, and other enforcements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The cave diving pioneer <a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a> explored many underwater cave systems in Florida, and elsewhere in the US and the rest of the world. On 6 February 1974, Exley became the first chairman of the Cave Diving Section of the <a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cave_diving_section_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cave_diving_section-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1980s, cave diving education has greatly reduced diver fatalities, and it is now uncommon for a certified cave diver to die in an underwater cave. Also in the 1980s, refinements were made to the equipment used for cave diving, most importantly better lights with smaller batteries. In the 1990s, cave diving equipment configurations became more standardized, due mostly to the adaptation and popularization of the backplate and wing based "Hogarthian Rig", developed in North Florida, which keeps equipment configurations simple and streamlined.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Documentary films made by <a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jill_Heinerth" title="Jill Heinerth">Jill Heinerth</a> and others, have contributed to the increasing popularity of cave diving in the early 21st century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diving_on_shipwrecks_and_other_sunken_structures">Diving on shipwrecks and other sunken structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Diving on shipwrecks and other sunken structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_salvage" title="Marine salvage">Marine salvage</a></div> <p>Wreck diving is <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">recreational diving</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">wreckage of ships</a>, aircraft and other artificial structures are explored. Although most wreck dive sites are at shipwrecks, there is an increasing trend to <a href="/wiki/Sinking_ships_for_wreck_diving_sites" title="Sinking ships for wreck diving sites">scuttle retired ships to create artificial reef sites</a>. Diving to <a href="/wiki/Aviation_archaeology#Underwater_surveying_and_recovery" title="Aviation archaeology">crashed aircraft</a> can also be considered wreck diving.<sup id="cite_ref-CHAA_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHAA-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recreation of wreck diving makes no distinction as to how the vessel ended up on the bottom, and the purpose is for the entertainment of the diver. </p><p>Some wreck diving involves <a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">penetration</a> of the wreckage, making a direct ascent to the surface impossible for a part of the dive.<sup id="cite_ref-Citelli_2008_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citelli_2008-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scientific discipline of <a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">underwater archaeology</a> also involves diving on shipwrecks, but in this field, the intention is to collect data or preserve artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-Mar_Arch_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mar_Arch-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibbins_2001_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbins_2001-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akesson_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akesson-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marine_salvage" title="Marine salvage">Marine salvage</a> is the recovery of wreckage, artifacts and material from shipwrecks and other underwater sites, for commercial reasons, to remove a navigational or ecological hazard, or because the artifacts or materials are perceived as having monetary or personal value other than scientific or historical. Commercial marine salvage may be restricted to the use of surface supplied diving equipment in some jurisdictions, but work is also done using scuba.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins_in_salvage_and_archaeology">Origins in salvage and archaeology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Origins in salvage and archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development_into_a_recreational_activity_by_scuba_divers">Development into a recreational activity by scuba divers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Development into a recreational activity by scuba divers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebreather_diving">Rebreather diving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rebreather diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving#History" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving § History</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: Content from <i>The Technical Diving Revolution – part 3</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Menduno_2019_part3_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menduno_2019_part3-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Draegerwerk1899-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Draegerwerk1899_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draegerwerk1899_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draegerwerk1899_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDekker" class="citation web cs1">Dekker, David L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divinghelmet.nl/divinghelmet/1899_Draegerwerk.html">"1889. Draegerwerk Lübeck"</a>. <i>Chronology of Diving in Holland</i>. www.divinghelmet.nl<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chronology+of+Diving+in+Holland&rft.atitle=1889.+Draegerwerk+L%C3%BCbeck&rft.aulast=Dekker&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divinghelmet.nl%2Fdivinghelmet%2F1899_Draegerwerk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis1955-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davis1955_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis1955_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis1955_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis1955_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis1955_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis1955_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Davis_(inventor)" title="Robert Davis (inventor)">Davis, R. 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Premier de Plongée (First to Dive)</i> (in French). Editions France-Empire.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commandant+Le+Prieur.+Premier+de+Plong%C3%A9e+%28First+to+Dive%29&rft.pub=Editions+France-Empire&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Le+Prieur&rft.aufirst=Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cousteau_1953-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cousteau_1953_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cousteau_1953_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousteauDumas1953" class="citation book cs1">Cousteau, Jacques-Yves; Dumas, Frederic (1953). <i>The Silent World</i> (5th impression ed.). London: Hamish Hamilton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silent+World&rft.place=London&rft.edition=5th+impression&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Cousteau&rft.aufirst=Jacques-Yves&rft.au=Dumas%2C+Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grima-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grima_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grima_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrima" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grima, Laurent-Xavier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plongeur.com/magazine/2007/10/24/spirotechnique-aqualung-60-ans/">"Aqua Lung 1947–2007, soixante ans au service de la plongée sous-marine!"</a> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aqua+Lung+1947%E2%80%932007%2C+soixante+ans+au+service+de+la+plong%C3%A9e+sous-marine%21&rft.aulast=Grima&rft.aufirst=Laurent-Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plongeur.com%2Fmagazine%2F2007%2F10%2F24%2Fspirotechnique-aqualung-60-ans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tadpole-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tadpole_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tadpole_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2006" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Bob (Summer 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photobucket.com/gallery/http://s973.photobucket.com/user/grepinet/media/mineraux/Plongee/article.jpg.html">"Siebe-Gorman's 'Tadpole' set"</a>. <i>Historical Diving Times</i> (39)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Diving+Times&rft.atitle=Siebe-Gorman%27s+%27Tadpole%27+set&rft.ssn=summer&rft.issue=39&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotobucket.com%2Fgallery%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fs973.photobucket.com%2Fuser%2Fgrepinet%2Fmedia%2Fmineraux%2FPlongee%2Farticle.jpg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basic_Scuba-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basic_Scuba_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basic_Scuba_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1963" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Fred M. (1963). <i>Basic Scuba: Self contained underwater breathing apparatus: Its operation, maintenance and use</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Van Nostrand Reinholdt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Scuba%3A+Self+contained+underwater+breathing+apparatus%3A+Its+operation%2C+maintenance+and+use&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinholdt&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Fred+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silent_World_b-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silent_World_b_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silent_World_b_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silent_World" title="The Silent World">The Silent World</a></i>, a film shot in 1955, before the invention of buoyancy control devices, Cousteau and his divers are continuously using their fins to maintain depth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanauer_1994-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanauer_1994_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanauer_1994_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanauer1994" class="citation book cs1">Hanauer, Eric (1994). <i>Diving Pioneers: An Oral History of Diving in America</i>. Aqua Quest Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-922769-43-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-922769-43-8"><bdi>978-0-922769-43-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diving+Pioneers%3A+An+Oral+History+of+Diving+in+America&rft.pub=Aqua+Quest+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-922769-43-8&rft.aulast=Hanauer&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krestovnikov_and_Halls_2008-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krestovnikov_and_Halls_2008_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krestovnikov_and_Halls_2008_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrestovnikoffHalls2008" class="citation book cs1">Krestovnikoff, Miranda; Halls, Monty (2008). <i>Scuba Diving</i>. Eyewitness Companions. Dorling Kindersley Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-3409-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-3409-9"><bdi>978-1-4053-3409-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scuba+Diving&rft.series=Eyewitness+Companions&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4053-3409-9&rft.aulast=Krestovnikoff&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft.au=Halls%2C+Monty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jablonski_2006-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJablonski2006" class="citation book cs1">Jablonski, Jarrod (2006). "6: The Doing It Right Equipment". <i>Doing It Right: The Fundamentals of Better Diving</i>. High Springs, Florida: Global Underwater Explorers. pp. 75–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9713267-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9713267-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9713267-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+The+Doing+It+Right+Equipment&rft.btitle=Doing+It+Right%3A+The+Fundamentals+of+Better+Diving&rft.place=High+Springs%2C+Florida&rft.pages=75-121&rft.pub=Global+Underwater+Explorers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9713267-0-5&rft.aulast=Jablonski&rft.aufirst=Jarrod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mount_2008b-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mount_2008b_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mount_2008b_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMount2008" class="citation book cs1">Mount, Tom (2008). "9: Equipment Configuration". In Mount, Tom; Dituri, Joseph (eds.). <i>Exploration and Mixed Gas Diving Encyclopedia</i> (1st ed.). Miami Shores, Florida: International Association of Nitrox Divers. pp. 91–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915539-10-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915539-10-9"><bdi>978-0-915539-10-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9%3A+Equipment+Configuration&rft.btitle=Exploration+and+Mixed+Gas+Diving+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Miami+Shores%2C+Florida&rft.pages=91-106&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Nitrox+Divers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-915539-10-9&rft.aulast=Mount&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diverwire-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diverwire_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diverwire_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606073758/http://www.diverwire.com/post/scuba-training-news/padi-launches-new-tec-sidemount-diver-course/">"PADI launches new Tec Sidemount Diver course"</a>. Diverwire. 5 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diverwire.com/post/scuba-training-news/padi-launches-new-tec-sidemount-diver-course/">the original</a> on 6 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PADI+launches+new+Tec+Sidemount+Diver+course&rft.pub=Diverwire&rft.date=2012-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diverwire.com%2Fpost%2Fscuba-training-news%2Fpadi-launches-new-tec-sidemount-diver-course%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alert-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alert_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alert_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHires2010" class="citation web cs1">Hires, Lamar (Summer 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217041735/http://www.alertdiver.com/Sidemount__Not_Just_For_Cave_Divers_Anymore">"Sidemount – Not Just For Cave Divers Anymore"</a>. Alert Diver Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertdiver.com/Sidemount__Not_Just_For_Cave_Divers_Anymore/">the original</a> on 17 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sidemount+%E2%80%93+Not+Just+For+Cave+Divers+Anymore&rft.pub=Alert+Diver+Magazine&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hires&rft.aufirst=Lamar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alertdiver.com%2FSidemount__Not_Just_For_Cave_Divers_Anymore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-divernet-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-divernet_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-divernet_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006014247/http://divernet.com/home_diving_news/930066/padi_puts_full_weight_behind_sidemount_diving.html">"PADI puts full weight behind sidemount diving"</a>. Diver Magazine. 6 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.divernet.com/home_diving_news/930066/padi_puts_full_weight_behind_sidemount_diving.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PADI+puts+full+weight+behind+sidemount+diving&rft.pub=Diver+Magazine&rft.date=2010-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divernet.com%2Fhome_diving_news%2F930066%2Fpadi_puts_full_weight_behind_sidemount_diving.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-x-ray1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-x-ray1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-x-ray1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203191816/https://xray-mag.com/content/holy-sidemount">"Holy Sidemount!"</a>. X-Ray Magazine. 25 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xray-mag.com/content/holy-sidemount">the original</a> on 3 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holy+Sidemount%21&rft.pub=X-Ray+Magazine&rft.date=2010-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xray-mag.com%2Fcontent%2Fholy-sidemount&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA_4th_Ed-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_4th_Ed_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_4th_Ed_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNOAA_Diving_Manual2001" class="citation book cs1">NOAA Diving Program (U.S.) (2001). Joiner, James T. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noaadivingmanual00noaa"><i>NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology</i></a> (4th ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Undersea Research Program. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941332-70-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941332-70-5"><bdi>978-0-941332-70-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NOAA+Diving+Manual%2C+Diving+for+Science+and+Technology&rft.place=Silver+Spring%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration%2C+Office+of+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Research%2C+National+Undersea+Research+Program&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-941332-70-5&rft.au=NOAA+Diving+Program+%28U.S.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoaadivingmanual00noaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span> CD-ROM prepared and distributed by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) in partnership with NOAA and Best Publishing Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dan-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dan_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dan_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang,_M.A.2001" class="citation book cs1">Lang, M.A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024235442/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4855"><i>DAN Nitrox Workshop Proceedings</i></a>. Durham, NC: Divers Alert Network. p. 197. Archived from the original on October 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DAN+Nitrox+Workshop+Proceedings&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Divers+Alert+Network&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Lang%2C+M.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.rubicon-foundation.org%2F4855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMASISA_TxManual_2006-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMASISA_TxManual_2006_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMASISA_TxManual_2006_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeresfordSouthwood2006" class="citation book cs1">Beresford, M.; Southwood, P. (2006). <i>CMAS-ISA Normoxic Trimix Manual</i> (4th ed.). Pretoria, South Africa: CMAS Instructors South Africa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CMAS-ISA+Normoxic+Trimix+Manual&rft.place=Pretoria%2C+South+Africa&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=CMAS+Instructors+South+Africa&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Beresford&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Southwood%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kane1998-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kane1998_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kane1998_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane_JR1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kane JR (1998). "Max E Nohl and the world record dive of 1937. (reprinted from Historical Diver 1996; 7(Spring):14-19.)". <i>Journal of the South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society</i>. <b>28</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+South+Pacific+Underwater+Medicine+Society&rft.atitle=Max+E+Nohl+and+the+world+record+dive+of+1937.+%28reprinted+from+Historical+Diver+1996%3B+7%28Spring%29%3A14-19.%29&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Kane+JR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warwick2015-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warwick2015_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warwick2015_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarwick,_Sam2015" class="citation web cs1">Warwick, Sam (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.divernet.com/wrecks/p303453-100-years-submerged.html">"100 years submerged"</a>. <i>diver.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=diver.net&rft.atitle=100+years+submerged&rft.date=2015-05&rft.au=Warwick%2C+Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divernet.com%2Fwrecks%2Fp303453-100-years-submerged.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menduno_2012-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menduno_2012_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menduno_2012_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menduno_2012_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menduno_2012_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menduno_2012_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menduno_2012_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenduno2012" class="citation conference cs1">Menduno, Michael (18–20 May 2012). Vann, Richard D.; Denoble, Petar J.; Pollock, Neal W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140717033807/http://media.dan.org/RF3_web.pdf"><i>Building a consumer rebreather market: Lessons from the technical diving revolution</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rebreather Forum 3 Proceedings. Durham, North Carolina: AAUS/DAN/PADI. pp. 2–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9800423-9-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9800423-9-9"><bdi>978-0-9800423-9-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.dan.org/RF3_web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Building+a+consumer+rebreather+market%3A+Lessons+from+the+technical+diving+revolution&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=2-23&rft.pub=AAUS%2FDAN%2FPADI&rft.date=2012-05-18%2F2012-05-20&rft.isbn=978-0-9800423-9-9&rft.aulast=Menduno&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.dan.org%2FRF3_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell_and_Doolette_2013-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_and_Doolette_2013_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_and_Doolette_2013_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellDoolette2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Simon J; Doolette, David J (June 2013). "Recreational technical diving part 1: an introduction to technical diving methods and activities". <i>Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 86–93. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23813462">23813462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diving+and+Hyperbaric+Medicine&rft.atitle=Recreational+technical+diving+part+1%3A+an+introduction+to+technical+diving+methods+and+activities&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=86-93&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23813462&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Simon+J&rft.au=Doolette%2C+David+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ratcliffe_2011-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ratcliffe_2011_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatcliffe2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ratcliffe, John E. (Spring 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=b46e3f83-e8e5-4335-9b58-20be85a2c097%40redis">"Bells, Barrels and Bullion: Diving and Salvage in the Atlantic World, 1500 to 1800"</a>. <i>Nautical Research Journal</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 35–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nautical+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Bells%2C+Barrels+and+Bullion%3A+Diving+and+Salvage+in+the+Atlantic+World%2C+1500+to+1800&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-56&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ratcliffe&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feds.p.ebscohost.com%2Feds%2Fpdfviewer%2Fpdfviewer%3Fvid%3D1%26sid%3Db46e3f83-e8e5-4335-9b58-20be85a2c097%2540redis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Old French for "sir" or "Mister"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scaphandre-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scaphandre_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/autonomie/Freminet.htm">Fréminet's invention mentioned in the <i>Musée du Scaphandre</i> website</a> (a diving museum in <a href="/wiki/Espalion" title="Espalion">Espalion</a>, south of France)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perrier_2008-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perrier_2008_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alain Perrier, <i>250 réponses aux questions du plongeur curieux</i>, Éditions du Gerfaut, Paris, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35191-033-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35191-033-7">978-2-35191-033-7</a> (p. 46, in French)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silent_World-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silent_World_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French explorer and inventor <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Yves_Cousteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Yves Cousteau">Jacques-Yves Cousteau</a> mentions Fréminet's invention and shows this 1784 painting in his 1955 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silent_World" title="The Silent World">Le Monde du silence</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freminet-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freminet_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1784 Fréminet sent six copies of a treatise about his <i>machine hydrostatergatique</i> to the chamber of Guienne (nowadays called <a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a>). On April 5, 1784, the archives of the Chamber of Guienne (Chambre de Commerce de Guienne) officially recorded: <i>Au sr Freminet, qui a adressé à la Chambre six exemplaires d'un précis sur une « machine hydrostatergatique » de son invention, destinée à servir en cas de naufrage ou de voie d'eau déclarée</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_2008-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-David_2008_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel David, <i>Les pionniers de la plongée – Les précurseurs de la plongée autonome 1771–1853</i>, 20X27 cm 170 p, first published in 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis1955-563-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis1955-563_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Davis">Davis</a> p. 563</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin_inst_1835-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_inst_1835_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1835" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Thomas P., ed. (1835). <i>Journal of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania</i>. Vol. XV. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Franklin Institute. pp. 147–149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Franklin+Institute+of+the+State+of+Pennsylvania&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=147-149&rft.pub=Franklin+Institute&rft.date=1835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plongeesout.com-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plongeesout.com_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plongeesout.com/articles%20publication/recycleur/recycleur_bahuet/avec%20ou%20sans%20bulle.htm">"<i>Avec ou sans bulles ?</i> (<i>With or without bubbles?</i>), an article (in French) by Eric Bahuet, published in the specialized Web site <i>plongeesout.com</i>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avec+ou+sans+bulles+%3F+%28With+or+without+bubbles%3F%29%2C+an+article+%28in+French%29+by+Eric+Bahuet%2C+published+in+the+specialized+Web+site+plongeesout.com.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plongeesout.com%2Farticles%2520publication%2Frecycleur%2Frecycleur_bahuet%2Favec%2520ou%2520sans%2520bulle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plongeesout_2-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plongeesout_2_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plongeesout.com/articles%20publication/recycleur/recycleur_bahuet/recycleur_bahuet%20photo03%20grand.JPG">"Ichtioandre's technical drawing"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ichtioandre%27s+technical+drawing.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plongeesout.com%2Farticles%2520publication%2Frecycleur%2Frecycleur_bahuet%2Frecycleur_bahuet%2520photo03%2520grand.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siccard-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siccard_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/autonomie/autonomes_sans_detendeur.htm">James, Augerville, Condert and Saint Simon Sicard as mentioned by the <i>Musée du Scaphandre</i> Web site (a diving museum in Espalion, south of France)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zurcher_2002-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zurcher_2002_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mzplongee.ch/cariboost_files/02-histoire_20de_20la_20plong_c3_a9e.pdf">"<i>Histoire de la plongée</i> ("history of diving"), by Mauro Zürcher, 2002"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+plong%C3%A9e+%28%22history+of+diving%22%29%2C+by+Mauro+Z%C3%BCrcher%2C+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mzplongee.ch%2Fcariboost_files%2F02-histoire_20de_20la_20plong_c3_a9e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scaphandre_2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scaphandre_2_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030022352/http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/autonomie/scaphandre_autonome.htm">"Le Scaphandre Aoutonome"</a> (in French). Espalion, France: Musée du Scaphandre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espalion-12.com/scaphandre/autonomie/scaphandre_autonome.htm">the original</a> on 30 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Scaphandre+Aoutonome&rft.place=Espalion%2C+France&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+du+Scaphandre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espalion-12.com%2Fscaphandre%2Fautonomie%2Fscaphandre_autonome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bjorkman-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bjorkman_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjorkman" class="citation journal cs1">Bjorkman, Bart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advanceddivermagazine.com/articles/guts/guts.html">"Technology and Guts"</a>. <i>Advanced Diver Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Diver+Magazine&rft.atitle=Technology+and+Guts&rft.aulast=Bjorkman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advanceddivermagazine.com%2Farticles%2Fguts%2Fguts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp_1990-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_1990_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp1990" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Paul (1990). <i>The T-Class submarine – The Classic British Design</i>. Arms and Armour. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-958-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-958-4"><bdi>978-0-85368-958-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+T-Class+submarine+%E2%80%93+The+Classic+British+Design&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85368-958-4&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diving_Heritage-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diving_Heritage_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divingheritage.com/drager.htm">"Drägerwerk"</a>. <i>Divingheritage.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Divingheritage.com&rft.atitle=Dr%C3%A4gerwerk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divingheritage.com%2Fdrager.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pirelli-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pirelli_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarí" class="citation web cs1">Marí, Alejandro Sergio. 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Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9063-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9063-0"><bdi>978-1-4094-9063-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historicizing+Lifestyle%3A+Mediating+Taste%2C+Consumption+and+Identity+from+the+1900s+to+1970s&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012-12-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-9063-0&rft.aulast=Hollows&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft.au=Bell%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbSI7Q-uVS5oC%26q%3DUnderwater%2BInstructor%2BCertification%2BCourse%2B1955%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProQuest-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ProQuest_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=joO7k0Vi_D0C"><i>Means-end Analysis and Values: The Recreational Scuba Consumer</i></a>. 2007-01-01. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-44246-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-44246-2"><bdi>978-0-549-44246-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Means-end+Analysis+and+Values%3A+The+Recreational+Scuba+Consumer&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-549-44246-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjoO7k0Vi_D0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Icorn-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Icorn_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153633/http://www.internationallegendsofdiving.com/Articles/icorn_090908.htm">"Nick Icorn - International Legends of Diving - Scuba Sponsored by Portage Quarry"</a>. <i>www.internationallegendsofdiving.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.internationallegendsofdiving.com&rft.atitle=Nick+Icorn+-+International+Legends+of+Diving+-+Scuba+Sponsored+by+Portage+Quarry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationallegendsofdiving.com%2FArticles%2Ficorn_090908.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanna_2006-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanna_2006_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanna_2006_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna2006" class="citation book cs1">Hanna, Nick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110913143239/http://www.artofdiving.com/The_Art_of_Diving_title/Introduction_to_the_book/index.html"><i>The Art of Diving</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usnwc.edu&rft.atitle=Frogmen+against+a+fleet%3A+The+Italian+Attack+on+Alexandria+18%2F19+December+1941&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Vincent+P.&rft.au=Cernuschi%2C+Enrico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnwc.edu%2Fgetattachment%2Ff9f595b1-7547-4929-8d05-b2e798390a3c%2FFrogmen-against-a-Fleet--The-Italian-Attack-on-Ale.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tirpitz-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tirpitz_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_collections_slidshows/public/modules/image/Attack%20on%20the%20Tirpitz.pdf">"Information sheet no 101 - Attack on the Tirpitz"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk</i>. 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Miami Shores, Florida: International Association of Nitrox Divers. pp. 279–286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915539-10-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915539-10-9"><bdi>978-0-915539-10-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=24%3A+The+practical+aspects+of+deep+wreck+diving&rft.btitle=Exploration+and+Mixed+Gas+Diving+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Miami+Shores%2C+Florida&rft.pages=279-286&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Nitrox+Divers&rft.date=2008-08&rft.isbn=978-0-915539-10-9&rft.aulast=Citelli&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mar_Arch-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mar_Arch_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://site.ebrary.com/lib/gprc/docDetail.action?">"Underwater and Maritime Archeology in Latin America and the Caribbean"</a>. p. 21. docid 10408690.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Underwater+and+Maritime+Archeology+in+Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsite.ebrary.com%2Flib%2Fgprc%2FdocDetail.action%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbins_2001-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbins_2001_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbinsAdams2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbins, David & Adams, Jonathan (2001). "Shipwrecks and maritime archaeology". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 279–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438240120048635">10.1080/00438240120048635</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37301382">37301382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Shipwrecks+and+maritime+archaeology&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=279-291&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438240120048635&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37301382%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gibbins&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akesson-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Akesson_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkesson" class="citation web cs1">Akesson, Per. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.se/~pa/uwa/history.htm">"A history of underwater archaeology"</a>. <i>Nordic Underwater Archaeology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Underwater+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+history+of+underwater+archaeology&rft.aulast=Akesson&rft.aufirst=Per&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.se%2F~pa%2Fuwa%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+scuba+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menduno_2019_part3-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout gas">Bailout gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom gas">Bottom gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing air">Breathing air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression gas">Decompression gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydreliox" title="Hydreliox">Hydreliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrox_(breathing_gas)" title="Hydrox (breathing gas)">Hydrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">Nitrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel gas">Travel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">Trimix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buoyancy and<br />trim equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avelo_diving_system" title="Avelo diving system">Avelo diving system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">Buoyancy compensator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_inflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Power inflator">Power inflator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_valve_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dump valve (diving)">Dump valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_buoyancy_pressure_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable buoyancy pressure vessel">Variable buoyancy pressure vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_weighting_system" title="Diving weighting system">Diving weighting system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle weights (diving)">Ankle weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_weights" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated weights">Integrated weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trim weights (diving)">Trim weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight belt">Weight belt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_buoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression buoy">Decompression buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_trapeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression trapeze">Decompression trapeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_upline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey upline">Jersey upline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIM_suit" title="JIM suit">JIM suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtsuit" title="Newtsuit">Newtsuit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">Dry suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sladen_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sladen suit">Sladen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving suit">Standard diving suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Rash vest">Rash vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_skins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive skins">Dive skins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-water_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-water suit">Hot-water suit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Helmets<br />and masks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fog" title="Anti-fog">Anti-fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-flow helmet">Free-flow helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_demand_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightweight demand helmet">Lightweight demand helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinasal_mask" title="Orinasal mask">Orinasal mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow water helmet">Shallow water helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving helmet">Standard diving helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Band mask">Band mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-face mask">Full-face mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Half mask">Half mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom timer">Bottom timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_gauge" title="Depth gauge">Depth gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive timer">Dive timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_watch" title="Diving watch">Diving watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_release_valve" title="Helium release valve">Helium release valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumofathometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumofathometer">Pneumofathometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pressure_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Submersible pressure gauge">Submersible pressure gauge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobility<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver propulsion vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerSwim" title="PowerSwim">PowerSwim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towboard" title="Towboard">Towboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">Wet sub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_air_source" title="Alternative air source">Alternative air source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus regulator">Octopus regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_snap" title="Bolt snap">Bolt snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddy line">Buddy line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_light" title="Dive light">Dive light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_cutting_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's cutting tool">Diver's cutting tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's knife">Diver's knife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's telephone">Diver's telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Through-water_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Through-water communications">Through-water communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_harness" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving safety harness">Diving safety harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout block">Bailout block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeline_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifeline (diving)">Lifeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screw_gate_carabiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw gate carabiner">Screw gate carabiner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_locator_beacon" title="Emergency locator beacon">Emergency locator beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_tether" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue tether">Rescue tether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety helmet">Safety helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark-proof_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark-proof cage">Shark-proof cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoopy_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Snoopy loop">Snoopy loop</a></li> <li>Navigation equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">Distance line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving compass">Diving compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive reel">Dive reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_marker" title="Line marker">Line marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_marker_buoy" title="Surface marker buoy">Surface marker buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt screw">Silt screw</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater<br />breathing<br />apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">Diving cylinder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burst_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Burst disc">Burst disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_cylinder_valve" title="Scuba cylinder valve">Scuba cylinder valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_diving_regulators" title="Mechanism of diving regulators">Mechanism of diving regulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_malfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator malfunction">Regulator malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_freeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator freeze">Regulator freeze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-hose regulator">Single-hose regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin-hose regulator">Twin-hose regulator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">Full-face diving mask</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">Open-circuit<br />scuba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent doubles">Independent doubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifolded_twin_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifolded twin set">Manifolded twin set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_manifold" title="Scuba manifold">Scuba manifold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba configuration">Scuba configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidemount">Sidemount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling cylinder">Sling cylinder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_CDBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Carleton CDBA">Carleton CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Divers_Life_Support_Equipment" title="Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment">Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic rebreather">Cryogenic rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUMA" title="CUMA">CUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSEA" class="mw-redirect" title="DSEA">DSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_PVR-BASC" title="Halcyon PVR-BASC">Halcyon PVR-BASC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_RB80" title="Halcyon RB80">Halcyon RB80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDA71" title="IDA71">IDA71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspiro_DCSC" title="Interspiro DCSC">Interspiro DCSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-5" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-5">LAR-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-6" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-6">LAR-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-V" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-V">LAR-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertsen_Amphibious_Respiratory_Unit" title="Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit">LARU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_IV_Amphibian" title="Mark IV Amphibian">Mark IV Amphibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_CDBA" title="Siebe Gorman CDBA">Siebe Gorman CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_Salvus" title="Siebe Gorman Salvus">Salvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siva_(rebreather)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siva (rebreather)">Siva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied<br />diving equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_line" title="Air line">Air line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_umbilical" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's umbilical">Diver's umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hookah_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hookah (diving)">Hookah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba replacement">Scuba replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuba" title="Snuba">Snuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers"> Diving<br />equipment<br />manufacturers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP_Diving" title="AP Diving">AP Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apeks" title="Apeks">Apeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung_America" title="Aqua Lung America">Aqua Lung America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung/La_Spirotechnique" title="Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique">Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuchat" title="Beuchat">Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cavalero" title="René Cavalero">René Cavalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-Lunar" title="Cis-Lunar">Cis-Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressi-Sub" title="Cressi-Sub">Cressi-Sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacor_(scuba_diving)" title="Dacor (scuba diving)">Dacor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESCO" title="DESCO">DESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_Xtras" title="Dive Xtras">Dive Xtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divex" title="Divex">Divex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Unlimited_International" title="Diving Unlimited International">Diving Unlimited International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4gerwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drägerwerk">Drägerwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faber_Industrie_S.p.A." title="Faber Industrie S.p.A.">Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenzy" title="Fenzy">Fenzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fernez" title="Maurice Fernez">Maurice Fernez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Ferraro_(naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Ferraro (naval officer)">Technisub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gugen" title="Oscar Gugen">Oscar Gugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinke_(diving_equipment_manufacturer)" title="Heinke (diving equipment manufacturer)">Heinke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HeinrichsWeikamp" title="HeinrichsWeikamp">HeinrichsWeikamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Outdoors" title="Johnson Outdoors">Johnson Outdoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mares_(scuba_equipment)" title="Mares (scuba equipment)">Mares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_Diving" title="Morse Diving">Morse Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrod" title="Nemrod">Nemrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_Worldwide" title="Oceanic Worldwide">Oceanic Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearwater_Research" title="Shearwater Research">Shearwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Products" title="Submarine Products">Submarine Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suunto" title="Suunto">Suunto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_support_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">Diving support equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Access equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_stirrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding stirrup">Boarding stirrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver lift">Diver lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving ladder">Diving ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_platform_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving platform (scuba)">Diving platform (scuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downline_(diving)" title="Downline (diving)">Downline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay" title="Jackstay">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_line" title="Messenger line">Messenger line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_pool" title="Moon pool">Moon pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor#Filtration" title="Diving air compressor">Air filtration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopcalite" title="Hopcalite">Hopcalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_sieve" title="Molecular sieve">Molecular sieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">Silica gel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_filling_system" title="Cascade filling system">Cascade filling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_pump" title="Diver's pump">Diver's pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving air filter">Diving air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Water separator">Water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure breathing air compressor">High pressure breathing air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure breathing air compressor">Low pressure breathing air compressor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending" title="Gas blending">Gas blending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reclaim_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas reclaim system">Gas reclaim system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage bank">Gas storage bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_quad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage quad">Gas storage quad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage tube">Gas storage tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_analyzer" title="Helium analyzer">Helium analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrox production">Nitrox production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_gas_separation" title="Membrane gas separation">Membrane gas separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">Pressure swing adsorption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_analyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen analyser">Oxygen analyser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_compatibility" title="Oxygen compatibility">Oxygen compatibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-lock">Air-lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Built-in_breathing_system" title="Built-in breathing system">Built-in breathing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression tables">Decompression tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_cursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell cursor">Bell cursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clump_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Clump weight">Clump weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_chamber" title="Diving chamber">Diving chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_Dive_Planner" title="Recreational Dive Planner">Recreational Dive Planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation system">Saturation system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_rubber_raiding_craft" title="Combat rubber raiding craft">Combat rubber raiding craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveaboard" title="Liveaboard">Liveaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subskimmer" title="Subskimmer">Subskimmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(K07)" title="HMS Challenger (K07)">HMS Challenger (K07)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterhabitat" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_habitat" title="Underwater habitat">Underwater<br />habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_Reef_Base" title="Aquarius Reef Base">Aquarius Reef Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Shelf_Station_Two" title="Continental Shelf Station Two">Continental Shelf Station Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helgoland_Habitat" title="Helgoland Habitat">Helgoland Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter_Space_Analog_Station" title="Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station">Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEALAB" title="SEALAB">SEALAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektite_habitat" title="Tektite habitat">Tektite habitat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated<br />underwater vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8A4-class_ROUV" title="8A4-class ROUV">8A4-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABISMO" title="ABISMO">ABISMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_ROV_Team" title="Atlantis ROV Team">Atlantis ROV Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COTSBot" title="COTSBot">COTSBot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURV" title="CURV">CURV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Drone" title="Deep Drone">Deep Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89paulard" title="Épaulard">Épaulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Explorer_ROV" title="Global Explorer ROV">Global Explorer ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfish-class_ROUV" title="Goldfish-class ROUV">Goldfish-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8D_ROV" title="Kaikō ROV">Kaikō ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%9Fif_ROUV" title="Kaşif ROUV">Kaşif ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-Term_Mine_Reconnaissance_System" title="Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System">Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_Rover_ROV" title="Mini Rover ROV">Mini Rover ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenROV" title="OpenROV">OpenROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_KIEL_6000" title="ROV KIEL 6000">ROV KIEL 6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_PHOCA" title="ROV PHOCA">ROV PHOCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_ROV" title="Scorpio ROV">Scorpio ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon-class_ROV" title="Sea Dragon-class ROV">Sea Dragon-class ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_tractor" title="Seabed tractor">Seabed tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafox_drone" title="Seafox drone">Seafox drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaPerch" title="SeaPerch">SeaPerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SJT-class_ROUV" title="SJT-class ROUV">SJT-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T1200_Trenching_Unit" title="T1200 Trenching Unit">T1200 Trenching Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoRay_UROVs" title="VideoRay UROVs">VideoRay UROVs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_down_flag" title="Diver down flag">Diver down flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENOS_Rescue-System" title="ENOS Rescue-System">ENOS Rescue-System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_lifeboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric lifeboat">Hyperbaric lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_stretcher" title="Hyperbaric stretcher">Hyperbaric stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackstay (diving)">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_gas_supply_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve gas supply (diving)">Reserve gas supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving spread">Diving spread</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Air spread">Air spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation spread">Saturation spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water system (diving)">Hot water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Underwater acoustic positioning system">Underwater acoustic positioning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freediving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Deep" title="Nordic Deep">Nordic Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_Blue" title="Vertical Blue">Vertical Blue</a></li> <li>Disciplines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant weight">Constant weight</a> (CWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_bi-fins" title="Constant weight bi-fins">Constant weight bi-fins</a> (CWTB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_without_fins" title="Constant weight without fins">Constant weight without fins</a> (CNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea" title="Dynamic apnea">Dynamic apnea</a> (DYN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic apnea without fins">Dynamic apnea without fins</a> (DNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Free immersion">Free immersion</a> (FIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-limits_apnea" title="No-limits apnea">No-limits apnea</a> (NLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_apnea" title="Static apnea">Static apnea</a> (STA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandalopetra_diving" title="Skandalopetra diving">Skandalopetra diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea">Variable weight apnea</a> (VWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea without fins">Variable weight apnea without fins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel (swimming)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo_cap" title="Water polo cap">Water polo cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Andollo" title="Deborah Andollo">Deborah Andollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Arrigoni" title="Simone Arrigoni">Simone Arrigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppo_Biscarini" title="Peppo Biscarini">Peppo Biscarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Board" title="Michael Board">Michael Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Campbell" title="Sara Campbell">Sara Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derya_Can_G%C3%B6%C3%A7en" class="mw-redirect" title="Derya Can Göçen">Derya Can Göçen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goran_%C4%8Colak" title="Goran Čolak">Goran Čolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Coste" title="Carlos Coste">Carlos Coste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Croft_(diver)" title="Robert Croft (diver)">Robert Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandy-Rae_Cruickshank" title="Mandy-Rae Cruickshank">Mandy-Rae Cruickshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasemin_Dalk%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="Yasemin Dalkılıç">Yasemin Dalkılıç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_D%27Imporzano" title="Leonardo D'Imporzano">Leonardo D'Imporzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eahika_Erc%C3%BCmen" title="Şahika Ercümen">Şahika Ercümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Farrell_(freediver)" title="Emma Farrell (freediver)">Emma Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferreras" title="Francisco Ferreras">Francisco Ferreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Frolla" title="Pierre Frolla">Pierre Frolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehgan_Heaney-Grier" title="Mehgan Heaney-Grier">Mehgan Heaney-Grier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Kristoffersen" title="Elisabeth Kristoffersen">Elisabeth Kristoffersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Yevhenovych_Khvetkevych" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych">Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Maiorca" title="Enzo Maiorca">Enzo Maiorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mayol" title="Jacques Mayol">Jacques Mayol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Meyer" title="Karol Meyer">Karol Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Middleton_(free-diver)" title="Kate Middleton (free-diver)">Kate Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mifsud" title="Stéphane Mifsud">Stéphane Mifsud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Molchanov" title="Alexey Molchanov">Alexey Molchanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Mullins_(freediver)" title="Dave Mullins (freediver)">Dave Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Musimu" title="Patrick Musimu">Patrick Musimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_N%C3%A9ry" title="Guillaume Néry">Guillaume Néry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Nitsch" title="Herbert Nitsch">Herbert Nitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Pelizzari" title="Umberto Pelizzari">Umberto Pelizzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liv_Philip" title="Liv Philip">Liv Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelie_Pompe" title="Annelie Pompe">Annelie Pompe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Severinsen" title="Stig Severinsen">Stig Severinsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sietas" title="Tom Sietas">Tom Sietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Solomons" title="Aharon Solomons">Aharon Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nek_(free-diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Štěpánek (free-diver)">Martin Štěpánek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Steyn" title="Walter Steyn">Walter Steyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Streeter" title="Tanya Streeter">Tanya Streeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trubridge" title="William Trubridge">William Trubridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devrim_Cenk_Ulusoy" title="Devrim Cenk Ulusoy">Devrim Cenk Ulusoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Uruk" title="Fatma Uruk">Fatma Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danai_Varveri" title="Danai Varveri">Danai Varveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessia_Zecchini" title="Alessia Zecchini">Alessia Zecchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliia_Zharkova" title="Nataliia Zharkova">Nataliia Zharkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-water blackout">Deep-water blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout#Terminology" title="Freediving blackout">Shallow-water blackout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_wrestling" title="Octopus wrestling">Octopus wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_underwater_swimming" title="Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming">Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Professional_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver">Commercial diver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial offshore diver">Commercial offshore diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazmat diver">Hazmat diver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Media diver">Media diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Police diver">Police diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver">Public safety diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver">Scientific diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater archaeologist">Underwater archaeologist</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydiving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Military<br />diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_engineer_diver" title="Army engineer diver">Army engineer diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces_Divers" title="Canadian Armed Forces Divers">Canadian Armed Forces Divers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_diver" title="Clearance diver">Clearance diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minentaucher" title="Minentaucher">Minentaucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_ships_diver" title="Royal Navy ships diver">Royal Navy ships diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_divers" title="United States military divers">United States military divers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Navy diver (United States Navy)">U.S. Navy diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master diver (United States Navy)">U.S.Navy master diver</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydivingunits" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_diving_units" title="List of military diving units">Military<br />diving<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Diving_Branch_(RAN)" title="Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)">Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando_Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Commando Hubert">Commando Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Special_Operations_Force" title="Lithuanian Special Operations Force">Combat Divers Service (Lithuania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comando_Raggruppamento_Subacquei_e_Incursori_Teseo_Tesei" title="Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei">Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman_Corps_(Denmark)" title="Frogman Corps (Denmark)">Frogman Corps (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerzas_Especiales" title="Fuerzas Especiales">Fuerzas Especiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuryu" title="Fukuryu">Fukuryu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRUMEC" title="GRUMEC">GRUMEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grup_Gerak_Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Gerak Khas">Grup Gerak Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdkommando" title="Jagdkommando">Jagdkommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Formoza" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Formoza">JW Formoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_GROM" class="mw-redirect" title="JW GROM">JW GROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Komandos%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Komandosów">JW Komandosów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommando_Spezialkr%C3%A4fte_Marine" title="Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine">Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOPASKA" title="KOPASKA">KOPASKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARCOS" title="MARCOS">MARCOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Commandos" title="Marine Commandos">Marine Commandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinejegerkommandoen" title="Marinejegerkommandoen">Marinejegerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Raider_Regiment" title="Marine Raider Regiment">Marine Raider Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minedykkerkommandoen" title="Minedykkerkommandoen">Minedykkerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Marine_Corps#Operational_Diving_Unit" title="Namibian Marine Corps">Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Diving_Unit_(Singapore)" title="Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)">Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Service_Diving_Section" title="Naval Service Diving Section">Naval Service Diving Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Special_Operations_Command" title="Naval Special Operations Command">Naval Special Operations Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Diving_Division_(SA_Navy)" title="Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)">Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_commando_frogmen" title="Russian commando frogmen">Russian commando frogmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappers_Divers_Group" title="Sappers Divers Group">Sappers Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Actions_Detachment" title="Special Actions Detachment">Special Actions Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Squadron_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)">Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Command_(Turkey)" title="Special Forces Command (Turkey)">Special Forces Command (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Group_(Belgium)" title="Special Forces Group (Belgium)">Special Forces Group (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Battalion_(Croatia)" title="Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)">Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Group_(Navy)" title="Special Service Group (Navy)">Special Service Group (Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Warfare_Diving_and_Salvage" title="Special Warfare Diving and Salvage">Special Warfare Diving and Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Divers_Group" title="Tactical Divers Group">Tactical Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance" title="United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance">US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions" title="United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions">US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">US Navy SEALs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Construction_Teams" title="Underwater Construction Teams">Underwater Construction Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Command" title="Underwater Demolition Command">Underwater Demolition Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team" title="Underwater Demolition Team">Underwater Demolition Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Offence_(Turkish_Armed_Forces)" title="Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)">Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNGERIN" title="UNGERIN">UNGERIN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_work" title="Underwater work">Underwater<br />work</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diving" title="Commercial offshore diving">Commercial offshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diving" title="Hazmat diving">Hazmat diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_welding" title="Hyperbaric welding">Hyperbaric welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_construction" title="Marine construction">Marine construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_construction" title="Underwater construction">Underwater construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diving" title="Media diving">Media diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diving" title="Police diving">Police diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potable_water_diving" title="Potable water diving">Potable water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diving" title="Public safety diving">Public safety diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">Scientific diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_husbandry" title="Ships husbandry">Ships husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_diving" title="Sponge diving">Sponge diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pipeline" title="Submarine pipeline">Submarine pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Archaeology of shipwrecks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cutting_and_welding" title="Underwater cutting and welding">Underwater cutting and welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_demolition" title="Underwater demolition">Underwater demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater inspection">Underwater inspection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">Nondestructive testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_logging" title="Underwater logging">Underwater logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_search_and_recovery" title="Underwater search and recovery">Underwater search and recovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_videography" title="Underwater videography">Underwater videography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_survey" title="Underwater survey">Underwater survey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Salvage_diving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salvage_diving" title="Salvage diving">Salvage diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Egypt" title="SS Egypt">SS <i>Egypt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronan_(ship)" title="Kronan (ship)"><i>Kronan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)"><i>La Belle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Laurentic_(1908)" title="SS Laurentic (1908)">SS <i>Laurentic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_warship_Mars" title="Swedish warship Mars"><i>Mars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose" title="Mary Rose"><i>Mary Rose</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)">HMS <i>Royal George</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship)"><i>Vasa</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving contractor">Diving<br />contractors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_maritime_d%27expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">COMEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helix_Energy_Solutions_Group" title="Helix Energy Solutions Group">Helix Energy Solutions Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive_waterjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive waterjet">Abrasive waterjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift_(dredging_device)" title="Airlift (dredging device)">Airlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baited_remote_underwater_video" title="Baited remote underwater video">Baited remote underwater video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_surface_cleaning" title="In-water surface cleaning">In-water surface cleaning</a> <ul><li>Brush cart</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavitation_cleaning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavitation cleaning (page does not exist)">Cavitation cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_washing" title="Pressure washing">Pressure washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigging" title="Pigging">Pigging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_stab" title="Hot stab">Hot stab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifting_bag" title="Lifting bag">Lifting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated underwater vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_lance" title="Thermal lance">Thermal lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremie" title="Tremie">Tremie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_jetting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water jetting (page does not exist)">Water jetting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">Limpet mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterfirearm" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater<br />firearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyrojet" title="Gyrojet">Gyrojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_1_Underwater_Defense_Gun" title="Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun">Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhead_(firearm)" title="Powerhead (firearm)">Powerhead</a></li> <li>Underwater pistols <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_P11" title="Heckler & Koch P11">Heckler & Koch P11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPP-1_underwater_pistol" title="SPP-1 underwater pistol">SPP-1 underwater pistol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater revolvers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAI_underwater_revolver" title="AAI underwater revolver">AAI underwater revolver</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater rifles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADS_amphibious_rifle" title="ADS amphibious rifle">ADS amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APS_underwater_rifle" title="APS underwater rifle">APS underwater rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASM-DT_amphibious_rifle" title="ASM-DT amphibious rifle">ASM-DT amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBS-06" title="QBS-06">QBS-06</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Recreational_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">Recreational diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Index of recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wreck_diving_sites" title="List of wreck diving sites">List of wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Outline of recreational dive sites">Outline of recreational dive sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount_diving" title="Sidemount diving">Sidemount diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_organisations" title="Diver organisations">Diver<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey" title="Quintana Roo Speleological Survey">Quintana Roo Speleological Survey</a> (QRSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodville_Karst_Plain_Project" title="Woodville Karst Plain Project">Woodville Karst Plain Project</a> (WKPP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving tourism<br />industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_center" title="Dive center">Dive center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_East_Timor" title="Diving in East Timor">Diving in East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_the_Maldives" title="Diving in the Maldives">Diving in the Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands">Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_ships_for_wreck_diving_sites" title="Sinking ships for wreck diving sites">Sinking ships for wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_on_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater diving on Guam">Underwater diving on Guam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving events<br />and festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversnight" title="Diversnight">Diversnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Bike_Race" title="Underwater Bike Race">Underwater Bike Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_safety" title="Human factors in diving safety">Human factors in diving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">Safety-critical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving fatalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_emergency" title="Underwater diving emergency">Underwater diving emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_safety" title="Water safety">Water safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_surface_searches" title="Water surface searches">Water surface searches</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_hazards" title="Diving hazards">Diving<br />hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">List of diving hazards and precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazards_of_the_diving_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazards of the diving environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-P_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-P (hazard)">Delta-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entanglement_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entanglement (hazard)">Entanglement hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Overhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_out" title="Silt out">Silt out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave action">Wave action</a></li></ul></li> <li>Equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeflow" title="Freeflow">Freeflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Use_of_breathing_equipment_in_an_underwater_environment" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li></ul></li> <li>Physiological <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">Uncontrolled decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Diver_behaviour_and_competence" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Diver behaviour and competence</a> <ul><li>Lack of <a href="/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconfidence_effect" title="Overconfidence effect">Overconfidence effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_loading" title="Task loading">Task loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety#Trait" title="Anxiety">Trait anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willful_violation" title="Willful violation">Willful violation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Consequences" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_procedures" title="Diving procedures">Diving<br />procedures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_and_descending_(diving)" title="Ascending and descending (diving)">Ascending and descending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ascent" title="Emergency ascent">Emergency ascent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat diving">Boat diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_diving" title="Buddy diving">Buddy diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_check" title="Buddy check">buddy check</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_practice" title="Decompression practice">Decompression practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyle_stop" title="Pyle stop">Pyle stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratio_decompression" title="Ratio decompression">Ratio decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_briefing" title="Dive briefing">Dive briefing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_log" title="Dive log">Dive log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_planning" title="Dive planning">Dive planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds_(diving)" title="Rule of thirds (diving)">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Scuba gas planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_communications" title="Diver communications">Diver communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_rescue" title="Diver rescue">Diver rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doing_It_Right_(scuba_diving)" title="Doing It Right (scuba diving)">Doing It Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_diving" title="Drift diving">Drift diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_management" title="Scuba gas management">Scuba gas management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_diving" title="Wall diving">Wall diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li>Hazard identification and risk assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Hazard analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_evacuation_and_rescue" title="Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue">Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_control" title="Risk control">Risk control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_pit" title="Incident pit">Incident pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout%E2%80%93tagout" title="Lockout–tagout">Lockout–tagout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">Situation awareness</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_team" title="Diving team">Diving team</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellman_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellman (diving)">Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber operator">Chamber operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_medical_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver medical technician">Diver medical technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_attendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's attendant">Diver's attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_systems_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving systems technician">Diving systems technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas man">Gas man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_support_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support technician">Life support technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-by_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand-by diver">Stand-by diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment<br />safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing gas quality">Breathing gas quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing_and_inspection_of_diving_cylinders" title="Testing and inspection of diving cylinders">Testing and inspection of diving cylinders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_test" title="Hydrostatic test">Hydrostatic test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_load_cracking" title="Sustained load cracking">Sustained load cracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational<br />safety and<br />health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Diving_Contractors_International" title="Association of Diving Contractors International">Association of Diving Contractors International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency response plan">Emergency response plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">Diving<br />disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_signs_and_symptoms_of_diving_disorders" title="List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders">List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">Cramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternobaric_vertigo" title="Alternobaric vertigo">Alternobaric vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barostriction" class="mw-redirect" title="Barostriction">Barostriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">Air embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barodontalgia" title="Barodontalgia">Barodontalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental barotrauma">Dental barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary barotrauma">Pulmonary barotrauma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_arthralgia" title="Compression arthralgia">Compression arthralgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_illness" title="Decompression illness">Decompression illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysbarism" title="Dysbarism">Dysbarism</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoxia" title="Hyperoxia">Hyperoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inert gases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysbaric_osteonecrosis" title="Dysbaric osteonecrosis">Dysbaric osteonecrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobaric_counterdiffusion" title="Isobaric counterdiffusion">Isobaric counterdiffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taravana" title="Taravana">Taravana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_nervous_syndrome" title="High-pressure nervous syndrome">High-pressure nervous syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_narcosis" title="Hydrogen narcosis">Hydrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon dioxide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocapnia" title="Hypocapnia">Hypocapnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />contaminants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersion<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_diuresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion diuresis">Immersion diuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinctive_drowning_response" title="Instinctive drowning response">Instinctive drowning response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_water_aspiration_syndrome" title="Salt water aspiration syndrome">Salt water aspiration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming-induced_pulmonary_edema" title="Swimming-induced pulmonary edema">Swimming-induced pulmonary edema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_valve_oxygen_therapy" title="Demand valve oxygen therapy">Demand valve oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_treatment_schedules" title="Hyperbaric treatment schedules">Hyperbaric treatment schedules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_recompression" title="In-water recompression">In-water recompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_recompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic recompression">Therapeutic recompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Examiner">Diving Medical Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Practitioner">Diving Medical Practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Technician">Diving Medical Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_nursing" title="Hyperbaric nursing">Hyperbaric nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">Atrial septal defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_drugs_on_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of drugs on fitness to dive">Effects of drugs on fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_to_dive" title="Fitness to dive">Fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological fitness to dive">Psychological fitness to dive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_diving_physiology_and_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of researchers in diving physiology and medicine">Researchers in<br />diving physiology<br />and medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Bachrach" title="Arthur J. Bachrach">Arthur J. Bachrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R._Behnke" title="Albert R. Behnke">Albert R. Behnke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Bennett" title="Peter B. Bennett">Peter B. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bert" title="Paul Bert">Paul Bert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Bond" title="George F. Bond">George F. Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_O._Brubakk" title="Alf O. Brubakk">Alf O. Brubakk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._B%C3%BChlmann" title="Albert A. Bühlmann">Albert A. Bühlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybon_Chesney_Castell_Damant" title="Guybon Chesney Castell Damant">Guybon Chesney Castell Damant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald" title="Kenneth William Donald">Kenneth William Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paul_Fife" title="William Paul Fife">William Paul Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Hamilton_Jr." title="Robert William Hamilton Jr.">Robert William Hamilton Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Valence_Hempleman" title="Henry Valence Hempleman">Henry Valence Hempleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Erskine_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Erskine Hill">Leonard Erskine Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Andrew_Hills" title="Brian Andrew Hills">Brian Andrew Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoppe-Seyler" title="Felix Hoppe-Seyler">Felix Hoppe-Seyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mitchell" title="Simon Mitchell">Simon Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Momsen" title="Charles Momsen">Charles Momsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_W._Pollock" title="Neal W. Pollock">Neal W. Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawlins_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Rawlins (Royal Navy officer)">John Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley_Shilling" title="Charles Wesley Shilling">Charles Wesley Shilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Thalmann" title="Edward D. Thalmann">Edward D. Thalmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving medical<br />research<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Medical_Association" title="Aerospace Medical Association">Aerospace Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a> (DAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Diseases_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Diseases Research Centre">Diving Diseases Research Centre</a> (DDRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Advisory_Council" title="Diving Medical Advisory Council">Diving Medical Advisory Council</a> (DMAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Diving_Technology_Committee" title="European Diving Technology Committee">European Diving Technology Committee</a> (EDTC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_and_Baromedical_Society" title="European Underwater and Baromedical Society">European Underwater and Baromedical Society</a> (EUBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Diving_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Technology" title="National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology">National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Medical_Research_Laboratory" title="Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory">Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_School_of_Underwater_Medicine" title="Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine">Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Underwater_Medicine_Society" title="South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society">South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society</a> (SPUMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Underwater_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Association" title="Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association">Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association</a> (SAUHMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society" title="Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society">Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society</a> (UHMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Experimental_Diving_Unit" title="United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit">United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit</a> (NEDU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liability_in_recreational_diving" title="Civil liability in recreational diving">Civil liability in recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">Duty of care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislation_regulating_underwater_diving" title="List of legislation regulating underwater diving">List of legislation regulating underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_diving_accidents" title="Investigation of diving accidents">Investigation of diving accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Underwater_Cultural_Heritage" title="Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage">Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_underwater_diving" title="History of underwater diving">History of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_decompression_research_and_development" title="History of decompression research and development">History of decompression research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_dive_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of dive computers">History of dive computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Diving_Museum" title="History of Diving Museum">History of Diving Museum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Maritime_Museum" title="Lyons Maritime Museum">Lyons Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Sea_Museum" title="Man in the Sea Museum">Man in the Sea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_atmospheric_diving_suits" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of atmospheric diving suits">Timeline of atmospheric diving suits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_diving_technology" title="Timeline of diving technology">Timeline of diving technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearling_in_Western_Australia" title="Pearling in Western Australia">Pearling in Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Navy_decompression_models_and_tables" title="US Navy decompression models and tables">US Navy decompression models and tables</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Commodore" title="SS Commodore">SS <i>Commodore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater art<br />and artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Diver" title="The Diver">The Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_deCaires_Taylor" title="Jason deCaires Taylor">Jason deCaires Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineers<br />and inventors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont" title="Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont">Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beebe" title="William Beebe">William Beebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli" title="Giovanni Alfonso Borelli">Giovanni Alfonso Borelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Martin_Cabirol" title="Joseph-Martin Cabirol">Joseph-Martin Cabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Deane" title="Charles Anthony Deane">Charles Anthony Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Deane_(inventor)" title="John Deane (inventor)">John Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Corlieu" title="Louis de Corlieu">Louis de Corlieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Denayrouze" title="Auguste Denayrouze">Auguste Denayrouze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Eldred" title="Ted Eldred">Ted Eldred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fleuss" title="Henry Fleuss">Henry Fleuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Émile Gagnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Klingert" title="Karl Heinrich Klingert">Karl Heinrich Klingert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft_(diver)" title="Peter Kreeft (diver)">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Le_Prieur" title="Yves Le Prieur">Yves Le Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lethbridge" title="John Lethbridge">John Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Moir" title="Ernest William Moir">Ernest William Moir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salim_Peress" title="Joseph Salim Peress">Joseph Salim Peress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Savoie" title="Joe Savoie">Joe Savoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Franklyn_Searle" title="Willard Franklyn Searle">Willard Franklyn Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Smith_(inventor)" title="Gordon Smith (inventor)">Gordon Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Siebe" title="Augustus Siebe">Augustus Siebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Touboulic" title="Pierre-Marie Touboulic">Pierre-Marie Touboulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_Calypso" title="RV Calypso">RV <i>Calypso</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-350_Denise" title="SP-350 Denise">SP-350 <i>Denise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonos" title="Nikonos">Nikonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_Marine_Explorer" title="Sub Marine Explorer">Sub Marine Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_scuba" title="Vintage scuba">Vintage scuba</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diverpropulsionvehicles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver<br />propulsion<br />vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_SEAL_Delivery_System" title="Advanced SEAL Delivery System">Advanced SEAL Delivery System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_CE2F_series" title="Cosmos CE2F series">Cosmos CE2F series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_Combat_Submersible" title="Dry Combat Submersible">Dry Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorised_Submersible_Canoe" title="Motorised Submersible Canoe">Motorised Submersible Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Nymph" title="Necker Nymph">Necker Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-2_Mala-class_swimmer_delivery_vehicle" title="R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle">R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle" title="SEAL Delivery Vehicle">SEAL Delivery Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_Water_Combat_Submersible" title="Shallow Water Combat Submersible">Shallow Water Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siluro_San_Bartolomeo" title="Siluro San Bartolomeo">Siluro San Bartolomeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfreighter" title="Welfreighter">Welfreighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_Nellie" title="Wet Nellie">Wet Nellie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military and<br />covert operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_cageless_shark-diving_expedition" title="1992 cageless shark-diving expedition">1992 cageless shark-diving expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_31" title="Mission 31">Mission 31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass_Award" title="Hans Hass Award">Hans Hass Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Scuba_Diving_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame">International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Diving_Chamber_Dive_Lectures" title="London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures">London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOGI_Awards" title="NOGI Awards">NOGI Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Divers_Hall_of_Fame" title="Women Divers Hall of Fame">Women Divers Hall of Fame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Conception" title="Sinking of MV Conception">Sinking of MV <i>Conception</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diver rescues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpazat_cave_rescue" title="Alpazat cave rescue">Alpazat cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">Tham Luang cave rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Day_(carpenter)" title="John Day (carpenter)">John Day (carpenter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spalding" title="Charles Spalding">Charles Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Watson">Ebenezer Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Keenan" title="Stephen Keenan">Stephen Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mevoli" title="Nicholas Mevoli">Nicholas Mevoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore diving">Offshore<br />diving</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byford_Dolphin#Diving_bell_accident" title="Byford Dolphin"><i>Byford Dolphin</i> diving bell accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_Master_diving_accident" title="Drill Master diving accident"><i>Drill Master</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Canopus_diving_accident" title="Star Canopus diving accident"><i>Star Canopus</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stena_Seaspread_diving_accident" title="Stena Seaspread diving accident"><i>Stena Seaspread</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_One_diving_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture One diving accident"><i>Venture One</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waage_Drill_II_diving_accident" title="Waage Drill II diving accident"><i>Waage Drill II</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrake_diving_accident" title="Wildrake diving accident"><i>Wildrake</i> diving accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional<br />diving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Baldwin_(diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Baldwin (diver)">Roger Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bennett_(diver)" title="John Bennett (diver)">John Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Guiel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Guiel Jr.">Victor F. Guiel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Hammerberg" title="Francis P. Hammerberg">Francis P. Hammerberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_M._Hoffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig M. Hoffman">Craig M. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Henry_Michael_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Henry Michael Holmes">Peter Henry Michael Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Sea_Link_accident" title="Johnson Sea Link accident">Johnson Sea Link accident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Clayton_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Clayton Link">Edwin Clayton Link</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Anthony_Prangley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Anthony Prangley">Gerard Anthony Prangley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Skipnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Per Skipnes">Per Skipnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Smyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert John Smyth">Robert John Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_D._Stover" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert D. Stover">Albert D. Stover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Walker">Richard A. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Michael_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar Michael Ward">Lothar Michael Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Bradley_Westell" title="Death of Bradley Westell">Bradley Westell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving<br />fatalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_Mount_Gambier_cave_diving_accident" title="1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident">1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Armbruster" title="Ricardo Armbruster">Ricardo Armbruster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bridge" title="Allan Bridge">Allan Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bright_(diver)" title="David Bright (diver)">David Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Coulson" title="Cotton Coulson">Cotton Coulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Coutinho" title="Cláudio Coutinho">Cláudio Coutinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Yale_Dawson" title="E. Yale Dawson">E. Yale Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deon_Dreyer" title="Deon Dreyer">Deon Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Dufek" title="Milan Dufek">Milan Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fargues" title="Maurice Fargues">Maurice Fargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Garman" title="Guy Garman">Guy Garman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Irwin" title="Steve Irwin">Steve Irwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Steve_Irwin" title="Death of Steve Irwin">death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_(American_football,_born_1935)" title="Jim Jones (American football, born 1935)">Jim Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Koz%C5%82owski_(speleologist)" title="Artur Kozłowski (speleologist)">Artur Kozłowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Lipski" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Lipski">Yuri Lipski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsty_MacColl" title="Kirsty MacColl">Kirsty MacColl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Linnea_Mills" title="Death of Linnea Mills">Linnea Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Roubaix" title="François de Roubaix">François de Roubaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">Chris and Chrissy Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Shaw" title="Dave Shaw">Dave Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Stewart_(filmmaker)" title="Rob Stewart (filmmaker)">Rob Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbj%C3%B6rn_Svensson" title="Esbjörn Svensson">Esbjörn Svensson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Velek" title="Josef Velek">Josef Velek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Diving_Manual" title="NOAA Diving Manual">NOAA Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy_Diving_Manual" title="U.S. Navy Diving Manual">U.S. Navy Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Cave_Diving:_A_Blueprint_for_Survival" title="Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival">Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underwater Handbook (page does not exist)">Underwater Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bennett_and_Elliott%27s_physiology_and_medicine_of_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving (page does not exist)">Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Recreational_Diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_new_science_of_skin_and_scuba_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The new science of skin and scuba diving (page does not exist)">The new science of skin and scuba diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professional_Diver%27s_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professional Diver's Handbook (page does not exist)">Professional Diver's Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_Scuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic Scuba (page does not exist)">Basic Scuba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards and<br />Codes of Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Practice_for_Scientific_Diving_(UNESCO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)">Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_7876" title="DIN 7876">DIN 7876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMCA_Code_of_Practice_for_Offshore_Diving" class="mw-redirect" title="IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving">IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_24801_Recreational_diving_services_%E2%80%94_Requirements_for_the_training_of_recreational_scuba_divers" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers">ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Darkness_Beckons" title="The Darkness Beckons">The Darkness Beckons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfinder" title="Goldfinder">Goldfinder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">The Last Dive</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Divers" title="Shadow Divers">Shadow Divers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silent_World:_A_Story_of_Undersea_Discovery_and_Adventure" title="The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure">The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Divers_Alert_Network_publications" title="List of Divers Alert Network publications">List of Divers Alert Network publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_guide_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive guide (publication)">Dive guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Training_and_registration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Training and registration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver<br />training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Competence and assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competency-based_learning" title="Competency-based learning">Competency-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refresher_training_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refresher training (diving)">Refresher training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skill_assessment" title="Skill assessment">Skill assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_standard" title="Diver training standard">Diver training standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving school">Diving school</a></li> <li>Occupational diver training <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver training">Commercial diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military diver training">Military diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver training">Public safety diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver training">Scientific diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_recreational_diving_training_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO recreational diving training standards">ISO training standards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">Muscle memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlearning" title="Overlearning">Overlearning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_exposure_training" title="Stress exposure training">Stress exposure training</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Skills" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_sidestroke" title="Combat sidestroke">Combat sidestroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_navigation" title="Diver navigation">Diver navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_trim" title="Diver trim">Diver trim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_clearing" title="Ear clearing">Ear clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frenzel_maneuver" title="Frenzel maneuver">Frenzel maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver" title="Valsalva maneuver">Valsalva maneuver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finning_techniques" title="Finning techniques">Finning techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">Scuba skills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_breathing" title="Buddy breathing">Buddy breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Reef_System" title="Diamond Reef System">Diamond Reef System</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_scuba_certification_levels" title="Recreational scuba certification levels">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />levels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core diving skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Open_Water_Diver" title="Advanced Open Water Diver">Advanced Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_diver" title="Autonomous diver">Autonomous diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS*_scuba_diver" title="CMAS* scuba diver">CMAS* scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS**_scuba_diver" title="CMAS** scuba diver">CMAS** scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Impact_Diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Impact Diver">Low Impact Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Scuba_Diver" title="Master Scuba Diver">Master Scuba Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Water_Diver" title="Open Water Diver">Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_diver" title="Supervised diver">Supervised diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Instructor" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Instructor">Master Instructor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Diver" title="Rescue Diver">Rescue Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Solo diver">Solo diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_organization" title="Diver training organization">Diver training<br />certification<br />and registration<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_Federation" title="European Underwater Federation">European Underwater Federation</a> (EUF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Regulators_and_Certifiers_Forum" title="International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum">International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum</a> (IDRCF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Schools_Association" title="International Diving Schools Association">International Diving Schools Association</a> (IDSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a> (IMCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">List of diver certification organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_course_referral" title="Recreational diver course referral">Recreational diver course referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Recreational_Scuba_Training_Council" title="World Recreational Scuba Training Council">World Recreational Scuba Training Council</a> (WRSTC)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Diver_Accreditation_Scheme" title="Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme">Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme</a> (ADAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_registration_in_South_Africa" title="Commercial diver registration in South Africa">Commercial diver registration in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Institute_of_Technology" title="Divers Institute of Technology">Divers Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (HSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Employment_and_Labour" title="Department of Employment and Labour">Department of Employment and Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diving<br />schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Academy_International" title="Divers Academy International">Divers Academy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Norway_University_of_Applied_Sciences#Norwegian_diver_school" title="Western Norway University of Applied Sciences">Norwegian diver school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-diving<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a> (AIDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a> (PI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadian_Underwater_Certifications" title="American Canadian Underwater Certifications">American Canadian Underwater Certifications</a> (ACUC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_nationale_des_moniteurs_de_plong%C3%A9e" title="Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée">Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée</a> (ANMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation" title="International Life Saving Federation">International Life Saving Federation</a> (ILS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Diving_Federation" title="Israeli Diving Federation">Israeli Diving Federation</a> (TIDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Scuba_Educators" title="National Academy of Scuba Educators">National Academy of Scuba Educators</a> (NASE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Onderwatersport_Bond" title="Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond">Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond</a> (NOB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Aqua_Association" title="Sub-Aqua Association">Sub-Aqua Association</a> (SAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Diving_International" title="Scuba Diving International">Scuba Diving International</a> (SDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Educators_International" title="Scuba Educators International">Scuba Educators International</a> (SEI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Scottish Sub Aqua Club">Scottish Sub Aqua Club</a> (ScotSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a> (TSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Diving_Instructors" title="United Diving Instructors">United Diving Instructors</a> (UDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YMCA_SCUBA_Program" title="YMCA SCUBA Program">YMCA SCUBA Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Underwater_Sciences" title="American Academy of Underwater Sciences">American Academy of Underwater Sciences</a> (AAUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques#Scientific_committee" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">CMAS Scientific Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical diver<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Science_and_Technology" title="Diving Science and Technology">Diving Science and Technology</a> (DSAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_Scuba_Association" title="Trimix Scuba Association">Trimix Scuba Association</a> (TSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Technical Extended Range</a> (TXR)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cavediving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cave<br />diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society#Cave_Diving_Group" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Diving_International" title="Technical Diving International">Technical Diving International</a> (TDI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Diving_School" title="Defence Diving School">Defence Diving School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City#Tenant_commands" title="Naval Support Activity Panama City">Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Escape_Training_Unit" title="Underwater Escape Training Unit">Underwater Escape Training Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training courses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Combatant_Diver_Course" title="United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course">United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_sports" title="Underwater sports">Underwater sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface snorkeling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finswimming" title="Finswimming">Finswimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snorkeling/breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Australia" title="Underwater hockey in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Turkey" title="Underwater hockey in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater rugby in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_the_United_States" title="Underwater rugby in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open Circuit Scuba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion finswimming">Immersion finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_diving_(sport)" title="Sport diving (sport)">Sport diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cycling" title="Underwater cycling">Underwater cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_orienteering" title="Underwater orienteering">Underwater orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebreather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports governing<br />organisations<br /> and federations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>National <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_Hellas" title="AIDA Hellas">AIDA Hellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Octopush_Association" title="British Octopush Association">British Octopush Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Underwater_Sports_Association" title="British Underwater Sports Association">British Underwater Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_federation_of_underwater_studies_and_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="French federation of underwater studies and sports">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="South African Underwater Sports Federation">South African Underwater Sports Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Society_of_America" title="Underwater Society of America">Underwater Society of America</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_CMAS_Underwater_Photography_World_Championship" title="14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship">14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Underwater Hockey World Championships">Underwater Hockey World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Orienteering_World_Championships" title="Underwater Orienteering World Championships">Underwater Orienteering World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Rugby_World_Championships" title="Underwater Rugby World Championships">Underwater Rugby World Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_divers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_divers" title="Outline of underwater divers">Underwater divers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers<br />of diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Admetlla_i_L%C3%A1zaro" title="Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro">Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bonnin" title="Mary Bonnin">Mary Bonnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Behrens-Furniss" title="Amelia Behrens-Furniss">Amelia Behrens-Furniss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Cahill" title="James F. Cahill">James F. Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Deans_(diver)" title="Billy Deans (diver)">Billy Deans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dottie_Frazier" title="Dottie Frazier">Dottie Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hampton" title="Trevor Hampton">Trevor Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teseo_Tesei" title="Teseo Tesei">Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />scientists<br />archaeologists and<br />environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Arbuthnot" title="Michael Arbuthnot">Michael Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensun_Bound" title="Mensun Bound">Mensun Bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Boutan" title="Louis Boutan">Louis Boutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bozanic" title="Jeffrey Bozanic">Jeffrey Bozanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Church" title="Cathy Church">Cathy Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Clark" title="Eugenie Clark">Eugenie Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Delgado" title="James P. Delgado">James P. Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Fischer" title="George R. Fischer">George R. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Franz%C3%A9n" title="Anders Franzén">Anders Franzén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_Frost" title="Honor Frost">Honor Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gibbins" title="David Gibbins">David Gibbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Jessop" title="Graham Jessop">Graham Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_Puspa_Lestari" title="Swietenia Puspa Lestari">Swietenia Puspa Lestari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilar_Luna" title="Pilar Luna">Pilar Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Marx" title="Robert F. Marx">Robert F. Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Marguerite_McCann" title="Anna Marguerite McCann">Anna Marguerite McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innes_McCartney" title="Innes McCartney">Innes McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Meide" title="Charles T. Meide">Charles T. Meide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_M._Newell" title="Mark M. Newell">Mark M. Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuba_Ognenova-Marinova" title="Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova">Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">John Peter Oleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_L._Peterson" title="Mendel L. Peterson">Mendel L. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pyle" title="Richard Pyle">Richard Pyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Rechnitzer" title="Andreas Rechnitzer">Andreas Rechnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Royal" title="William R. Royal">William R. Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rule" title="Margaret Rule">Margaret Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_Sch%C3%B6bel" title="Gunter Schöbel">Gunter Schöbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Schwabe" title="Stephanie Schwabe">Stephanie Schwabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Seco" title="Myriam Seco">Myriam Seco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Zenato" title="Cristina Zenato">Cristina Zenato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scuba record<br />holders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Pascal Bernabé">Pascal Bernabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bowden_(diver)" title="Jim Bowden (diver)">Jim Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ellyatt" title="Mark Ellyatt">Mark Ellyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gomes_(diver)" title="Nuno Gomes (diver)">Nuno Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Serpieri" title="Claudia Serpieri">Claudia Serpieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Starnawski" title="Krzysztof Starnawski">Krzysztof Starnawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />filmmakers<br />and presenters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Alhafith" title="Samir Alhafith">Samir Alhafith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Bravo" title="Ramón Bravo">Ramón Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Cousteau" title="Jean-Michel Cousteau">Jean-Michel Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Kohler" title="Richie Kohler">Richie Kohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rose_(TV_presenter)" title="Paul Rose (TV presenter)">Paul Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Torbet" title="Andy Torbet">Andy Torbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tors" title="Ivan Tors">Ivan Tors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wight" title="Andrew Wight">Andrew Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />photographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Allan" title="Doug Allan">Doug Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Benitez" title="Tamara Benitez">Tamara Benitez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Biddle" title="Adrian Biddle">Adrian Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bird" title="Jonathan Bird">Jonathan Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cheng" title="Eric Cheng">Eric Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Coleman" title="Neville Coleman">Neville Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Craig" title="John D. Craig">John D. Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cropp" title="Ben Cropp">Ben Cropp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Delemotte" title="Bernard Delemotte">Bernard Delemotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Doubilet" title="David Doubilet">David Doubilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Farmer" title="Candice Farmer">Candice Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Fox" title="Rodney Fox">Rodney Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_Frazier" title="Ric Frazier">Ric Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Frink" title="Stephen Frink">Stephen Frink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gimbel" title="Peter Gimbel">Peter Gimbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Halls" title="Monty Halls">Monty Halls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudie_Kuiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudie Kuiter">Rudie Kuiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Marden" title="Luis Marden">Luis Marden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Monkman" title="Noel Monkman">Noel Monkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Oxford" title="Pete Oxford">Pete Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Parish" title="Steve Parish">Steve Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zale_Parry" title="Zale Parry">Zale Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Petit_(photographer)" title="Pierre Petit (photographer)">Pierre Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scoones" title="Peter Scoones">Peter Scoones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Skerry" title="Brian Skerry">Brian Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Tailliez" title="Philippe Tailliez">Philippe Tailliez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Taylor_(diver)" title="Ron Taylor (diver)">Ron Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Taylor_(diver)" title="Valerie Taylor (diver)">Valerie Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Tillman" title="Albert Tillman">Albert Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Veltri" title="John Veltri">John Veltri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Waterman" title="Stan Waterman">Stan Waterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Westmorland" title="Michele Westmorland">Michele Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest_Williamson" title="John Ernest Williamson">John Ernest Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lamar_Worzel" title="J. Lamar Worzel">J. Lamar Worzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Balcombe" title="Graham Balcombe">Graham Balcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Farr" title="Martyn Farr">Martyn Farr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Hasenmayer" title="Jochen Hasenmayer">Jochen Hasenmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Heinerth" title="Jill Heinerth">Jill Heinerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrod_Jablonski" title="Jarrod Jablonski">Jarrod Jablonski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth_Main" title="William Hogarth Main">William Hogarth Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mount" title="Tom Mount">Tom Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sheppard_(cave_diver)" title="Jack Sheppard (cave diver)">Jack Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stone_(caver)" title="William Stone (caver)">Bill Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reefs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wrecks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Bishop" title="Leigh Bishop">Leigh Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chatterton" title="John Chatterton">John Chatterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nagle" title="Bill Nagle">Bill Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_van_Heest" title="Valerie van Heest">Valerie van Heest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelis_Zervoudis" title="Aristotelis Zervoudis">Aristotelis Zervoudis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanauts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Abercromby" title="Andrew Abercromby">Andrew Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Acaba" title="Joseph M. Acaba">Joseph M. Acaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Anderson" title="Clayton Anderson">Clayton Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Arnold" title="Richard R. Arnold">Richard R. Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n-Chancellor" title="Serena Auñón-Chancellor">Serena Auñón-Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barratt_(astronaut)" title="Michael Barratt (astronaut)">Michael Barratt (astronaut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Barth" title="Robert A. Barth">Robert A. Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Behnken" title="Bob Behnken">Robert L. Behnken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Bresnik" title="Randolph Bresnik">Randolph Bresnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._Broderick" title="Timothy J. Broderick">Timothy J. Broderick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Brown_(aquanaut)" title="Justin Brown (aquanaut)">Justin Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Chamitoff" title="Gregory Chamitoff">Gregory Chamitoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Chappell" title="Steve Chappell">Steve Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Coleman" title="Catherine Coleman">Catherine Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook_(American_novelist)" title="Robin Cook (American novelist)">Robin Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_B._Cooper" title="Craig B. Cooper">Craig B. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabien_Cousteau" title="Fabien Cousteau">Fabien Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Cousteau" title="Philippe Cousteau">Philippe Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Creamer" title="Timothy Creamer">Timothy Creamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dory" title="Jonathan Dory">Jonathan Dory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Epps" title="Jeanette Epps">Jeanette Epps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Falco" title="Albert Falco">Albert Falco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Feustel" title="Andrew J. Feustel">Andrew J. Feustel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fincke" title="Michael Fincke">Michael Fincke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Furukawa" title="Satoshi Furukawa">Satoshi Furukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_J._Garan_Jr." title="Ronald J. Garan Jr.">Ronald J. Garan Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L._Gernhardt" title="Michael L. Gernhardt">Michael L. Gernhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_E._Gerty" title="Christopher E. Gerty">Christopher E. Gerty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gruber" title="David Gruber">David Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hansen" title="Jeremy Hansen">Jeremy Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M._Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="José M. Hernández">José M. Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herrington" title="John Herrington">John Herrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hill_(flight_director)" title="Paul Hill (flight director)">Paul Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akihiko_Hoshide" title="Akihiko Hoshide">Akihiko Hoshide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hulsbeck" title="Mark Hulsbeck">Mark Hulsbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Hwang" title="Emma Hwang">Emma Hwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norishige_Kanai" title="Norishige Kanai">Norishige Kanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Kaufman" title="Les Kaufman">Les Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)" title="Scott Kelly (astronaut)">Scott Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Kohanowich" title="Karen Kohanowich">Karen Kohanowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Kopra" title="Timothy Kopra">Timothy Kopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Landucci" title="Dominic Landucci">Dominic Landucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lindbergh" title="Jon Lindbergh">Jon Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_N._Lindgren" title="Kjell N. Lindgren">Kjell N. Lindgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Michael López-Alegría">Michael López-Alegría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Magnus" title="Sandra Magnus">Sandra Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marshburn" title="Thomas Marshburn">Thomas Marshburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Maurer" title="Matthias Maurer">Matthias Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Megan_McArthur" title="K. Megan McArthur">K. Megan McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_McKinley_(physician)" title="Craig McKinley (physician)">Craig McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Meir" title="Jessica Meir">Jessica Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Melchior" title="Simone Melchior">Simone Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Metcalf-Lindenburger" title="Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger">Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Mogensen" title="Andreas Mogensen">Andreas Mogensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Nyberg" title="Karen Nyberg">Karen Nyberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Olivas" title="John D. Olivas">John D. Olivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuya_Onishi" title="Takuya Onishi">Takuya Onishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Parmitano" title="Luca Parmitano">Luca Parmitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Patrick" title="Nicholas Patrick">Nicholas Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Peake" title="Tim Peake">Tim Peake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pesquet" title="Thomas Pesquet">Thomas Pesquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Reagan" title="Marc Reagan">Marc Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Reisman" title="Garrett Reisman">Garrett Reisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Rubins" title="Kathleen Rubins">Kathleen Rubins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Ruttley" title="Tara Ruttley">Tara Ruttley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Saint-Jacques" title="David Saint-Jacques">David Saint-Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Schmid_(flight_surgeon)" title="Josef Schmid (flight surgeon)">Josef Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheats" title="Robert Sheats">Robert Sheats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Squyres" title="Steve Squyres">Steve Squyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidemarie_Stefanyshyn-Piper" title="Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper">Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Stevenin" title="Hervé Stevenin">Hervé Stevenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Stott" title="Nicole Stott">Nicole Stott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Talacek" title="James Talacek">James Talacek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_M._Tani" title="Daniel M. Tani">Daniel M. Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thirsk" title="Robert Thirsk">Robert Thirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Todd" title="Bill Todd">Bill Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_T._Vande_Hei" title="Mark T. Vande Hei">Mark T. Vande Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Wakata" title="Koichi Wakata">Koichi Wakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_J._Walheim" title="Rex J. Walheim">Rex J. Walheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Walker" title="Shannon Walker">Shannon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morgan_Wells" title="John Morgan Wells">John Morgan Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Wheelock" title="Douglas H. Wheelock">Douglas H. Wheelock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Whitson" title="Peggy Whitson">Peggy Whitson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Williams" title="Dafydd Williams">Dafydd Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Williams_(astronaut)" title="Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)">Jeffrey Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunita_Williams" title="Sunita Williams">Sunita Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Wiseman" title="Reid Wiseman">Reid Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimiya_Yui" title="Kimiya Yui">Kimiya Yui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers and journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Barnette" title="Michael C. Barnette">Michael C. Barnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Berge" title="Victor Berge">Victor Berge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Diol%C3%A9" title="Philippe Diolé">Philippe Diolé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gentile" title="Gary Gentile">Gary Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Gilliam" title="Bret Gilliam">Bret Gilliam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Halstead" title="Bob Halstead">Bob Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Hauser" title="Hillary Hauser">Hillary Hauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jackson_(diver)" title="Trevor Jackson (diver)">Trevor Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Lewis_(diver)" title="Steve Lewis (diver)">Steve Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mattera" title="John Mattera">John Mattera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rescuers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Challen" title="Craig Challen">Craig Challen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris_(anaesthetist)" title="Richard Harris (anaesthetist)">Richard Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Stanton" title="Rick Stanton">Rick Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Volanthen" title="John Volanthen">John Volanthen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frogmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Crabb" title="Lionel Crabb">Lionel Crabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Edward_Fraser" title="Ian Edward Fraser">Ian Edward Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Knowles" title="Sydney Knowles">Sydney Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Magennis" title="James Joseph Magennis">James Joseph Magennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial salvors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jessop" title="Keith Jessop">Keith Jessop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Science_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_of_underwater_diving" title="Science of underwater diving">Science of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physics" title="Diving physics">Diving<br />physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metre_sea_water" title="Metre sea water">Metre sea water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">Neutral buoyancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modulated_ultrasound" title="Modulated ultrasound">Modulated ultrasound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_computer_vision" title="Underwater computer vision">Underwater computer vision</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving physiology">Diving<br />physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex#Blood_shift" title="Diving reflex">Blood shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex" title="Diving reflex">Diving reflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_narcotic_depth" title="Equivalent narcotic depth">Equivalent narcotic depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_operating_depth" title="Maximum operating depth">Maximum operating depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_response_to_water_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological response to water immersion">Physiological response to water immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_balance_of_the_underwater_diver" title="Thermal balance of the underwater diver">Thermal balance of the underwater diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Decompressiontheory" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_theory" title="Decompression theory">Decompression<br />theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Decompression models: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BChlmann_decompression_algorithm" title="Bühlmann decompression algorithm">Bühlmann decompression algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane%27s_decompression_model" title="Haldane's decompression model">Haldane's decompression model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_gradient_bubble_model" title="Reduced gradient bubble model">Reduced gradient bubble model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalmann_algorithm" title="Thalmann algorithm">Thalmann algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_model_of_decompression" title="Thermodynamic model of decompression">Thermodynamic model of decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varying_Permeability_Model" title="Varying Permeability Model">Varying Permeability Model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_air_depth" title="Equivalent air depth">Equivalent air depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_window" title="Oxygen window">Oxygen window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_decompression" title="Physiology of decompression">Physiology of decompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Diving<br />environments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_exploration" title="Deep-sea exploration">Deep-sea exploration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_environments_by_type" title="List of diving environments by type">List of diving environments by type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign water diving">Benign water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confined_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Confined water diving">Confined water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland diving">Inland diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inshore diving">Inshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-water diving">Black-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-water diving">Blue-water diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Penetration diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torricellian_chamber" title="Torricellian chamber">Torricellian chamber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_environment" title="Underwater environment">Underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Underwater diving environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathysphere" title="Bathysphere">Bathysphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_against_swimmer_incursions" title="Defense against swimmer incursions">Defense against swimmer incursions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_detection_sonar" title="Diver detection sonar">Diver detection sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore survey">Offshore survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged compact camera">Rugged compact camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_domain_awareness" title="Underwater domain awareness">Underwater domain awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vehicle" title="Underwater vehicle">Underwater vehicle</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminaut" title="Aluminaut"><i>Aluminaut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_submarine_NR-1" title="American submarine NR-1">American submarine NR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">Bathyscaphe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède"><i>Archimède</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-2" title="FNRS-2">FNRS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-3" title="FNRS-3">FNRS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe#Harmony_class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Harmony</i> class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Sea Pole</i>-class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste II"><i>Trieste II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepsea_Challenger" title="Deepsea Challenger"><i>Deepsea Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictineu_3" title="Ictineu 3"><i>Ictineu 3</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAGO_(German_research_submersible)" title="JAGO (German research submersible)"><i>JAGO</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaolong_(submersible)" title="Jiaolong (submersible)"><i>Jiaolong</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konsul-class_submersible" title="Konsul-class submersible"><i>Konsul</i>-class submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Limiting_Factor" title="DSV Limiting Factor"><i>Limiting Factor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Losharik" title="Russian submarine Losharik">Russian submarine <i>Losharik</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautile" title="Nautile"><i>Nautile</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces-class_deep_submergence_vehicle" title="Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle"><i>Pisces</i>-class deep submergence vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Sea_Cliff" title="DSV Sea Cliff">DSV <i>Sea Cliff</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai" title="DSV Shinkai">DSV <i>Shinkai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_2000" title="DSV Shinkai 2000">DSV <i>Shinkai 2000</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_6500" title="DSV Shinkai 6500">DSV <i>Shinkai 6500</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Turtle" title="DSV Turtle">DSV <i>Turtle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV-5_Nemo" title="DSV-5 Nemo">DSV-5 <i>Nemo</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue" title="Submarine rescue">Submarine rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_Liaison_Office" title="International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office">International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_system_(Royal_Swedish_Navy)" title="Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)">Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCann_Rescue_Chamber" title="McCann Rescue Chamber">McCann Rescue Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue_ship" title="Submarine rescue ship">Submarine rescue ship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Deep-submergencerescue_vehicle" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />rescue vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LR5" title="LR5">LR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR7" title="LR7">LR7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSM-1" title="MSM-1">MSM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Mystic</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-1_Mystic" title="DSRV-1 Mystic">DSRV-1 <i>Mystic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-2_Avalon" title="DSRV-2 Avalon">DSRV-2 <i>Avalon</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Submarine_Rescue_System" title="NATO Submarine Rescue System">NATO Submarine Rescue System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priz-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Priz</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_deep_submergence_rescue_vehicle_AS-28" title="Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28">Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_AS-34" title="Russian submarine AS-34">Russian submarine AS-34</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASRV_Remora" class="mw-redirect" title="ASRV Remora">ASRV <i>Remora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRV-300" title="SRV-300">SRV-300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Rescue_Diving_Recompression_System" title="Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System">Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_7103_DSRV" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 7103 DSRV">Type 7103 DSRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URF_(Swedish_Navy)" title="URF (Swedish Navy)">URF (Swedish Navy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submarine_escape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Submarine escape (page does not exist)">Submarine escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_trunk" title="Escape trunk">Escape trunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_escape_training_facility" title="Submarine escape training facility">Submarine escape training facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Training_Facility_(Australia)" title="Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)">Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Escape_set" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape set">Escape set</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momsen_lung" title="Momsen lung">Momsen lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinke_hood" title="Steinke hood">Steinke hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment" title="Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment">Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special<br />interest<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Reef_Society_of_British_Columbia" title="Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia">Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS_Europe" title="CMAS Europe">CMAS Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Reef_Alliance" title="Coral Reef Alliance">Coral Reef Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Fins" title="Green Fins">Green Fins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Underwater_Preserve_Association" title="Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association">Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_Underwater_Research" title="Karst Underwater Research">Karst Underwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Program" title="Nautical Archaeology Program">Nautical Archaeology Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Command_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club">Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PADI_AWARE" title="PADI AWARE">PADI AWARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Check" title="Reef Check">Reef Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Life_Survey" title="Reef Life Survey">Reef Life Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Ontario_Shipwrecks" title="Save Ontario Shipwrecks">Save Ontario Shipwrecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaKeys" title="SeaKeys">SeaKeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Historical_Research" title="Society for Underwater Historical Research">Society for Underwater Historical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Technology" title="Society for Underwater Technology">Society for Underwater Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Archaeology_Branch,_Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" title="Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command">Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neutral buoyancy<br />facilities for<br />Astronaut training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_pool" title="Neutral buoyancy pool">Neutral buoyancy pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_simulation_as_a_training_aid" title="Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid">Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Simulator" title="Neutral Buoyancy Simulator">Neutral Buoyancy Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Laboratory_(Maryland)" title="Space Systems Laboratory (Maryland)">Space Systems Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Productions" title="Nautilus Productions">Nautilus Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_Aircrew_Breathing_Device" title="Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device">Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_therapy" title="Scuba diving therapy">Scuba diving therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_mining" title="Seabed mining">Seabed mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" title="Category:Underwater diving">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Underwater diving">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b>Indexes: <a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Dive sites</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_underwater_divers" title="Index of underwater divers">Divers</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_underwater_diving" title="Index of underwater diving">Diving</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_diving" title="Outline of underwater diving">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Underwater_diving" title="Portal:Underwater diving">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&oldid=1257912634">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_scuba_diving&oldid=1257912634</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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