CINXE.COM
Distillations Magazine | Science History Institute
<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"1386108375",accountID:"4129561",trustKey:"66686",xpid:"UAcFWFNVCRABV1JVAQIFUFQJ",licenseKey:"NRJS-9c426d5fb4d71d674e0",applicationID:"1337632608"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>g,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),h(a.gm,f),h(c.prototype,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>s,Qu:()=>c,TZ:()=>a,ih:()=>u,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit"],o="api",a=n.K7.softNav,s={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},c={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},u={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>A,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>E,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>T,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",T="cb"+R,A="jsTime",E="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const E={};var S=r(9417),N=r(5603),O=r(5284);const _=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let I=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:j,loader_config:P,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();j||(x=L.init,j=L.info,P=L.loader_config),(0,S.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,N.a)(e.agentIdentifier,P||{}),j.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(j.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,j);const H=(0,S.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),D=[j.beacon,j.errorBeacon];I||(H.proxy.assets&&(_(H.proxy.assets),D.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&D.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?D:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");E[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{E[e]=t}));var A="api-",S=A+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function O(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),T(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(A,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new O).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const _=O.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(S+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,v.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function j(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{_[e]=I(S,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(S,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!E[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>j()),!0):j(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),I=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.274.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-1vUqEfJPB8Pihje9mv5CfYgkitO1FWcS+UQb84DbXqP8oYctRv4/lzl/MzNLPlRhcY1WVDBGL20I8vm6s2VV7g==",249:"sha512-Y/BeZAh6VSTmUtUNmS5XdyKxL92s30Fyyj8xVW76HSPxcKItL4+x2+kGMZc8pMJnUpZDz1L4eftZQAJh3D8NnA==",212:"sha512-Gn2tQ3qog5Yhrx/gRutkSTYPp+7nkKFt4/mIXg99LxcNpMDAYJZDBYmAACdoHNM86+iq1F3cBcQotFNzjIX8bw=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),T=i(2843),A=i(3878),E=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=E.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,E.T,t),p.RI&&((0,T.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var O=i(3969);class _ extends b{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,O.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),j=i(3304);class P{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,j.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new P(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new P(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class D extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var M=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,M.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,j.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,j.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){T(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCazptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):T(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function T(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Te,Lc:Ae,uP:Ee,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Te;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Te,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ee,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var Oe=i(2614);class _e extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(Oe.H3,"_").concat(Oe.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(Oe.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=Oe.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=Oe.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class je extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,A.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var Pe=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function De(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const Me={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(Me[t.debugId]++)return t;Me[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:Je,e5:Qe,tH:$e,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=Pe;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=De(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Qe]=~~this[Qe]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on(Je,m),o.on(Je,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([$e+Ze,$e+"-done",$e+Xe+Ze,$e+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,Je,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,$e+Ze),v(d,$e+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled];p.RI&&e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)))))),r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,_e,_,D,ot,ct,je,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProRegular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProBold.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProBlack.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="stylesheet" href=https://use.typekit.net/idj5zfy.css> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.1 (Yoast SEO v23.9) - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <title>Distillations Magazine | Science History Institute</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/" /> <link rel="next" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/page/2/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Distillations Magazine Archive" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Science History Institute" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/building_facade_2023.jpeg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2000" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1213" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@scihistoryorg" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/","url":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/","name":"Distillations Magazine | Science History Institute","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/military-food-Swanson-TV-dinner.jpg","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/military-food-Swanson-TV-dinner.jpg","contentUrl":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/military-food-Swanson-TV-dinner.jpg","width":2400,"height":1598,"caption":"The technology behind Swanson’s TV Dinner was developed to feed military personnel aboard airplanes."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Distillations Magazine"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/#website","url":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/","name":"Science History Institute","description":"Museum & Library","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/#organization","name":"Science History Institute","url":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-logo.png","contentUrl":"https://sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-logo.png","width":575,"height":122,"caption":"Science History Institute"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.sciencehistory.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/SciHistoryOrg/","https://x.com/scihistoryorg","https://www.instagram.com/scihistoryorg/","https://www.youtube.com/c/ScienceHistoryInstitute"]}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --> <link rel='stylesheet' id='sbi_styles-css' href='https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/plugins/instagram-feed/css/sbi-styles.min.css?ver=6.4.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp-admin-theme-color:#007cba;--wp-admin-theme-color--rgb:0,124,186;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10:#006ba1;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-10--rgb:0,107,161;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20:#005a87;--wp-admin-theme-color-darker-20--rgb:0,90,135;--wp-admin-border-width-focus:2px;--wp-block-synced-color:#7a00df;--wp-block-synced-color--rgb:122,0,223;--wp-bound-block-color:var(--wp-block-synced-color)}@media (min-resolution:192dpi){:root{--wp-admin-border-width-focus:1.5px}}.wp-element-button{cursor:pointer}:root{--wp--preset--font-size--normal:16px;--wp--preset--font-size--huge:42px}:root .has-very-light-gray-background-color{background-color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-background-color{background-color:#313131}:root .has-very-light-gray-color{color:#eee}:root .has-very-dark-gray-color{color:#313131}:root .has-vivid-green-cyan-to-vivid-cyan-blue-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#00d084,#0693e3)}:root .has-purple-crush-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#34e2e4,#4721fb 50%,#ab1dfe)}:root .has-hazy-dawn-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#faaca8,#dad0ec)}:root .has-subdued-olive-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fafae1,#67a671)}:root .has-atomic-cream-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#fdd79a,#004a59)}:root .has-nightshade-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#330968,#31cdcf)}:root .has-midnight-gradient-background{background:linear-gradient(135deg,#020381,#2874fc)}.has-regular-font-size{font-size:1em}.has-larger-font-size{font-size:2.625em}.has-normal-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--normal)}.has-huge-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--huge)}.has-text-align-center{text-align:center}.has-text-align-left{text-align:left}.has-text-align-right{text-align:right}#end-resizable-editor-section{display:none}.aligncenter{clear:both}.items-justified-left{justify-content:flex-start}.items-justified-center{justify-content:center}.items-justified-right{justify-content:flex-end}.items-justified-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.screen-reader-text{border:0;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;word-wrap:normal!important}.screen-reader-text:focus{background-color:#ddd;clip:auto!important;clip-path:none;color:#444;display:block;font-size:1em;height:auto;left:5px;line-height:normal;padding:15px 23px 14px;text-decoration:none;top:5px;width:auto;z-index:100000}html :where(.has-border-color){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-color]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-color]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-color]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-color]){border-left-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-width]){border-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-top-width]){border-top-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-right-width]){border-right-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-bottom-width]){border-bottom-style:solid}html :where([style*=border-left-width]){border-left-style:solid}html :where(img[class*=wp-image-]){height:auto;max-width:100%}:where(figure){margin:0 0 1em}html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:var(--wp-admin--admin-bar--height,0px)}@media screen and (max-width:600px){html :where(.is-position-sticky){--wp-admin--admin-bar--position-offset:0px}} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=5.9.8' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='shi-front-styles-css' href='https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/themes/shi/build/front.css?ver=1733038297' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-json/" /><style id="shi-critical-css">@font-face{font-family:"SofiaPro";src:url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProRegular.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProRegular.woff) format("woff");font-display:fallback;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:"SofiaPro";src:url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProMedium.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProMedium.woff) format("woff");font-display:fallback;font-weight:500;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:"SofiaPro";src:url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProSemiBold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProSemiBold.woff) format("woff");font-display:fallback;font-weight:600;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:"SofiaPro";src:url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProBold.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProBold.woff) format("woff");font-display:fallback;font-weight:700;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:"SofiaPro";src:url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProBlack.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SofiaProBlack.woff) format("woff");font-display:fallback;font-weight:900;font-style:normal}@font-face{font-family:"SurveyorDisplay";src:url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SurveyorDisplayBookPro.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/wp-content/themes/shi/build/fonts/SurveyorDisplayBookPro.woff) format("woff");font-display:fallback;font-weight:normal;font-style:normal}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/cropped-favicon-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/cropped-favicon-216x216.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/cropped-favicon-216x216.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/cropped-favicon-300x300.png" /> <!-- Hotjar Tracking Code for Science History Institute WordPress --> <script> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:3715479,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script> <script src="https://sky.blackbaudcdn.net/static/og-web-loader/1/main.js" data-envid="p-6pNqlz8NI0Ksx08Vmq2_qg"></script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=GTM-NZH2H4Z"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'GTM-NZH2H4Z'); </script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- Facebook Pixel Code --> <script> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s) {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)}; if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0'; n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script', 'https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '679260358891598'); fbq('track', 'PageView'); </script> <!-- End Facebook Pixel Code --> <!-- Microsoft UET Tag --> <script>( function( w, d, t, r, u ) { var f, n, i; w[ u ] = w[ u ] || [], f = function() { var o = { ti: '187019167', enableAutoSpaTracking: true }; o.q = w[ u ], w[ u ] = new UET( o ), w[ u ].push( 'pageLoad' ) }, n = d.createElement( t ), n.src = r, n.async = 1, n.onload = n.onreadystatechange = function() { var s = this.readyState; s && s !== 'loaded' && s !== 'complete' || ( f(), n.onload = n.onreadystatechange = null ) }, i = d.getElementsByTagName( t )[ 0 ], i.parentNode.insertBefore( n, i ) } )( window, document, 'script', '//bat.bing.com/bat.js', 'uetq' );</script> <!-- End Microsoft UET Tag --> </head> <body class="archive post-type-archive post-type-archive-magazine wp-embed-responsive"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NZH2H4Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=679260358891598&ev=PageView&noscript=1"/> </noscript> <div class="main-wrapper"> <div class="shi-sticky-container noprint shi-sticky-container_active"> <div class="shi-top-bar"> <div class="shi-top-bar__container"> <div class="shi-top-bar-nav shi-top-bar-nav_desktop "> <a class="shi-top-bar-nav__item shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about" target="_self"> About </a> <a class="shi-top-bar-nav__item shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine" target="_self"> Magazine </a> <a class="shi-top-bar-nav__item shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories#podcasts" target="_self"> Podcasts </a> <a class="shi-top-bar-nav__item shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/events" target="_self"> Events </a> </div> <div class="shi-top-bar__hours"> <span class="shi-top-bar__bold"><a href="/visit/hours-admission" style="text-decoration: none">Museum Hours</a>:</span><span class="shi-top-bar__regular">Wednesday–Saturday, 10AM–5PM</span> </div> </div> </div> <header class="header js-header"> <div class="wrapper header__wrapper"> <div class="header__inner flex jcspb"> <div class="header__logo relative"> <a class="custom-logo-link img-middle shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/" rel="home"> <div class="shi-custom-logo shi-custom-logo_mobile"> <img width="575" height="122" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-logo.png" class="img-autosize custom-logo" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-logo.png 575w, https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-logo-300x64.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 575px) 100vw, 575px" /> </div> <div class="shi-custom-logo shi-custom-logo_desktop"> <img width="575" height="122" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-logo.png" class="img-autosize custom-logo" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-logo.png 575w, https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-logo-300x64.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 575px) 100vw, 575px" /> </div> </a> </div> <div class="header__right-side"> <div class="header__menu-container"> <button class="header__nav-sandwich js-header-sandwich-btn"><span>X</span></button> <nav class="header__nav flex fwrap"> <button class="header__nav-close js-shi-nav-close"> <svg width="19" height="18" viewBox="0 0 19 18" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1 1L18.0022 17.1909M18.0022 1L1 17.1909" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"/> </svg> </button> <ul id="menu-header" class="flex fwrap"><li id="menu-item-19029" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children js-shi-menu-item-has-children menu-item-19029"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/">Visit<button class="shi-menu-item-plus js-shi-menu-item-plus"></button></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-20090" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20090"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/hours-admission/">Hours & Admission</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19156" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19156"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/exhibitions">Exhibitions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19155" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19155"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/events">Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20099" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20099"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/conferences-symposia/">Conferences & Symposia</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20094" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20094"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/group-school-tours/">Group & School Tours</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20092" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20092"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/getting-here/">Getting Here</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20091" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20091"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20093" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20093"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/health-safety/">Health & Safety</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-19260" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children js-shi-menu-item-has-children menu-item-19260"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/collections/">Collections<button class="shi-menu-item-plus js-shi-menu-item-plus"></button></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-20299" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-20299"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://digital.sciencehistory.org">Digital Collections</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20345" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20345"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/collections/about-our-collections/">About Our Collections</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20291" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20291"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/collections/search-our-collections/">Search Our Collections</a></li> <li id="menu-item-24243" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-24243"><a href="/collections/blog">Collections Blog</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-19032" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children js-shi-menu-item-has-children menu-item-19032"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/">Stories<button class="shi-menu-item-plus js-shi-menu-item-plus"></button></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-19157" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19157"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine">Distillations Magazine</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19159" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19159"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/distillations-pod">Distillations Podcast</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19160" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19160"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/disappearing-pod">The Disappearing Spoon Podcast</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20448" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20448"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/stories-by-topic/">Stories by Topic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-19261" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children js-shi-menu-item-has-children menu-item-19261"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/">Research<button class="shi-menu-item-plus js-shi-menu-item-plus"></button></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-20916" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20916"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/">Othmer Library</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21324" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21324"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/schedule-a-visit/">Schedule a Library Visit</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21140" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-21140"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://othmerlib.sciencehistory.org/">Online Catalog</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21178" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21178"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/rights-and-reproductions/">Rights & Reproductions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21194" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21194"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/research-centers/">Research Centers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-34482" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-34482"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/fellowships/">Fellowships</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-19044" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children js-shi-menu-item-has-children menu-item-19044"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/education/">Education<button class="shi-menu-item-plus js-shi-menu-item-plus"></button></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-21282" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21282"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/education/tours-trainings/">Tours & Trainings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21281" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21281"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/education/classroom-activities/">Classroom Activities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21280" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21280"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/education/educational-resources/">Educational Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-23850" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-23850"><a href="/education/scientific-biographies">Scientific Biographies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-19061" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page shi-item-bordered menu-item-19061"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/support/">Support</a></li> </ul><div class="shi-top-bar-nav shi-top-bar-nav_mobile"> <a class="shi-top-bar-nav__item shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about" target="_self"> About </a> <a class="shi-top-bar-nav__item shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine" target="_self"> Magazine </a> <a class="shi-top-bar-nav__item shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories#podcasts" target="_self"> Podcasts </a> <a class="shi-top-bar-nav__item shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/events" target="_self"> Events </a> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="shi-search-menu header__search-container js-shi-search-menu"> <button type="button" class="shi-search-menu__button js-shi-search-button shi-hover"> <svg class="shi-search-menu__button-open header__search-button-open" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <circle cx="12.1075" cy="12.567" r="7.06108" transform="rotate(44.7501 12.1075 12.567)" fill="white" stroke="black" stroke-width="3"/> <path d="M25.4834 25.8272L18.1875 18.5946" stroke="black" stroke-width="3"/> </svg> <svg class="shi-search-menu__button-close header__search-button-close" width="19" height="18" viewBox="0 0 19 18" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1 1L18.0022 17.1909M18.0022 1L1 17.1909" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"/> </svg> </button> <div class="shi-search-menu__form header__search-form"> <button type="button" class="shi-search-menu__close header__search-close js-shi-search-close"> <svg width="19" height="18" viewBox="0 0 19 18" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1 1L18.0022 17.1909M18.0022 1L1 17.1909" stroke="black" stroke-width="2"/> </svg> </button> <form class="js-shi-header-search-form" role="search" method="get" action="https://www.sciencehistory.org/" > <div class="shi-search-menu__group"> <input type="text" placeholder="Enter keywords" value="" name="s" class="shi-search-menu__input js-shi-header-search-input" /> <input type="submit" value="Search" class="shi-search-menu__submit shi-hover" /> </div> <div class="shi-search-menu__checkboxes"> <div class="shi-search-menu__checkbox-container"> <span class="shi-search-menu__checkbox-title">SCIENCEHISTORY.ORG</span> <div class="shi-el-checkbox shi-search-menu__checkbox"> <input type="radio" name="domain" value="" checked class="shi-el-checkbox__input js-shi-header-search-checkbox" id="shi-search-checkbox-1"> <label class="shi-el-checkbox__label" for="shi-search-checkbox-1"> <span class="shi-el-checkbox__handler">X</span> </label> </div> </div> <div class="shi-search-menu__checkbox-container"> <span class="shi-search-menu__checkbox-title">LIBRARY CATALOG</span> <div class="shi-el-checkbox shi-search-menu__checkbox"> <input type="radio" name="domain" value="othmerlib" class="shi-el-checkbox__input js-shi-header-search-checkbox" id="shi-search-checkbox-2"> <label class="shi-el-checkbox__label" for="shi-search-checkbox-2"> <span class="shi-el-checkbox__handler">X</span> </label> </div> </div> <div class="shi-search-menu__checkbox-container"> <span class="shi-search-menu__checkbox-title">DIGITAL COLLECTIONS</span> <div class="shi-el-checkbox shi-search-menu__checkbox"> <input type="radio" name="domain" value="digital" class="shi-el-checkbox__input js-shi-header-search-checkbox" id="shi-search-checkbox-3"> <label class="shi-el-checkbox__label" for="shi-search-checkbox-3"> <span class="shi-el-checkbox__handler">X</span> </label> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div class="shi-breadcrumbs noprint"> <ul class="shi-breadcrumbs__list"> <li class="shi-breadcrumbs__list-item"> <a class="shi-breadcrumbs__link shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/">Stories</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="site-content"> <main class="main"> <div class="shi-content"> <div class="shi-container"> <div class="shi-subheader"> <div class="shi-subheader__column shi-subheader__column_title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/" class="shi-no-underline"> <h1 class="shi-subheader__title">Distillations magazine</h1> </a> <div class="shi-subheader__subtitle">Unexpected Stories from Science’s Past</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-content"> <div class="shi-container"> <div class="shi-terms-nav"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=culture" class="shi-terms-nav__item"> Arts & Culture </a> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-terms-nav__item shi-terms-nav__item_active"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=environment" class="shi-terms-nav__item"> Environment </a> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=health" class="shi-terms-nav__item"> Health & Medicine </a> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=tools_technology" class="shi-terms-nav__item"> Inventions & Discoveries </a> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=people_politics" class="shi-terms-nav__item"> People & Politics </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-content"> <div class="shi-container"> <div class="archive-list shi-articles-grid archive-list--magazine" data-archive-id="shi-magazine-archive" data-context="magazine"> <h2 class="shi-articles-grid__title shi-el-archive-header-title">Early Science & Alchemy</h2> <p class="shi-articles-grid__text">Science in all its strangeness before the 18th century</p> <div class="archive-list--items shi-articles-grid__wrapper"> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/controversy-control-and-cosmetics-in-early-modern-italy/"> <img width="600" height="371" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Martha_and_Mary_Magdalene_crop-600x371.jpg" class="img-autosize" alt="Renaissance oil painting woman holding a mirror while another looks on" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/controversy-control-and-cosmetics-in-early-modern-italy/" class="shi-hover"> Controversy, Control, and Cosmetics in Early Modern Italy </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>In a society that damned women for both plainness and adornment, wearing makeup became a defiant act of survival.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/william-dampier-revered-and-reviled/"> <img width="600" height="371" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/schrijverdampier1698final-600x371.jpg" class="img-autosize" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/schrijverdampier1698final-600x371.jpg 600w, https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/schrijverdampier1698final-415x257.jpg 415w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/william-dampier-revered-and-reviled/" class="shi-hover"> William Dampier, Revered and Reviled </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>The pirate-turned-naturalist-turned-pirate-again inspired generations of British writers and scientists.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/chasing-the-clues-in-isaac-newtons-manuscripts/"> <img width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/papermakersdetailfinal-415x257.jpg" class="img-autosize" alt="illustration of a people making paper" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/chasing-the-clues-in-isaac-newtons-manuscripts/" class="shi-hover"> Chasing the Clues in Isaac Newton’s Manuscripts </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>The tricks and tools book sleuths use to date the undated.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/the-newton-mess/"> <img width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/newtonmscover-415x257.jpg" class="img-autosize" alt="" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/the-newton-mess/" class="shi-hover"> The Newton Mess </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>What a manuscript can tell us about an iconic scientist and the history we’ve built around him.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/dr-butler-and-the-quest-for-the-philosophers-stone/"> <img width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/gold_alchemy_detail-415x257.jpeg" class="img-autosize" alt="illustration of alchemists" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/dr-butler-and-the-quest-for-the-philosophers-stone/" class="shi-hover"> Dr. Butler and the Quest for the Philosophers’ Stone </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>How searching for alchemy’s secrets helped create modern science.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/would-a-book-lie/"> <img width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/impressio_librorum_newberry-415x257.jpg" class="img-autosize" alt="" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/would-a-book-lie/" class="shi-hover"> Would a Book Lie? </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>The clues that betray a book’s disreputable past.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/paracelsus-the-alchemist-who-wed-medicine-to-magic/"> <img width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi_paracelsus_1-415x257.jpeg" class="img-autosize" alt="Engraved portrait of man" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/paracelsus-the-alchemist-who-wed-medicine-to-magic/" class="shi-hover"> Paracelsus, the Alchemist Who Wed Medicine to Magic </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>Historian Bruce Moran reveals the life of an itinerant doctor whose work influenced modern science.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/the-anatomy-riot-of-1788/"> <img width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/grave_robbers_rowlandson-415x257.jpg" class="img-autosize" alt="" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/the-anatomy-riot-of-1788/" class="shi-hover"> The Anatomy Riot of 1788 </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>When New York’s poor revolted against the city’s grave-robbing medical establishment.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/hennig-brandt-and-the-discovery-of-phosphorus/"> <img width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/fa_2000.001.141_final-415x257.jpg" class="img-autosize" alt="Black and white lithograph of a painting showing an old man in robes on his knees being illuminated by a substance in a set of early chemical equipment" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/hennig-brandt-and-the-discovery-of-phosphorus/" class="shi-hover"> Hennig Brandt and the Discovery of Phosphorus </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>An engraving hints at the ways art and science were intertwined in the Age of Enlightenment.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/snakes-and-letters/"> <img width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/col-4.3-hero-415x257.jpg" class="img-autosize" alt="" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/snakes-and-letters/" class="shi-hover"> Snakes and Letters </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>An ancient work on toxicology gets a 16th-century makeover from a master of fonts.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/the-language-of-alchemy/"> <img width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/alchemy-415x257.jpg" class="img-autosize" alt="" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/the-language-of-alchemy/" class="shi-hover"> The Language of Alchemy </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>Alchemists once wrote of chaos, dragons, and spirits, but did they know more about chemistry than we give them credit for?</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/isaac-newton-and-the-american-alchemist/"> <img width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/coll_2_0-415x257.jpg" class="img-autosize" alt="" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/isaac-newton-and-the-american-alchemist/" class="shi-hover"> Isaac Newton and the American Alchemist </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>A manuscript reveals the mark a mysterious American alchemist made on Isaac Newton and other early chemists.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/tryals-and-tribulations/"> <img width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/col2_2-415x257.jpg" class="img-autosize" alt="" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/tryals-and-tribulations/" class="shi-hover"> Tryals and Tribulations </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>Doctors battle for supremacy in the 17th century.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/making-and-knowing-fake-coral/"> <img width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/making_coral_video_screenshot-415x257.png" class="img-autosize" alt="gloved hand mixing ingredients for an experiment" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/making-and-knowing-fake-coral/" class="shi-hover"> Making and Knowing (Fake) Coral </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>Watch historians re-create a recipe for imitation coral, a popular material in early modern jewelry and home décor.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/gold-secrecy-and-prestige/"> <img width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/The-Secrets-of-Alchemy_2_0-1-415x257.jpg" class="img-autosize" alt="Detail from Secretioris naturae secretorum scrutinium chymicum, Michael Maier (1687)" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/gold-secrecy-and-prestige/" class="shi-hover"> Gold, Secrecy, and Prestige </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>Did alchemists disappear from history, or did they just change their coats?</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/albertus-magnus-mineralogy-and-the-secrets-of-women/"> <img width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Albertus-Magnus-Mineralogy-and-the-Secrets-of-Women-415x257.jpg" class="img-autosize" alt="" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/albertus-magnus-mineralogy-and-the-secrets-of-women/" class="shi-hover"> Albertus Magnus, Mineralogy, and the Secrets of Women </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>What connects a founder of the Western model of university education to the secrets of women?</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/pumped-up/"> <img width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/air-pump-415x257.jpg" class="img-autosize" alt="" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/pumped-up/" class="shi-hover"> Pumped Up </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>More than 350 years ago the very first air pump changed how science was done.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="shi-article-item"> <div class="shi-article-item__image-container"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/cloth-of-the-world/"> <img width="415" height="257" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/TRE3-for-web_0-415x257.jpg" class="img-autosize" alt="" decoding="async" /> </a> </div> <div class="shi-article-item__text-container"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta"> <div class="shi-article-item__meta-taxonomy"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="shi-hover"> Early Science & Alchemy </a> </div> </div> <h2 class="shi-article-item__title"> <a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/cloth-of-the-world/" class="shi-hover"> Cloth of the World </a> </h2> <div class="shi-article-item__excerpt"> <div class="shi-excerpt-text-format"><p>In Renaissance maps geography becomes an art form.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-pagination" data-total="2" data-paged="1" data-first="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy" data-to="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/page/--x--/?topic=early_science_alchemy" > <span aria-current="page" class="page-numbers current">1</span><a class="page-numbers" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/page/2/?topic=early_science_alchemy">2</a><a class="next page-numbers" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/page/2/?topic=early_science_alchemy"><span class="visually-hidden">Pagination next</span> <svg width="9" height="10" viewBox="0 0 9 10" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <use xlink:href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/themes/shi/build/sprite.svg?v=1733038297#pagination-next"></use> </svg> </a><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/page/2/?topic=early_science_alchemy" class="end page-numbers"><span class="visually-hidden">Pagination end</span> <svg width="16" height="10" viewBox="0 0 16 10" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <use xlink:href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/themes/shi/build/sprite.svg?v=1733038297#pagination-end"></use> </svg> </a></div> </div> </div> </div> </main><!-- /.main --> </div><!-- /.site-content --> <div class="shi-subscribe noprint "> <div class="shi-subscribe__container"> <label class="shi-subscribe__title" for="test">Get the stories of science delivered right to your inbox.</label> <div class="shi-subscribe__form"> <div class="shi-subscribe__field"> <div class="wpcf7 no-js" id="wpcf7-f19046-o1" lang="en-US" dir="ltr"> <div class="screen-reader-response"><p role="status" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true"></p> <ul></ul></div> <form action="/stories/magazine/?topic=early_science_alchemy#wpcf7-f19046-o1" method="post" class="wpcf7-form init wpcf7-subscribe" aria-label="Contact form" novalidate="novalidate" data-status="init"> <div style="display: none;"> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7" value="19046" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_version" value="5.9.8" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_locale" value="en_US" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_unit_tag" value="wpcf7-f19046-o1" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_container_post" value="0" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_posted_data_hash" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="_wpcf7_recaptcha_response" value="" /> </div> <span class="wpcf7-form-control-wrap" data-name="your-email"><input size="40" maxlength="400" class="wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-email wpcf7-validates-as-required wpcf7-text wpcf7-validates-as-email" id="test" autocomplete="email" aria-required="true" aria-invalid="false" placeholder="Enter your email address" value="" type="email" name="your-email" /></span><button class="wpcf7-form-control wpcf7-submit has-spinner" value="Submit">></button><div class="wpcf7-response-output" aria-hidden="true"></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="footer noprint"> <div class="wrapper footer__wrapper"> <div class="footer__inner footer__inner_top flex fwrap jcspb aifs"> <div class="footer__logo"> <a class="custom-logo-link img-middle shi-hover" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/" rel="home"> <img width="335" height="195" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-footer-logo.png" class="img-autosize custom-logo" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-footer-logo.png 335w, https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/shi-footer-logo-300x175.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px" /> </a> <div class="footer__address"> <p>315 Chestnut Street<br /> Philadelphia, PA 19106<br /> 215.925.2222<br /> info@sciencehistory.org</p> </div> </div> <div class="footer__column"> <nav class="footer__nav"> <ul id="menu-footer" class="flex fdc"><li id="menu-item-19111" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19111"><a href="/about">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19113" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19113"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about/leadership/">Leadership</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19110" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19110"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about/staff-fellows/">Staff & Fellows</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21314" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21314"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about/projects-initiatives/">Projects & Initiatives</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19131" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19131"><a href="/about/awards-program">Awards Program</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19114" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type_archive menu-item-object-news menu-item-19114"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about/news/">News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19115" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type_archive menu-item-object-press menu-item-19115"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about/press/">Pressroom</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19132" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19132"><a href="/about/join-our-team">Careers</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="footer__column"> <nav class="footer__nav"> <ul id="menu-footer-2" class="flex fdc"><li id="menu-item-19116" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19116"><a href="/visit/hours-admission">MUSEUM HOURS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19123" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19123"><a>Wednesday: 10am-5pm</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19124" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19124"><a>Thursday: 10am-5pm</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19125" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19125"><a>Friday: 10am-5pm</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19126" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19126"><a>Saturday: 10am-5pm</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19127" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19127"><a>Sunday: Closed</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19128" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19128"><a>Monday: Closed</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19129" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19129"><a>Tuesday: Closed</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="footer__column"> <nav class="footer__nav"> <ul id="menu-footer-3" class="flex fdc"><li id="menu-item-19117" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19117"><a href="/exhibitions">See an Exhibition</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19118" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19118"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/research/othmer-library/schedule-a-visit/">Schedule a Library Visit</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19133" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19133"><a href="/conference-center">Host An Event</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19120" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19120"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/about/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19119" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19119"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/support/">Support Us</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="shi-social"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/scihistoryorg/" class="shi-social__link" target="_blank"> <img width="19" height="19" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/instagram-icon.svg" class="shi-social__icon" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </a> <a href="https://facebook.com/scihistoryorg" class="shi-social__link" target="_blank"> <img width="2084" height="2084" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Facebook_Logo_Secondary.png" class="shi-social__icon" alt="Facebook logo" loading="lazy" /> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/scihistoryorg" class="shi-social__link" target="_blank"> <img width="500" height="511" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/logo-white.png" class="shi-social__icon" alt="X logo" loading="lazy" /> </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ScienceHistoryInstitute" class="shi-social__link" target="_blank"> <img width="71" height="50" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/YouTube_light_icon.svg" class="shi-social__icon" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer__inner footer__inner_bottom flex"> <span class="footer__copyright">© 2024 Science History Institute</span> <ul id="menu-footer-copyright" class="flex fwrap"><li id="menu-item-19135" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19135"><a>Registered 501(c)(3)</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19136" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19136"><a>EIN: 22-2817365</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19121" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-19121"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19134" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19134"><a href="/terms-of-use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19122" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19122"><a href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/visit/accessibility/">Accessibility</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer><!-- /.footer --> </div><!-- /.main-wrapper --> <!-- Instagram Feed JS --> <script type="text/javascript"> var sbiajaxurl = "https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php"; </script> <style id='wp-block-paragraph-inline-css' type='text/css'> .is-small-text{font-size:.875em}.is-regular-text{font-size:1em}.is-large-text{font-size:2.25em}.is-larger-text{font-size:3em}.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;font-style:normal;font-weight:100;line-height:.68;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase}body.rtl .has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:none;margin-left:.1em}p.has-drop-cap.has-background{overflow:hidden}:root :where(p.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit}p.has-text-align-left[style*="writing-mode:vertical-lr"],p.has-text-align-right[style*="writing-mode:vertical-rl"]{rotate:180deg} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=2810c76e705dd1a53b18" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="swv-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7 = {"api":{"root":"https:\/\/www.sciencehistory.org\/wp-json\/","namespace":"contact-form-7\/v1"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="shi-front-scripts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var shi_ajax = {"url":"https:\/\/www.sciencehistory.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"0dc94bd1c5","is_mobile":"","post_id":"61661","copied":"Copied!"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/themes/shi/build/front.js?ver=1733038297" id="shi-front-scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="shi-front-delayed-scripts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var shi_ajax_delayed = {"url":"https:\/\/www.sciencehistory.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"0dc94bd1c5"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/themes/shi/build/front-delayed.js?ver=1733038297" id="shi-front-delayed-scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6Ld861YoAAAAAEAvksk1RgHBsRB6ko2wV1uL4UAj&ver=3.0" id="google-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7_recaptcha = {"sitekey":"6Ld861YoAAAAAEAvksk1RgHBsRB6ko2wV1uL4UAj","actions":{"homepage":"homepage","contactform":"contactform"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.sciencehistory.org/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/modules/recaptcha/index.js?ver=5.9.8" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-9c426d5fb4d71d674e0","applicationID":"1337632608","transactionName":"MQFbNkpWXBUABUJaWAhLeAFMXl0ITgdEUF8PElxPVVZVBxsPWFY=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":349,"atts":"HUZYQAJMTxs=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>