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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hawaiian-language preschools</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Pūnana Leo</b> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">voice nest</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; often translated as "<a href="/wiki/Language_nest" title="Language nest">language nest</a>") are <a href="/wiki/Private_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Private schools">private</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a> <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">preschools</a> run by families, in which the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian language</a> is the language of instruction and administration. </p><p>Initially opened illegally, the first Pūnana Leo opened in 1984 in <a href="/wiki/Kekaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaha">Kekaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaua%CA%BBi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauaʻi">Kauaʻi</a>. Based on the practices of 19th-century Hawaiian-language schools, as well as the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language_revival" title="Māori language revival">Māori language revival</a> <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergartens</a> in New Zealand, the Pūnana Leo was the first <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous language</a> immersion preschool project in the United States. Graduates from the Pūnana Leo schools have achieved several measures of academic success in later life. </p><p>As of 2022, there were a total of 11 Pūnana Leo preschools, with locations on five of the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%ABnana_Leo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The organization ʻAha Pūnana Leo was founded in 1983 by a group of Hawaiian language educators including <a href="/wiki/Larry_Kimura" title="Larry Kimura">Larry Kimura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kauanoe_Kaman%C4%81" title="Kauanoe Kamanā">Kauanoe Kamanā</a>, and William H. "Pila" Wilson.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Establishment of the schools involved a long political struggle, including <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycotts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the Hawaiian language as a medium of education was outlawed in 1896, and legal constraints against its use were maintained by <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">territorial</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> governments until 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Renaissance" title="Hawaiian Renaissance">renaissance</a> of Hawaiian culture and politics in the 1970s brought a new focus to the topic of the <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">revitalization</a> of the Hawaiian language. Among its many consequences was the reestablishment of Hawaiian as an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hawaii" title="Constitution of Hawaii">state constitutional</a> convention in 1978, as part of a recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">cultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">linguistic rights</a> of the people of Hawaii. </p><p>Despite the revitalization of the Hawaiian language, many legal barriers remained in force as a legacy of past policies. In particular, public school education using Hawaiian as the language of instruction was banned by a law requiring the use of English as the medium of instruction through grade eight. The law more relevant to the private Pūnana Leo was one which effectively banned the last remaining native speakers of Hawaiian from being teachers because they lacked, and were very unlikely ever to obtain, the proper credentials.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial removal of these legal barriers required three years of lobbying by families supporting the Pūnana Leo schools. Opponents to the lobbying effort, including in particular the existing the preschool establishment, cited the potential harm to a child’s development that being educated by untrained individuals might cause.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After laws were revised,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the public school system was slow to provide Hawaiian-language instruction across all age levels of students, so parents in different communities began to boycott the public schools at each stage as their children advanced from preschool to kindergarten to elementary school to middle school, in a progression from, in the words of William H. Wilson, a professor in the Hawaiian language, "an initially illegal preschool to a boycott kindergarten, a state elementary school, [and] a boycott intermediate school".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, these efforts led to the establishment of immersion streams or tracks, known as "schools-within-schools," within existing school facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the Pūnana Leo preschools form the core of the ‘Aha Pūnana Leo,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the organization which has provided the impetus for the reestablishment of a Hawaiian-language educational system which also includes K–12 immersion schools and doctoral-level programs in the language.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ‘Aha Pūnana Leo produces curriculum and teacher training for its preschools. The first-ever class of Pūnana Leo students graduated from high school in 1999, and in 2002 the <a href="/wiki/Hilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilo">Hilo</a> campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a> awarded the first master's degree completed entirely in the Hawaiian language.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C5%ABnana_Leo&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were a total of thirteen Pūnana Leo preschools, with locations on five of the Hawaiian islands: <a href="/wiki/Hawai%E2%80%98i" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai‘i">Hawai‘i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moloka%E2%80%98i" class="mw-redirect" title="Moloka‘i">Moloka‘i</a>, <a href="/wiki/O%E2%80%98ahu" class="mw-redirect" title="O‘ahu">O‘ahu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaua%E2%80%98i" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaua‘i">Kaua‘i</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goals">Goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%ABnana_Leo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The schools' goals include <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">revitalization</a> of the indigenous Hawaiian language, fostering Hawaiian identity, and "other central features of a person's life and the life of a people".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their community-based, Hawaiian educational philosophy – <i>Ke Kumu Honua Mauli Ola</i> – includes the use of parental labor through in-kind service, and requires that parents attended language classes and administer the schools through a parent committee.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This philosophy was based on the practices of 19th-century Hawaiian-medium schools,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the Māori language revival kindergartens in New Zealand. The curriculum includes Hawaiian cultural practices such as gardening native plants and the foliage for <a href="/wiki/Lei_(Hawaii)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lei (Hawaii)">lei</a>; visiting historically significant sites; and the culturally-important practice of <i>hoʻokipa</i> (hospitality). Although classes are conducted in Hawaiian, they are functionally different from foreign-language <a href="/wiki/Language_immersion" title="Language immersion">immersion schools</a>. </p><p>Although early opponents suggested the Pūnana Leo schools would harm students' academic development, graduates from the schools have achieved several measures of academic success in later life. This is true despite the fact that the emphasis of the schools is on language revitalization rather than academic achievement. Teresa L. McCarty, scholar in indigenous language education, said, "Immersion students have garnered prestigious scholarships, enrolled in college courses while still in high school, and passed the state university's English composition assessments, despite receiving the majority of their English, science and mathematics instruction in Hawaiian. Student achievement on standardised tests has equalled... [or] surpassed that of Native Hawaiian children enrolled in English language schools, even in English language arts."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These academic benefits come in addition to language revitalization and an increased realization of cultural pride. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%ABnana_Leo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Language revitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">Linguistic rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_at_Hilo" title="University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo">University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calandreta" title="Calandreta">Calandretas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikastola" title="Ikastola">ikastolas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(school)" title="Diwan (school)">Diwans</a>, similar immersion schools for Occitan, Basque, and Breton learners, respectively.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%ABnana_Leo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">"Language nest corporation" or "Language nest gathering"</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%ABnana_Leo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mauinow.com/2022/04/27/%CA%BBaha-punana-leo-preschool-accepting-applications-for-enrollment/">"ʻAha Pūnana Leo Preschool accepting applications for enrollment"</a>. <i>MauiNow</i>. April 27, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MauiNow&rft.atitle=%CA%BBAha+P%C5%ABnana+Leo+Preschool+accepting+applications+for+enrollment&rft.date=2022-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmauinow.com%2F2022%2F04%2F27%2F%25CA%25BBaha-punana-leo-preschool-accepting-applications-for-enrollment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP%C5%ABnana+Leo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Hale, Constance (November 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.honolulumagazine.com/is-the-hawaiian-language-dead-or-alive/">"Is the Hawaiian Language Dead or Alive?"</a>. <i>Honolulu Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Magazine&rft.atitle=Is+the+Hawaiian+Language+Dead+or+Alive%3F&rft.date=2013-11-14&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.honolulumagazine.com%2Fis-the-hawaiian-language-dead-or-alive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP%C5%ABnana+Leo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeason2016" class="citation journal cs1">Neason, Alexandria (June 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/life/tomorrows_test/2016/06/how_the_ka_papahana_kaiapuni_immersion_schools_saved_the_hawaiian_language.html">"How Hawaiian Came Back From the Dead"</a>. <i>Slate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=How+Hawaiian+Came+Back+From+the+Dead&rft.date=2016-06-08&rft.aulast=Neason&rft.aufirst=Alexandria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Flife%2Ftomorrows_test%2F2016%2F06%2Fhow_the_ka_papahana_kaiapuni_immersion_schools_saved_the_hawaiian_language.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP%C5%ABnana+Leo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, William H. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07908319808666560">"The Sociopolitical Context of Establishing Hawaiian-medium Education"</a>. <i>Language, Culture and Curriculum</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 325–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07908319808666560">10.1080/07908319808666560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language%2C+Culture+and+Curriculum&rft.atitle=The+Sociopolitical+Context+of+Establishing+Hawaiian-medium+Education&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-338&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07908319808666560&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F07908319808666560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP%C5%ABnana+Leo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarty2002" class="citation journal cs1">McCarty, Teresa L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03050060302556">"Revitalising Indigenous Languages in Homogenising Times"</a>. <i>Comparative Education</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 147–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03050060302556">10.1080/03050060302556</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145176230">145176230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Education&rft.atitle=Revitalising+Indigenous+Languages+in+Homogenising+Times&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-163&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03050060302556&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145176230%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McCarty&rft.aufirst=Teresa+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03050060302556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP%C5%ABnana+Leo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, William H. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl.1998.132.123/html">"l ka 'õlelo Hawai'i ke ola, 'Life is found in the Hawaiian language'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i>. <b>132</b>: 123–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl.1998.132.123">10.1515/ijsl.1998.132.123</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143958299">143958299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=l+ka+%27%C3%B5lelo+Hawai%27i+ke+ola%2C+%27Life+is+found+in+the+Hawaiian+language%27&rft.volume=132&rft.pages=123-137&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl.1998.132.123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143958299%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl.1998.132.123%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP%C5%ABnana+Leo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an expanded discussion of this process, see (<a href="#CITEREFWilson1998a">Wilson 1998a</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvcol error: no target: CITEREFWilson1998a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> online, or its reprint as (<a href="#CITEREFWilson1999a">Wilson 1999a</a>)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvcol error: no target: CITEREFWilson1999a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lahainanews.com/page/content.detail/id/543567/Punana-Leo-o-Maui--to-celebrate-30-years--of-perpetuating--Hawaiian-language-at-Ho-omau-2017.html?nav=14">"Punana Leo o Maui to celebrate 30 years of perpetuating Hawaiian language at Ho'omau 2017"</a>. Lahaina News. March 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Punana+Leo+o+Maui+to+celebrate+30+years+of+perpetuating+Hawaiian+language+at+Ho%27omau+2017&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lahainanews.com%2Fpage%2Fcontent.detail%2Fid%2F543567%2FPunana-Leo-o-Maui--to-celebrate-30-years--of-perpetuating--Hawaiian-language-at-Ho-omau-2017.html%3Fnav%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP%C5%ABnana+Leo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonKamana2001" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, William H.; Kamana, K. (2001). "Mai loko mai o ka 'i'ni: Proceeding from a dream. The 'Aha Pūnana Leo connection in Hawaiian language revitalization". <i>The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice</i>: 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Green+Book+of+Language+Revitalization+in+Practice&rft.atitle=Mai+loko+mai+o+ka+%27i%27ni%3A+Proceeding+from+a+dream.+The+%27Aha+P%C5%ABnana+Leo+connection+in+Hawaiian+language+revitalization&rft.pages=149&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Kamana%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP%C5%ABnana+Leo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIvor2005" class="citation journal cs1">McIvor, Onowa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006165717/http://www.accel-capea.ca/pdf/rc_eng12.pdf">"The Contribution of Indigenous Heritage Language Immersion Programs to Healthy Early Childhood Development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Research Connections Canada</i>: 5–20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accel-capea.ca/pdf/rc_eng12.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 6, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Connections+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Contribution+of+Indigenous+Heritage+Language+Immersion+Programs+to+Healthy+Early+Childhood+Development&rft.pages=5-20&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=McIvor&rft.aufirst=Onowa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accel-capea.ca%2Fpdf%2Frc_eng12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP%C5%ABnana+Leo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2002" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Bob (May 30, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/ur/newslinks/npr/npr053002.htm">"National Public Radio Morning Edition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060921191306/http://www.hawaii.edu/ur/newslinks/npr/npr053002.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=National+Public+Radio+Morning+Edition&rft.date=2002-05-30&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fur%2Fnewslinks%2Fnpr%2Fnpr053002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP%C5%ABnana+Leo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahapunanaleo.org/kula-kamalii-1">"About 1"</a>. <i>ʻAha Pūnana Leo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%CA%BBAha+P%C5%ABnana+Leo&rft.atitle=About+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahapunanaleo.org%2Fkula-kamalii-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP%C5%ABnana+Leo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonKamana2001" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, William H.; Kamana, K. (2001). "Mai loko mai o ka 'i'ni: Proceeding from a dream. The 'Aha Pūnana Leo connection in Hawaiian language revitalization". <i>The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice</i>: 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Green+Book+of+Language+Revitalization+in+Practice&rft.atitle=Mai+loko+mai+o+ka+%27i%27ni%3A+Proceeding+from+a+dream.+The+%27Aha+P%C5%ABnana+Leo+connection+in+Hawaiian+language+revitalization&rft.pages=161&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Kamana%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP%C5%ABnana+Leo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarty1998" class="citation journal cs1">McCarty, Teresa L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07908319808666559">"Indigenous Community-based Language Education in the USA"</a>. <i>Language, Culture and Curriculum</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 309–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07908319808666559">10.1080/07908319808666559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language%2C+Culture+and+Curriculum&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Community-based+Language+Education+in+the+USA&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=309-324&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07908319808666559&rft.aulast=McCarty&rft.aufirst=Teresa+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F07908319808666559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP%C5%ABnana+Leo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarty2006" class="citation journal cs1">McCarty, Teresa L. (2006). "Revitalising Indigenous Languages in Homogenising Times". <i>Bilingual Education: An Introductory Reader, Clevedon</i>: 33–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bilingual+Education%3A+An+Introductory+Reader%2C+Clevedon&rft.atitle=Revitalising+Indigenous+Languages+in+Homogenising+Times&rft.pages=33-49&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=McCarty&rft.aufirst=Teresa+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AP%C5%ABnana+Leo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%ABnana_Leo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahapunanaleo.org/">‘Aha Pūnana Leo: Language Nest</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/academics/hawn/">Ka Haka ‘Ula O Ke‘elikōlani College of Hawaiian Language</a> of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/">University of Hawaii at Hilo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhec.org/about-nhec/the-native-hawaiian-education-act/">Native Hawaiian Education Act</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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